Drawing italic font. Fonts - technical drawing. Arabic and Roman numerals
The clarity and clarity of the drawing depends on the quality of its design. Drawings that are correctly drawn, but have poorly executed inscriptions, lose their appearance. When making inscriptions, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the sizes of the fonts chosen for the inscriptions are in harmony with the dimensions of the drawing sheet. Learning to write well takes practice.
Each drawing contains various inscriptions consisting of letters and numbers. When studying the font, you should first familiarize yourself with the construction of letters and numbers, then move on to the inscriptions. On engineering drawings, the inscriptions must be made in a standard font in accordance with GOST 3454-46. This font is simple in its style and quickly mastered. The construction of letters" and numbers of the standard font is shown in Fig. 28, I and II.
It is recommended to start studying fonts with large font sizes, for example, from the 14th, and gradually move to smaller sizes, without trying to stick to alphabetical order, but taking into account the increasing degree of difficulty in writing letters and numbers.
When studying a drawing font, it is necessary to build a graphic grid with thin lines, an HB or H pencil, observing the basic ratios for the height of the selected font, and then draw letters and numbers on this grid by hand. After checking the correctness of the font, you can start stroking it with ink. Stroke is performed with simple, as well as special tubular or funnel-shaped feathers (Fig. 26). In practice, for applying font inscriptions, normographs (Fig. 27) are successfully used, which are celluloid plates in which there are holes corresponding to the outlines of the letter elements. By imposing a normograph on paper and moving it along a T-square or ruler, you can, without first making a graphic grid, write in ink drawing font with a drawing pen or with tubular pens of appropriate sizes.
Here are excerpts from GOST 3454-46 related to fonts.
The standard establishes fonts that are mandatory for use in engineering drawings, and contains instructions for making inscriptions in a standard font.
The style of Roman numerals for any font size is allowed according to type I, II, VII, i.e. with dashes above and below.
1. Font size is the height h of uppercase (capital) letters in millimeters.
Where other sizes are used, the lettering and numerals shall remain similar to those specified in this standard.
2. The height of lowercase letters is 1/3 of the height of uppercase letters. Rounded up, this corresponds to the next smaller font size.
3. The inclination of the font to the line should be 75°. It is allowed to use a font without an inclination to designate drawing numbers while maintaining the types and sizes of numbers and letters specified in the standard.
4. The thickness of the stroke of letters and numbers should be approximately 1/7 - 1/8 of the height.
5. Distance between lines is not less than 1.4 font size.
Instructions for making inscriptions in standard font
1. When designing fonts, you can be guided by the following table (dimensions in millimeters):
2. The lower processes of the letters D, Ts, U are made due to the normal spaces between the lines.
3. The distance between words must be at least the width of one letter of a font of a given size.
4. If the words are written in one capital letters and this results in an apparent increase in the established distance between adjacent letters (for example, a combination of the letters G and A, G and D, P and A, T and A, etc.), then the resulting visual distortion by reducing the distance between letters. The digit 1 is placed at a normal distance from adjacent digits.
5. If lowercase letters are used when writing words, then for a capital (uppercase) letter, the thickness of the stroke should be the same as for lowercase letters.
The construction of letters and numbers of the standard font and the ratio of the sizes of their individual elements are shown in Fig. 28, III and IV.
Introduction date 01.01.82
This International Standard establishes drawing fonts applied to drawings and other technical documents of all industries and construction.
1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1. Font size h - value determined by the height of capital letters in millimeters.1.2. The height of uppercase letters h is measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The height of lowercase letters c is determined from the ratio of their height (without processes k) to the font size h, for example, c = 7/10 h (Fig. 1 and 2).|
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2. TYPES AND SIZES OF FONT
2.1. The following types of font are installed: type A without inclination (d = 1/14 h) with the parameters given in Table. 1; type A with an inclination of about 75° (d = 1/14 h) with the parameters given in Table. 1; type B without slope (d = 1/10 h) with the parameters given in Table. 2; type B with an inclination of about 75° (d = 1/10 h) with the parameters given in Table. 2.Table 1
Font type A (d = h/14)
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Font Options |
Designation |
Relative size |
Dimensions, mm |
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| Font size - | ||||||||||
| capital letter height | ||||||||||
| lower case height | ||||||||||
| Letter spacing | ||||||||||
| Font Line Thickness | ||||||||||
table 2
Type B font (d = h/10)
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Font Options |
Designation |
Relative size |
Dimensions, mm |
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| Font size - | |||||||||||
| capital letter height | |||||||||||
| lower case height | |||||||||||
| Letter spacing | |||||||||||
| Minimum row spacing (auxiliary grid height) | |||||||||||
| Minimum spacing between words | |||||||||||
| Font Line Thickness | |||||||||||
2.4. Limit deviations of the sizes of letters and numbers ± 0.5 mm.
3. RUSSIAN ALPHABET (CYRILLIC)
3.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Fig. 5
3.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Fig. 6.
3.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Fig. 7.
3.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Fig. eight.
4. LATIN ALPHABET
4.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Fig. 9.
4.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Fig. ten.
4.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Fig. eleven.
4.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Fig. 12.
4.5. Types, form and arrangement of diacritical marks for fonts of types A and B without italics are given in the reference appendix. Diacritical marks for fonts with italics should be performed according to the same rules.
5. GREEK ALPHABET
5.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Fig. 13.
5.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Fig. fourteen.
5.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Fig. fifteen.
5.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Fig. 16.
5.5. The name of the letters of the Greek alphabet shown in Fig. 13 - 16:
6. ARABIC AND ROMAN NUMBERS
6.1. Font type A is shown in Fig. 17.
6.2. Font type B is shown in Fig. eighteen.
Notes: 1. Roman numerals L, C, D, M should be performed according to the rules of the Latin alphabet. 2. Roman numerals may be limited to horizontal lines.
7. SIGNS
7.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Fig. 19.
7.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Fig. twenty.
7.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Fig. 21.
7.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Fig. 22.
7.5. The names of the signs are given in Table. 3.
Table 3
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Numbers of characters in the drawings |
Name of signs |
Numbers of characters in the drawings |
Name of signs |
| 1 | Dot | 25 | Percent |
| 2 | Colon | 26 | Degree |
| 3 | Comma | 27 | Minute |
| 4 | Semicolon | 28 | Second |
| 5 | Exclamation point | 29 | Parallel |
| 6 | Question mark | 30 | Perpendicular |
| 7 | Quotes | 31 | Corner |
| 8 | And | 32 | slope |
| 9 | Paragraph | 33 | Taper |
| 10 | Equality | 34 | Square |
| 11 | Value after rounding | 35 | Arc |
| 12 | Corresponds | 36 | Diameter |
| 13 | Asymptotically equal to | 37 | Radical |
| 14 | Approximately equal to | 38 | Integral |
| 15 | Less | 39 | Infinity |
| 16 | More | 40 | Square brackets |
| 17 and 17a | Less or equal | 41 | Round brackets |
| 18 and 18a | More or equal | 42 | Fraction dash |
| 19 | A plus | 43 | Number |
| 20 | Minus, dash | 44 | From to |
| 21 | plus or minus | 45 | Similarity sign |
| 22,23 | Multiplication | 46 | Star |
| 24 | Division |
8. RULES FOR WRITING FRACTIONS, INDICATORS, INDICES AND MAXIMUM DEVIATIONS
8.1. Fractions, indicators, indices and limit deviations are performed in accordance with Table. 4 font size: one step smaller than the font size of the main size to which they are assigned; the same size as the font size of the main size.Table 4
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Implementation options |
Execution examples |
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basic quantities |
fractions, indicators, etc. |
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| The font size is one step smaller than the base size |
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| The font size is the same as the size of the main value |
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APPENDIX
Reference
DIACCRITICS
Hungarian
German
Polish language
Romanian language
Czech and Slovak
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards No. 15623 dated March 28, 1981. (Excluded, Amendment No. 2)4. INSTEAD OF GOST 2.304-685. Edition (July 2001) with Amendment No. 1 approved in March 1989 (IUS 7-89)
All inscriptions on the drawings (in the main inscription, dimensions, technical requirements and conditions, etc.) are made in drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.
The size standard drawing font is defined height h capital (capital) letters in millimeters. The standard specifies the following font sizes: 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; ten; fourteen; 20. For example, the height of the capital letters of font size 14 is 14 mm, size 5 is 5 mm, respectively, and so on. (Fig. 20).
Font line thickness d- thickness, determined depending on the type and size of the font (Fig. 20).
Letter widthg- the maximum width of the letter, determined in relation to the font size h, for example, g=6/10 h, or in relation to the line thickness of the font d, for example, g=6 d.
Fig.20. Basic font parameters: a) direct font; b) italic font.
The standard establishes four types of font: a) type BUT no slope ( d=1/14 h); b) type BUT with a slope of about 75 0 ( d=1/14 h); c) type B no slope ( d=1/10 h); d) type B with a slope of about 75 0 ( d=1/10 h). The difference between font types is not in the design of letters and numbers, but only in size. d- the thickness of the font lines. Type A and type B font parameters are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Type A font parameters
Table 4. Type B font options
Auxiliary grid- a grid formed by auxiliary lines into which letters fit. The step of the auxiliary grid lines is determined depending on the thickness of the font lines d(fig.21).
Fig.21. Auxiliary grid for straight and oblique fonts.
Examples of the typeface of the Russian alphabet type A are shown in Fig. 22, 23; font sizes are given in table 5. An example of the style of Arabic and Roman numerals is shown in fig.24.
Fig.22. Font type A with a slope.
Fig.23. Font type A without slant.
Fig.24. Type A font: Arabic and Roman numerals.
Table 5. Type A font parameters
Notes:
1. Distance a between letters whose adjacent lines are not parallel to each other (for example, GA, AT), can be reduced by half, i.e. for thickness d font lines.
2. The vertical branches of the letters D, C and U go at the expense of the spaces between the lines; the lateral processes of the letters Ts and Shch go due to the gap between the letters.
3. The minimum distance between words separated by a punctuation mark is the distance between the punctuation mark and the word following it.
4. A font without an inclination is used relatively rarely, mainly for names, headings, designations in the main inscription, in the margin of the drawing, etc.
1.2. Basic requirements for the design of graphic works
All graphic tasks must be performed on standard sheets of drawing paper (A3 or A4) and have a drawing field frame and a title block according to the form No. 1 GOST 2.104-68 (except for the “Title sheet” task). The frame of the drawing field is made by a solid main line with a thickness S at a distance from the outer borders of the sheet: on the right, below and above - 5 mm, on the left - 20 mm. The main inscription is always located in the lower right corner of the sheet. A field of 20 mm on the left side is intended for filing and stitching drawings. The main inscription is made with solid main and thin lines. The dimensions, location and content of the main inscription are shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25. Dimensions of the title block table according to form 1.
In the columns of the main inscription and in additional columns indicate:
- in column 1 - the name of the product in accordance with GOST 2.109-73;
- column 2 - document designation in accordance with GOST 2.101-80 .;
– in column 3 – symbol material (this column is filled only on the drawings of parts);
- in column 4 - the letter assigned to this document in accordance with GOST 2.103-68 (the column is filled in sequentially, starting from the leftmost cell. For training drawings, we use the letter "U");
- in column 5 - the mass of the product in kilograms according to GOST 2.109-73;
- in column 6 - scale (put down in accordance with GOST 2.302-68);
- in column 7 - the serial number of the sheet of the document, if the drawing is made on several sheets. On documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled out;
- in column 8 - total document sheets. The column is filled out only on the first sheet;
- in column 9 - the name, distinctive index or code of the enterprise that issued the document, for tasks in engineering graphics - VTUZ, gr. XXXX;
- in columns 10 - the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document;
- in columns 11 - the names and initials of the persons signing the document:
- in columns 12 - signatures of persons whose names are indicated in columns 11;
- in column 13 - the date of signing the document;
- in columns 14–18 - the columns of the table of changes made to the document in accordance with GOST 2.503-68 are not filled in on the training drawings;
- in column 19 - document designation (see column 2), rotated by 180 0 for A4 format and for formats larger than A4 when the main inscription is located along the long side of the sheet and by 90 0 for formats larger than A4 when the main inscription is located along the short side of the sheet .
GOST 2.304-81
Group T52
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Unified system of design documentation
DRAWING FONTS
Unified system for design documentation. Letters for drawings
ISS 01.080.30
Introduction date 1982-01-01
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards
2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated 03/28/81 N 1562
3. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).
5. EDITION (August 2007) with Amendment No. 1, approved in March 1989, June 2006 (IUS 7-89, 9-2006)
This International Standard establishes drawing fonts applied to drawings and other technical documents of all industries and construction.
1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1.1. Font size- the value determined by the height of capital letters in millimeters.
1.2. The height of capital letters is measured perpendicular to the base of the line.
The height of lowercase letters is determined from the ratio of their height (without processes) to the font size, for example, = 7/10 (Fig. 1 and 2).
1.3. Letter width- the largest letter width, measured in accordance with drawings 1 and 2, is determined in relation to the font size, for example, 6/10, or in relation to the thickness of the font line, for example, 6
1.4. Font Line Thickness- thickness, determined depending on the type and height of the font.
1.5. Auxiliary grid- a grid formed by auxiliary lines into which letters fit. The pitch of the auxiliary grid lines is determined depending on the thickness of the font lines (Fig. 3).
Crap. 3
2. TYPES AND SIZES OF FONT
2.1. The following font types are installed:
Type A without slope (=1/14) with the parameters given in Table 1;
Type A with an inclination of about 75° (=1/14) with the parameters given in Table 1;
Type B without slope (=1/10) with the parameters given in Table 2;
Type B with an inclination of about 75° (=1/10) with the parameters given in Table 2.
Table 1
Type A font (=)
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Font options |
Denomination- |
Relative size |
Dimensions, mm |
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Font size: |
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capital letter height |
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lower case height |
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Letter spacing |
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Font Line Thickness |
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table 2
Type B font (=)
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Font options |
Designation |
Relative size |
Dimensions, mm |
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Font size: |
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capital letter height |
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lower case height |
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Letter spacing |
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Minimum row spacing (auxiliary grid height) |
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Minimum spacing between words |
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Font Line Thickness |
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Notes:
1. The distance between letters whose adjacent lines are not parallel to each other (for example, GA, AT) can be halved, i.e. on the line thickness of the font.
2. The minimum distance between words separated by a punctuation mark is the distance between the punctuation mark and the word following it.
When executing documents in an automated way, it is allowed to use fonts used by computer technology. In this case, their storage and transfer to users of documents should be ensured.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
2.2. The following font sizes are set: (1.8); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; ten; fourteen; twenty; 28; 40.
Note. The use of font size 1.8 is not recommended and is only allowed for type B.
2.3. The construction of the font in the auxiliary grid is shown in Figure 4.
2.4. Limit deviations of the sizes of letters and numbers ±0.5 mm.
3. RUSSIAN ALPHABET (CYRILLIC)
3.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Figure 5.
3.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Figure 6.
3.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Figure 7.
3.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Figure 8.
4. LATIN ALPHABET
4.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Figure 9.
4.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Figure 10.
Damn.10
4.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Figure 11.
Damn 11
4.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Figure 12.
Devil 12
4.5. Types, form and arrangement of diacritical marks for fonts of types A and B without italics are given in the reference appendix.
Diacritics for italic fonts should follow the same rules.
5. GREEK ALPHABET
5.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Figure 13.
Damn.13
5.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Figure 14.
Devil 14
5.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Figure 15.
Damn.15
5.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Fig.16.
Devil 16
5.5. The names of the letters of the Greek alphabet, shown in Fig. 13-16:
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omicron |
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6. ARABIC AND ROMAN NUMBERS
6.1. Font type A is shown in Figure 17.
Damn.17
6.2. Font type B is shown in Fig.18.
Damn.18
Notes:
1. Roman numerals L, C, D, M should be performed according to the rules of the Latin alphabet.
2. Roman numerals may be limited to horizontal lines.
7. SIGNS
7.1. Font type A with a slope is shown in Figure 19.
Damn.19
7.2. Font type A without tilt is shown in Figure 20.
Damn.20
7.3. Font type B with a slope is shown in Fig.21.
Damn.21
7.4. Font type B without tilt is shown in Figure 22.
Damn.22
7.5. The names of the signs are given in Table 3.
Table 3
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Numbers of characters in the drawings |
Name of signs |
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Colon |
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Semicolon |
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Exclamation point |
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Question mark |
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Paragraph |
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Equality |
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Value after rounding |
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Corresponds |
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Asymptotically equal to |
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Approximately equal to |
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Less or equal |
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More or equal |
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Minus, dash |
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plus or minus |
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Multiplication |
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Parallel |
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Perpendicular |
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Taper |
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Integral |
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Infinity |
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Square brackets |
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Round brackets |
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Fraction dash |
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Similarity sign |
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Star |
8. RULES FOR WRITING FRACTIONS, INDICATORS, INDICES AND MAXIMUM DEVIATIONS
8.1. Fractions, indicators, indices and limit deviations are performed in accordance with Table 4, font size:
One step smaller than the font size of the main value to which they are assigned;
The same size as the font size of the main size.
Table 4
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Implementation options |
Fonts |
Execution examples |
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basic- |
fractions, bye- |
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The font size is one step smaller than the base size |
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The font size is the same as the size of the main value |
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APPENDIX (reference). DIACCRITICS
APPENDIX
Reference
Hungarian
German
Polish language
Romanian language
Czech and Slovak
Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Unified system of design documentation:
Sat. GOSTs. - M.: Standartinform, 2007