What is waste-free technology, give examples. Application of low- and waste-free technologies in agricultural production. Zero Waste Enterprise Management

In accordance with the current legislation in Russia, enterprises that violate sanitary and environmental standards do not have the right to exist and must be reconstructed or closed, i.e. all modern enterprises must be low-waste and non-waste. In this regard, in a number of Russian industries there are already quantitative indicators for assessing wastelessness.

Waste-free technology is an ideal production model, which in most cases is currently not fully implemented, but only partially (hence the term “low-waste technology” becomes clear). However, there are already examples of completely waste-free production. Thus, for many years, the Volkhov and Pikalevsky alumina refineries have been processing nepheline into alumina, soda, potash and cement using practically waste-free technological schemes. Moreover, operating costs for the production of alumina, soda, potash and cement obtained from nepheline raw materials are 10-15% lower than the costs of obtaining these products by other industrial methods. When creating waste-free industries, it is necessary to solve a number of complex organizational, technical, technological, economic, psychological and other problems. For the development and implementation of waste-free production, a number of interrelated principles can be identified.

The main principle is consistency. In accordance with it, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system. Total industrial production in the region (TPK) and more high level as an element of the ecological-economic system as a whole, including, in addition to material production and other economic activities of man, natural environment(populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses, landscapes), as well as humans and their habitat. Thus, the principle of consistency underlying the creation of waste-free industries must take into account the existing and increasing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

Another important principle of creating waste-free production is the comprehensive use of resources. This principle requires the maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As is known, almost all raw materials are complex, and on average more than a third of their quantity consists of accompanying elements that can only be extracted through complex processing. Thus, at present, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinum group metals, as well as more than 20% of gold, are obtained as a by-product from the processing of complex ores.

The principle of integrated, economical use of raw materials in Russia has been elevated to the rank of a state task and is clearly formulated in a number of government decrees. Specific forms its implementation will primarily depend on the level of organization of waste-free production at the stage of the process, individual production, production complex and ecological-economic system. One of the general principles of creating waste-free production is the cyclical nature of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclical material flows include closed water and gas cycles. Ultimately, the consistent application of this principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently throughout the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and associated energy transformations. As effective ways formation of cyclical material flows and rational use Energy can be indicated by the combination and cooperation of production, the creation of industrial complexes, as well as the development and production of new types of products, taking into account the requirements of their reuse.

Equally important principles for creating waste-free production include the requirement to limit the impact of production on the surrounding natural and social environment taking into account the systematic and targeted growth of its volumes and environmental excellence. This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of natural and social resources such as atmospheric air, water, earth's surface, recreational resources, public health. It should be emphasized that the implementation of this principle is feasible only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-level environmental management.

The general principle of creating waste-free production is also the rationality of its organization. The determining factors here are the requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction in energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely due to the reduction of negative impacts on the environment and damage to it, including related sectors of the national economy. The ultimate goal in this case should be considered to be optimization of production simultaneously according to energy technological, economic and environmental parameters. The main way to achieve this goal is to develop new and improve existing technological processes and production One example of such an approach to organizing waste-free production is the recycling of pyrite cinders, a waste product from the production of sulfuric acid. Currently, pyrite cinders are used entirely for cement production. However, the most valuable components of pyrite cinders - copper, silver, gold, not to mention iron, are not used. At the same time, an economically viable technology for processing pyrite cinders (for example, chloride) has already been proposed to produce copper, noble metals and the subsequent use of iron.

In the entire set of works related to environmental protection and rational development of natural resources, it is necessary to highlight the main directions for creating low- and waste-free industries. These include the integrated use of raw materials and energy resources; improvement of existing and development of fundamentally new technological processes and production facilities and related equipment; introduction of water and gas circulation cycles (based on effective gas and water treatment methods); cooperation of production using waste from some industries as raw materials for others and the creation of waste-free industrial complexes. On the way to improving new technological processes, it is necessary to comply with a number of general requirements:

• - implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since at each of them waste is generated and raw materials are lost;
• - the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy;
• - increase (to the optimum) unit power of units;
• - intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;
• - creation of energy technological processes. The combination of energy and technology makes it possible to more fully utilize the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units. An example of such production is the large-scale production of ammonia using an energy technology scheme.

With the current level of development of science and technology, it is practically impossible to do without losses. As the technology for selective separation and interconversion of various substances improves, losses will constantly decrease.

Industrial production without material, uselessly accumulated losses and waste already exists in entire industries, but its share is still small. What new technologies can we talk about if from 1985 - the beginning of perestroika and until now, economic development during the transition to the market has been groping; the share of depreciation of fixed production assets is increasing more and more, in some industries it amounts to 80-85%. The technical re-equipment of production has stopped. At the same time, we are obliged to address the problem of waste-free and low-waste production. With the increasing rate of waste accumulation, the population may find itself overwhelmed with industrial and household waste dumps and left without drinking water, enough clean air and fertile lands. The fuel-industrial complexes of Norilsk, Severonickel, Nizhny Tagil and many other cities can expand further and turn Russia into a territory poorly adapted to life.

Still, modern technology is sufficiently developed to stop the growth of waste in a number of industries and industries. And in this process, the state must take on the role of leader and routinely develop and implement a comprehensive state program for the introduction of waste-free production and processing of waste accumulated in the Russian Federation.

Let us name the main existing directions and developments of waste-free and low-waste technology in individual industries.

• 1. Energy. In the energy sector, it is necessary to make wider use of new methods of fuel combustion, for example, such as fluidized bed combustion, which helps reduce the content of pollutants in exhaust gases, the introduction of developments to remove sulfur and nitrogen oxides from gas emissions; achieve the operation of dust cleaning equipment with the highest possible efficiency, while effectively using the resulting ash as a raw material in production building materials and in other industries. waste-free production raw materials industry
• 2. Mining industry. In the mining industry it is necessary to: introduce developed technologies for complete waste disposal. Both in open and underground mining methods; make wider use of geotechnological methods for developing mineral deposits, while striving to extract only target components onto the earth's surface; use waste-free methods of enrichment and processing of natural raw materials at the site of their extraction; make wider use of hydrometallurgical methods of ore processing.

Metallurgy. In ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, when creating new enterprises and reconstructing existing production facilities, it is necessary to introduce waste-free and low-waste technological processes that ensure economical, rational use of ore raw materials:

• - involvement in the processing of gaseous, liquid and solid industrial waste, reducing emissions and discharges of harmful substances with waste gases and wastewater;
• - in the mining and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores - the widespread introduction of the use of large-tonnage waste from mining and processing production as construction materials, backfilling of mined-out space in mines, road surfaces, wall blocks, etc. instead of specially mined mineral resources;
• - full processing of all blast furnace and ferroalloy slags, as well as a significant increase in the scale of processing of steelmaking slags and non-ferrous metallurgy slags;
• - sharp reduction in fresh water consumption and reduction Wastewater by further development and the introduction of waterless technological processes and drainless water supply systems;
• - increasing the efficiency of existing and newly created processes for capturing by-products from waste gases and wastewater;
• - widespread introduction of dry methods for purifying gases from dust for all types of metallurgical production and finding more advanced methods for purifying waste gases;
• - utilization of weak (less than 3.5% sulfur) sulfur-containing gases of variable composition by introducing an effective method at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises - oxidation of sulfur dioxide in a non-stationary double contact mode;
• - at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, accelerating the introduction of resource-saving autogenous processes, including smelting in a liquid bath, which will not only intensify the process of processing raw materials, reduce energy consumption, but also significantly improve the air basin in the area where the enterprises operate due to a sharp reduction in the volume of waste gases and obtain highly concentrated sulfur-containing gases used in the production of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur;
• - development and widespread implementation at metallurgical enterprises of highly efficient treatment equipment, as well as devices for monitoring various parameters of environmental pollution;
• - rapid development and implementation of new progressive low-waste and waste-free processes, meaning blast-free and coke-free processes for steel production, powder metallurgy, autogenous processes in non-ferrous metallurgy and other promising technological processes aimed at reducing emissions into the environment;
• - expanding the use of microelectronics, automated control systems, automated process control systems in metallurgy in order to save energy and materials, as well as control the generation of waste and reduce it.

Chemical and oil refining industry. In the chemical and oil refining industries on a larger scale it is necessary to use in technological processes: oxidation and reduction using oxygen, nitrogen and air; electrochemical methods, membrane technology for separating gas and liquid mixtures; biotechnology, including the production of biogas from the remains of organic products, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.

• 5. Mechanical engineering. In mechanical engineering in the field of electroplating production, research and development activities should be directed to water treatment, move to closed processes of water recycling and extraction of metals from wastewater; in the field of metal processing, to introduce more widely the production of parts from press powders.
• 6. Paper industry. In the paper industry, it is necessary, first of all, to implement developments to reduce fresh water consumption per unit of product, giving preference to the creation of closed and drainless industrial water supply systems; make maximum use of extractive compounds contained in wood raw materials to obtain target products; improve processes for bleaching cellulose using oxygen and ozone; improve the processing of logging waste using biotechnological methods into target products; ensure the creation of capacities for processing paper waste, including waste paper.

Waste-free production- a form of organization of technological processes in which production waste is minimized or completely recycled into secondary material resources. With waste-free production, it is necessary to use technological schemes that are balanced in terms of the main components with closed material and energy flows. The balance of technological schemes can be illustrated by the example of electrochemical production: during the electrolysis of NaCl, NaOH and C12 are formed, which are the main end products. At the same time, the need for the first product is significantly greater, and for balance technological scheme For chlorine, production in this scheme includes processes for the production of organochlorine and other products using excess chlorine obtained during electrolysis.[...]

Waste-free industries, created on the basis of scientific and technological progress, open up unlimited opportunities for improving the environment. At the same time, there are many existing enterprises that, due to outdated technological solutions, cannot be transferred to waste-free production schemes, and the only way to reduce their burden on the environment is to create systems for capturing, recycling and processing waste into useful products. [ . ..]

Waste-free production is the conventional name for the process of obtaining final products, during which the maximum reduction of waste is achieved at a given level of technology development. There is no virtually waste-free production. There is always waste, at least in the form of thermal energy, otherwise the laws of thermodynamics would be violated. A more precise term is low-waste production or low-waste technologies.[...]

Waste-free production is created with the fullest possible technological use of all components contained in chemical raw materials (this can be called the third rule).[...]

Waste-free production can be characterized by the fullest possible disposal of waste generated in direct technological processes.[...]

Depending on the values ​​of these power coefficients, production facilities are divided into three categories; waste-free, low-waste and ordinary. At the same time, only those productions that have Nd = I can be classified as low- and non-waste, i.e. subject to sanitary and environmental standards. Depending on the capacity, to be classified as non-waste, the production must have Km = 0.90-43.97 and Ke = 0.7-0.9, and to be classified as low-waste - 1 = 0.80-0.90 and Ke = 0.50-0.70. The greater the production capacity, the higher the coefficient values ​​should be (determined according to special charts). The certified production is assigned a category based on the worst value of the determined coefficients.[...]

Waste-free production requires recycling of gas streams. An example of such an organization of the technological process is the system for using aspiration air after cleaning on bag filters in housings processing plants asbestos factories. Such a system allows not only to purify the air to the required standards, but also to obtain additional products and maintain the required temperature inside the buildings in winter without additional heat consumption.[...]

Waste-free production involves cooperation of production with big amount waste (production of phosphate fertilizers, thermal power plants, metallurgical, mining and processing industries) with the production - consumer of these wastes, for example, construction materials enterprises. In this case, waste fully meets the definition of D.I. Mendeleev, who called them “neglected products of chemical transformations, which over time become the starting point of new production.” [...]

By waste-free technology we mean an ideal production model, which in most cases cannot be fully realized, but with the development of technological progress it is increasingly approaching the ideal. More specifically, a waste-free technological system should be understood as such production, as a result of which there are no emissions into the environment. Waste-free production is a set of organizational and technical measures, technological processes, equipment, materials that ensure maximum and comprehensive use of raw materials and minimize the negative impact of waste on the environment.[...]

By non-waste technology we understand such a principle of organizing production, in which the cycle “primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials” is built with the rational use of all components of raw materials, all types of energy and without disturbing the ecological balance. Waste-free production can be created within a plant, industry, region, and ultimately for the entire national economy.[...]

The term “waste-free production” is most appropriately applied to territorial production complexes, and progressive technologies that have the least impact on the environment should be called either low-waste or resource-saving, but best of all - environmentally optimal technologies, technical processes, production. [...]

Creating waste-free production requires solving complex organizational, technical, technological, economic tasks. However, at present there are enterprises that can safely be classified as waste-free industries. For example, individual alumina refineries (Volkhovsky, Pikalevsky) process nepheline into alumina, soda, potash and cement practically according to a waste-free production scheme. At the same time, operating costs for the production of alumina, soda, potash and cement obtained from nepheline raw materials are 10...15% lower than the costs of obtaining these products by other industrial methods. To develop and implement waste-free production, a number of interrelated principles can be identified.[...]

The creation of waste-free production is a long and gradual process that requires solving a number of interrelated technological, economic, organizational, psychological and other problems. The basis for creating waste-free industrial production in practice should be, first of all, fundamentally new technological processes and equipment.[...]

The concept of waste-free production includes several provisions.[...]

Waste-free production is production in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: raw materials - production - consumption - secondary resources, and any impact on the environment does not disrupt its normal functioning" - a formulation adopted in 1984. real conditions It is impossible to completely eliminate waste and get rid of its impact on the environment. More precisely, such systems should be called low-waste, i.e. producing minimal waste while maintaining ecological balance as a result of the self-purifying ability of nature.[...]

Industrial production without material, uselessly accumulated losses and waste already exists in entire industries, but its share is still small. Estimated 1985 - 1986 it can be argued that this share increased and then decreased due to the extremely insufficient introduction of new waste-free industries in all sectors of the national economy.[...]

The term “waste-free production” should be understood as a production process in which all components of processed raw materials and semi-finished products are used to the maximum and converted into useful products. In this case, waste and emissions of pollutants must be kept to a minimum, which guarantees the preservation of the ecological cycle of matter and energy and compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards of maximum permissible emissions established for the given area. In relation to the oil refining industry, this means ensuring oil refining at minimal energy costs with minimal losses of hydrocarbons and maximum extraction of useful substances: sulfur, nitrogen, mineral salts and other ingredients. In the process of refining oil and its individual components and semi-finished products into commercial products using various reagents and catalysts, new substances and wastes that pollute the natural environment above should not be formed acceptable standards.[ ...]

In determining waste-free production, the stage of consumption is taken into account, which imposes restrictions on the properties of manufactured consumer products and affects their quality. The main requirements are reliability, durability, the ability to be returned to the recycling cycle or converted into an environmentally friendly form.[...]

To introduce waste-free production in the chemical industry, it will be necessary to create new materials, chemical substances, for example, new membrane materials, which will improve various processes divisions. Increasing the size of devices to the optimum is associated with the use of more expensive alloys of overhead automation and control systems, but the final effect (taking into account the elimination of damage to nature) should recoup all costs.[...]

Return of dust to production. This is one of the most common and rational methods of ensuring waste-free production while simultaneously increasing its efficiency and solving environmental problems. The technology for returning captured dust materials to the main production is usually determined by the gas cleaning methods used (dry, wet, one- and two-stage, combined) and the feasibility of introducing these products into a certain apparatus of the technological scheme in a particular state of aggregation.[...]

Initially, waste-free production was a method of producing a certain group of consumer products, in which raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle “raw materials - production - secondary raw materials - production and consumption waste”, and all the impact on the environment that accompanies this cycle, does not disrupt its (environment) normal functioning, i.e. waste-free production was understood as a closed system, organized by analogy with natural ecological systems.[...]

The creation of low- and waste-free production is a long-term process that requires solving complex interrelated problems, not only technological and engineering, but also to a large extent organizational, economic, psychological and others.[...]

When organizing waste-free production, cooperation between enterprises from various industries is of great importance.[...]

Criticism of the concept of waste-free production begins with the fact that it is impossible to create such production either practically or even theoretically. Indeed, energy, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, cannot be transformed into work 100%, therefore, energy waste is inevitable. However, the concept of zero-waste production does not imply the complete use of energy. It is quite enough to use it as rationally as possible.[...]

The creation of completely waste-free production is a long process that requires solving the most complex economic, technological, energy and other problems. Therefore, in the near future we should mainly expect a transition to low-waste production. Low-waste means a production method where the harmful impact on the environment does not exceed an acceptable level, and only most of raw materials and supplies go into waste and are sent for neutralization or long-term storage.[...]

An example of natural “non-waste production” is some natural ecosystems - stable collections of co-living organisms and the conditions of their existence, closely related to each other. In these systems, a complete cycle of substances occurs. Of course, ecosystems are not eternal and develop over time, but they are usually so stable that they are able to overcome even some changes in external conditions.[...]

If there are a number of options for waste-free production, the option with the highest g and minimum salary should be chosen. Combination of advanced technology with modern methods of purification and control of gas and dust emissions, reuse waste allows you to reconstruct existing and design new workshops, individual production areas that meet all environmental safety requirements.[...]

Ecological perfection of production is possible only with the integrated processing of raw materials into all possible types of products, with a closed water supply system and with complete repeated recovery (recovery and use) of all waste. Maximum success in creating waste-free production (in the original understanding of this term) is achieved using the SCOVIIO system - reducing the amount of waste at the source of its formation. Low-waste processes and technologies are possible in various industries, and already exist in practice, for example, natural agriculture, in which the farming-livestock system effectively utilizes waste within itself. Farming provides livestock with feed (including grain processing waste, sunflower seeds, etc.), and livestock waste provides organic fertilizers that are most valuable for fertility.[...]

There are often cases when the cost of waste-free production or security and protective measures enterprises is very significant and does not correspond to real economic opportunities modern society. At the same time, it should be noted that one of the reasons for the weak effectiveness of protective measures for environmental protection is the lack of scientifically based initial data characterizing the natural ecological system, insufficient knowledge of natural biochemical processes, migrations and cycles of substances and energy flows in the area of ​​operation of the enterprise and the lack of objective data on the nature of the impact of technological operations and emissions of main and auxiliary production on the state of the natural environment, especially if this impact is long-term.[...]

One of the general principles of creating waste-free production is the cyclical nature of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclical material flows include closed water and gas cycles. Ultimately, the consistent application of this principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently throughout the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and associated energy transformations. As effective ways to form cyclical material flows and rational use of energy, we can point to the combination and cooperation of production, the creation of industrial complexes, as well as the development and production of new types of products taking into account the requirements of their reuse.[...]

There are a number of approaches to determining waste-free production: experimental assessment, assessments based on raw material and energy balances, the completeness of exergy use, the general optimization parameter obtained using the desirability function or technological profile, as well as economically when comparing the costs of production.[ .. .]

The non-waste production plant considered in the work to a certain extent models, from the point of view of the use of natural resources, the biogeochemical systems that have developed on Earth. To satisfy such a model, the plant must be organized according to a number of provisions that should form the basis of any waste-free production. These provisions are as follows.[...]

Another important principle of creating waste-free production is the comprehensive use of resources, based on the maximum use of raw materials and energy potential. All raw materials are practically complex, and on average more than a third of their quantity consists of accompanying elements that can only be extracted through complex processing. For example, currently almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinum group metals, as well as more than 20% of gold, are obtained as a by-product during the processing of complex ores. The principle of integrated, economical use of raw materials in Russia has been elevated to the rank of a state task and is clearly formulated in a number of government decrees. The specific forms of its implementation depend on the level of organization of waste-free production.[...]

The most important integral part the concept of waste-free production is also the concept of the normal functioning of the environment and the damage caused to it by negative anthropogenic impacts. The concept of zero-waste production is based on the fact that production, while inevitably affecting the environment, does not disrupt its normal functioning.[...]

Thus, the considered waste-free production plant makes it possible to process gaseous, liquid and solid waste to the maximum extent into products or neutralize them. The implementation of such waste treatment practically leads to the elimination of pollution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere and is “active highly industrialized nature conservation, the embodiment of the principle of conservation and reproduction of raw materials and natural resources by the very process of their exploitation or, in other words, the principle of coordinated direction of industrial, agricultural and natural production processes ".[...]

To completely eliminate the discharge of wastewater during the production of extraction phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers, the most rational method is their purification in order to reuse. At present, when creating waste-free industries, they not only switch to a closed water supply and sewerage system without discharging wastewater, but also improve technological processes and equipment. The latter is carried out in almost all sub-sectors of the chemical industry in the following areas: replacement of feedstock; introduction of continuous production; use of high power units; use of circuits with circulation and condensation of gases; and improving the sealing of machinery and equipment.[...]

The principle of alternative costs is that waste-free production reduces specific costs for the growth of resources, the extraction of raw materials, the import of raw materials and processed products. [...]

Creation of low-waste technological processes and waste-free production as the most important factor in increasing efficiency of use water resources and their protection is one of the main directions of increasing the technical level of production.[...]

Sometimes, especially in foreign literature, the term “cleaner production” is used, which is understood as a technological strategy that prevents environmental pollution and minimizes the risk to people and the environment. In relation to processes, this is the rational use of raw materials and energy, eliminating the use of toxic raw materials, reducing the amount and degree of toxicity of all emissions and waste generated during the production process. From a product's perspective, cleaner production means reducing its environmental impact throughout its lifespan. life cycle product from extraction of raw materials to disposal (or disposal) after use. Cleaner production is achieved by improving technology, applying know-how and/or improving production organization (Zaitsev, 1987). Let us note that these definitions do not imply the possibility of complete waste-free production.[...]

In our opinion, modern technology is sufficiently developed to stop the growth of waste in a number of industries and industries. And in this process, the state must take on the role of leader and plan and implement it in 1994-2010. a comprehensive state program for the introduction of waste-free production and processing of waste accumulated in the Russian Federation.[...]

The technologies of all production areas are interconnected. The unifying principle is the principle of waste-free production: the products of waste processing at one production site are either marketable products or source material for processing at another site. Ultimately, from solid household, medical and a number industrial waste produced: porous filler (pyrosit), coloring pigments and rubber crumb. Excess heat generated as a result of the operation of the center’s installations is used to process contaminated snow and heat production facilities.[...]

Firstly, resources must be used in a cycle that would include not only the sphere of industrial production, but also the sphere of consumption. Such a cycle can only be closed at the level of an industrial region or territorial production complex. Therefore, it is necessary to find consumers of waste produced by enterprises within this region or complex. Secondly, it must be mandatory to use all raw material components in production and minimize wasteful energy consumption. Thirdly, an integral part of the concept of waste-free production is the preservation of the existing ecological balance, in other words, the preservation of the normal functioning of the environmental protection system, in which it does not have a negative impact on the human environment and his health. Let us recall that the criterion for environmental quality is currently maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and maximum permissible emissions (MPE) and discharges (MPD) calculated on their basis.[...]

The most correct engineering solution to the problem of reducing the level and intensity of anthropogenic pollution of the environment is the use of the most closed waste-free and low-waste technologies for processing raw materials, the integrated use of all its components, minimizing the amount of gaseous, liquid, solid and energy waste directly in technological processes. The concept of waste-free production was put forward by academicians H.H. Semenov and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov.[...]

There are immediate, long-term and ultimate goals of environmental protection in industry. The immediate goal is to preserve and improve the environment in the process of economic development, rational use and reproduction of natural resources in the interests of present and future generations of people. A long-term goal is to organize waste-free production in industry. Finally, the ultimate goal is to ensure the greening of all production and economic activities, which is a means of implementing the principle of combining economic and environmental interests enshrined in the Law “On Environmental Protection.”[...]

The main directions of protection and rational use of mineral resources are the reduction of their losses during extraction, enrichment and processing, improvement of equipment and technology for the extraction of minerals, integrated use based on the development and widespread implementation of resource-saving technological processes, the creation of low-waste and waste-free industries and complexes.[ ...]

The integrated use of the deposit serves the tasks of protecting the subsoil and the earth's surface. An example is the disposal of rocks going into dumps. At metallurgical, chemical and other enterprises processing mineral raw materials, gas and dust capture, wastewater treatment with extraction useful components and recycling of the waste itself, especially the organization of closed cycles, waste-free production - these are measures aimed at the full use of mineral raw materials. At the same time, this is the most effective and promising way to protect the natural environment.[...]

Everything that is produced by humanity to satisfy its needs in the form of food, clothing, furniture, cars, i.e. everything that is mined, built, produced by industry and grown by agriculture, sooner or later turns into waste. Some of this waste is disposed of along with wastewater, another part is released into the atmosphere in the form of gases, emissions and dust, but the majority is discharged as solid waste. Therefore, the development of waste-free production (closed cycle), which significantly reduces the amount of industrial waste, in particular solid waste, is an urgent problem.[...]

Disposal of sewage sludge has a huge economic importance for the national economy. Currently, the cost of construction of treatment facilities and their operation is very burdensome for the budgets of cities, factories, and factories. The cost of treatment facilities is already 15-20% or more of the cost of the enterprise itself. If in the future measures to protect water sources are aimed only at increasingly deeper wastewater treatment, then these auxiliary structures for industrial enterprises will grow, turning into dominant ones in terms of capital investments. The way out of this situation is the creation of waste-free industries with effective disposal of both liquid and solid waste.[...]

The choice of ways to improve environmental protection processes in each production system depends on the economic feasibility of technical solutions, as well as on natural features specific region. For example, in southern regions our country, in which it is located big number chemical enterprises, there is an acute shortage of water resources. In such conditions, the first priority is the introduction of water circulation cycles. A number of old chemical plants, often located within urban areas, are in dire need of reducing emissions of volatile components, in particular solvent vapors. When introducing adsorption recovery of solvents, not only the release of toxic components into the atmosphere is prevented, but also a significant part of them is returned to the main production. Thus, the ways and methods of gradually creating low-waste and then waste-free production at existing enterprises are primarily based on the specifics of these industries.

Environmentalists have long been concerned about the harmful effects of industry on the environment. Along with modern means organizing effective recycling methods hazardous waste Options are also being developed to minimize the initial damage to the environmental situation. In this regard, reducing waste emissions allows not only to reduce damage to nearby infrastructure facilities, but also to increase the economic efficiency of enterprises. True, waste-free technologies also require significant contributions during implementation. The implementation of such programs often affects production stages, forcing managers to reconsider approaches to ensuring technological processes.

What are waste-free and low-waste technologies?

In a broad sense, waste-free does not imply a complete rejection of the production of secondary products that remain after the main one. That is, the definition of waste-free technology may imply such an organization of the enterprise’s work in which the most rational consumption of natural resources and energy is carried out. But it's still general definition of this concept. If we take a strict approach to considering the issue, then waste-free technologies should be represented as a general production process, according to which raw materials are used completely in a closed cycle.

Low-waste technology deserves special attention. In essence, this is an intermediate link that allows you to transfer the enterprise into full-cycle production mode at minimal cost. At facilities where the low-waste concept has been implemented, there is a level of harmful impact on the environmental background that does not exceed permissible limits sanitary standards. However, if waste-free technologies involve complete processing of secondary raw materials, then in this case long-term storage or disposal of materials is also allowed.

How is waste-free production assessed?

To begin with, it should be noted that the complete implementation of completely waste-free production is not always possible. There are entire industries in which enterprises and plants, due to various reasons cannot exit the low-waste status. In this regard, zero-waste assessments deserve attention. In particular, experts use coefficients that allow them to determine what percentage of waste a company cannot recycle and sends for recycling or storage.

For example, low-waste and non-waste technologies are more difficult to implement in the coal industry than in other industries. In this case, the waste-free coefficient varies from 75 to 95%. We should also remember the very essence of introducing technologies that reduce the impact of harmful substances on the environment. Taking this aspect into account, we can talk about the need to determine the proportion of useful substances contained in waste. Sometimes this figure reaches 80%.

Principles of Technology

Waste-free technology is based on several principles, the main ones being the following:

• It assumes that it is necessary to consider a production facility from the point of view of waste minimization without separation from the regional industrial infrastructure.
• Cyclicity of flows. According to this principle, there must be some kind of circulation of the raw materials used, as well as the energy that ensures their processing.
• Integrated use of resources. This principle provides for maximum consumption of raw materials and energy potential. Since any raw material can be considered complex, all its components must be extracted during production cycles.
• Limiting environmental impacts. We can say that this is the main idea in accordance with which low-waste and waste-free production technologies are developed in various industries.
• Rational organization of production. In this case, it is assumed that technological processes will be optimized in order to maximize savings in material resources, energy costs and financial investments.

The process of introducing waste-free technologies

Any actions aimed at changing the production process involve the development of a project. In this case, it may be envisaged to create drainless technological systems and water circulation cycles on the platform effective methods filtration. Similar schemes, for example, are used in industries. One of the most effective tools for processing secondary raw materials is the introduction waste-free technologies, which exclude the formation of secondary products in principle. To achieve this, additional processing and purification steps are introduced into production processes. It is also practiced to create separate industrial complexes that purposefully implement closed systems to ensure the processing of material flows.

Waste-free metallurgy

In the design process of plants that will process non-ferrous and ferrous metals, the widest range of waste-free means is used. For example, processing may involve liquid, gaseous and solid waste. Cleaning agents are also used as a basic tool for minimizing processed products. In addition, low-waste and non-waste technologies can operate not only within the framework of the metallurgical enterprise itself. Mining and processing plants, where large-tonnage waste is developed, are engaged in the production of finished building materials. In particular, backfills for mines are made from waste, wall blocks are formed and road surfaces are laid.

Zero waste in agriculture

This area of ​​economic activity is the most flexible in terms of the use of funds that provide recycling resources. This is due to the fact that most agricultural waste contains products of organic origin. For example, zero-waste technologies can come in the form of reusing compost, manure, sawdust, leaves, and other materials. Next, a raw material base for fertilizer is formed from this waste, which saves costs

Zero waste in the energy sector

In modern energy, specialists focus on the widespread use of technological methods of fuel combustion. This may be the use of a fluidized bed, which helps to minimize pollutants in the released gases. Also, waste-free production technology in the energy sector is manifested in the form of developments aimed at cleaning gas emissions from nitrogen and sulfur oxides. Approaches to technical equipment enterprises. Dust cleaning equipment, for example, is operated with high efficiency, and the resulting ash subsequently enters the construction industry as an ingredient in concrete solutions.

Problems of waste-free and low-waste production

The main part of the problems arising in the process of transition to waste-free production is due to the contradiction between the desire to minimize processed products and maintaining the efficiency of enterprises. The inclusion of new stages in production processes involving the recycling of secondary raw materials, for example, reduces the economic performance of industrial facilities. Also, the problems of waste-free technology are associated with the impossibility of processing a number of emission products. This mainly applies to the chemical industry, where the volume of harmful gaseous waste increases. However, there is also counter examples, when the implementation of zero-waste production projects contributed to increased economic efficiency. In the same mining industry, enterprises sell rocks with characteristics that satisfy the needs of construction plants as secondary raw materials.

Zero Waste Enterprise Management

Integration of systems that allow optimizing production capacity in terms of minimizing the generation of hazardous waste also involves improving management processes. Enterprises are required to organize a whole range of functions that allow them to regulate the formation, use and placement of processed products. It is important to take into account that waste-free technologies at enterprises affect not only the immediate sources of secondary raw materials, but also further consumers. To increase the efficiency of subsequent waste management, storage and disposal systems for raw materials are being improved.

Conclusion

Despite the reduction in production volumes during the crisis, the harmful impact of industrial enterprises on the environment remains at the same level (at best). This is explained by the fact that managers strive to save, including on environmental costs. However, waste-free solutions also allow us to solve problems of this kind, offering a means of more rational consumption of the initial raw material base. In other words, waste reduction measures come into effect already at the first stages of the technological process. This makes it possible not only to optimize the volume of final output of a secondary product, but also to save on initial costs associated with the purchase of resources for production.

Waste-free production is a production in which all raw materials and even waste are still converted into finished products. Among other things, the concept of such a process provides for the processing of any product, even after its moral or physical wear and tear. This is a closed cycle that can only be compared with natural ecological systems, which are based on biogeochemical cycles of substances. The creation of waste-free production is a gradual and lengthy process, which requires solving a number of economic, technological, psychological, organizational and other problems.

Setting up production

It is very rare that a completely waste-free production can be achieved, but residual material can be minimized. If the assortment is large enough, then it is best to use universal raw materials or semi-finished products, and then build a technological process so that all these components are suitable for manufacturing large quantity units of final products.

Established waste-free and low-waste production will simplify logistics and reduce the cost of raw materials. This, in particular, will be reflected in the cost and reduction of costs, and as a result, profits will increase. It is important that during such processes the raw materials do not become stale and they do not become unusable. In the event that materials become unclaimed for one product, they will be used for the manufacture of another.

Principles

In order to minimize the costs of the enterprise and improve its productivity, the following principles of waste-free production are used:

• systematicity is when each of the individual processes can be considered as a part of a more complex technological chain;
• integrated use of energy and raw materials resources provides additional opportunities to extract related components;
• the cyclical nature of material flows is a closed production process that in a certain way can repeat natural cycles;
• rational organization is when irreparable losses of resources can be minimized by recycling waste;
• principle of environmental safety.

Waste-free and low-waste technology provides:

• complete processing of raw materials using components based on the production of new waste-free processes;
• release and production of new varieties of products taking into account the request for recycling;
• the use of waste and its consumption with the final production of marketable products, or any beneficial use without shifting the ecological balance;
• use of closed water supply systems in industry;
• production of waste-free complexes.

Development direction

Using low-waste and waste-free production technologies, four main directions of their development can be formulated:

1. The emergence of drainless technological systems for a wide variety of purposes, based on existing and promising methods of purification and reuse of regulatory wastewater.
2. Development and application of systems for processing household and industrial waste, which can be considered as secondary material resources.
3. The introduction of technological processes for the manufacture of traditional types of products using exclusively new methods, in which it is possible to develop the maximum possible transfer of energy and matter to the finished product;
4. Development and application of territorial-industrial complexes with a more closed structure of material waste.

Requirements for waste-free production

In order to move along the path of improving existing ones and developing fundamentally new technological processes, certain requirements must be met:

• reducing production processes to a minimum number of stages, since each of them generates waste and simply loses raw materials;
• the use of continuous processes that enable efficient use of energy and raw materials;
• increasing the unit power of equipment;
• regularity of production processes, their automation and optimization.

The correct combination of technology and energy allows us to establish high-quality waste-free production, which can be found in the field of chemical transformations, saving energy resources, as well as materials and raw materials.

Agro-industrial complex

Today, modern multifunctional agro-industrial enterprises have a significant basis for ensuring waste-free and low-waste production, which will improve the use of secondary raw materials.

The most relevant example in agriculture is the clever management of manure. The source material is used to fertilize forage crops, which are then fed to the existing livestock.

Using wood

Waste-free production in Russia is famous for its wood processing; today its level is more than 80%. Almost all waste is processed into useful products, namely fuel briquettes and pellets. Chips and sawdust are perfect for heating, since such raw materials are considered quite cheap and have good heat transfer. Waste-free wood production is called the highest quality and closed process, since waste from it is minimized and, one might say, practically absent. In addition to traditional lumber, high-quality furniture panels and furniture can also be produced.

Paper industry

In order to establish waste-free production in the paper industry, it is first necessary to introduce developments to save the amount of water used per unit of production. Also give preference to the creation of drainless and closed industrial water supply systems. It is important to use extractive compounds contained in wood raw materials in order to ultimately obtain the desired product. It is imperative to improve the processes of bleaching cellulose using ozone and oxygen. The processing of logging waste is also being improved with the introduction of biotechnological methods in target products, and the use of capacities for processing paper waste, including waste paper, is ensured.

Chemical and oil refining industry

In such industries, it is very important to establish waste-free production, examples of which can be found in the use of such technological processes as:

• reduction and oxidation using oxygen, air and nitrogen;
• introduction of membrane technology for separating liquid and gas mixtures;
• the use of biotechnology, including the production of biogas from waste organic products;
• methods of ultraviolet, plasma, and electric pulse intensity of chemical reactions.

Mechanical engineering

In this area, in order to establish waste-free production, it is necessary to direct scientific developments to water treatment, thereby moving to closed water recycling processes, as well as obtaining metals from wastewater. The extraction of metals from press powders is considered important.

Energy

In the energy sector, it is necessary to widely use waste-free production technologies, which must be used to develop new methods of burning fuel. An example is combustion in a fluidized bed, which reduces the content of pollutants in gas waste. It is important to introduce dust cleaning equipment into operation, which will generate ash, and after that it can become suitable for use as a building material.

Mining

In this industry, well-established waste-free production is considered important, examples of which include:

• complete recycling of waste, both underground and open method mining;
• widespread use of geotechnological methods for developing new deposits, while trying to extract only the target components to the ground;
• the use of waste-free methods of processing and enrichment of natural raw materials directly at the site of their extraction;
• more active use of hydrometallurgical methods of ore processing.

Metallurgy

In non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, when forming new enterprises and updating existing ones, it is necessary to introduce waste-free production, which will help ensure savings and full use of ore raw materials. This:

• processing and utilization of liquid, gaseous and solid waste, reducing discharges and emissions of harmful substances with wastewater and exhaust gases;
• Large-tonnage solid waste from processing and mining production can be used as building materials for roads, wall blocks and mines;
• increasing the efficiency of newly created and existing processes for capturing by-products that are released from wastewater and exhaust gases;
• full use of all ferroalloy and blast furnace slags, as well as the establishment of processing of steelmaking waste;
• extensive introduction of dry methods for purifying gases from dust debris for all metallurgical production;
• a rapid reduction in fresh water consumption, as well as a reduction in wastewater through the subsequent development and introduction of waterless processes and drainless water supply systems;
• introduction of treatment equipment to the enterprise, as well as devices for monitoring various environmental pollution factors;
• expanded use of microelectronics to enable energy and material savings, as well as waste control and active reduction.

The term “waste-free technology” was first formulated by our chemist scientists N.N. Semenov and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov in 1956. It became widespread not only here, but also abroad. Below is the official definition of this term, enshrined in 1984 in Tashkent by a decision of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

Waste-free technology is a method of production (process, enterprise, territorial production complex) in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary resources, and any impact on the natural environment do not interfere with its normal functioning.

An example of natural “non-waste production” is natural ecosystems - stable sets of co-living organisms and the conditions of their existence, closely related to each other. In these systems, a complete cycle of substances occurs. Of course, ecosystems are not eternal and develop over time, but they are usually so stable that they are able to overcome even some changes in external conditions.

In determining waste-free production, the stage of consumption is taken into account, which imposes restrictions on the properties of manufactured consumer products and affects their quality. The main requirements are reliability, durability, the ability to be returned to the cycle for recycling or converted into an environmentally friendly form.

Waste-free technology includes the following processes:

• Ш complex processing of raw materials using all its components and obtaining products with no or the least amount of waste;
• Ш creation and release of new products taking into account their reuse;
• Ш processing of emissions, waste, production waste to produce useful products;
• Ш drainless technological systems and closed gas and water supply systems using progressive methods for purifying polluted air and wastewater;
• Ш creation of territorial-industrial complexes (TPCs) with a closed technology of material flows of raw materials and waste within the complex.

Low-waste technology is an intermediate step in creating waste-free production, when a small part of raw materials goes into waste, and the harmful impact on nature does not exceed sanitary standards.

However, the transfer of existing technologies into low-waste and waste-free production requires solving a large complex of very complex technological, design and organizational problems based on the use of the latest scientific and technical achievements. In doing so, it is necessary to be guided by the following principles.

Systematic principle. In accordance with it, processes or production are elements of the industrial production system in the region (IPC) and further - elements of the entire ecological and economic system, which includes, in addition to material production and other human activities, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses ), as well as man and his environment. Therefore, when creating waste-free industries, it is necessary to take into account the existing and increasing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

Complexity of resource use. This principle of creating waste-free production requires maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex in composition. On average, more than a third of its quantity consists of associated elements, which can only be extracted through complex processing of raw materials. Thus, complex processing of polymetallic ores makes it possible to obtain about 40 elements in the form of high-purity metals and their compounds. Already at the present time, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinum metals, as well as more than 20% of gold, are obtained as a by-product during the complex processing of polymetallic ores.

The specific forms of implementation of this principle will primarily depend on the level of organization of waste-free production at the stages of an individual process, production, production complex and ecological-economic system.

Cyclicity of material flows. This general principle creating waste-free production. Examples of cyclical material flows are closed water and gas cycles. The consistent application of this principle should ultimately lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently throughout the entire technosphere, of an organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and associated energy transformations.

waste-free production technology