Enterprises in the modern market economy. The firm in a market economy. Market and enterprise
Firm- an economic entity with economic independence for the implementation of production activities for the purpose of making a profit.
The emergence and spread of firms is associated with the initial accumulation of capital. The reasons for the emergence of firms are varied.
Some economists (R. Coase) believe that the emergence of a firm is explained by the need to reduce transaction (external) costs. Other
(F. Knight) - argue that the emergence of firms is the result of minimizing risk and uncertainty. Still others (K. Marx) link the formation of firms with the development of the division of labor and the specialization of machine production.
The market and the firm as organizational systems are opposite. The difference between a firm and a market is as follows. The market is characterized by the isolation of factors of production, the dominance of indirect methods of regulation. The mechanism of the market is formed spontaneously and is not subject to a strict sequence of goals.
The firm, on the contrary, involves the concentration of factors of production, unity of command, the use of administrative and economic methods of management. The company is created consciously, for the implementation of specific goals.
Thus, the firm and the market are alternative ways of organizing economic activity.
The activities of the company are characterized by: functions, principles, target orientation, optimal size.
Main functions firms:
- mobilizing- consists in combining various factors of production to create goods and services;
- production- is associated with the rational use of resources;
- investment- associated with the investment of funds in the development of fixed capital.
The main (target) function of the firm is profit maximization while minimizing costs.
The basis of rational management of the company is principles of economy, the essence of which is as follows.
1. Principle maximization means that the funds should be used efficiently, getting the maximum income.
2. Principle minimization: the best result is achieved at the lowest cost of production factors.
The economic behavior of a firm is determined by various parameters, including its optimal size.
Optimal size firm is determined by its internal marginal costs equal to the marginal transaction costs.
Transaction costs are the market costs of preparing, concluding and implementing transactions. These include:
1) the cost of processing information (about suppliers, buyers, characteristics of goods and services);
2) the costs of negotiating and making decisions (concluding contracts);
3) costs of compliance with the terms of contracts;
4) the costs of legal support of contracts.
The criterion for the optimal size of a firm is the value of external transaction costs. If the firm's internal (management) costs exceed its external costs, then the size of the firm must be limited, as its activities become inefficient.
The effective behavior of the firm includes the following points:
1) conducting complex business negotiations;
2) coordination of actions in the efficient allocation of resources;
3) administrative control over the fulfillment of contractual obligations and risk reduction;
4) quick adaptation to sudden changes in the market situation, increasing adaptability to various conditions;
5) the ability to predict and anticipate the direction of change in market processes.
The behavior of the firm in the market is also determined by the type of market in which it operates. The type of market depends on the development of the market itself and the forms of competition existing on it.
There are two types of competition: perfect and imperfect. Hence, there are two types of firm behavior: in conditions of perfect competition and in conditions of imperfect competition.
The behavior of the firm in the conditions perfect competition is characterized by the fact that it does not have any influence on the market price, creating and selling its own products. Such a firm is called a price taker, and its behavior is characterized as opportunistic. The firm adjusts costs and production volumes to varying market prices. In reality, such firms are extremely rare (for the sale of securities, currencies).
In conditions imperfect competition, the behavior of a firm depends on the type of imperfect competition existing in the market (monopoly, oligopoly). If the market is dominated by a pure monopoly, then the firm is a monopolist and dictates prices, earning a monopoly profit. In conditions of oligopolistic competition, firms adjust to each other's price level in order to produce products and maximize profits.
In the real economy, there are different types of firms. The activity of the company always has a certain organizational and legal form.
Legal form is a set of legal norms that determines the relationship of participants in enterprises with the environment.
From a legal point of view, a firm is a legally independent entity that combines factors of production to create goods and services.
The firm as a legal entity has its own property, has an independent balance sheet, acts in court and arbitration.
Currently, the following forms of enterprises (organizations) are most widely used:
1) individual enterprises;
2) partnerships;
3) joint-stock companies;
4) associations of enterprises (FIGs);
5) state enterprises;
6) mixed enterprises.
Individual enterprises This is a small company, the owner of which is a worker. The entrepreneur performs the functions of an employee, accountant and manager. This is the most common form of small business. Such an enterprise belongs to the owner and is managed by him independently, is for him the main source of income. For any problems that arise, the owner is personally responsible. Sole proprietorship has advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
Quick organization of the enterprise (opening and closing);
Simplified accounting and reporting;
Concentration of profits in one hand;
Independence of the owner of the enterprise in making decisions and evaluating the results.
Flaw: the owner bears property liability, which extends to his property, including individual.
Partnerships- a form of organization of medium and large businesses. The activity of partnerships is based on the association of shares (money, property) of its participants. The amount of the share gives its owner the right to receive a share of the profit and the right to vote. Depending on the degree of property liability, partnerships are divided into:
General partnership;
Limited Liability Partnership;
Mixed partnership.
General partnership– based on the principles of full and joint liability. This means that the participants in such an enterprise are liable for all obligations with all their property, including personal property. A general partnership is used where the activity of intellectual capital takes place (brokerage, accounting, auditing, law firms).
Limited Liability Partnership is based on the liability of only the capital of the enterprise, but not on the personal property of the participants. In the event of bankruptcy, the participant risks his share invested in the enterprise. This is the most common form.
Mixed partnership characterized by the fact that the participants are insured against complete ruin, since the personal property of full partners serves as a guarantee of their transaction. Can be rapidly increased by external revenues.
Mixed partnerships consist of:
Full participants (partners) who manage the affairs and are responsible for all obligations of the enterprise (complementary);
Contributors whose liability is limited by the size of the contribution (limited liability company - LLC) - limited partners.
Large-scale production is always associated with organizations such as a joint-stock company (JSC). The activity of JSC is based on the pooling of the capitals of the participants of the enterprise. Shares are evidence of capital investment. Stock- a security boom that gives the owner the right to receive income and the right to manage the joint-stock company.
AO has advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
Attracts significant financial resources;
Guarantees shareholders to reduce the risk and the possibility of profit, as it is a limited liability company;
Provides rapid concentration of funds and their movement from one industry to another;
It is the most stable form of capital pooling;
Attracts professional managers to the management, which allows to effectively solve various production issues.
Disadvantages:
Organization and liquidation are costly;
The complex structure of the AO increases the bureaucracy;
Weak management control leads to abuse;
The company's profits are taxed twice: first - profits, and then dividends on shares.
There are two types of JSC: CJSC and JSC.
CJSC is an enterprise whose capital is distributed among a limited circle of persons: members of the labor collective, founders. Shares can be transferred from one person to another only with the consent of the majority of shareholders. There is a relationship between the number of shares and the performance of any functions. The free inflow of capital is difficult, but the independence of the firm is guaranteed (capture from outside is difficult).
OJSC - built on the distribution of shares by open subscription (anyone can buy). JSC annually publishes the balance sheet, report on profit and its use.
The management of JSC has its own characteristics, which are as follows. There is a division between the owner - the owner of the JSC and the real manager. The property of the joint-stock company is in the hands of its owners, and is managed by managers who are not owners.
An important role in the activities of JSC has a controlling and locking stake.
Controlling stake(KP) - such a number of shares that allows you to exercise full control over the activities of the JSC. Theoretically, CP is 50% +1 share. In practice, the CP is less than 50%. This is due to the fact that
In reality, not all shareholders take part in meetings and can use their vote;
There is a so-called diffusion (spraying) of ownership, as a result, shareholders cannot influence the activities of the joint-stock company.
locking package(ZP) - guarantees the protection of the interests of the owner, who have significantly less capital than the controlling stake. The owners of even 25% of the shares have the right to influence the production and economic activities of the company.
Business associations- these are associations of various firms within which the principles of subordination operate. In form, these entities are not a single firm.
Interaction between firms is carried out through the exchange (market). The difference from a single firm is that the transaction costs associated with information about prices, resources, and the conclusion of contracts are further reduced.
The cooperation of firms within associations creates opportunities for the transfer of capital, technology and labor resources, and makes it possible to effectively coordinate joint activities.
The association of enterprises was most widespread in the sphere of production and finance; financial-industrial groups (FIGs) were created. All elements included in the FIG, independently solve their problems, but at the same time take into account the general interest of the group. The role of the coordinator of interests in FIGs is performed by the parent organization (bank or enterprise). At the same time, a certain level of independence and autonomy is maintained. FPG has the following advantages:
Accumulates significant financial resources;
Creates more favorable conditions for investment activity;
Exercises strict control over the effective use of financial resources;
Produces intersectoral distribution of resources;
Carries out maintenance and implementation of scientific and technical developments.
Thus, FIGs make the most of production opportunities to increase profitability.
State enterprises most often presented:
Industries related to national security (MIC);
Natural monopolies to prevent the emergence of pure monopolies;
Profitable enterprises.
State business appears in the following forms:
The enterprise is fully controlled by the owner (budgetary enterprises); property is immutable, that is, it cannot be distributed among deposits and shares. Such enterprises are called unitary;
State corporations - enterprises owned and controlled by the state through the ownership of a controlling stake; these are ordinary joint-stock companies in which various decisions are made by the state on a commercial basis.
Mixed enterprises- associations in the form of joint-stock companies and limited liability partnerships (LLP), functions in which belong to the state and private investors. Economic activity is carried out both on a planned and commercial basis.
Thus, a variety of organizational forms of enterprises make it possible to effectively use economic resources to produce the necessary products and make a profit.
In economic practice, the concepts of "enterprise" and "firm" have some difference. The enterprise expresses the technological and organizational aspects of the economic activity of the subject. A firm is a more general concept, including, in addition to these aspects, legal. It acts as a legal entity that owns property and produces goods and services on the market. A firm may include one or more enterprises. The system-forming factors in determining an enterprise as the main link in the national economy and as an independent economic entity are cooperation based on the internal division of labor, as well as the implementation of the functions of individual reproduction and the isolation of the circulation of capital (resources).
In a developed market economy, enterprises are diverse. They are engaged in the production of goods, their sale, the provision of a wide variety of services - financial, intermediary, information, advisory, research. According to the areas of entrepreneurial activity, they can be industrial, agro-industrial, agricultural, construction, transport, telecommunications, trade and intermediary, venture capital, advertising, engineering, legal, etc. Depending on the size, the smallest are distinguished, based on the personal labor of the commodity producer; small (number of employees 10-15 people); medium (number of 50-500 people); large (500 people, as a rule, joint-stock companies).
The variety of possible positions of individual firms in a specific economic situation on the market is determined by the different focus of their functioning. This may be the desire to survive in an unfavorable economic environment, minimizing losses, conquering a new market segment or maximizing profits, etc. In the most general form, the company's activity models can be represented as the following table.
Table 15
The adoption of broad long-term measures to achieve the goal is the content of the strategy (business policy) of the company.
The planning of the commercial activity of the company is included in the management organization system and is determined by its purpose. Having the factors of production and combining them in various technologies, the company produces finished goods and offers them on the market. The relationship between any set of production factors and the maximum possible volume of products produced from this set is called the production function:
Where Q is the output,
L, K - different combination of production factors.
A modification of the production function is the isoquant. Isoquant - a curve, a locus of points corresponding to all variants of production factors, the use of which provides the same volume of output (diagram 30).
A graph that shows a set of isoquants is called an isoquant map.
The specifics of the analysis of the company's activity depends on the period of time during which the production function is implemented. Short run - during which production functions remain fixed. Long-term period - a period of time sufficient to make changes in all factors of production.
To analyze the activities of the company in the short term, the following indicators are used:
Total, average and marginal product;
General, average, marginal, fixed and variable costs;
Total, average and marginal income.
The total product is the amount of an economic good produced using some amount of a factor of production. By dividing the total product by the amount of the variable factor used, we get the average product:
AP=Q:F. Marginal product is defined as the increase in total product resulting from infinitesimal increments in the amount of variable factor used:
With an increase in the use of a production factor, all other things being equal, sooner or later a point is reached at which the additional use of a variable factor leads to a decrease, first in the relative, and then in the absolute volume of output. This is the law of diminishing marginal productivity. Therefore, when determining the size of the enterprise, one should take into account the fact that the expansion of production is advisable as long as the marginal product is greater than or equal to the average product.
Production costs - the cost of acquiring factors of production.
Production costs can be classified not only depending on what resources are used, whether they are the resources of the firm or external owners. A classification is possible depending on the impact on them of an increase in the scale of production (Table 14).
Table 14
Total revenue is the total revenue that a firm receives from the sale of its products:
Marginal revenue is the increment to a firm's total revenue caused by an increase in its sales by an additional unit of product:
In whatever conditions the firm operates, it should strive to maximize profits or minimize losses. In dealing with these problems, the firm should be guided by the following rules:
1. The firm must cease production if the TR from the sale of any quantity of its output does not exceed the VC of the production of that quantity of goods and services. In other words, so that P
2. To achieve maximum profit, the firm must produce such a volume of products at which MR=MC.
In a perfectly competitive market, none of the firms affects the price of its products, and P=MR, so the maximization of total profit (Pr=MR-MC) is achieved when P=MC. Moreover, if P>MC, then production can be expanded. If R 
In the market of imperfect competition, in order to maximize profits, production and sales volumes should be increased until MR>MC, if MR
An important part of the firm's production costs is the payment for factors of production or resources. The price of resources in a market economy is formed through the interaction of supply and demand, similar to the prices of finished products. However, resource markets have their own characteristics. Thus, the demand for resources is secondary or generated, since the entrepreneur is not interested in itself, but only as a means of making a profit. The supply of resources is price inelastic, since it cannot be increased in the short run. It is also important that the enterprise acts as a buyer in the resource market. Producers are the owners of resources, so the price of a resource will be the income of its owner: the price of natural resources is rent, the price of labor is wages, the price of production capital, or investment resources, is a percentage. The firm seeks to choose such a combination of resources used, which will provide it with the minimum cost. This is possible if the marginal revenue product of each resource is proportional to its price:
Pricing in the resource market depends on many factors, the main of which are shown in Figure 34.
A cardinal solution to the problem of cost reduction is possible only in conditions of stable economic growth, active investment and innovation activity, and structural transformations. In these processes, not everything depends on the enterprise. The state has a huge role to play here.
Topic 1.
Enterprise in a market economy.
Structure of the national economy
Structural adjustment of the Russian economy
The transformation of the administrative-command economic system into a market economy is accompanied by a change in priorities in the formation of the structure of the national economy. First of all, such a change is dictated by the need to overcome the structural imbalances inherited from the past. The former structure of the national economy of the USSR was characterized by a high degree of nationalization of all economic processes and monopolization of production, a distorted structure of the national economic complex with a high share of extractive industries, a hypertrophied military-industrial complex, with a significant lag behind industries working for the consumer market.
Comprehensive restructuring of the Russian economy - sectoral, regional, managerial, technological, organizational, social - is a necessary condition for overcoming the crisis and entering the growth trajectory.
An effective structure of the economy is recognized as one that is capable of ensuring sustainable and efficient economic growth, bringing the national economy to the forefront of scientific and technological progress and, on this basis, ensuring a high standard of living for the population.
The main directions of economic restructuring are:
Development of industries whose products are in demand in the domestic and foreign markets;
Creation of conditions for the development of promising science-intensive industries;
Curtailment and re-profiling of objectively unnecessary and incapacitated enterprises.
An enterprise is a large production system
Organizational and legal forms of enterprises
Enterprises existing and operating in the economy are quite diverse in terms of organizational and legal structure, scale, and profile of activity. However, with all the apparent diversity of possible types, they are divided into ordered groups, types for which quite definite norms of economic legislation have been developed that regulate their activities.
Entrepreneurial law allows for the existence of a whole range of forms of enterprises. Along with individual entrepreneurship, Russian legislation recognizes such forms as commercial organizations in the form of economic partnerships (general and limited), companies (limited liability, joint-stock), production cooperatives, state and municipal enterprises.
Business partnerships
Entrepreneurial activity in its individual form has very limited opportunities, spreading mainly to small businesses. For larger entrepreneurship, it is necessary to unite the efforts of several persons, to move on to collective entrepreneurship. The association of business participants, partners for a joint business is called partnership. The participation of partners and partnerships is usually secured by a written agreement, or contract. For the purpose of a closer and more lasting union, the partnership is formalized as an enterprise. The partnership allows you to combine not only the efforts, but also the capital of its participants.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part I) considers business partnerships as one of the main forms of creating legal entities that are commercial organizations. The commercial Civil Code of the Russian Federation includes organizations that pursue profit as the main goal of their activities.
Persons who create a business partnership are referred to as its founders. Each of them makes a certain contribution to the partnership and becomes its participant. The initial investment is called authorized or share capital.
Participants of business partnerships have the right to participate in the management of affairs, receive information about the activities of the partnership, get acquainted with its documentation, take part in the distribution of profits, receive, upon liquidation of the partnership, part of the property remaining after settlements with creditors, or the monetary equivalent of the value.
At the same time, participants in economic partnerships bear a number of obligations to the organizations of which they are members. Participants are obliged to comply with the requirements of the constituent documents, make the prescribed contributions and contributions in a timely manner and in full, keep commercial secrets, and not disclose confidential information. The property of partnerships includes fixed assets (buildings, structures, equipment) and current assets (stocks of raw materials, materials, finished products, work in progress, other inventory items) owned, used and disposed of by the partnership, cash, as well as other values.
Partnerships that do not have the status of a legal entity are not independent entities in the sense that they are not legally registered as a single company with its own name and charter, separate property. This is a union of equals,
based on an agreement. Each of these persons acts not as an employee of the company, but as a participant in the common cause, responsible for its fate with his personal property.
Depending on the type of property liability of their participants, partnerships are divided into two main types: a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership).
General partnerships
A general partnership is created for the conduct of entrepreneurial activities by its participants (general partners) on a joint basis in accordance with an agreement concluded between them. This is a voluntary association of participants in a common business on a contractual basis.
One of the characteristic features of a full partnership is the high degree and measure of property responsibility of its participants for the fulfillment of their obligations. In the event of an emergency financial situation, when partners who have united to conduct joint business activities have debts, they are liable for obligations not only with the property that they contributed and combined for entrepreneurship, but also with all their personal property (and even the property of family members, if it is not legally distributed).
As for the joint property intended for doing business, it represents a common shared property, belongs to all participants on a share basis, i.e. each participant in a general partnership has his own share, his own share, corresponding to his property and monetary contributions to the partnership. The share reflects that part of the monetary value of the property of the partnership, which belongs to this participant.
A general partnership is a legal entity, an independent company, has a set of rights that allows it to act as a business entity.
So, it can act in court as a plaintiff and a defendant. Under the company name, a general partnership is entered in the register of owners, it enters into contractual relations with other business entities, interacts, if necessary, with state authorities, assumes and fulfills certain obligations. Members of general partnerships are obliged to participate in the management of affairs and activities.
Limited partnerships
A limited partnership, like a general partnership, is an association of several citizens and (or) legal entities on the basis of an agreement between them for the purpose of conducting joint economic activities. The fundamental difference between a limited partnership and a full partnership is that only a part of its members, called full partners (complementary partners), bears full joint and several liability for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. The other part in the form of members-contributors (limited partners) bears limited liability and is liable for obligations only by their share contribution to the company. The activities of limited partnerships are determined mainly by the terms of the founding agreement. The participant of the partnership is obliged to contribute to the share capital of the partnership.
As a rule, in a mixed partnership, its general partners bear full power and represent the interests of the company, while the role of contributor members is limited to financial participation in the form of a contribution that gives them the right to income.
Joint stock companies (JSC)
joint-stock is called a business company, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares.
Members Open joint-stock company may sell or transfer their shares without the consent of the other shareholders of that company. In a closed joint stock company shares are distributed only among the founders or other predetermined circle of persons.
The main feature of an open joint-stock company is that its property and money capital is formed by open, free sale of its shares. However, when a joint-stock company is established, all its shares must be distributed among the founders.
Shares are sold either in the primary market at face value after they are issued, or in the secondary market through resale at market prices. Joint-stock companies of an open type represent one of the most common and civilized modern forms of organizing a collective business. This form gives a real opportunity to join the property of enterprises to millions of ordinary citizens.
Stock certifies the fact that its owner, shareholder has made a certain contribution to the capital of the joint-stock company. It can be the subject of sale, donation, pledge. In addition, a share can generate income in the form of a share of the profits received by a joint-stock company and gives the right to participate in management.
Large, medium and small enterprises can exist in the form of joint-stock companies. The creation of a JSC usually involves the involvement of a significant number of participants. An open joint stock company can be created by transforming a limited liability company.
Joint-stock companies, both closed and open, are liable for the obligations of the company, incur possible losses, take risks within a limited range, not exceeding the value of their block of shares. At the same time, the company itself is not liable for the property obligations of individual shareholders, accepted by them privately.
It is the joint-stock company that is the sole full owner of the property complex belonging to it, i.e. tangible, informational and intellectual values. Shareholders are owners of only securities that give them the right to receive a certain share of the company's income in the form of interest, called dividends. AT in the event of termination of the company's activities, the stumps are also entitled to count on the liquidation quota - part of the value of the property being sold. A shareholder does not have a direct real right to his own part of the property of a joint stock company.
Thus, the objects of ownership of the shareholders and the joint-stock company do not coincide. For shareholders, such objects are the value of the capital of a joint-stock company in the form of the monetary value of its share, while the company has the right of ownership of the physical, material essence of all values belonging to it. The shareholder has the right to dispose of his share as a security. The property is managed only by the company represented by its representative management bodies.
Of course, the shareholder is able to influence the use of the property complex and its activities in general, participating in the management. This right is realized, first of all, due to the fact that ordinary share(Unlike privileged giving the right to a fixed percentage of dividends) provides the opportunity to vote at meetings of shareholders, elect the board, while implementing the principle of "one share - one vote". It is possible to have a significant impact on the course of events only if you have a solid block of shares, preferably a controlling one.
Business associations
Large-scale business is characterized by forms of organization, which are based on the unification of enterprises, firms into aggregate structures. These are collective associative forms. Let's consider separate types of associative organizational structures, the most common in the economy of developing countries and taking root in the emerging Russian market economy.
Corporation is a joint-stock company that combines the activities of several firms to achieve their common goals or principles of privilege. As a legal entity, the corporation is liable for debts and taxes for all its constituent enterprises and acts as an independent business entity. In the United States, special corporations are created for small businesses, called S-corporations. These are relatively small scale corporations enjoying the same tax benefits as small businesses. There are also large-scale state corporations.
Economic associations- contractual associations of enterprises and organizations created for the joint performance of homogeneous functions and coordination of common activities. Associations are one of the mildest forms of association of minimally restrictive actions of their member associations. Association members have the right to be members of any other associations.
Concerns- a form of contractual large associations, usually of a monopoly type, which makes it possible to use the possibilities of large-scale production, combination, cooperation, due to the presence of production and technological ties. In Russia, concerns are created on the basis of large state-owned enterprises and associations. The liquidated ministries of the production sphere found a partial embodiment in them.
These organizational and economic structures, due to the scale of capital concentration, production capacities, and wide opportunities for diversifying production, have a certain resistance to market fluctuations, are able to profitably redistribute investment resources, concentrate them on the most profitable, payback areas. The emergence of concerns in countries with developed market economies has historically been due primarily to the concentration of capital, its overaccumulation in individual producers. The most important feature of concerns was the unity of ownership of their member firms, enterprises, banks. Thus, the participants in concerns are interdependent not by contract, but by the essence of economic relations.
Holding companies(holding companies) are characterized by the fact that they have control over other companies, either through ownership of their shares and cash capital, or in connection with the right to appoint directors of controlled companies.
The decision-making mechanism in joint-stock companies allows the holding to influence the economic, commercial decisions of enterprises that are part of the holding association. Although these enterprises remain legally independent, the holding is able to direct them towards the interests of a large company as a large integral structure. In addition, the holding can perform a number of functions related to general business activities. In the event that this is due to necessity and common benefit, the holding is able to centralize and redistribute the financial resources of its participants.
Consortium- temporary voluntary association of enterprises, organizations, formed to solve specific problems and problems, the implementation of major investment, scientific, technical, social, environmental projects. The consortium may include both large and small enterprises that wish to take part in the implementation of a project or other business idea, but do not have the independent ability to implement it. The consortium represents a potentially effective organizational and structural way of temporal integration of personnel, capacities, material and financial resources. Enterprises can unite in a consortium in the name of implementing an attractive project that promises high profits, but requires large investments for its implementation, diverted for a long time at a high degree of risk.
Financial and industrial groups (FIGs). In accordance with the Federal Law “On Financial and Industrial Groups”, enacted on November 30, 1995, a financial and industrial group is understood to be a set of legal entities acting as a parent and subsidiary company, or who have fully or partially combined their tangible and intangible assets (system participation) on the basis of an agreement on the creation of a financial and industrial group for the purpose of technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment and other projects and programs aimed at increasing competitiveness, expanding markets for goods and services, increasing production efficiency, creating new jobs.
FPG participants are legal entities that have signed an agreement on their creation, and the central company of the FPG approved by them, or the main and subsidiary companies that form a financial and industrial group. A prerequisite for the creation should be the presence of organizations operating in the production of goods and services, as well as banks and other credit organizations. They may include investment institutions, non-state pension and other funds, insurance organizations, whose participation is due to their role in ensuring the investment process in the financial and industrial group. If the participants include legal entities under the jurisdiction of the CIS member states, then the financial and industrial group is registered as a transnational one.
Enterprise life cycle
An enterprise, as a business entity, goes through a number of stages in the process of functioning: creation, growth, maturity, decline, reorganization (restructuring) or sanitation, bankruptcy, liquidation.
Stage maturity or optimal functioning is characterized by successful highly efficient operation of the enterprise based on proven technology and organization of production, progressive forms and methods of enterprise management, and active marketing activities.
If an enterprise is capable of change, responds flexibly to the dynamics of the external environment, quickly adapts to the needs of the market, it can function successfully for many years without fear of falling profitability and bankruptcy.
If the enterprise does not respond in a timely manner to the requirements of various stages of the life cycle, then the business will steadily approach a decline in business activity and bankruptcy.
However, there are some conditions, the fulfillment of which helps to maintain the normal functioning of the enterprise and reduce the risk of bankruptcy:
Avoid being overly optimistic when things seem to be going well;
Develop and implement high-quality marketing plans with clear goals;
Make sound cash forecasts systematically;
Keep up with the needs of the market;
Timely identify critical moments that may pose a threat to the enterprise.
Enterprise managers should pay attention to changes in the functioning of the enterprise itself and in the environment, which may be the first signals of advancing trouble.
The least harsh alternative to bankruptcy is reorganization enterprise, the purpose of which is to revive the enterprise. In this case, a plan for overcoming a crisis situation is developed and implemented, which may include mergers, acquisitions, divisions, spin-offs and transformations of an enterprise, as a result of which new legal entities are created, existing legal entities are liquidated, the organizational and legal form changes; they are a form of reorganization. restructuring which includes a system of measures to improve
Topic 3.
Enterprise infrastructure
Enterprise infrastructure- these are subdivisions for servicing the main production, as well as social services for the team. Accordingly, the production and non-production infrastructure of the enterprise is distinguished.
Production infrastructure aims to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the production process. Maintenance of the main production is carried out by auxiliary units and service farms; instrumental, repair, transport, energy, warehouse, logistics and marketing services.
Improving the production infrastructure is one of the factors for improving the performance of the enterprise.
The logistics and marketing services play an important role not only in the normal functioning of the production process. They have a significant impact on the value of production costs by creating and maintaining an optimal stock at a minimum of costs, while ensuring proper warehousing, storage and accounting of material resources and finished products.
The tool economy at the enterprise is created to perform work on providing production with tools and technological equipment, organizing their storage, operation and repair. The intensity of use of equipment, the technological parameters of its operation, the level of labor productivity and, in general, the results of the enterprise's work depend on the level of organization of the tool economy and the quality of the tool.
The main task of the repair facility is to ensure the uninterrupted operation of the entire fleet of machinery and equipment through scheduled repairs and routine maintenance. To prevent irrational losses in production and reduce repair costs, a preventive maintenance system is used, which includes various types of maintenance and repair of equipment according to a pre-planned plan in order to ensure efficient operation of the equipment.
In addition, the repair facility performs routine repairs and maintenance of buildings, structures, industrial and service premises. Capital repairs of buildings, as a rule, are carried out with the help of a specialized repair organization.
The main task of the transport economy at the enterprise is the timely and uninterrupted maintenance of production by vehicles for the movement of goods during the production process. According to their purpose, vehicles can be divided into internal, intershop and external transport. Improving the organization of the transport economy involves the elimination of excessively long distances, oncoming, return, empty and not fully loaded vehicles.
The energy sector provides the enterprise's needs for electricity and heat, process steam, and compressed air. technical oxygen, natural gas. However, it is more expedient, if possible, to conclude a long-term service agreement with large producers for the supply of energy carriers.
Non-production infrastructure of the enterprise created for the social service of employees of the enterprise. It includes housing and communal structures, kindergartens, nurseries, medical centers, clinics, hospitals, sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, health centers, canteens, buffets, educational institutions and other necessary services.
Non-production infrastructure is an important component of the overall structure of the enterprise, ensuring the normal functioning of the team. The presence of the most important elements of non-production infrastructure at the enterprise creates an opportunity and gives confidence to its employees to satisfy vital social needs, thereby creating the prerequisites for a good business mood and highly productive work of the team.
In recent years, due to the difficult financial condition of Russian enterprises, a significant part of which are simply unprofitable, some services of non-productive infrastructure cease their activities or transfer them to the jurisdiction of municipal authorities. Such a development of events, as a rule, worsens the social services for employees of enterprises.
Topic 4.
production process
Production cycle
The production cycle is a calendar fund of time from the moment raw materials and materials are put into production to the complete manufacture of finished products. The production cycle includes the time of performing the main, auxiliary operations and breaks in the process of manufacturing products.
The second time for performing the main operations constitutes the technological cycle and determines the period during which the object of labor was directly affected either by the worker himself or by machines and mechanisms under his control, as well as the time of natural technological processes that occur without the participation of people and equipment (drying painted in air or cooling of a heated product, fermentation of some products, etc.).
Auxiliary operation times include:
Quality control of product processing;
Control of equipment operation modes, their adjustment, minor repairs;
Cleaning the workplace;
Transportation of materials, blanks;
Reception and cleaning of processed products.
The time for performing the main and auxiliary operations is the working period.
The time of breaks is due to the mode of work, interoperational storage of parts, as well as shortcomings in the organization of labor and production. Respectively breaks can be divided into three groups.
1. Breaks associated with the work schedule established at the enterprise: non-working days and shifts, between shifts and lunch breaks, intra-shift regulated breaks for rest of workers, etc.
2. Breaks between operations due to organizational and technological reasons: waiting breaks caused by the non-synchronism of the duration of adjacent operations of the technological process, when the previous operation ends before the workplace is freed up for the next operation; picking breaks that occur when parts and assemblies are lying due to the unfinished production of other parts included in the kit.
3. Breaks associated with downtime of equipment and workers for various organizational and technical reasons not provided for by the mode of operation: lack of raw materials, energy, equipment breakdown, absence of workers from work, etc.
The calculation of the duration of the production cycle (TC) is made according to the formula
where To is the time of performing the main operations;
TV - time of auxiliary operations;
Tp - time of breaks.
The production cycle is one of the most important technical and economic indicators, which is the starting point for calculating many indicators of the production and economic activities of an enterprise. On its basis, the production capacities of the enterprise and its divisions are calculated, the launch dates for the product are set, taking into account the timing of its release, the volume of work in progress is determined, and other planning and production calculations are carried out.
Reducing the duration of the production cycle - one and! the most important sources of intensification and improvement of production efficiency at enterprises. The faster I completed the production process (the shorter the duration of the production cycle), the better the production potential of the enterprise is used, the higher labor productivity, the lower the volume of work in progress, and the lower the cost of production.
The duration of the production cycle depends on the complexity and laboriousness of manufacturing products, the level of technology and technology, mechanization and automation of basic and auxiliary operations, the mode of operation of the enterprise, the organization of "and-1 intermittent supply of jobs with materials and semi-finished products. As well as everything necessary for normal operation (energy , tools, fixtures, etc.).
The duration of the production cycle is largely determined by the type of combination of operations and the order in which the object of labor is transferred from one workplace to another.
There are three types of combination of operations:
· consecutive,
Parallel
parallel-serial.
At consistent The movement of processing a batch of parts at each subsequent operation begins after the processing of the entire batch at the previous operation is completed. Duration
production cycle with a sequential combination of operations I is calculated using the formula
Where n is the number of parts in the batch;
m is the number of parts processing operations;
t i- execution time of each operation, min.
At parallel On the move, the transfer of parts to the next operation is carried out by the piece or by a transport batch immediately after processing at the previous operation. In this case, the duration of the production cycle is calculated by the formula
where P is the size of the transport lot;
t max - execution time of the longest operation, min.
With the parallel order of operations, the shortest production cycle is provided. However, in some operations, this causes downtime of workers. and equipment caused by the unequal duration of individual operations. This suggests that their parallel combination is not always rational. In this case, a parallel-sequential combination of operations may be more efficient.
At parallel-serial in the form of movement of parts from operation to operation, they are transferred by transport parties or by the piece. In this case, there is a partial combination of the execution time of adjacent operations in such a way that the entire batch is processed at each operation without interruptions. With this combination of operations, the duration of the production cycle is greater than with parallel, but much less than with serial, and can be determined by the formula
where - total time savings in comparison with the sequential type of movement due to the partial overlap of the execution time of each pair of adjacent operations.
Topic 5.
Authorized capital
The authorized capital is the amount of money and the value of tangible and intangible assets provided by the founders when creating an enterprise. The authorized capital is the initial, initial capital of the enterprise. Its value is determined taking into account the proposed activity and is fixed during the state registration of the enterprise in its constituent documents.
The minimum amount of the authorized capital is regulated by law:
In an open JSC, it cannot be less than 1000 minimum
the size of the monthly wage (minimum wage);
In a closed JSC and LLC - at least 100 minimum wages.
The maximum size of the authorized capital is not regulated by the legislation.
In payment of the authorized capital, cash and property contributions can be received.
Property contributions include:
Buildings, structures, equipment, material resources and other material assets;
Property rights (rights to use hollow, land, buildings, structures, equipment, etc.);
Intellectual property;
Securities;
Funds in foreign currency (for joint-stock companies created with the participation of a foreign person).
The role of the authorized capital is that it gives financial stability to the enterprise. In addition, the authorized capital serves as a guarantee in business relations with partners and government agencies, i.e. it acts as a collateral guaranteeing the repayment of debts and payment for services, in accordance with contractual and other financial and commercial obligations.
The efficiency of the use of the authorized capital can be determined by two indicators:
The ratio of the amount of annual turnover to the value of the authorized capital;
The ratio of the profit received for the year to the amount of the authorized capital.
Enterprise property
Enterprise property- this is a set of tangible, financial and intangible assets owned by the enterprise and intended for the implementation of its activities.
The composition of tangible assets includes: land plots, buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, finished products.
Financial assets include: cash on hand, bank deposits, deposits, checks, settlement documents in transit, insurance policies, investments in public or private securities, consumer credit, shares and equity deposits in other enterprises.
Intangible assets include: patents for inventions, trademarks and signs, trade names, reputation of the enterprise, packages of documents, know-how and other types of intellectual property, copyrights for the use of resources.
The property of the enterprise is initially created at the expense of the property transferred to it by the founders in the form of contributions (contributions, shares). The property of the enterprise increases in the process of production and economic activity. It can be the object of transactions, alienated, pledged, etc. Usually the property of the enterprise is separated from the property of its founders, participants and employees. An enterprise is liable for its debts with its property, which may be sued by economic partners or creditors in case the enterprise fails to fulfill any obligations to them.
When an enterprise is declared insolvent (bankrupt), its property, in accordance with the procedures established by law, may be used to satisfy the claims of creditors. The property of the liquidated enterprise remaining after this shall be transferred to its founders (participants) who have rights in rem or obligations in relation to the enterprise on this property. According to Russian legislation, the founders and participants of an enterprise have rights of obligation in relation to business partnerships and companies, production cooperatives. On the property of state and municipal unitary enterprises, as well as subsidiaries, the founders have property rights or other proprietary rights.
When selling an enterprise as a single property complex, its value is determined on the basis of an inventory in accordance with the guidelines of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on the inventory of property and financial obligations dated June 13, 1995.
Topic 6.
Fixed assets of the enterprise
An enterprise (organization, firm, concern) is an independent economic entity that produces products, performs work and provides services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.
A firm is a legally independent business unit. It can be both a large concern and a small company. A modern firm usually includes several enterprises. If the firm consists of one enterprise, both terms coincide. In this case, enterprises and firms designate the same object of economic activity.
A variety of enterprises operate in the economy. They differ from each other in a number of ways:
- by industry (machine tool enterprises, metallurgical, textile, etc.);
- by the nature of the consumed and processed raw materials (mining and manufacturing industries);
- according to the purpose of the finished product (producing means of production and consumer goods);
- on the basis of technical generality (distinguish continuous production, discrete);
- by the time of work during the year (year-round, seasonal);
- by size (large enterprises, medium, small);
- by specialization (specialized, combined, diversified firms);
- according to the methods of organizing the production process (in-line, mass, single);
- on the basis of activity (industrial, trade, investment, transport, services, etc.).
The enterprise plays a special role in the economy: a labor collective is formed here, the efficient use of resources is organized, production relations are formed, a certain microclimate, microrelations are created. The emerging business climate at the enterprise largely determines a person's attitude to life.
Enterprises in a market economy are the main link in the microeconomics. At its level, the process of individual reproduction is carried out.
Individual reproduction is a constant repetition and renewal of the production process at the enterprise (firm) level. In order for production to be repeated, it is necessary to compensate for the spent objects of labor (raw materials, materials, fuel, etc.), maintain the means of labor in working condition, carry out timely technical and technological re-equipment of production, ensure the safety of production relations, promote their development and improvement microclimate in the labor collective, to achieve the reproduction of the labor force, taking into account the growth in the living standards of the population (growth in wages, incomes, etc.). Reproduction is carried out not only on the scale of the main economic units (firms, enterprises, i.e. micro level), but also on the scale of the entire state (macro level).
In a market economy, enterprises are characterized by a certain duality: on the one hand, it is created and functions to meet human needs and exists as long as society needs it, otherwise it is liquidated. Thus, the main function is to serve the society, and from this side it is closely related to other enterprises.
On the other hand, in a market economy, the enterprise acts as a separate owner, producer. And from this side, the main goal of the enterprise is no longer the satisfaction of social needs, but the formation of income, self-sufficiency. This is the contradiction of the unity of the two sides of the activity of enterprises, which finds its solution in commercial calculation (this is a form of organization of production and financial activity based on certain principles, on commercial secrets).
Principles:
– economic operational independence;
- self management;
- self-sufficiency;
– self-financing;
- material responsibility and material interest.
Entrepreneurship is a specific form of activity of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship is one of the most active forms of economic activity.
Entrepreneurship is any kind of initiative economic activity aimed at obtaining not only profit, but also superprofits. The entrepreneur moves resources from the area of their low-efficiency use to the area of more efficient and profitable use, and this is the fundamental difference between entrepreneurial activity and simple business. Entrepreneurship is based on various types of ownership: private, joint-stock, cooperative, rental, mixed, etc.
Business entities can be both individual citizens and associations of partner citizens.
Entrepreneurial activity can be carried out in two forms:
- by the owner of the means of production at his own peril and risk, under his own property responsibility;
- the head of the enterprise on behalf of the owner.
Entrepreneurship can be carried out in the following areas of activity:
- production;
– commercial;
– financial;
– non-material production (all kinds of activity).
Entrepreneurship can be of different sizes: small, medium and large.
The hallmarks of entrepreneurship are:
- investing own funds in the business and the risk associated with it;
– attraction on a voluntary basis of funds from other individuals and legal entities;
- the main feature of entrepreneurship is entrepreneurship, the innovative nature of the implementation.
Entrepreneurship occupies an exceptionally important position in a market economy. Therefore, today, to the well-known three factors of production, a fourth factor has been added - entrepreneurship as a special kind of the most specific and highly professional work.
The conditions for the development of entrepreneurship are:
Economic freedom, allowing for various forms of ownership.
Maintaining a competitive environment.
The presence of a legal framework that ensures the inviolability of private property, equal rights of all forms of ownership, and the prevention of state interference in economic activity.
Availability of a developed market infrastructure.
The presence of a favorable social environment (favorable attitude of people, state support, sparing taxes).
Any entrepreneurial activity is based on the principles of commercial calculation and is carried out on the basis of a science-based and deeply thought-out business plan. The development of a business plan allows you to get answers to the following questions:
How to start a business?
How to effectively organize production?
When will the first income be received?
How soon can you pay off your creditors?
How to reduce the possible risk?
The business plan has the following main sections:
Company Opportunity (resume).
Types of goods (services).
Sales markets for goods (services).
Competition in the markets.
Marketing plan.
Production plan.
Organizational plan.
Legal support of the company's activities.
Risk assessment and insurance.
Financial plan.
Funding strategy.
The financial part of the business plan contains data on the availability of own financial resources and the necessary part of those involved. A well-designed financial plan is an important condition for obtaining the necessary loans, since small entrepreneurs constantly feel a lack of cash.
More on the topic 1. Enterprises (firm) in a market economy. Entrepreneurship. Commercial activity:
- 1.4. Legal forms, objects of ownership and organizational forms of an enterprise in a market economy
- 2.2. Basic elements, principles, methods, functions and tasks of modern enterprise marketing
- Chapter V. Features of the development of marketing in the transformational economy of Russia
- 3.1 Features of the construction and functioning of the marketing logistics of retail trade enterprises as a tool to increase competitiveness
- 2.2. Comparative sociological analysis of the problems of development of small and medium-sized businesses during the crises of 1998 and 2008
- CHAPTER 6. ENTERPRISE AS THE MAIN SUBJECT OF MICROECONOMY
- 1. Enterprises (firm) in a market economy. Entrepreneurship. commercial activity
- 1.1. The corporate form of management is the basis of the modern market economy
- 23. Enterprise (firm), its driving motives and goals in a market economy. Organizational and legal forms of enterprises
- 1. The evolution of the theory of entrepreneurship in a market economy
- 1. HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CREATING LEGISLATION ON THE ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES OF JOINT STOCK COMPANIES
- §2. Legislation on foreign investment in developing countries and countries with economies in transition participating in APEC (on the example of China and Russia)
- § 4, Forms of investment activity permitted in APEC member countries
- 1.3 The concept of a small business entity for tax purposes
- §2. Chronology of legislative regulation of the enterprise in Russia.
- 1.1 Definition of the concept of "foreign economic banking"
- § 2. The concept of venture activity and venture capital in the legislation and doctrine of foreign countries
- Copyright - Advocacy - Administrative law - Administrative process - Antimonopoly and competition law - Arbitration (economic) process - Audit - Banking system - Banking law - Business - Accounting - Property law - State law and management - Civil law and procedure - Monetary circulation, finance and credit - Money - Diplomatic and consular law - Contract law - Housing law - Land law - Suffrage law - Investment law - Information law - Enforcement proceedings -
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….….3
Chapter 1.Theoretical foundations and types of enterprises ……………….…......4
1.1. Main features and goals of enterprises…………………………………...4
1.2.Classification and organizational and legal types of enterprises ...... 7
Chapter 2 An enterprise in a market economy ………………………...…..18
2.1. Features of the market economy in modern Russia…………..19
2.2. An example of an enterprise in a market economy OJSCWinery "Georgievsky"………………………………………………………………..23
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...29
References…………………………………………………………….30
Introduction
I considered the topic "Enterprise and its role in a market economy." The purpose of my work is to consider the enterprise as the most important link in the market economy and the state. Consideration of the role and importance of enterprises in the modern economy, determine the functions, justify the need to improve the functioning of the system of small enterprises in Russia.
Consideration of the industrial economic activity of JSC Winzavod "Georgievsky" for 2002-2006 and assess the economic development of the enterprise as a whole.
The enterprise occupies a central place in the national economic complex of any country, it is it that creates the national income. The enterprise acts as a manufacturer and ensures the process of reproduction on the basis of self-sufficiency and independence.
The volume of the created gross national product, the socio-economic development of society, the degree of satisfaction in the material and spiritual benefits of the country's population depend on the success of individual enterprises.
It is generally accepted that the optimal size of an enterprise is the one that provides the most favorable conditions for using the achievements of science and technology at the lowest production costs and at the same time the efficient production of high-quality products is achieved.
An enterprise is a form of economic organization in which the individual consumer and producer interact through the market in order to solve three basic economic problems: what, how and for whom to produce.
At the same time, none of the entrepreneurs and organizations is consciously occupied with solving this triad of economic problems (everyone solves in the elements of the market at an individual level).
In a market system, everything has a price. The market economy serves to unconsciously coordinate people and businesses through a system of prices and markets. If we take all the various markets, we get a broad system that spontaneously ensures the balance of prices and production through trial and error.
Relations that are associated with enterprises in Russia are also regulated by legislation, which includes tax, customs, currency, financial, investment and other legislation regulating certain features, aspects and types of activities of enterprises in Russia.
Chapter 1
Theoretical foundations and types of enterprises functioning of enterprises.
The main features and goals of enterprises.
An enterprise is a separate economic structure engaged in the production and sale of certain goods and services. An enterprise can be created, established by both private entrepreneurs and the state. In the developed countries of the world, the creation of an enterprise in most cases belongs to private individuals. Starting from the 90s, in connection with the transformation of the economy, the process of creating enterprises by private individuals began to develop. This process was also supported to a certain extent by the privatization of part of the production capital.
Private entrepreneurs create enterprises, as a rule, with the aim of obtaining cash income in the form of profit. The state, when creating enterprises, usually pursues more diverse goals: This may be the desire to increase the level of national security or solve some environmental problems, the need to create new jobs in labor-surplus regions, the need to organize the production of certain goods and services that are not economically profitable enough for business, etc. There are other differences between privately owned and state-owned enterprises, which will be discussed later.
The main features of the enterprise.
The characteristic features of the enterprise include the following:
Economic isolation. It manifests itself, firstly, in property isolation. The enterprise has its own property of the owners, and can also rent or use various resource elements on other contractual basis - land, capital and others. Secondly, the enterprise has a completed reproduction cycle: it mobilizes resources, transforms them and receives the finished product, sells it and uses the proceeds received again to purchase resources. The enterprise in most cases is a self-reproducing institution. Thirdly, the enterprise has independent economic interests. Of course, the interests of employees and entrepreneurs cannot coincide in everything. But at the same time, all the actors of the enterprise are usually united by the presence of a significant common interest - to produce products, sell them and receive cash income.
Technological isolation.
The enterprise has a completed technological cycle of production. This means that its technical or technological “stuffing” is designed for the implementation of a technologically completed production process. Its result may be a final product or an intermediate product intended for industrial consumption. A garment factory, for example, has all the necessary technological equipment for the production of men's shirts, without turning to another enterprise, for example, for help in sewing buttons on these shirts. The dairy also has a complete technological system, it does not need to entrust to another company, for example, filling milk into bags.
Legal registration of separation.
It finds its expression in the presence of a charter of an enterprise (for certain types of enterprises - only a constituent agreement), a commercial account, maintaining a balance sheet, the right to contractual relations and hiring employees, a certain property liability in relations with other enterprises and individual citizens. Many enterprises also seek to develop and register their trademark.
Participation in the social division of labor. The position of the enterprise is characterized by the presence of close economic ties with other economic structures. The enterprise acts as a specialized commodity producer and, therefore, in its activities is highly dependent on the actions of economic entities. Sales of products and resource provision are those areas of the enterprise's activity in which it feels its greatest economic dependence on others.
Business conditions.
Enterprises may have different modes or operating conditions, the difference mainly refers to the operating conditions of private and public enterprises. Typical conditions for the activity of a private enterprise in a market environment can be considered:
a) independent implementation of reproductive progress. In other words; the enterprise must, by its own means, ensure its reproduction and viability. An enterprise can also use the financial resources of other entities - get a loan, raise funds by selling its own bonds, but all this happens on a loan basis, these resources must be returned, and with a certain fee for the service;
b) full economic responsibility for the results of their activities. This responsibility falls mainly on the shoulders of the owners of the enterprise. The distribution of this responsibility between them is determined by the form of the organizational and legal structure of the enterprise;
c) profit, which is the main source of funds for the development of the enterprise. The desire for development is natural for the enterprise. The expansion of the enterprise brings, as a rule, large cash incomes to its owners. The decisive source of financial support for such development for most enterprises is profit;
d) the enterprise, as a rule, competes with other enterprises. Competition significantly affects the behavior of the enterprise, its internal organization;
e) the economic assistance of the state is local, exclusively selective. This assistance, aimed at supporting the reproduction of the enterprise, should proceed primarily from the interests of the national economy as a whole. The state cannot and should not be a generous sponsor. It should be rather “stingy” in these matters, but at the same time, prudent and far-sighted in determining the possible macroeconomic consequences in the event of “failures” in the activities of specific private enterprises.
In approximately the same conditions, some state-owned enterprises can operate. Differentiation of the modes of operation of state enterprises, of course, is the prerogative of the state itself. As a result, still a large part of the state. enterprises receives a different - non-commercial or not quite commercial mode of operation. Its main distinguishing feature is the less strict economic responsibility, primarily of managers, for the results of their activities: enterprises, less stringent financial conditions, a large number of restrictions imposed by government agencies. Many state-owned enterprises, for example, utilities, electricity and gas supply, communications, transport operate in the absence of competition, act as pure monopolies.
1.2 Classification and organizational and legal types of enterprises.
The classification of enterprises is their grouping according to a certain attribute. Classification features can be the level of profitability, field of activity, size, organizational and legal structure, and others. The classification of enterprises allows a more orderly, systematic approach to the study of enterprises. Familiarity with the main methods of classification allows you to consistently and in detail analyze various aspects, aspects of the enterprise.
Classification of enterprises according to the main field of activity.
The scope of the enterprise is not always limited to one industry. For example, a transport company (the main activity is the provision of services for the transportation of passengers or goods) can also engage in trade and intermediary activities, selling, for example, gasoline. However, as a rule, the enterprise has one main area of activity, that is, the one that brings it the largest share of income. And it is precisely with this circumstance that the enterprise is included in one or another classification group.
The classification of enterprises by type of activity makes it possible to determine their economic orientation, technological and economic features of reproduction. For example, for an agricultural enterprise, seasonality is very characteristic, which refers to the movement of financial resources, the purchase of capital, the attraction of labor, the need for loans, etc. By the number of functioning enterprises operating in a particular industry, one can also judge the level of competition, about prevailing specialization preferences.
Classification of enterprises by size.
First of all, it should be explained what can be taken as a criterion for determining the size of an enterprise and its corresponding relation to one or another classification group. This criterion could be:
a) the number of employees employed by the enterprise;
b) the volume of economic turnover of the enterprise, i.e., the amount of its cash receipts (revenue) for a certain period of time;
c) the cost of capital of the enterprise.
The criteria for classifying enterprises by size are determined by the state, which also establishes their specific quantitative values. There are cases when the matter is not limited to the choice of one criterion. This is due to the fact that the use of only one criterion, for example, the most common one - the number of employees, cannot always accurately convey the actual capabilities of the enterprise. An enterprise with a small number of employees can be equipped with the latest, automated technical systems, i.e. have significant power.
The main forms of state support for small businesses include:
a) establishment of privileges in the field of taxation;
b) providing financial support in various ways;
c) the creation of "business incubators" involving training, consulting, leasing capital to start-up entrepreneurs, and more;
d) assistance in obtaining loans. Of course, government support for small businesses is an important point. However, apparently, one should not overestimate its role. The decisive importance in the success or failure of entrepreneurial undertakings, as practice shows, belongs, first of all, to the personal qualities of an entrepreneur: talent, intelligence, education, organizational skills, the ability to work hard and hard, perseverance, purposefulness, ability to analyze the situation and take risks.
Organizational and legal types of enterprises.
Sole enterprise.
This is an enterprise created and controlled by one entrepreneur. As a rule, it is small in size. The main distinguishing features of a sole proprietorship include:
a) the presence of a single owner of the enterprise;
b) exercise of sole control over the activities of the enterprise.
In such an enterprise, the entrepreneurial efforts of one person are realized. Quite often, it manages even without the involvement of hired labor. The "staff" of an enterprise can consist only of members of the entrepreneur's family. The main areas where such enterprises operate include agriculture (farm enterprises), trade, trade services, catering, intermediary activities, and repair services. A sole proprietorship has both its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of such an enterprise are: firstly, the owner has considerable freedom of action. He has no partners with whom he would have to coordinate various business issues. Secondly, the presence of strong incentives to manage efficiently: both income and losses are not subject to distribution - they are wholly owned by one person.
The disadvantages of a sole proprietorship are considered to be: firstly, limited financial resources. Still, one entrepreneur, as a rule, is not able to provide his business with large financial resources, the turnover of his enterprise is usually relatively small, and the development of the enterprise is associated with serious difficulties. Secondly, the full property responsibility of the owner: he risks not only his own capital invested in this enterprise, but also other personal property, including a house, a car, his shares, bonds, etc. Thirdly, a sole proprietorship loses potential benefits from specialization in management, as a rule, one person deals with both technical and resource, marketing and financial issues. Agree, no matter how talented an individual entrepreneur is, he is still objectively unable to equally successfully perform all entrepreneurial functions. In other enterprises, a special staff of managers is recruited for this.
Economical society.
This is an enterprise in which two or more persons agree to own and operate it for the purpose of carrying out a joint business activity.
The existence of economic companies is a natural reaction of entrepreneurs to the shortcomings of a sole proprietorship by striving to overcome the limitations of the latter. Society can be seen as a logical development of sole proprietorship, here the entrepreneurial efforts of several people are combined.
The main distinguishing features of a business entity:
a) multiple owners. Partners contribute shares in various forms. A share contribution can be money, physical capital, land, ideas, and more. Each share receives an appropriate reliable assessment, each participant is determined by his share in the value of the enterprise;
b) joint control of the enterprise. The owners exercise joint management of the company. They must agree among themselves and reflect this in the relevant documents of the enterprise on the forms of control and on the procedure for managing the enterprise.
c) distribution of profits and losses between partners. The specific procedure is established by the constituent documents of the company. The enterprise is created for the sake of making a profit, the partners strive to realize their private interests in generating income in joint activities to the greatest extent. Usually, profits and losses are distributed in proportion to the invested shares.
The main types of business companies include:
Complete society. In such an enterprise, partners bear full (unlimited) responsibility for its activities, for the obligations of the enterprise. This is the form of property liability that is typical for a sole proprietorship. Such an association of entrepreneurs, at the same time, leaves behind each of them the greatest freedom of activity of all companies, but requires the establishment of special trusting relationships between partners.
Limited Liability Company. Its main distinguishing feature is that all partners are responsible for the activities of the enterprise only within the limits of their contributions. The loss of the contribution is the ultimate loss of the limited liability company. This is an attractive feature of this type of enterprise. And, apparently, this explains the significant popularity of limited liability companies among entrepreneurs.
Mixed (limited) society. Its main distinguishing feature is the association of partners with different rights and responsibilities: full (full) members, whose position is no different from the role and responsibility of full partners, contributor members who bear limited responsibility for the activities of the enterprise.
Society with additional liability.
Partners are liable for the obligations of the company within the limits of their contribution to the authorized capital of the enterprise, as well as additionally in the amount of a multiple of the contribution of each. They act as providers of capital on which they expect to receive interest. This type of society allows you to combine the efforts of entrepreneurs with varying degrees of interest in joint activities.
Let us now dwell on the advantages and disadvantages of economic societies. Their advantages should be considered: firstly, the growth of the financial capabilities of the enterprise, as the number of capital suppliers increases and economic turnover expands; secondly, the creation of greater opportunities for the development of the enterprise, since the society brings more profit, the possibilities of obtaining loans improve; thirdly, the emergence of the opportunity to specialize in enterprise management. Managers with the appropriate managerial specialization begin to work in society, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of enterprise management as a whole.
The disadvantages of business companies are as follows: firstly, the combined financial and other resources of the partners are still quite limited. This is due to the relative limited number of capital providers and their individual opportunities as providers; secondly, in business companies there is always a danger of serious differences among partners in their views on the activities of the enterprise, this can significantly reduce the efficiency of the business structure; thirdly, the exit from the company of one or more partners can undermine the existence of the enterprise; generally lead to its elimination. Therefore, an economic society is not the most stable form of enterprise.
Joint-stock company.
This is an enterprise with limited liability of its members whose capital is divided between the owners into shares in the form of shares.
A joint stock company is essentially a business company. At the same time, the features and significance that distinguish a joint stock company make, in our opinion, it is appropriate to consider it as a separate type of enterprise. A joint-stock company is, as a rule, a large enterprise. It has the ability to mobilize significant economic resources and conduct large-scale production. The creation of a major part of the national product by joint stock companies is a characteristic phenomenon in the modern world economy.
In order to get a better idea of the work of a joint-stock company, it is necessary first to dwell on the characteristics of the shares themselves, the issue and circulation of which ensures the very existence of the enterprise.
A share is a security without a fixed circulation period that certifies the deposit of funds for the purpose of creating or developing an enterprise and entitles its owner to:
Participation in the management of the enterprise;
Receiving a part of the company's profit in the form of a dividend;
Participation in the distribution of property in the event of liquidation of the enterprise.
The entity that issues shares is called the issuer. Issuers subscribe for shares in order to raise cash and other types of funds for the creation or expansion of an enterprise.
The one who buys shares becomes an investor. Buyers of shares can be households, enterprises. Government bodies can also act as shareholders.
Investors buy shares to achieve the following goals:
1. Getting income. This income can be in two main forms: The first is the receipt of a dividend. A dividend is a portion of a company's profits per share. It should not be assumed that owning a share automatically provides a dividend. The acquisition of shares is a risky investment; in the vast majority of cases, there are no guarantees of income. What does the dividend depend on? First, from the total amount of profit received by the enterprise. Secondly, from the procedure for determining profit, from the investment policy of the joint-stock company. The elementary truth of the economy is the need to return a certain part of the profit back to production. Profit is the main source of expansion, development of the enterprise, which is what an effective entrepreneur always strives for. In a joint-stock company, as in any other enterprise, decisions are made on the distribution of profits. If that part of it that returns to production increases, then, consequently, the dividend payment fund decreases, and vice versa. These are the two main factors that determine the amount of the dividend.
The second form of income for a shareholder may be income from an increase in the market value of a share. A share has a par value and a market value. The nominal value of a share is that part of the statutory fund that this share represents; it is also called the face value, since if its value is affixed to the shares, then it is the nominal value. The sale and purchase of a share is not carried out strictly at its nominal value, the share is sold at a market value, which is its market value. If an investor bought a share at one price, and after some time sold it at another, higher price, then the resulting positive difference will be his income from the increase in the market value of the share. The main factor determining the change in the market value of a share is the degree of efficiency of the joint-stock company.
2. Acquisition or expansion of the right to control the activities of a joint-stock company. This is another goal that an investor can set for himself when buying shares. To understand the procedure for achieving it, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with how the management of a joint-stock company is built.
The management structure of a joint stock company is as follows:
a) the general meeting of shareholders is the supreme governing body. His competence usually includes determining the main activities of the enterprise, approving and amending its charter, approving annual performance results, electing and recalling members of the governing bodies, and other issues. Decision-making is carried out by voting; the number of votes that a shareholder has depends on the number of shares he owns. It is obvious that the more shares a shareholder has, the greater his influence on the operation of the enterprise. The number of shares, the possession of which allows to exercise control over the activities of a joint-stock company, is called a controlling stake. Its specific value depends on many circumstances: the number and distribution of issued shares; statutory requirements; issue to be decided at the meeting, etc.
The acquisition of large blocks of shares is accompanied by obtaining significant opportunities to influence the functioning of the joint-stock company;
b) the board (supervisory board) of the joint-stock company is elected by the general meeting from among the shareholders. Its competence includes such issues as control over the activities of the executive bodies of the company, approval of budgets and plans for the development of the enterprise, declaration of dividends and others;
c) the board (management) of a joint-stock company is an executive body, which is formed from managers hired to work in the corporation. All current, operational management of the enterprise is concentrated here.
An enterprise that owns controlling stakes in other joint-stock companies is called a holding or holding company. And the "other joint-stock companies" themselves become in this case subsidiaries. The holding structure has the ability to quickly and flexibly respond to changes in market conditions, mobilize funds for major construction, research and other projects, develop specialization and maintain cooperative ties within the group of enterprises.
Now it is advisable to get acquainted with the main types of shares. Shares are classified as follows:
1. According to the degree of control over their circulation, shares are divided into registered shares and bearer shares. The circulation of registered shares is constantly registered, the register of shareholders reflects information about the specific owner of the share. Bearer shares have greater freedom of circulation, the transfer of ownership does not, as a rule, require special registration.
2. According to the degree of reliability of receiving a dividend, ordinary and preferred (preferential) shares are distinguished. Ordinary shares do not give any guarantee to their owners to receive dividends. Preferred shares provide certain advantages or even guarantees to their owners in receiving dividends. The privileges themselves can be varied in their specific content. Privileges may be most commonly applied in the form of fixed dividends (as a percentage of par value) or in the form of giving holders of such shares a priority right to receive dividends.
3. According to the possibilities of participation in the management of a joint-stock company, one-vote, voiceless and multi-vote shares are usually distinguished. One-vote shares give their owners one vote each at the general meetings of shareholders. Voiceless shares deprive their owners of the right to vote in resolving issues at shareholders' meetings. Often preferred shares are at the same time voiceless shares. Multi-vote shares provide their holders with more than one vote at the general meeting of shareholders.
In conclusion, we briefly note the main advantages and disadvantages of a joint-stock enterprise. The advantages of joint-stock companies include:
a) the presence of a fairly powerful mechanism for attracting funds;
b) limited liability of the owners of the enterprise, dispersion of entrepreneurial risk among many shareholders;
c) the ability to achieve economic advantages by carrying out large-scale production;
d) organizational stability of the enterprise.
As for the shortcomings, among them are:
a) a rather long period of establishing an enterprise (for example, in Ukraine, only the subscription period for shares can be 6 months);
b) a significant distance of many co-owners from the real management of the enterprise. Perhaps, among all entrepreneurial enterprises, the joint-stock company is most susceptible to the virus of bureaucratization of managerial activity. There is a danger that managers will not always properly follow the interests of the enterprise.
Cooperative.
This is an enterprise in which the funds and efforts of partners are combined in order to perform certain economic functions.
A cooperative is also a business partnership. It also represents an economic association of people. Cooperatives have a lot in common with economic companies in the field of organizational and legal construction (“body”), the main differences between them are revealed in terms of creation, nature and direction of activity (“soul”).
These differences do not seem so obvious. Therefore, economists and lawyers have long been faced with the difficulty of finding a satisfactory definition of a cooperative for legislation. This problem has not bypassed Russia, where legal approaches to cooperatives are still not sufficiently clear. In general, it should be noted that the legislation of many countries seeks to highlight and distinguish cooperatives.
The main types of cooperatives are:
1. Consumer cooperatives. The subject and goal of cooperation between people in such enterprises is the general supply, the provision of participants with certain goods and services. You are probably familiar with horticultural, dacha, housing and other similar cooperatives. In a number of countries, farmer consumer cooperatives are very popular, which help to provide farmers with oil products, fertilizers, plant protection products, etc.
1. Credit cooperatives. The subject of cooperation is the formation of a monetary fund, from which participants can take loans at low interest rates. Quite often, such cooperatives are called "credit unions", "people's banks", etc. Despite the fact that in recent years Ukraine has taken initiatives to popularize such enterprises, they have not received significant distribution.
2. Marketing cooperatives. The subject of cooperation is the general sale or processing and sale, or storage of products produced by members of the cooperative. To a greater extent, agricultural producers use the opportunities of such cooperation.
3. Labor cooperatives. Here the subject of cooperation is the labor process itself, the labor efforts of the members of the cooperative are united. The participants in such an enterprise jointly own the means of production, manufactured products, and jointly participate in the production process. One example of such an enterprise can be called a fishing artel.
Acquaintance with the main types of cooperatives, apparently, helped to better understand the goals and some aspects of the activities of these enterprises. Now let's try to highlight their main distinguishing features:
a) profit orientation is not as dominant as in business companies. Reducing the expenses of members of the cooperative for the purchase of certain goods, expanding access to certain goods and services, increasing the income of members of the cooperative from the sale of their goods or labor services - this is the list of the main goals of the cooperative enterprise;
b) by the nature of its activity, the cooperative acts as an organization of mutual assistance, self-sufficiency. It has a special spirit of cooperation;
c) the ongoing operations are usually focused on the direct service or participation in them of the members of the cooperative.
State enterprise.
This is an enterprise that is owned and controlled by the state. In any modern economic system, the role of such enterprises is quite significant, the public sector of the economy is represented by a significant number of enterprises operating in many areas. In Ukraine, too, state-owned enterprises are of great importance. Here it seems to us appropriate to dwell on the issues of control over the activities of a state enterprise.
As experience shows, the state uses a differentiated approach to the management of its enterprises, applies different forms and degrees of control. Summarizing the approaches used, it is possible, apparently, to designate two modes of control over the activities of state enterprises: strict, when the state actually determines the main parameters of the enterprise's activities and, thereby, in fact, removes it from the sphere of market (commercial) relations - for example, this is how the post office works , utilities, electricity and other enterprises; liberal, when the state determines for the managers of an enterprise a sufficient degree of freedom to work in a commercial mode and stricter conditions for economic responsibility for the activities of an enterprise - for example, an automobile manufacturing enterprise, a construction organization, and others can work.
Chapter 2 Enterprise in a market economy.
The emergence of the market is a natural historical process, since all the prerequisites were created for this, among them:
Division of labor,
Separation of producers
Conducting business independently from others
Freedom of enterprise.
The market economy does not require setting goals and objectives, the market entity solves its own selfish economic tasks, and ultimately acts in the interests of the whole society.
A market economy is an economy based on the relations that arise when buying and selling goods on the market, where demand, as a representative of consumption, and supply, as a representative of production, collide. Various economic entities participate in market relations. These include individual individuals (entrepreneurs, consumers, investors, depositors) and legal entities (business entities).
2.1 Features of the market economy in modern Russia.
In a modern market economy, ensuring free competition is one of the most important tasks of the state. Many of the difficulties experienced in the recent past by our country were not least caused by the weakening of the state machine, the insufficient development or virtual absence of the legislative, regulatory and legal framework for economic activity and, accordingly, state-administrative and power mechanisms for its provision. The weakness of the state is the main prerequisite for the weakness of the economy and its criminalization. From this point of view, the main miscalculation of the first wave of reformers was their forgetting or ignoring the obvious truth that the formation of market mechanisms and political democracy is a two-pronged process in which the state acts as the main guarantor of the viability and effective functioning of the economic system.
Obviously, only a strong state can successfully fulfill this difficult task.
The revival of Russia's real economy is a multifaceted task. It includes the use of a wide range of factors and, above all, state ones, because without the policy of the state all other factors cannot act in real time, contradict each other and generate chaos. The creation of an optimal model of state regulation of a highly efficient economy requires an entire analysis of the Russian economy not only as an “economic system”, but taking into account the transition to market relations and the presence of an infinitely large number of dynamically changing factors - the “socio-economic system”.
In order to analyze the economic system of Russia as a multifactorial increased complexity, it is necessary to formalize the following main features:
Determine and formulate the integrity of the system, i.e. the fundamental irreducibility of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements.
The presence of goals and criteria for the study of a certain set of elements.
Definition and identification of a larger, external in relation to this system, the so-called "environment".
Possibility of allocation in the given system of the interconnected parts (subsystems).
The solution of the scientific problem of the legal improvement of the entire economic mechanism in market conditions is impossible through the efforts of a separate ministry or department, and even more so a region of the country. Such a broad statement of the issue requires the consolidation of the efforts of scientists from many sectors of the economy and, above all, the creation of a federal program built on the principles of combining state regulation of the economy with market mechanisms of management. The emerging federal program for the legal improvement of the economic mechanism, built on the principles of optimal mathematical and logistical models, in my opinion, should take into account the following:
Creation of legal mechanisms for state regulation of the economy, taking into account the peculiarities of the transition to market conditions, ensuring the balanced functioning of all components.
The use of investment funds, primarily to finance large projects that make it possible to create the foundation for the continuous growth of the competitiveness of the country's economy.
The development of social sectors of the economy, allowing to ensure a high standard of living of the population, which in turn becomes a decisive factor in the development of the national stock market.
The direction of public investment funds, first of all, to the creation of industries based on the principles of high information technology.
Priority formation of state and investment programs for the modernization of the national industrial and social infrastructure, guaranteeing the development of security systems (economic, financial, food, environmental, technological and human rights).
Substantiation of a comprehensive program for improving the scientific and methodological foundations of the functioning of the stock market.
Preparation of a large-scale concept of involving the population in the work of the Russian securities markets.
Thus, the federal program for the legal improvement of Russia will become an important lever for the sustainable growth of the Russian economy and the improvement of the living standards of the country's population. At the same time, favorable conditions will be created for a significant strengthening of Russia's scientific and technical potential.
2.2 Enterprise in a market economy JSCWinery "Georgievsky".
In my example, enterprises in a market economy, the production and economic activities of the “Georgievsky Winery” for 2002-2006 were analyzed, an assessment of the economic potential and the sources of its formation, an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of economic potential, an assessment of sustainable development, an assessment of profitability and profitability were given.
The economic potential of an enterprise consists of production potential and labor potential. The economic potential for 2002 amounted to 4,716,708 rubles.
Analyzing the data, one can see that the economic potential for the entire analyzed period increased from 4,716,708 thousand rubles. up to 33567200 rubles non-denominated, i.е. more than 7 times.
During the analyzed period, different growth rates are observed. The maximum growth rate equal to 240.3% was recorded in 2003. In 2004, compared to 2003, the growth rate decreased to 195.8%, and in 2005, compared to 2004, to 120.1%, and, finally, in 2006, compared to 2005, slightly increased and amounted to 125.9%.
Significant shifts have also taken place in the very structure of the economic potential. The largest share of the economic potential is made up of fixed assets, equal to 2,231,199 rubles or 47.3% in 2002. During 2002 - 2006, the value of fixed assets increases due to both the commissioning of new fixed assets and their revaluation. The share of the indicator in 2006 slightly decreased compared to 2002 and amounted to 46.2% and amounted to 15,522,500 rubles. However, in 2006, as well as in 2002, fixed assets occupy the largest share.
A significant share in the amount of economic potential is occupied by working capital, consisting of working capital and circulation funds. During the analyzed period, both working capital and circulation funds increase from 452,569.5 rubles. up to 5899000 rubles and from 1606364.5 thousand rubles. up to 8,865,000 rubles, respectively, but circulation funds have always had a larger share than working capital.
Revolving funds in 2002 accounted for 9.6% of the total economic potential, and in 2006 already 17.6%, i.e. increased their share in the structure. The share of circulation funds, on the contrary, decreased from 34.1% in 2002 to 26.4% in 2006; this is due to the fact that the company is trying to direct more funds to the production sector, protecting them from inflation.
There were no intangible assets in the economic potential in 2002. They appeared in 2003. Their cost was 20,301 rubles and amounted to 0.1%. In subsequent years, not only the value of intangible assets increased, but also their share, and in 2006 it is already 0.5%. Although intangible assets occupy a small share. But their very appearance as part of the economic potential indicates an innovative strategy for the development of the enterprise.
Expenses for labor potential have been constantly increasing from 462,582 rubles in 2002, which is 9.0% of the sum of economic potential, to 3,112,700 rubles (9.3% of the sum of economic potential) in 2006.
Despite the constant increase in the indicator, its share in different years has changed significantly. Thus, in 2003 the share was 12.2%, and in monetary terms it increased more than 3.2 times and amounted to 1,377,784 rubles. In 2004, the share of labor potential in the total amount of economic potential amounted to 10.5% or 2,326,313 rubles, and in 2005 it was already 11.1% or 2,970,971 rubles, respectively. And, finally, in 2006 the figure was 3,112,700 rubles, which is 9.3% in the structure of economic potential. The increase in the cost of labor potential for the analyzed period is mainly due to the increase in labor costs.
An analysis of individual elements of the economic potential gives correct conclusions about the reasons for the change in the proportions in its structure. The structure and dynamics of fixed assets of the enterprise, which make up a significant share in the composition of the economic potential.
Namely, data analysis allows us to draw the following conclusions. The largest share in the composition of fixed assets belongs to machinery and equipment, which increased over the entire analyzed period from 44.0% in 2002 to 58.3% in 2003, and in 2006 they already amounted to 50.7%, i.e. slightly more than half of all fixed assets. A significant share is occupied by buildings - 35.1% in 2002 and 37.6% in 2006. Vehicles are in third place, despite the fact that their share decreases from 16.8% in 2002 to 8.9% in 2006. Structures account for a small share of 3.2% in 2002, rising to 4.6% in 2004 and finally 2.4% in 2006. An even smaller share is occupied by transmission devices and tools, production and household equipment - 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. In 2003, the share of transmission devices increases to 1.4%. There are no transmission devices in 2004-2006. The share of tools, production and household inventory increases to 0.6% in 2005 and, finally, in 2006 it is 0.4%, i.e. decreases again.
Also important are the indicators of the movement of fixed assets, the renewal coefficient and the retirement coefficients.
The value of the renewal coefficient in 2002 was 4.0%. In 2003 it decreases to 2.6%, then increases to 15.8% in 2005 and in 2006 it is already 0.7%. In contrast to the renewal rate, the value of the retirement rate in 2002 is 6.1%, i.e. more.
In 2003 this indicator decreases to 2.2%, in 2004 to 0.4%, and then rises in 2005 to 1.1%. There was no disposal of fixed assets in 2006 and, accordingly, the coefficient was not calculated. In addition to 2002, the values of the renewal coefficient are greater than the values of the retirement coefficient, which indicates the renewal of fixed production assets.
The degree of depreciation of fixed assets is determined using the coefficients of depreciation and suitability, which characterize the share of worn and unworn parts of fixed assets.
There is no clear trend towards a decrease or increase in the wear factor and service life, however, the wear factor increases significantly from 4.0% in 2002 to 56.9% in 2006.
And the shelf life ratio decreases from 96.0% in 2002 to 43.1% in 2006.
In fact, an increase in the wear coefficient and a decrease in the shelf life indicate a deterioration in the technological state of fixed production assets.
The next step in assessing the economic potential and the sources of its formation is the analysis of the structure of working capital and its elements.
Working capital includes working capital and circulation funds. Working capital, in turn, consists of inventories, work in progress, deferred expenses and IBE (low-value consumable items), and circulation funds - finished products, goods shipped, cash and receivables. Since 2002, working capital has increased from 2,058,934 rubles to 14,764,000 rubles, respectively, i.е. by 7.2 times, which is associated with a general increase in prices, i.e. inflation.
The circulation funds have a greater share in the structure of working capital. Their share in 2002 was 78%, and working capital - 22%. In 2003, the share of working capital increases sharply by more than 2 times and is already 44.8%, and in subsequent years it gradually decreases to 40.0% in 2006. The share of circulation funds, on the contrary, in 2003 decreases to 55.2%, and then in the analyzed period rises to 60.0% in 2006. In 2003, not only the share of working capital increased, but their amount increased by more than 6 times from 452,569.5 rubles in 2002 to 2,720,861 rubles, respectively. The amount of working capital also increases in 2004-2005 and, finally, in 2006 it is 5,899,000 rubles The circulation funds also increase in monetary terms from 1,606,364.5 rubles in 2002 to 8,865,000 rubles in 2006, which is 60.0% in 2006 year from the amount of working capital.
Significant changes have taken place in the structure of working capital. If in 2002 the largest share was in cash - 29.7% (611,925 rubles), then in 2006 their share is reduced to 8.5% (1,262,500 rubles), i.е. although this indicator increases over the analyzed period (especially in 2003, where the growth rate was 199.4%), its share tends to decrease. The largest share in the structure of working capital in 2006 is occupied by inventories - 32% (4,717,000 rubles), despite the fact that their share has been decreasing since 2003, and in 2003 compared to 2002 it increased sharply from 16.1 % to 42.2% (more than 2.6 times) and the absolute amount - from 331019.5 rubles to rubles, respectively, more than 7.7 times. In general, almost all indicators in absolute terms show a sharp increase, regardless of whether their share increases or decreases, in 2003 compared to 2002, which is associated with a significant effect of inflation. Goods shipped in 2002 account for 18.4% of the total. The share of this indicator slightly decreased in 2003 and is equal to 14.4%, in 2004 this indicator was absent.
A significant share in the structure of working capital is occupied by receivables - 24.6: in 2002 (506,861.5 rubles), and in 2003 it slightly decreases to 22.2% (3,285,500 rubles.). This indicator has very high growth rates in 2003 and 2004 – 293.3% and 233.5% respectively, i.е. increases from 506,861.5 rubles in 2002 to 1,486,802 rubles in 2003 and to 3,472,500 rubles in 2004. In 2005, compared to 2004, the growth rate was insignificant, and in 2006, compared to 2005, the amount of receivables slightly decreased from 3,600,000 rubles to 3,285,560 rubles.
Both the share and the absolute value of the indicator of finished products increase from 5.2% (107,974 rubles) in 2002 to 14.9% (2,196,000 rubles) in 2006, but in 2006 compared to 2005, the share of finished products slightly decreased. products. An increase in the share of finished products is a progressive change in the structure of working capital.
Work in progress amounted to 5.1% in 2002, decreased to 2.1% in 2003, and gradually increased to 5.3% in 2006.
An insignificant role in the structure of working capital is made up of IBE, which in 2002 amounted to 0.8%, and in 2006 already 2.1%, i.e. significantly increased, and deferred expenses, which were absent in 2002, and in subsequent periods were less than 1%.
An integral part of the economic potential is the labor potential. In the valuation of labor potential, it is taken into account in the form of costs for wages, for raising the qualification level, for leisure and recreation, and for medical care at the enterprise.
The sum of labor potential for 2002 labor potential is equal to 426582 rubles.
Labor potential (2002) = 417654 + 3194 + 5734 = 426582 rubles.
Similar calculations for recent years.
The dynamics of the indicator has a clear upward trend over the analyzed period. In 2006, the amount of labor potential was already equal to 3,112,700 rubles, which is 7.3 times more than in 2002.
In the structure of the labor potential, the main share is occupied by wage costs, on average about 98%, and in 2006 - 97.6%.
There were no expenses for advanced training in 2002-2004. In 2004, they amounted to 320,000 rubles (1.4%), and in 2006 they decreased to 175,000 rubles and 0.2%.
Less than one percent is the cost of medical care at the enterprise. Given the state of health of workers, this is a very small amount. The highest costs for medical care were in 2004 - 511,500 rubles. In 2006, the value of the indicator was 450,000 rubles, and the share was 0.1%.
Profit from sales for the entire analyzed period (except for 2006) makes up the bulk of the balance sheet profit. In 2002, the share of profit from sales amounted to 93.4%, the share of profit from other sales was 16.7%, and on non-operating transactions (mainly operations with packaging), losses amounted to 10.1% of the amount of balance sheet profit.
A significant part of the balance sheet profit is spent in the form of deductions to the budget - 37.0% and 5% deductions to the reserve fund. The company's net profit amounted to 13.0%. The consumption fund is 4.5% and the accumulation fund 10.4%. The remaining 12.8% of the profit is spent on other purposes, incl. to pay fines and penalties.
In 2003, the share of profit from sales decreased slightly (by 3.5%) and amounted to 89.5%. The share of profit from other sales increases by 2.3% and amounts to 19.0%, while expenses on non-sales operations - 8.9%. However, despite minor structural changes, balance sheet profit increased in 2005 compared to 2004. more than 3.2 times, i.e. from 2212747 rubles to 7203592 rubles.
The development of JSC “Winery “Georgievsky” is very similar to our life, unstable, unstable and unpredictable. Therefore, it is impossible to unambiguously assess the activities of the enterprise for the analyzed period, i.e. from 2002 to 2006, because the effectiveness of activities is due to the action of many factors.
The potential success of an enterprise depends, first of all, on the balance of labor and production potentials, as components of the economic potential, and increased more than 7 times from 4,716,708 rubles in 2002 to 3,3567,200 rubles in 2006. The growth of the resulting indicators largely depends on the efficiency of using the economic potential as signs, manifestations of sustainable development of the enterprise. Nevertheless, despite the action of a number of negative factors, both local and federal, the winery continues to function. The company's products have always been in demand, and will continue to be, because the type of product itself is potentially advantageous. The company has a significant economic potential, which is not yet fully used. But nevertheless, in recent years, the assortment has been significantly updated, specialists from marketing firms were invited for consultation, the appearance of products has improved, measures have been developed to improve quality. All these are prerequisites for further, successful development. However, the efficiency of the enterprise, the pace of its further development depends on many circumstances, both subjective and objective, and primarily on the degree of adaptation to functioning in market conditions.
Conclusion
After a relatively detailed analysis of the chosen topic, it is necessary to draw a brief summary that completes this work. In the course of the work, all the goals formulated in the introduction part were achieved. The role and importance of enterprises in the modern economy is considered, the positive functions performed by this segment of the economic system of society are determined, the need to improve the functioning of the system of small enterprises in Russia is substantiated.
The article considers the production and economic activities of JSC "Winery "Georgievsky" for 2002-2006 and gives a positive assessment of the economic development of the enterprise as a whole. Thus, both for enterprises and, consequently, for the state, a large number of problems still remain open, but, despite this, the contours of the modern Russian economy began to determine: the direction towards the dominance of the private sector, the liberalization of almost all sectors of the economy and the activation of market regulators , localization of centers of crisis, focus on effective demand, that is, the creation of favorable conditions for the rapid rise of industry.
And as for the general and economic situation in Russia, positive trends are outlined and I hope that the Russian economy will continue to grow stronger and develop rapidly on an increasing scale.
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