Presentation of the study of the social problem. Presentation on the topic "sociological research methods". Structural elements of SI

The object of sociological research is a phenomenon or sphere of social reality, which are the direct carriers of the problem situation to which cognitive activity is directed. The subject of sociological research is the parties, properties, characteristics of the object, which are subject to direct study in this study.

Significance of sociological research Empirical sociological research provides a heap of empirically substantiated knowledge about social reality by identifying new facts and trends in changes in individual areas of society. They allow you to get information about individuals and the community, their needs, interests, value orientations, motives, public opinions, about certain problems. They create an information base for the knowledge of social reality and ensure the exercise of social control over social processes. They contribute to the development of sociological theory on the basis of identifying new patterns and trends in social development, which makes it possible to foresee the prospects for the development of both individual social phenomena and processes, and society as a whole.

Depending on the scale and complexity of the task that serves as the basis for the study, there are four options for strategic research: - formulary (exploratory) - used when there is little information about the object of research, its purpose is to clarify the problem and formulate a hypothesis; - descriptive, the purpose of which is a quantitative and qualitative description of the object; - analytical - experimental, the purpose of which is to identify functional and causal relationships, forecast; - repeated comparative - revealing the general and specific in comparative objects in time.

For the methods of collecting information, the following types of sociological research are distinguished: For the methods of collecting information, the following types of sociological research are distinguished: - Survey - Observation - Analysis of documents Depending on the statics and dynamics, sociological studies are: Depending on the statics and dynamics, sociological studies are: panel (repeated)

QUANTITATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH Observation is a research method that involves obtaining information by direct observation of the actions of the research object in certain situations. The main types are personal observations of the researcher and observations using technical means. There are such types of observation: - standardized - not standardized; - included - not included; - open - incognito; - laboratory - field.

Questionnaires are a list of questions that are put in writing to individuals whose experience is being investigated. The purpose of the survey is to obtain reliable information. To do this, you need to take into account the peculiarities of different questions and adhere to a number of rules and principles for compiling the questionnaire.

Postal survey is a kind of questionnaire, which is considered as an effective technique for collecting primary information. In its most general form, a mail survey consists of sending out questionnaires and receiving responses by mail. Advantages - relatively moderate cost and simplicity of organization (there is no need for selection, training, control over the activities of a large number of interviewers and expenses for paying them, the respondent can choose the most convenient time for filling out questionnaires). Disadvantages - incomplete return of questionnaires: not all respondents fill out questionnaires and send them to researchers, therefore completed questionnaires often do not reflect the full picture of the study.

Telephone survey. The advantages of this method are the speed of the study, low cost, efficiency. Disadvantages - the hourly limitation of the interview (it should not exceed more than 15 minutes), as well as the need to attract specially trained interviewers, the cost of time or money for their briefing. A telephone survey can be used effectively for a certain group - as a rule, these are pensioners, housewives and other categories who have enough free time and widely use the phone as

Online survey - this method has recently gained popularity, because many Internet sites have their own mini-questionnaire. The advantage of the method is the quick receipt of information, as well as a simple and convenient form of questioning for the participant - the respondent can answer the question at any time convenient for him. The disadvantage is the lack of personal contact with the respondent, which does not make it possible to vary the nature of the questions depending on the answers and the limited data array.

Content - analysis - translation into quantitative indicators of textual phonetic information. The essence of this method is to find such signs that are relatively easy to calculate, features, properties of a document (text) (for example, the frequency of using certain concepts), which would reflect certain essential aspects of its content. Then the qualitative parameters of the content can be compared, compared and subjected to precise computational operations.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS The focus group method consists in conducting a directed interview in a group of 8-10 people with specific parameters set in accordance with the purpose of the study. Most often used in practice. The meaning of the method lies in the effect that is created by the situation of group discussion. The fact is that when conducting an individual interview, there is a clear distinction between the interviewer and the interviewee - this can greatly affect the quality and depth of the information received. In a group discussion, the respondent finds himself in a situation of communication with others like himself, which helps to remove protective and psychological barriers and facilitates the manifestation of emotional reactions.

In-depth interview. consists in sequential questioning by a qualified interviewer of the respondent in order to obtain answers and achieve an understanding of why members of the group behave in a certain way and what they think about a certain problem. The respondent is asked a question on the topic under study in an arbitrary form like: Why did you answer that way?, Can you justify your opinion?, Can you give any special arguments?. The duration of one in-depth interview is minutes (depending on the topic).

Conducting a sociological study includes four stages: - preparation of the study; - collection of primary sociological information; - preparation of the collected information for processing and its processing; - analysis of the processed information and preparation of a report on the results of the study, conclusions and recommendations.

A specific sociological research program must meet certain requirements: - clarity and accuracy of the program - all its provisions must be clear, and the elements must be thought out in accordance with the logic of the research and clearly formulated; - logical sequence of all components of the program; - flexibility of the program - the ability to make adjustments to them when new, unforeseen circumstances appear.

The program of sociological research performs the following functions: - theoretical and methodological, which allows you to define a scientific problem and prepare the basis for its solution; - methodical - allows you to draw ways to collect data; - organizational - allows you to plan the activities of the researcher at all stages of work.

The program of sociological research consists of theoretical and procedural-methodical parts. The theoretical part of the program includes the solution of such questions: - statement of the research problem; - definition of the subject and object of research; - determination of the purpose of the study; - definition and interpretation of basic concepts; - formulation of hypotheses and research tasks.

A hypothesis in a specific sociological study is a scientific assumption that is put forward for a possible explanation of social facts, phenomena and processes, which needs to be confirmed or refuted. this is the definition of methods for collecting, analyzing and processing information; tools for collecting sociological data; methods and techniques of sociological research. Procedural and methodical part -

A method is a system of rules for theoretical and practical activities developed by the subject on the basis of the laws of the object under study. Toolkit is a set of specially developed methodological documents, adapted to sociological methods, with the help of which information is collected. Technique - scenario, organized techniques for the effective use of methods. A document is a specially created object for the transmission and storage of information recorded in text, tape, diskette.

3. FUNCTIONS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 1. Information function - sociological research is capable of collecting, analyzing and transmitting information about social processes on a scientific basis. 2. Diagnostic function - on the basis of sociological research, makes a social diagnosis, which is necessary when making decisions. 3. Prognostic function - based on the study and analysis of situations, it provides ways and directions for their development.

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. 4. Control function - allows you to track the progress of the implementation of the management strategy, the reaction of the object to it. 5. Expert function - the function of sociological expertise, allows you to assess the degree of acceptability, adequacy and implementation of management decisions and projects. 6. Socio-technological function - associated with the possibility of developing various social technologies, models of social structures, organizations and situations.

Types of sociological research: 1. Intelligence research is a simple type of concrete sociological analysis. It is used as a preliminary stage of deep and large-scale research. 2. Descriptive research is a more complex type of sociological analysis. The goal is to obtain empirical information that gives a holistic view of the phenomenon under study. 3. Analytical research - the most in-depth type of sociological analysis, which aims to clarify the reasons that underlie it.

The sociological research program includes: Methodological part (formulation of the problem, goal, tasks, object and subject of research, hypothesis); Methodological part (characterization of the methods used to collect primary information, logical schemes for its processing);

Methods of sociological research include: 1. methods of collecting information: observation, survey, analysis of documents, experiment, etc.; 2. - methods of data processing and analysis; 3. - methods for constructing a theory: deductive, inductive, comparative, causal, etc.

Survey method 1. The source of primary information is a person (respondent) - a direct participant in the studied social processes and phenomena; 2. Types of survey: questionnaires and interviews; 3. Allows you to interrogate large populations of people in the shortest possible time.

Social and Sociological Research: General and Special

3
In its most general form, sociological
research can be determined
as a system of logically consecutive
methodological, methodological and
organizational and technical procedures,
interconnected by a common goal: to obtain
reliable data about the phenomenon under study or
process, about the tendencies and contradictions of their
development so that these data can be
used in management practice
social life.

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4
Sociological in its purest form should be considered
only intradisciplinary (rather than borderline) research, creation,
organization
and
conducting
whom
managed by means of sociological
theory,
which
dedicated
sociological
topic,
allows
advance the sociological, not
any adjacent knowledge.


Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004, p.26
types of sociological research
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5
♦ The concept of “social research” is broader,
than the concept of "sociological research".
♦ The concept of “social research” does not reflect
the concrete science behind it, and the "sociological
research" - reflects. This is sociology.
♦ Sociological research is normalized by the ideal
scientific method, but not the social method.
♦ Sociological research is defined by subject and
topics of sociology, as well as the method, social
research is not.
types of sociological research
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Differences between social and sociological research:

6
♦ Social research covers any social
problems of society, even those that are not necessarily
belong to sociology, and sociological - a narrow circle
problems given by the subject of sociology.
♦ Social research is omnivorous and indiscriminate,
sociological - selectively.
♦ Source of sociological research - scientific
literature and vocational training, social -
popular literature and everyday experience (own
life experience or the experience of the department).
types of sociological research
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Differences between social and sociological research:

7
♦ Sociological research has a specific
method, while the social does not.
♦
Social studies (surveys) are conducted by lawyers,
doctors,
economists,
journalists,
personnel officers.
This is
social sociologists. Sociological research
carried out only by professionals. Its hallmark
- solidarity of theory and method. The first do not understand this.
♦ Sociological research - intradisciplinary
method of cognition, and social - interdisciplinary.
♦
Social research reflects a broad view of
society, sociological - narrow, specialized.
types of sociological research
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Differences between social and sociological research:

8
sociological
called
such
research, where some social phenomena
explained with the help of other social
phenomena.
Under social research follows
understand research that
social
facts
explained
through
non-social. So the social
research does not belong only to the field
sociology.
types of sociological research
Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I.
Methods of sociological research:
Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004, p.30
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So sociological research is a type
intradisciplinary research.
9
Social studies is a type
interdisciplinary research.
types of sociological research
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10
a special kind of sociological
research usually carried out
practical purposes, in a short time and
abbreviated scientific program, accepted
call operational research.
Operational Sociological
Research: Methodology And Experience
Organizations
D. Rotman, Alexander Danilov, L.
Novikov
BSU 2001
types of sociological research
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11
focus on practical tasks, adoption
certain management decisions
research is not carried out on its own
on the initiative of the scientist, but on the initiative of the customer
its purpose is not to obtain new scientific knowledge about
reality, but concretization, clarification is already
existing knowledge (e.g. from the literature) about
object for making a management decision
types of sociological research
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Features of operational research
12
Research program
"full-length" study
operational research
problem statement,

research
problem statement,
definition of object and subject
research
setting goals and objectives;
setting goals and objectives;
interpretation of basic concepts preliminary systemic
study analysis
-
hypotheses
statements of proposed
research results
types of sociological research
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Features of operational research

13
it is important to have a catalog of standardized
questions
Additional savings in carrying out
operational research is achieved with
transition from individual to group
(audience) survey
The maximum volume is 30-40 questions,
optimal - 20-25 questions. Questionnaire
usually filled within 20-30 minutes
types of sociological research
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Descriptive, exploratory and analytical research

15
Three
type of research
are a variety
fundamental
research
But opposite in
scientific
goals
and
the results obtained.
types of sociological research
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intelligence research

16
solves tasks that are limited in their content
covers small survey populations from 20 to
100 people
based on a simplified program and compressed software
volume of tools
used
for
preliminary
surveys
certain process or phenomenon.
apply for more information
about the subject and object, for clarification and correction
hypotheses and tasks, tools and boundaries of the subject
aggregates
in
in-depth,
large-scale
research, as well as to identify the difficulties that
may meet in the future.
types of sociological research
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intelligence research
17
Its purpose is:
getting more information about the subject
and the object of study;
refinement and correction of hypotheses and tasks,
instrumentation and boundaries of the surveyed population
in an in-depth, large-scale study;
identification of difficulties that may be encountered
during its implementation.
types of sociological research
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intelligence research
18
Performing auxiliary tasks
reconnaissance
research serves as a provider of operational data.
To do this, use one of the most accessible
methods of collecting primary sociological information
(questionnaire survey or survey-interview), allowing
implement it in a short time. (quick survey, purpose
which consists in obtaining individual information about
actual events and facts (probing of the public
opinions), ascertaining the degree of effectiveness just
events held (e.g. meetings,
tourist trips, excursions, hiking, etc.).
For example: assessment of the course of the election campaign, assessment
reform results.
types of sociological research
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19
Under primary sociological information
accepted to understand received in the course of
sociological research in various forms
non-aggregated information (for example, responses
respondents to the questions of the questionnaire, interview, recording
researcher in observation cards, etc.),
subject to further processing and generalization.
Performing auxiliary tasks, reconnaissance
research serves as a provider of operational data. AT
In this sense, one can speak of such a variety of it,
as a rapid survey, the purpose of which is to obtain
certain information of particular interest to the researcher in
this moment.
types of sociological research
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20
Intelligence research solves very
content-limited tasks.
It usually covers small
populations under study and is based on
simplified program and compressed in volume
tools.
types of sociological research
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Descriptive research

21
allows for a relatively complete
understanding of the phenomenon being studied
structural elements, i.e. sets: is there
relationship between the characteristics of the phenomenon under study.
Understanding, taking into account such comprehensive information
help to better understand the situation, more
to deeply substantiate the choice of means, forms and methods
management of social processes.
types of sociological research
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Descriptive research

22
carried out in accordance with the full, sufficiently detailed
program
It is carried out on the basis of methodically tested
tools.
makes it possible to group and classify elements
according to the characteristics identified as
relevant to the problem under study.
usually used in cases where the object is
a relatively large community of people who are different
various characteristics.
For example: migration from the village. In a descriptive study
suffice it to name the main reasons for migration.
types of sociological research
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Analytical study

23
aims at the most in-depth
study of the phenomenon, when it is necessary not only
describe the structure, but also learn what defines
its main quantitative and qualitative
options.
analytical research has especially
great scientific and practical value.
in a descriptive study
establishes whether there is a connection between
characteristics of the phenomenon under study, then in the course of
analytical study it turns out, wears
whether
discovered
connection is causal. 6.11.16
kinds
sociological
research

Analytical study

24
For example, if in the first case the presence of
relationship between content satisfaction
work performed and its productivity, then
second case, consider whether
satisfaction with the content of work the main or
not the main cause, i.e. factor influencing
its performance level.
For example: migration from the village. In the analytical
it is required to rank them, show all causal relationships, analyze them by individual
socio-demographic groups.
types of sociological research
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descriptive
study
Analytical
study
25
Gives a superficial cut
phenomena
Does not reveal causation
connections
Gives a complete picture
phenomena
Based on
representative
information, reliable
data and corresponds
all requirements
scientific method
types of sociological research
The deepest view
sociological analysis
Reveals hidden from view
causes
social phenomenon
Representative, reliable,
reliably
The least common
than descriptive
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26
A kind of analytical
research can be considered an experiment.
Its implementation involves the creation
experimental situation by
changes in varying degrees of normal
conditions for the operation of the object. During
experiment, special attention is paid to
the study of the "behavior" of those factors that
give the object new features and properties.
types of sociological research
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27
Preparation and conduct of any experiment
- the work is quite laborious and demanding
special knowledge and methodological
skills. !!!This is especially important when
it is about the introduction of new forms
organization and stimulation of labor, about
changes in social and daily
people's lives, etc., deeply affecting
personal, collective and public
interests.
types of sociological research
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28
Depending on the subject matter
in static or in dynamics, can be distinguished
two more types of sociological research - point and repeated.
types of sociological research
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Spot Study

29
Spot study (also called
one-time) gives information about the status and
quantitative characteristics of any
phenomenon or process at the time of its study.
This information, to some extent,
be called static because it reflects
like an instant "slice" of the object, but does not give
response to the question about the trends in its change in
time
types of sociological research
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Re-study

30
Data can only be obtained from
several studies carried out
successively through certain
periods of time.
Similar studies based on a single
program and tools are called
repeated. In essence, they represent
is a means of comparative sociological
analysis aimed at identifying
the dynamics of the development of the object.
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31
Depending on the goals put forward, re-collection
information can take place in two, three stages or more.
The duration of the time interval between the initial
and repeated stages of research are the most varied, because
social processes have different dynamics
and cyclicality.
Often it is the properties of an object that suggest temporary
re-study intervals. For example, if
trends in the implementation of life plans are studied
high school graduates and were interviewed for the first time before
final exams, it is obvious that the nearest time
re-study - after completion of admission to universities
or getting a job.
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32
For example, if trends in
implementation of life plans of graduates
secondary schools and were interviewed for the first time before
final exams, it is clear that
the nearest time for re-examination after completion of admission to universities or
admission to work
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stages of sociological research

33
Sociological research includes
four successive stages:
study preparation;
collection of primary sociological information;
preparing the collected information for processing
and its processing;
analysis of the information received, summarizing
the results of the study, the formulation of conclusions and
recommendations
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34
Specific type of sociological research
due to the nature of the
goals and objectives.
It is in accordance with them that three
main types of sociological research:
exploratory, descriptive and
analytical.
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Solid research...

35
continuous
research suggests,
what
all
representatives
general
aggregates will be included in the study.
Solid research applied
Rarely enough, they are bulky and expensive.
An example of a complete survey is
population census.
types of sociological research
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Selective research…

36
…
is
yourself
way
systematic collection of behavioral data
and attitudes of people through a survey
specially
selected
groups
respondents who provide information about themselves and
your opinion.
types of sociological research
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Panel and longitudinal study

38
A special type of re-examination is the panel one. Let's say in
in the course of a repeated study, the degree of effectiveness is clarified
education. Usually it is determined regardless of how
the object has changed during the period between the initial and repeated
research stages.
The panel study provides for repeated
study of the same persons at specified time intervals
For panel studies, it is advisable to observe such
intervals that allow you to save as much as possible
the stability of the studied population in terms of its size and composition.
These studies provide a good opportunity to update
and enrich information reflecting the dynamics,
direction of development.
types of sociological research
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Panel Study

Panel study - conducted according to a single program,
on the same sample 39and according to a single method through
a certain interval of time. Purpose: analysis of dynamics
events.
Panel - a set of the same respondents,
interviewed in the baseline and in the follow-up study.
A pseudo-panel is a set of respondents selected in such a way that
what are the main parameters - age, education, profession
it resembles the base one, but they are not the same people (for example
young workers in 1962 and young workers in 1976)
Panel research is used to study the causal
connections. The time interval between repeated polls in
such studies are usually small (from several days
up to several months), and the design of the study is often
takes the form of a "before and after" plan.
types of sociological research
panel
and longitudinal research
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Longitudinal study
40
Longitudinal study (from English longitude -
longitude)
-
study,
implying
consistent
repeated
registration
certain
indicators
through
strictly
set time intervals for
define
dynamics
them
changes
and
mutual influence. Data obtained in different
observations are interpreted as changes
object in time
types of sociological research
panel
and longitudinal study
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41
originally longitudinal
research (as a method
"longitudinal cuts")
formed in the nursery and
age psychology. First
introduced him to psychology
American psychologist Gesell
Arnold Lucius (1880-1961),
calling it the method of longitudinal
studying the same children in
over a certain period
time (usually from birth to
adolescence).
types of sociological research
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Longitudinal study

42
Benefits of the longitudinal method
It makes it possible to observe the development in time of some and
the same objects or people, accurately describe what is happening in their
life changes, including changes in value orientations,
views, motives
panel
types of sociological research
and longitudinal research
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Repeated studies are a collection
several
unified
research,
program
and
conducted
on
tools
sequentially at regular intervals
time and designed to get results,
characterizing the dynamics of changes in the object.
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types of sociological research
43

They are a means of comparison
analysis. These include:
♦ longitudinal study - long-term study
one set of persons;
♦
cohort study - the study of individuals of the same
age (generation) for a long time
time. The goal is to analyze changes in lifestyle,
orientation of people of one generation. Objects
research changes, but people persist;
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types of sociological research
44

♦ trend research - conducted on one and the same
the same general population with a time interval and
with respect to the same methodology. Target -
establishing tendencies (trends) of social changes.
An example is population censuses;
♦
panel study - conducted on a single
program, on the same sample and according to the same methodology
after a certain time interval. Purpose - analysis
event dynamics. People may change, but objects
research (workshop, enterprise) are saved.
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types of sociological research
45

46
Classical
example
-
polls
All-Russian
center
study
public opinion, launched in 1967 under
the leadership of T.N. Zaslavskaya and intensively
developed by her successor Yu. A. Levada.
Monthly "Economic and social
changes:
monitoring
public
opinions" publishes trend tables and
diagrams, analytical articles on the results
monitoring. Published since 1993
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Monitoring. Research specifics

Monitoring

48
Monitoring is a form of organizing
sociological research, providing
constant receipt of sociological information about
state of a certain social process or
social situation.
In sociological practice, this concept came from
ecology, where the term "monitoring" means
continuous monitoring of the state of the environment
environment in order to warn about possible
undesirable deviations in the most important parameters
types of sociological research
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Monitoring

49
According to A.V. Tolstoy,
sociological monitoring is
systemically organized set
recurring research,
the purpose of which is scientific information assistance
interested institutions in
implementation of social programs.
Valentin Ivanovich Tolstykh (born February 28
1929, Baku, ZSFSR, USSR) - Russian philosopher,
specialist in social philosophy, ethics and
aesthetics
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50
I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada considers
monitoring tool
effective functioning
forecasting systems because
the forecast should be
continuous.
Russian scientist, historian, sociologist and futurist,
specialist in the field of social forecasting and
global studies.
types of sociological research
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Monitoring tasks

51
Monitoring is designed to solve a certain
range of scientific tasks, which can be classified
can be both subject and
functional grounds.
The subject tasks of monitoring follow
from the original idea of ​​the authors about the essence,
patterns, directions and prospects
analyzed processes. They are subdivided
into methodological and scientific.
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Subject monitoring tasks

52
Are in the development and experimental
verification:
subject and scientific-organizational structures
monitoring;
methods for constructing and implementing a sample;
survey methods and tools;
methods of data processing and analysis.
types of sociological research
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The scientific tasks of monitoring can be divided into two groups.

The scientific tasks of monitoring can be divided into two
groups.
53
The first is to use the resulting
data for tracking and analyzing social
dynamics of the analyzed processes.
The second group of tasks is to check
the validity of the hypotheses put forward in the research project.
types of sociological research
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Monitoring conditions

54
Monitoring should be carried out at least
the following two conditions:
1) monitored phenomenon or process
changes in time (frozen objects are better
study in other ways).
2) the phenomenon has acquired a social (mass) or
threatening value (otherwise they will not allocate
of money).
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55
Monitoring objects are dynamic and subject to
influence of external influences, which can
cause unwanted changes in
the functioning of the object.
Therefore, based on two or more current
measurements specialists always or almost always
trying to build a scenario for its development in
near or distant future.
types of sociological research
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Research specifics

56
Monitoring is also suitable in terms of learning
past, since any event once
ends, and timely
tracking its dynamics allows you to:
a) compare several
different points;
b) follow a trend or
pattern of change;
c) apply complex analytical and
graphic means for depicting this
phenomena in time.
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57
Is there a relationship between
phenomena and types of sociological
research with which they
can be studied?
In principle, there is no hard dependency here.
Almost any phenomenon can be considered
at the level of intelligence, descriptive or
analytical study, which has a point
or repeated (panel) character and
using various methods of collecting primary
information.
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58
For any kind of sociological research
there is no "prohibition" on the analysis of certain
phenomena and processes: each is able to give about them
a certain amount of scientific information.
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59
The quality of sociological information in
will increase significantly if
provide for a trial
research.
It is a way to test the validity
put forward hypotheses and tasks, as well as
methodological level and maturity
primary
sociological information.
types of sociological research
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Pilot study helps

60
evaluate the correctness of the construction
corresponding sample model and add to it
if necessary, certain adjustments,
clarify some characteristics of the object and
subject of research, justify the costs and
terms of all research procedures.
Pilot research is of great importance
for training a group of interviewers and a questionnaire
types of sociological research
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References

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16. Citizens E.D. Methods and techniques of sociological research. Novosibirsk, 1975.
types of sociological research
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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types of sociological research

Stages of sociological research. Study problem selection: selection of a problem that is relevant for research using scientific methods Literature review: review of existing theories and research on the topic Hypothesis construction: formulation that defines the relationship between the variables studied Choice of research program: determination of methods for testing the hypothesis, experiments, surveys, observation, study existing results and historical evidence Data collection: collecting and recording data in accordance with the research project Analysis of the results: finding connections between the facts revealed during the study Conclusions: identifying the results of the study, identifying the broad meaning of the work, determining the direction of future research Slide 8 Lecture 2

HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY "SOCIOLOGY IS A VERY YOUNG SCIENCE ABOUT A VERY ANCIENT SUBJECT OF STUDY" (ROBERT MERTON) PLATO (BC) and ARISTOTLE (BC) IBN KHALDUN () N. MACHIAVELLI,R. DECARTES, J. LOCKE, T. HOBBS VOLTAIRE, DIDEROT, KANT, HEGEL

HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY THE IDEAS OF LOUIS DE BONALDE () and JOSEPH DE MESTRE SOCIETY IS SOMETHING MORE THAN A SET OF INDIVIDUALS; SOCIETY IS THE MAIN UNIT OF ANALYSIS; THE PARTS OF SOCIETY ARE INTERDEPENDENT AND INTERRELATED; CHANGES IN SOCIETY THERE IS A THREAT TO SOCIETY (SOCIAL DISORDER); IRRATIONAL FACTORS AND THE HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIETY ARE IMPORTANT.

HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY HERBERT SPENCER () THE DOCTRINE OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION ECONOMIC LIFE IS LIKE THE METABOLISM IN THE ORGANISM.

HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY THE EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTER OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY IS THE UNITY AND STRUGGLE OF TWO INTERRELATED PROCESSES – DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION. THE MORE DIVERSITY BETWEEN PARTS OF SOCIETY, I.E. THE STRONGER THEIR DIFFERENTIATION, THE MORE INEXCOURATELY THE COUNTER LAW OF INTEGRATION OF PARTS ACTS.

HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY NEW PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY E. DURKHEIM () NATURALISM - UNDERSTANDING THE LAWS OF SOCIETY BY ANALOGY WITH THE LAWS OF NATURE SOCIOLOGISM - STATEMENT OF SPECIFICITY AND AUTONOMY OF SOCIAL REALITY, ITS SUPERIORITY OVER INDIVIDUALS

TYPES OF SOCIAL ACTION According to M. WEBER

BASIC THEORIES ACCORDING TO M. WEBER THE DOCTRINE OF SOCIAL ACTION AND MOTIVATION THE DOCTRINE OF THE PUBLIC DIVISION OF LABOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE ALIENATION OF THE PROFESSION AS A CALLING BASIS OF SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM OF TOLKOTT PARSONS () SUBSYSTEMS ADVANTAGE FUNCTIONS SOCIAL INTEGRATION CULTURAL PATTERN REPRODUCTION PERSONAL GOAL ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIORAL ORGANISM ADAPTATION

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND PERSONNEL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Author: Doctor of Social Sciences Korostyleva N.N. "Sociological analysis of research and teaching activities in the field of personnel management" 1. Sociological analysis: concept and main characteristics. 2. Sociological analysis of the professional development of personnel. Sociology The term sociology comes from two words: the Latin "societes" - "society" and the Greek "logos" - "word", "concept", "doctrine". Thus, sociology can be defined as the science of society. Sociology is the science of the laws of the formation, functioning, development of society as a whole, social relations and social communities, the mechanisms of interconnection and interaction between these communities, as well as between communities and the individual Levels of sociological knowledge Most sociologists distinguish three levels of sociological knowledge: general sociological theory, special ( private) sociological theories, empirical sociological research. Empirical sociology is a set of methodological and technical methods for collecting primary sociological information. Empirical sociological research is specific detailed information about the processes taking place in society (observations, surveys, comparisons). Any empirical sociological research is aimed at identifying or solving a specific problem in a specific place and at a specific time. As a fundamental science, sociology explains social phenomena, collects and summarizes information about them. As an applied science, sociology makes it possible to collect and generalize social facts and, on the basis of them, to predict social phenomena. Macro- and micro-sociological analysis The macro-sociological level means an orientation towards the analysis of social structures, communities, large social groups, layers, systems and processes taking place in them. The macrosociological approach to phenomena is associated with social world systems and their interaction, with various types of cultures, with social institutions and social structures, with global processes. The microsociological level concerns the analysis of specific social processes in certain areas of public life and social communities. Microsociology addresses social behavior, interpersonal communication, action motivation, incentives for group and individual actions. It is studied mainly by empirical research methods. Empirical sociological analysis is carried out on the basis of sociological research. What is sociological research? Sociological research is a process consisting of logically consistent methodological, methodical and organizational-technical procedures, connected by a single goal - obtaining reliable data about the phenomenon under study for subsequent practical application. There are three main types of sociological research: intelligence (probe, pilot), descriptive and analytical. Intelligence research Intelligence research is the simplest type of sociological analysis that allows you to solve limited problems. In fact, when using this type, the tools (methodical documents) are being tested: questionnaires, questionnaires, cards, studying documents, etc. The program of such a study is simplified, as is the toolkit. The survey populations are small - from 20 to 100 people. Intelligence research, as a rule, precedes a deep study of the problem. In the course of it, goals, hypotheses, tasks, questions and their formulation are specified. Descriptive research Descriptive research is a more complex type of sociological analysis. With its help, empirical information is studied, which gives a relatively holistic view of the studied social phenomenon. The object of analysis is a large social group, for example, the workforce of a large enterprise. In a descriptive study, one or more methods of collecting empirical data may be applied. The combination of methods increases the reliability and completeness of information, allows you to draw deeper conclusions and substantiate recommendations. Analytical research The most serious kind of sociological research is analytical research. It not only describes the elements of the phenomenon or process under study, but also allows you to find out the reasons underlying it. It studies the totality of many factors that justify a particular phenomenon. Analytical studies, as a rule, complete exploratory and descriptive studies, during which information was collected that gives a preliminary idea of ​​certain elements of the social phenomenon or process being studied. 2. Sociological analysis of the professional development of personnel. Professional development is the process of measuring the qualities of employees as subjects of professional work, the result of increasing professionalism and special education, professional development and self-education of an employee. Professional development management is a process of purposeful influence of the heads of management bodies and personnel services on improving professionalism, expanding professional competence (the range of possibilities for manifesting knowledge and skills) and increasing competence (the degree of expression of professional experience and knowledge in a person) of personnel. Professional development has two substantive aspects of professional development. qualification development through advanced training, professional retraining and internships of employees; professional position development of personnel, due to their promotion and the organization's need for the most efficient use of the labor potential of each employee. - Sociological research in the field of professional development of personnel is a tool for the sociological study of phenomena and processes in professional labor activity using methods that allow quantitative and qualitative collection, measurement, generalization and analysis of sociological information in the professional field for making managerial decisions and developing measures for professional qualification , personnel and social development of organizations. The goals and objectives of sociological research are complex and diverse and depend on the specifics of the enterprise, working conditions in it, on the quality of management, on the social structure of personnel, and on the social and personnel processes taking place in organizations. from the management style. from the financial condition of the enterprise. Areas of sociological research in the field of professional development As a rule, the goals of sociological research in the labor sphere primarily relate to 1. Studying the professional knowledge, skills and abilities of employees in order to increase the social and economic efficiency of their work, 2. ensuring professional and career growth of employees , 3. meeting their professional needs, 4. Determination of professional and job requirements from the management to the staff 5. removal of contradictions and conflicts in the team and the formation of positive labor relations. 6. Evaluation of individual properties and qualities of personnel. 7.wages of various categories of workers. 8.Professional development management in the organization. The organization of sociological research requires drawing up a research program, identifying an object, developing research methods, collecting and analyzing the material obtained. The object of study is the carrier of the problem situation, as a rule, the staff of the organization or part of it, as well as a social group, if the study concerns the study of a wide range of organizations (workers, employees, managers, managers, etc.). The object of research should always be clearly quantified, limited in time, and described in terms of a system of factors influencing its state. The subject of the study is certain aspects of the object that need to be studied (relationships in the team, leadership style, causes of conflict, staff turnover, decreased motivation, reduced performance standards, the state and hierarchy of labor values, etc.) After determining the object and subject, a program is drawn up specific sociological research. The program of sociological research is a consistent presentation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of research (its general concept), hypotheses, rules, procedures and operations. It contains two sections: methodological and methodical (procedural), as well as applications. Program section Content Methodological section Statement of the problem Formulation of the goal and objectives Definition of the object and subject Clarification of the basic concepts Preliminary system analysis of the object of study Proposing working hypotheses Methodological (procedural) section Presentation of the principal (strategic) plan Substantiation of the sample Determination of the sequence of basic procedures for collecting and analyzing initial data Description of the working plan indicating the stages, deadlines, performers and necessary resources. appendix List of leaders and participants Research plan Sociological tools Sociological research is carried out in several stages. Stages of sociological research Stages Name first Preparation for the study second Collection of primary information third Preparation of the collected information for processing fourth fifth Analysis of information, drawing up conclusions and proposals Preparation of a report on the results and provision of practical recommendations Methods of sociological research Source of information Methods Documentary Analysis of documents, content analysis. External manifestations of social phenomena Observation Person Survey (questionnaire, interview) Small group Sociometric survey Social experience Expert survey Organized group Experiment The main research methods used in the labor sphere are: study of documents, observation, survey and experiment. The analysis of documents is considered by the sociologist as a source of information about the facts of interest. To analyze the documentation at the enterprise, official and unofficial documents are used. Legal documents are particularly reliable. They help to give a balanced assessment of the processes taking place in the organization. Observation is the direct recording of events by the researcher. Observations at the workplace provide significant information about the individual and in-line nature, content and working conditions, the rationality of labor operations, as well as relationships in the team, the causes of conflict situations. Survey methods are the most common of all methods for collecting primary information. There are two classes of survey methods: interviews and questionnaires. An interview is a direct communication between the respondent and the interviewer. A questionnaire is a survey using a questionnaire, a document containing questions that must be answered in writing. These research methods help to establish cause-and-effect relationships of many social and labor processes at the enterprise, show trends in the development of the workforce, eliminate barriers and attitudes that prevent personnel from performing their duties with high quality, etc. The success of interviews and questionnaires largely depends on the correct wording and sequence of questions. The experiment helps empirically, by modeling situations and phenomena, to analyze a specific problem. This method is used both to study the behavioral models of employees (cooperation, competition), and to optimize production processes, introduce innovative technologies. Questionnaire Questionnaire (French - investigation) - a questionnaire, independently filled in by the interviewee according to the rules specified in it. Respondents are considered as the object of research. The questionnaire cannot be called any list of questions. She only calls what is addressed to a multitude of people who are interviewed in a standard way. It should not last more than 30 - 40 minutes, otherwise the respondent gets tired, and the last questions remain without full answers. It is important that interest in the subject of the survey does not decrease, but gradually increases. Therefore, more complex in content (and perception) questions should follow the simpler ones. The first question should not be controversial or alarming. It is best if it is neutral. Difficult questions should be placed in the middle so that the respondent "turns on" to the topic. Questions should be clear, concise, understandable to the interviewee (everyone without exception). Questions must meet the requirements of logic: in the beginning, we should talk about establishing a fact, and then about its assessment. This is the most important requirement of sociological research. A sample is a set of elements of the object of sociological research, subject to direct study. 1. The sample should take into account the relationship and interdependence of qualitative characteristics and features of social objects, in other words, the survey units are selected based on the most important features of a social object - education, qualifications, gender. 2. The second condition: when preparing a sample, it is necessary that the selected part be a micromodel of the whole, or the general population. To a certain extent, the general population is an object of study to which the conclusions of sociological analysis apply. FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS At the first stage, any labor collectives, enterprises, institutions are selected. Among them, elements are selected that have characteristics typical for the entire group. These selected elements are called - units of selection, and units of analysis are selected from among them. This method is called mechanical sampling. With such a sample, selection can be made after 10, 20, 50, etc. people. The interval between the selected is called the selection step. if we have a general population of 5,000 people, of which 2,000 women and 3,000 men, then in the quota sample we will have 20 women and 30 men, or 200 women and 300 men. Quota samples are most often based on demographic criteria: gender, age, region, income, education, and others. FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS Serial sampling is quite popular. In it, the general population is divided according to a given attribute (sex, age) into homogeneous parts. Then the selection of respondents goes separately from each part. The number of respondents selected from a series is proportional to the total number of items in it. Sometimes sociologists use the method of nested sampling. As research units, not individual respondents are selected, but entire groups and collectives. A clustered sample provides evidence-based sociological information if the groups are as similar as possible in terms of the most important characteristics, for example, by gender, age, types of education. The study also uses purposeful sampling. It most often uses the methods of spontaneous sampling, the main array and quota sampling. The spontaneous sampling method is a regular mail survey of TV viewers, readers of newspapers, magazines. Here it is impossible to determine in advance the structure of the array of respondents who will fill out and send the questionnaires by mail. The conclusions of such a study can be extended only to the surveyed population. Questionnaire questions According to the form, the questions are divided into: 1. Open questions suggest an original narrative answer in the form of a word, sentence or several sentences. Formally, these questions are distinguished by the fact that they are followed by several empty lines, which should be filled in. In this case, the answer received is of a natural nature, it gives maximum information on the research topic, which is very important for a sociologist. However, there are difficulties associated with the processing of the received answers, their encoding, which inevitably leads to a significant limitation in the use of computers. 2. Semi-closed questions. Here, along with a set of certain answer options in a situation where it is impossible to choose the appropriate option from the proposed list, the respondent is given the opportunity to express his opinion on the problem under discussion in a free form, i.e. signs of openness and closeness are combined. Survey questions 3. Scale questions. The answer to these questions is given in the form of a scale in which it is necessary to mark one or another indicator. Questions menu. Here the respondent is asked to choose any combination of the suggested answers. Alternative questions suggest answers on the principle of “yes - no”, are mutually exclusive. At the same time, the proposed list of alternatives must be completely exhaustive, and the alternatives themselves must be mixed without bias in any direction, i.e. balanced. 5. Question with a preamble. A question about facts, like any other, can be perceived as an evaluative characteristic of the respondent, therefore it is advisable in some cases to ask it in a form that somewhat weakens its evaluative nature. For example: “Some people clean the apartment every day, others do it from time to time. What do you do most of the time?” The indication contained in the preamble to the question that not all people act in the way that seems to be customary allows the respondent to more freely talk about his behavior. 6. Questions - tables are very convenient for the researcher. These are difficult questions, in which the respondent has to make a number of efforts to answer them. In such questions, we are talking about things that can be answered only when the knowledge and mental abilities of the respondents are used. After such questions, it is desirable to move on to simpler ones. The functions distinguish: 1) the main questions formulated to obtain the necessary information about the subject of research; 2) control questions, the functional purpose of which is to check the veracity of the answers to the main questions, clarify the information received. Filter questions - belong to the class of non-basic questions of a sociological questionnaire, since their task is not to clarify the content of the social phenomenon under study, but to establish the main addressee of the question. The need for them arises when the researcher needs to obtain data that characterizes not the entire population of respondents, but only some of it. In order to separate the part of the respondents of interest to the researcher from all others, filter questions are asked. The composition of the questionnaire The composition of the questionnaire includes: 1) title page. The title page must contain the name of the organization conducting the sociologist. research and topic; 2) introductory part (contains an appeal to the respondent, a brief indication of the purpose of the survey, the anonymity of the survey, the organization that conducts the survey, instructions for filling out the questionnaire, an expression of gratitude to the respondent); 3) the main (content) part (questions of the questionnaire aimed at researching the problem); The structure and sequence of questions in the questionnaire, in fact, represent the sociologist's attitude to the development of communication with the respondent: arousing interest, gaining trust, confirming the respondents' confidence in their abilities, further maintaining the conversation. 4) socio-demographic part (passport). It is necessary to analyze the collected data, to assess the representativeness of the results, to conduct comparative studies, etc. You can not start a survey with a "passport", which generally worries some people. Information about the demographic data of the interviewee is useful at the end of the questionnaire. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!