What is the intransitive aspect of a verb? Transitive and intransitive verbs

All verbs in the Russian language in this category are divided into two large groups – transitive and intransitive .

TO transitional include verbs that can control the accusative case without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object.

In a sentence, transitive verbs have or may have direct object .

For example:

1. I am writing a letter.

2. Yesterday I read all day

In the second example there is no direct object, but it is potentially possible ( interesting book).

It should be remembered that transitive verbs cannot be reflexive.

Exercise:

Compare:

1. On the way to the university I met my friend.

2. My friend wasn’t at home

In addition to the accusative case, transitive verbs in two cases can also control the genitive case forms.

First case: when the genitive case means part of a whole.

For example:

I drank milk.(Wed: drank milk)

Second case: when a transitive verb has a negative particle Not.

For example:

I haven't received a letter from my brother for a long time

Such additions are also straight .

TO intransitive These include verbs that cannot control the accusative case form without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is not directly directed at an object. With intransitive verbs there is no and cannot be a direct object (after them you cannot pose a question whom? or What?)

For example:

sit, sleep, walk, dream, talk

Intransitive verbs can control all indirect cases except the accusative without a preposition. They can also control the accusative case, but only with a preposition.

For example:

step on a stone, trip over a stone

It should be remembered that intransitive verbs in a sentence have indirect object .

For example:

I'm talking on the phone with a friend

It should also be remembered that if a reflexive postfix is ​​added to a transitive verb -xia-, then it becomes intransitive.

Exercise:

Compare:

teach - learn, bathe - swim, build - build, dress - dress

Pledge is a constant lexical grammatical category verb, which expresses the relationship of the action to the subject (i.e., the producer of the action). There are two collaterals - active and passive .

Verbs active voice denote an action not directed at the subject (i.e., the producer of the action).

For example:

1. Workers are building a house.

2. Snow covered the ground

In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by the subject (in the I.p.), and the object by the direct object (in the V.p. without a preposition).

Verbs passive voice denote an action directed at the subject.

For example:

1. The house is being built by workers.

2. The ground was covered with snow

In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by an indirect object (in T.p. without a preposition), and the object has become the subject (in I.p.).

It should be remembered that verbs in the passive voice are always reflexive, i.e. have postfix -sya-, (-s-), and active verbs can be either non-reflexive or reflexive.

For example:

The child is sleeping.

The children are frolicking.

It's getting dark outside

In all these examples the verbs are active voice.

Type categories– this is also a constant grammatical category of the verb. The aspect of the verb expresses the relation of the action to its internal limit. Distinguish between verbs imperfect and perfect forms.

Verbs imperfect form denote an action that has not reached its internal limit, i.e. your final result. They answer the question what to do?(There is no prefix in the question -With-).

For example:

I solved this math problem yesterday

This verb form contains an indication that I have coped with this task.

1) verbs, correlative in appearance;

2) one-type verbs;

3) two-aspect verbs.

Verbs with correlative aspect– these are verbs that have correlative aspect pairs.

For example:

1) write - write, do - do, carry - bring, wake - wake up etc. (differ by the presence or absence of a prefix);

2) decide - decide, push - push, order - order, snack - snack etc. (differ by suffixes);

3) pull out - pull out, scream - shout, forgive - forgive, etc.(they differ in alternation in the root, as well as in suffixes);

4) cut - cut, scatter - scatter etc. (differ only in emphasis);

5) catch - catch, take - take(these are suppletive forms).

Monotype verbs- these are verbs that do not have correlative aspect pairs. In turn, this group has two varieties:

1) single-aspect verbs only imperfective;

For example:

1. walk, sit(denote actions that took place in the distant past);

2. peek, cough(with the value of intermittent action);

3. dance, say etc. (with the meaning of accompanying action).

2) single-aspect verbs only perfective.

For example:

1. sing (start singing), walk (start walking), run (start running)(with the value of the beginning of the action);

2. make noise, dissuade, spoil etc. (with the meaning of completion of the action);

3. to gush, burst etc. (with the value of the intensity of action).

Bi-aspect verbs - These are verbs that combine the meanings of the imperfect and perfect forms at the same time.

For example:

attack, telegraph, promise, command, wound, marry, etc.

The type of such verbs is specified only in a sentence or in related text.

For example:

1. People get married; I see that I’m the only one who’s not married.

(Pushkin. The Tale of Tsar Soltan)

2. Meanwhile, he marries Maria Ivanovna.

(Pushkin. The captain's daughter)

Verbs perfect form may have such shades of meaning :

1. They call an action that was single (happened once): I ran to the shore and threw myself into the water, quickly swam up to the boy, grabbed him with my hand and, rowing with the other, headed back to the shore.

2. They call effective action, i.e. one whose result is obvious: We hung a wall newspaper in the hallway.(This is what a member of the editorial board of this newspaper could say if he were asked: “Well, how is the newspaper? Is it ready?” The answer would mean: This newspaper is ready, you can read it - the result of the work is obvious). Nikolai grew up over the summer, tanned, got stronger and lost a little weight.(Having met him, you can be convinced of this). The words that are placed in brackets here emphasize the meaning that perfective verbs allow us to imply in these statements.

3. They call it a one-time action: I jumped onto the windowsill.

Verbs imperfect form may have such shades of meaning :

1. They call an action that was performed (is being performed, will be performed) repeatedly, usually or always: In the summer we ran to the river and swam in the still cold morning water. The cheetah even outstrips the leopard.

2. They call actions that are ongoing, not yet exhausted, lasting (in the past, present and future tense): In the morning I wrote a letter and thought about what Natasha would answer to it. The rain is noisy outside, water drops and streams are ringing against the glass of my room. These roses will bloom and smell fragrant for many more days.

3. They call an action consisting of a series of acts; Moreover, although each act is completed, exhausted, the series itself is not exhausted and is depicted as continuing: Every day we learned five new words. We weeded both of these beds many times.

Related information.

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

U intransitive verbs the action does not go directly to the object.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity of a verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we're talking about about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young leaves of birch trees have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd comes there every spring fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals.

Verbs are independent parts of speech that denote the action of a subject. They, like any part of speech, have constant features, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how the word is changed. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of a verb, how to determine the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb, what methods to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is aimed at an object, “transitions” to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

Words with transitive verbs can also appear in the genitive case in two cases:

• When denoting a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (easy to replace with the accusative case - drink milk).
• If the verb has a negation: fail to complete the task (it’s also easy to replace it with the accusative case: fail to complete the task).

Difficulties may arise when determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We propose an algorithm for how this can be done.

Algorithm for determining verb transitivity

1. We find the verb. Let's see if there are words in the sentence to which we can ask questions in the accusative case (who? what?), such words are called direct objects. If questions are asked and the words do not have a preposition, then these are transitive verbs. We remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: “I read (what?) a book.”; "I saw (who?) him."
2. If the verb does not have a direct object, then we still ask questions in the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a permanent feature. This means that it will be characteristic of a transitive verb even without an object. For example: He said (what?) - we can easily find the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) them." BUT: “Hurry (who? what?)” - the word is not chosen, the verb is intransitive. “Laugh (who? what?)” is also intransitive.
3. If the object of the verb is in the genitive case, does not have a preposition and denotes part of the whole, or if the verb has a negation, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: “Drink (what?) water.”; "Don't write (what?) letters."

Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, having the suffixes “-sya”, “-sya”, are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but “returns” to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity of a verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we are talking about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young leaves of birch trees have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd of fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals, swims there every spring..

All verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. This division is based on syntactic connections realized by the verb. Transitive verbs denote an action directed at an object expressed in the accusative case of a name without a preposition: I'm reading a book. In this case, the verb can name not only a specific action, but also feelings, thoughts, etc. In the latter case, the abstract object does not undergo changes: listen to radio, music. In addition to the accusative case, the object can be expressed genitive case in two cases: 1) if the verb names an action that passes not to the entire object, but to part of it: drank milk, bought bread; 2) with a negative predicate verb: didn't drink tea, didn't read newspapers, didn't know life.

In syntax, such an object is usually called direct. The direct object position may contain the subordinate part of a complex sentence: I realized that the game would be a success.

Intransitive verbs include verbs of motion ( go, march), verbs with the meaning of state ( relax, have fun), becoming ( turn green) and etc.

Considering that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb is related to its meaning and syntactic functioning, this category can be characterized as lexical-syntactic. Only a small group of verbs have word-formation features that allow them to be classified as transitive or intransitive. Thus, verbs with the following formal indicators can be classified as intransitive:

1) postfix –xia: study, work;

2) suffixes –nicha-, -stvova- for denominal verbs: carpentry, stay awake;

3) suffix -e- for verbs formed from adjectives ( turn blue, turn blue); in contrast to transitive verbs with a suffix -and-: blue etc.

But the above classification is not the only one. Some scientists, following A.A. Shakhmatov distinguishes 3 groups: 1) direct transitional (= transitional); 2) indirectly transitive and 3) intransitive. In this case, not only syntactic connections are taken into account, but also some morphological features of verbs.

Directly transitive verbs form passive participles: readable, repairable. They take on a passive meaning when used with a postfix –xia: the book is being read. Intransitive verbs do not form passive participles.

Following A.A. Shakhmatov, indirect-transitive verbs include those that require after themselves the genitive, dative and instrumental cases without a preposition: I am waiting steamship,I believe you,I'm doing physical education. They do not form passive participles, but are combined with a postfix –xia: to himI believe it .

A slightly different interpretation is proposed in the textbook by N.M. Shansky, A.N. Tikhonova: “A special category consists of the so-called indirect transitive verbs. These include reflexive and non-reflexive verbs that control not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object: wish victory, wait for the train, be proud of your brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a friend and so on." [Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 185].

Some polysemous verbs may be transitive in one meaning and intransitive in another; For example: writes letter(transition); boy alreadywrites , that is, learned to write (intransitive).

As a working one, we accept the first point of view, that is, we will consider transitive and intransitive verbs.

Collateral and collateral

actions (by the producer of the action) and the object, finding their

expression in verb form. Therefore, not every relationship

between the subject and object of the action are voicing, and only those that receive their grammatical form in the verb. Pledges are issued either through return forms on - Xia (build - be built) or through special formations - passive participles ( lined up)[Grammar–1960,

vol. 1, p. 412].

“Voice in Russian is grammatical

morphological forms whose meanings differ from each other

different representations of the same relationship between

semantic subject, action and semantic object"

[Russian grammar – 1980, vol. 1, p. 613].

The category of voice is closely related to transitivity-intransitivity. Word pledge- this is a tracing paper from the Greek. diathesis (location, state). Voice is a grammatical category of a verb, reflecting the direction or non-direction of the action on the subject.

In Greek grammar, there were 3 voices: 1) active (the action is performed by the subject); 2) passive (an object experiences action from another object); 3) combining the meaning of the two mentioned. Despite the fact that the Russian language does not have a voice similar to the third Greek, this teaching has had a great influence on the study of voices in Russian grammar. Number of allocated collaterals in different time and it was different for different authors: M.V. Lomonosov allocated 6 pledges, V.V. Vinogradov – 3, modern linguists – 2. There are two main points of view in modern linguistics: the first is reflected in the works of V.V. Vinogradov (F.F. Fortunatov was at its origins) and in Academic Grammar–1960, the second – in Academic Grammar–1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, Yu.S. Maslova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. Currently, there is debate about the principles of identifying voice, about the number and types of voice, about understanding voice as an inflectional or non-inflectional category, about identifying the category of voice not only for verbs, but also for nouns, adjectives, etc.

Some linguists consider the concept of voice in the broad sense of the term, including transitivity, voice itself and the meaning of reflexive verbs, moreover, the functional-semantic fields of voice and collateral, involving various language means, with the help of which the relationship between subject and object is expressed.

We present pledge in the narrow sense of the term. Let us consider the main theories of voice in linguistics of the 20th century.

The first point of view is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, Grammar–1960, in the university grammar N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov and others. This direction comes from Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, who had his own special view on the theory of transitivity in the system of verbal vocabulary. According to this point of view, the category of voice is not distinguished for all verbs. The following verbs are outside the category of voice:

intransitive irreversible verbs: go, run, fly, sleep, stand, walk, breathe and under.;

verbs with postfix –xia formed from intransitive verbs: knock - knock, threaten - threaten, darken - darken, turn white - turn white and etc.;

verbs with postfix –xia, formed from transitive verbs, but changing their lexical meaning: instruct - vouch for, torture - try, straighten - straighten, forgive - say goodbye, get - get, distribute - give out and so on.;

verbs that are not used without –xia: fear, repent, hope, be proud, bow, laugh, greet, fight, like, part, intend, doubt, smile, try and etc.;

Impersonal verbs: dozing, sleeping, dusk, dawn and under.

The verbs listed are called unsecured. All other verbs are divided into three voices: active, passive and neuter (or neuter).

Verbs valid voices denote an action performed by a semantic subject (producer of the action) and directed at the object on which the action is performed (semantic object). For example: Workers building a house. Workers– semantic subject, action producer; in this active construction, it is simultaneously the grammatical subject of the sentence - the subject. House- a semantic object (the object on which the action is performed) - is also a grammatical object - an addition. A verb in an active construction is necessarily transitive; its complement is expressed in the accusative case without a preposition or in the genitive case without a preposition in two cases: with a negative predicate: Notdrank milk; if it denotes a part of a whole: drank milk.

Passive voice shows that Living being or an object acting as a subject, that is, a grammatical subject, does not produce an action, but experiences it from another living being or object, is a semantic object. The producer of the action (semantic subject) acts as a grammatical object - an object in the instrumental case without a preposition. For example: Houseunder construction workers. House– grammatical subject, subject; semantic object, since it experiences an action, but does not produce it. Workers– a grammatical object, an object in the instrumental case and at the same time a semantic subject, since it names the producer of the action.

In its perfect form, the passive voice is expressed mainly by past participles: Housebuilt workers. Floorswashed cleaning lady Estimatecompiled accountant.

Thus, the meaning of the passive voice in Russian can be expressed in two ways:

1) personal forms of verbs 3 l. units and many more including the imperfect form of transitive verbs, which have a postfix added –xia: perform – performXia ; take away– take awayXia;

2) using passive participles formed from transitive verbs by adding suffixes –eat- (-im-), -nn-, -enn-, -t-: cleaned, cleaned, done, washed etc. They have long and short forms.

The passive voice, unlike the active voice, is marked in formal expression and content.

According to the first point of view, in addition to the active and passive voice, there is a third one - reflexive (or middle, mid-reflexive) voice. The content of this pledge is that the action is concentrated in the subject itself; it is directed not at the object, but at oneself. Reflexive verbs are formed, like passive verbs, by adding a postfix -xia to a transitive verb, but differ from passives in meaning, in syntactic environment (they are not a member of a passive construction), etc.

In the system of mid-reflexive verbs, more than one and a half dozen semantic groups are distinguished. Let's name some of them.

Self-returnable verbs that name actions directed at oneself, usually at appearance, and producing external changes corresponding to the lexical meaning. Postfix -xia matters in them myself. There are a few such verbs: shave, wash, dress, powder, get a haircut, wash etc.

Reciprocal verbs denote the actions of two or more persons. Postfix -xia in them corresponds to the meaning of “each other”, “with each other”: swear, meet, make up, correspond, talk, hug, quarrel, kiss, whisper etc.

Generally returnable verbs name the mental and physical processes occurring in the subject (the pronoun can be added to them myself): worry, worry, admire, be upset, rejoice, hurry, return, calm down and etc.

Indirect-returnable verbs show that the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: build (I'm building), study, heal, gather etc. There is no direct object with these verbs.

Active-objectless verbs convey a constant meaning: the cow butts, the dog bites, the nettle stings.

The main disadvantage of the theory presented is that the category of voice covers only part of the verbal vocabulary, although the category of voice is one of the most important. Therefore, in the science of language, the search for an objective, more convincing theory of voice continues. One of the points of view common in modern linguistics is presented in Russian Grammar – 1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, N.S. Avilova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. What they have in common is that the category of voice covers the entire verbal vocabulary and distinguishes only 2 voices: active and passive. But there are some differences in their teaching about the two pledges.

All supporters of the second point of view emphasize that the category of voice is one that manifests itself not only in morphology, but also in syntax. According to this point of view, all verbs have a voice category. In contrast to the first point of view, there are only two of them: active and passive. The passive voice in form and content coincides with the volume and design of the corresponding voice in the Grammar–1960, and the content and boundaries of the active voice are significantly expanded. This includes not only transitive verbs, but also all intransitive verbs with formally unexpressed intransitivity ( live, scream etc.), intransitive verbs with formally expressed intransitivity, that is, reflexive verbs with a postfix of non-passive meaning in active phrases: farmersare being built in summer; impersonal verbs dawns, freezes and under.

All verbs that do not enter into voice oppositions are inconsistent in terms of collateral. These verbs cannot form passive constructions. Such verbs L.L. Bulanin and I.G. Miloslavsky is called single-collateral, N.S. Avilova – incomparable in terms of collateral. Most of the transitive verbs are called accordingly two-collateral and comparable in collateral. A small part of transitive verbs are monovocal: Tanyathanked friend. Verb thanked is transitional; it is followed by an accusative object without a preposition, but this active construction does not have a corresponding passive (you cannot say: Friendthanks Tanya. Friendthanked Tanya).

N.S. Avilova believes that the category of pledge is mixed, partly inflectional ( built - built), partly non-verbal ( build - be built). At L.L. Bulanin and A.V. Bondarko has a different point of view. They consider the category of voice to be inflectional, that is, the opposed voice forms of the active and passive voice are considered forms of one word, regardless of the methods of this opposition. Wed: Professoris reading lecture(active voice) . Lectureread professor(passive voice) .

Postfix in monosyllable verbs -xia always word-forming.

face the relationship of action to reality" [Grammar - 1960, vol.

rows of forms opposed to each other expressing the relationship

actions to reality and having meaning to reality

(indicative mood), motives (imperative mood)

or conjecture, possibility (subjunctive mood).

The indicative mood is closely related to the category of tense:

the meaning of this mood is revealed in the forms present, past. and bud. vr.

The imperative and subjunctive moods do not have tense forms."

[Russian grammar - 1980, vol. 1, p. 618–619].

The concept of inclination. Verb inflection system . In the Russian language, the category of mood is inflectional and is represented by three moods of the verb: indicative, subjunctive (or conditional) and imperative. Of these, only the indicative mood is real, carrying out an action or state in three tenses: present, past and future. The subjunctive and imperative moods are called unreal and have no categories of time. They characterize an action not as taking place in actual reality, but as possible, desirable, or presented as an incentive.

The category of mood can be considered as a morphological way of expressing modality. Modality is one of the complex and little-studied phenomena of language. It has a multi-level nature and can be lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Lexical modality can be expressed in modal words highlighted by V.V. Vinogradov into an independent structural-semantic class ( probably, it seems, probably etc.), in words of other parts of speech: short adjectives ( glad, must, obliged, intends etc.), modal verbs ( be able, wish, want etc.), impersonal predicative words ( can, must, must, cannot); particles ( after all, no).

The syntactic expression of modality is represented by different types of sentences: narrative, interrogative, imperative. Modality also includes the category of affirmation and negation.

Morphologically, modality is expressed by the system of verb moods.

There are various interpretations of modality. We will understand modality as the grammatically expressed attitude of the speaker to the reality of the utterance. Mood shows how the speaker relates to his statement from the point of view of its relationship to reality: possibility, desirability, obligation or necessity of performing any actions, etc.

Indicative mood (indicative). The indicative mood shows that the action expressed by the verb is thought of as a real fact occurring in time. The relationship to reality is essentially not expressed in it, which is why it is called the “direct mood”, “zero grammatical category”.

Modal shades of the indicative mood are conveyed by tense forms. The forms of the future tense are especially rich in this regard. The meaning of tense, person and gender of indicative verbs will be considered when studying the corresponding categories.

Imperative mood (imperative). Imperative verbs express the will of the speaker (demand, advice, request), an incentive to action. The meaning of the imperative mood has a wide range from advice, polite request to command, prohibition or plea. Intonation plays an important role in this. “This intonation in itself can turn any word into an expression of command. In the system of imperative mood, this intonation is an organic part of verb forms. Outside of this intonation, the imperative mood does not exist” [V.V. Vinogradov, 1972, p. 464].

Imperative forms are formed from the stem of verbs of the present or future simple tense

by accession -And in units h.: report, remove, bring, spread etc. – and – and-those– in plural h.: report, remove, bring, disperse. On -And The emphasis falls in cases where the verb is in the 1st form. units h. has a stressed ending: study - study, smile - smile.

What is - And: ending or formative suffix? There is no clear answer to this question. The authors of Grammar-60, as well as L.V. Shcherba, A.N. Gvozdev, E.A. Zemskaya and others believe - And ending, but they do not highlight the null ending in forms like work, eat(the only exception is Grammar-70, whose authors do this). If we support this point of view and recognize -And ending, it is necessary to find those endings with which the given could correlate (by type, for example, endings of gender and number in past tense verbs: decided, decided, decided, decided). Such endings exist against each other and are opposed to each other. Considered -And is not opposed to any endings in other moods of the verb, and therefore it is logical to qualify it as a formative suffix (L.L. Bulanin, F.K. Guzhva, etc.).

If there is an alternation of final consonants in the basis of the present or future simple tense, the basis of the 2nd–3rd person is chosen, but not the 1st, cf.:

1 l. sitting Imperative mood: sit (those).

2 l . sitting

3 l. is sitting

When alternating postpalatal and sibilant, postopalatal are selected: distract - distract - distract; run - run - run.

Verbs I drink, I beat, I drink, I pour, in which the base consists of two consonants [пj], [бj], [вj], [лj] and the stress falls on the ending, they form an imperative mood consisting of one base; at the same time there appears in it a fluent e: drink, beat, drink, pour.

Verbs that do not have a present tense at the base -va-(compared to the infinitive stem), get this -va- in the imperative mood; compare: give - give - give; get up - get up - get up.

Verb lie down has the form of an imperative mood lie down; eat - eat, give - give, go - go(go– simple. option). In the latter case, the form is derived from a form that does not exist in the modern language travel.

A number of verbs have variant forms: stick out - stick out, pour out - pour out, clean - clean, notify - notify, climb - climb, feast - feast and etc.

In plural h is added - those: play, carry. What is -those in similar examples? This is a particle from A.N. Gvozdev, postfix - in Grammar-70, in F.K. Guzhva, formative suffix by D.E. Rosenthal, ending with E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, in a school textbook.

The 3 l form is used as an occasional form of the imperative mood. units and many more h. present or future simple tense with special intonation: Let's play! Let's sing, friends! These verbs are used to invite joint action.

Some scientists distinguish analytical forms of imperative verbs, which are formed in two ways:

joining of particles let (let), yes to the form 3 l. units and many more h. present or future tense: let him play, let him rest, let him print, long live;

by adding a particle Let's) to an infinitive or a verb in the form of 3 l. units and many more Parts of present and future simple tense: let's work, let's be friends.

Meanings of imperative forms [according to the book: Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 208–210]:

simple urge: Kiss here,–he showed his cheek(L. Tolstoy);

humorous and ironic impulse: Shout better so that the neighbors hear, if you have no shame(A. Ostrovsky);

prohibition: Don't come in , she is sleeping(Bitter);

threat: You are in my housepickney only(A. Ostrovsky);

command: Listen my team! Line up ! (Fadeev);

permission (permission): ... go , if you are so drawn from here!(Goncharov);

wish: Be healthy!Grow big!;

call: Turn around on the march!(Mayakovsky);

order: We need criticism from year to year,remember, like a person - oxygen, like fresh air– room(Mayakovsky);

advice: Try in winter, sleep at least 8 hours;

warning, parting words and reminder: Look,take care myself!(Kuprin);

request and plea: Think about it about me and I will be with you(Kuprin).

The modality of the imperative mood is most evident in sentences expressing an obligation: Every cricketknow your sixth!(= should know). He's walking and I'mWork for him(= should work). And after such a life, he was suddenly burdened with the heavy burden of carrying the service of an entire house on his shoulders! Theyserve master, andmethi , Andclean , he's at his beck and call!(= must serve, revenge, clean). Associated with this meaning is a connotation of discontent. In practice, this meaning goes beyond the imperative mood.

Not all verbs have an imperative mood. This is explained by the semantic content of the mood, which has access to extralinguistics: only a living creature, first of all a person, can order something or ask to do something (if you do not use the technique of personification); You cannot ask to perform processes that are beyond human control, etc.

Do not form the imperative mood:

Impersonal verbs: dawn, freeze, shiver, get cold and under.;

verbs naming actions or states beyond a person’s control: to feel ill, to feel cold, to want, to be able and etc.;

verbs that name actions related to inanimate nature: turn white, turn green, branch etc.

Subjunctive mood (conjunctive) . The term “subjunctive mood” was presented in the textbook by L.V. Shcherby, S.G. Barkhudarov and S.E. Kryuchkov and is currently used in almost all textbooks. The term “conditional mood” was used in the works of the 19th – early 20th centuries, including in the works of F.I. Buslaeva, A.B. Shapiro et al.

The subjunctive mood is used to express an action that the speaker considers desirable or possible under certain conditions.

The subjunctive form is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense form of verbs: I would tell you, I would rest and under. Verbs in the subjunctive mood change according to gender and number : would smile, would smile, would smile, would smile.

Meaning of subjunctive verbs:

desirability: I'm a wolfwould gnaw it out bureaucracy!(Mayakovsky);

conditionality of performing a possible action (usually in subordinate clauses of a complex sentence): Iwould come to you if I weren't busy.

The use of forms of one mood and infinitive in the meaning of another

The use of subjunctive forms in the meaning of others . Some forms of the subjunctive mood are capable of conveying request and advice, which is the meaning of the imperative mood, for example: I would tell you you're talking about your trip!

The use of imperative forms in the meaning of others . The imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the subjunctive when expressing the condition: Be able to I paint pictures, how much I could tell!

The use of indicative verbs in the meaning of other moods.

Verbs of the 2nd letter. The future tense can be used in the imperative sense: Go to the marketbuy products andyou'll get there to the hunting lodge. In this case, the addressee of the speech gives an order to carry out something. action.

Past tense verbs can be used in the imperative mood: Go! We stood up, bowed, let's go!

Very rarely, verbs in the form of the imperative mood have the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood, calling the action swift and instantaneous: And the horse at this timetake it Andbuck up.

The use of the infinitive in the meaning of moods . The infinitive can act as a subjunctive mood: I'd like to go us(Chekhov).

Denoting an order, a prohibition, or less often a request, verbs in the infinitive are used instead of the imperative mood: Stand! (incl: Stop!). Be silent! (incl: Keep quiet!).