What are the linguistic means of fiction. Means of artistic expression: paths. Syntactic means of expression
Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal figurativeness of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figures.
In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.
Vocabulary
trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.
Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.
(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,
It snows and lays a shawl"
Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.
(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,
It stands alone in the whole universe"
personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.
(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,
Disheveled silk braids "
Hyperbola- an exaggeration.
(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"
Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.
(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,
The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "
paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.
(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)
Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.
Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.
(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.
Litotes- an understatement.
(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"
Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.
(p) “I thank you for everything:
For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...
For everything that I was deceived"
Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.
(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.
Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.
(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”
Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.
(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", "Dead souls".
Stylistic figures
Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.
(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”
Rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.
(p) "What summer, what summer?"
Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.
stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.
(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"
polyunion- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same union
Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.
Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.
Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.
Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.
(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!
Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "
Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.
(p) “If you love, then without reason,
If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "
Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.
(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,
Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "
gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.
(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”
Antithesis- opposition.
(p) “They came together: water and stone,
Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”
Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.
(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”
Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,
(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"
Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels
(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"
Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)
Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).
(p) "I have experienced many, many"
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AT 8 offers to find in the text and determine the means of language expression.
List of terms:
Anaphora(= odnonamiya) - the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of one or more sentences:
August - asters,
August - stars,
August - bunches
Grapes and rowan...
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Antithesis- comparison of the opposite:
I'm stupid and you're smart
Alive and I'm dumbfounded.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Question-answer form of presentation- presentation in the form of a sequence: question-answer:
My phone rang.
- Who's talking?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel.
(K.I. Chukovsky)
Exclamatory sentence- a sentence expressing expressiveness, emotionality, evaluation of the speaker's speech. An exclamation mark is placed on a letter in exclamatory sentences. How many apples! apples!
Hyperbola- exaggeration, for example: Haven't seen you in years!
gradation- the arrangement of homogeneous members in ascending order of the intensity of the sign, action, state, quantity, etc., which enhances the effect of the enumeration:
In the corner stood a basket with fragrant, large, ripe apples filled with sweet juice.
Dialectism- a word, the use of which is limited territorially, and therefore is not included in the layer of the common literary language.
Inversion- changing the order of words in order to draw attention to a phrase or word:
On what seems to be a notched rope
I am a little dancer.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Irony- the use of words, statements with an investment in them of the opposite meaning: Smart what! (in meaning: stupid, fool).
Contextual antonyms, contextual synonyms- words that serve as antonyms or synonyms only in this context, and in other contexts they are not.
The hut was not cold, but iced up to such an extent that it seemed to be even colder inside than outside.
Cold - cold- are not antonyms, but in this sentence, due to opposition, they are used as antonyms.
Lexical repetition- word repetition:
Wind, wind -
In all God's world!
(A. Blok)
Litotes- understatement: man with nails, boy with a finger.
Metaphor- transfer of meaning by similarity: golden autumn, gloomy sky, cold look .
august - bunches
grapes and rowan
rusty - August!
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Metonymy- transfer by adjacency: win gold, the hall applauded, put Chekhov .
Name sentences- proposals with one main member - subject: Noon. The heat is terrible.
Incomplete sentences- frequency sentences in colloquial and artistic speech, in which one of the main members, clear from the context, is omitted.
She came to me yesterday (1) . She came and says ... (2).
The subject is omitted in the second sentence. she is to avoid repetition and make the story more dynamic. But the subject is easy to recover from the context.
personification- endowing inanimate objects with human traits and qualities: The sky above him shook. The sky was frowning .
Parallelism(= use of parallel constructions) - similar syntactic arrangement of neighboring sentences:
It is not the wind that bends the branch,
not the oak forest makes noise.
That my heart is groaning
Like an autumn leaf trembles.
(Russian folk song)
I like that you are not sick of me,
I like that I'm not sick of you.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Parceling- division of the phrase into parts, possibly into words, designed as independent incomplete sentences. Often used to create the effect of a dynamic unfolding of events or their drama.
She turned away abruptly. She went to the window. I cried.
paraphrase- replacing a word with a descriptive expression: the capital of our country, a city on the Neva.
opposition- comparison, comparison of something in order to draw attention to the dissimilarity, opposition of signs, states, actions, etc. Contradiction is the basis of antithesis. The examples are the same.
Spoken words- stylistically colored words used in colloquial speech: electric train, disheveled, boring . Many of these words are expressively colored.
Rhetorical question- a statement that is not intended to receive an answer, to clarify information, but to express emotions, feelings, evaluation, expression: When will this all end? Where to get patience?
Rhetorical address often precedes a rhetorical question or exclamation:
It's boring to live in this world, gentlemen! (N.V. Gogol)
Dear companions who shared the night with us! (M. Tsvetaeva)
Series of homogeneous members
Who knows what glory is!
At what price did he buy the right,
Opportunity or grace
Over everything so wise and crafty
Joke, mysteriously be silent
And call a leg a leg? ..
(A. Akhmatova)
Comparison- comparison of an object, attribute, state, etc. with another that has a common feature or similarity: shop windows like mirrors, love flashed like lightning(= lightning fast, would stro).
Comparative turnover- a detailed comparison, introduced by comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if, as if, like (simple), like.
Poems grow like stars and like roses
How beauty...
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Like right and left hand
Your soul is close to my soul.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Term- a word denoting the concept of any professional field of activity or science and therefore having limited use: epithet, paraphrase, anaphora, epiphora .
Citation- using someone else's text as a quote.
Emotionally evaluative words: daughter, my little one, my sun.
Epithet- definition:
And he, rebellious, is looking for a storm,
As if there is peace in the storm.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Epiphora- (general ending), repetition of a word or phrase at the end of adjacent sentences in order to draw special attention to them:
Because the stars were bigger
After all, the herbs smelled differently,
Autumn herbs.
(A. Akhmatova. "Love conquers deceitfully")
The meaning of the terms must be understood, the terms themselves must be remembered.
And now check yourself on the assignments from the demo versions of the Unified State Exam-2010 and 2011.
Since the wording of the tasks does not provide for a choice, the interactive form is not offered. Answers to tasks are given after the task.
2010 demo sample
(1) Private Fedoseev, a telephone operator, appeared at the battery with good news: he himself saw how the Nazis were driven out of Krasnaya Polyana. (2) Now it was not difficult to guess that the battery was about to be transferred to another site. (3) The Lieutenant decided to take advantage of this. (4) I saw the political officer and asked for permission, while the battery was changing its position, to leave for the city for him and the young telephone operator Fedoseev: the guy had never seen Moscow. (5) - Due to the allotted time, I will allow it, - the political officer said sternly. (6) - Indeed, it is worthless for the defender of Moscow not to see Moscow! (7) We got out by back streets and lanes to Dmitrovskoye Highway, then we reached the Sokol station by tram, entered an almost invisible door, shrouded in frosty steam. (8) Fedoseev was disappointed that there were no escalators at the station, but he liked everything in the car. (9) Unexpectedly quickly reached the Revolution Square. (10) The Muscovite lieutenant said that she was in the very center of the city. (11) It's time to go out. (12) Fedoseev stepped onto the escalator very hesitantly. (13) Everything was new to him in the underground floor of Moscow. (14) "Stand on the right, pass on the left, do not put canes, umbrellas and suitcases." (15) Those who go down to meet them on the neighboring escalator, only from the frost - ruddy, especially girls ... (16) But here again the hard floor underfoot. (17) They crossed the square, walked past Stereokino, past the Central Children's Theater, stood on Sverdlov Square.
(18) The facade of the Bolshoi Theatre, familiar to Fedoseyev from photographs and film magazines, is unrecognizable. (19) The entire top is hung with two decorations: on the left is a two-story house, on the right is a grove. (20) The lieutenant explained that it was camouflage. (21) We went out to Red Square, and Fedoseev was accompanied by the feeling that he was walking in familiar places. (22) The lieutenant promised to show Minin and Pozharsky, the people's militias of old Russia, but the monument was covered with sandbags. (23) But Pushkin, whom they soon reached, was not covered by anything: he was standing with his head uncovered, his bronze shoulders sprinkled with snow. (24) The lieutenant was seriously worried about this. (25) True, an air barrage balloon looms in the ashy sky, but still ... (26) We reached the Arbat along the boulevards and slowly returned to Revolution Square. (27) We went down to the subway for the second time: there is time for a ride, to see the underground palaces. (28) Fedoseev liked the Mayakovskaya station with steel columns, he liked the Red Gates - red and white slabs under his feet. (29) In a huge bomb shelter, which was the Moscow metro, there was a way of life. (30) At Arbatskaya station, there is a sign "For women in labor" on the service door. (31) A branch of the public Historical Library worked at the Kurskaya station: it opened when trains stopped running. (32) Fedoseev was imbued with respect for underground readers: they study during air raid hours! (33) The telephone operator was possessed by the joy of recognizing a new big city. (34) This feeling is sharper in a person who traveled little and lived somewhere in a bearish corner. (35) And in the heart of Fedoseev, pride grew more and more: not everyone had a chance to defend the capital of such a country. (36) But every soldier, wherever he fought, defended the capital. (37) He had something to defend!
(According to E. Vorobyov)
B8 "In order to transfer the reader to military Moscow, E. Vorobyov uses such a lexical tool as _____ ("camouflage", "throw", etc.). The author is stingy with detailed descriptions. His speech is more like a laconic report, from syntactic means most often, non-union sentences and _____ are used (sentence 17).The more expressive are the rare tropes that convey the emotional state of the characters: _____ ("in the ashen sky" in sentence 25) and _____ ("pride grew in the heart" in sentence 35)".
1) epithet
2) rows of homogeneous members
3) irony
4) metaphor
5) professional vocabulary
6) dialectism
7) antithesis
8) comparative turnover
9) rhetorical appeal
* Attention:write numbers without spaces in the forms.
2011 demo sample
(1) I was sitting in a bath of hot water, and my brother was restlessly spinning around the small room, grabbing soap and a sheet in his hands, bringing them close to myopic eyes and putting them back again. (2) Then he stood facing the wall and continued fervently: (3) - Judge for yourself. (4) We were taught goodness, intelligence, logic - they gave us consciousness. (5) The main thing is consciousness. (6) One can become ruthless, but how is it possible, having known the truth, to reject it? (7) From childhood I was taught not to torture animals, to be compassionate. (8) The books I have read have taught me the same, and I am painfully sorry for those who suffer in your accursed war. (9) But time passes, and I begin to get used to all the suffering, I feel that in everyday life I am less sensitive, less responsive and respond only to the strongest excitations. (10) But I cannot get used to the very fact of war, my mind refuses to understand and explain what is basically insane. (11) Millions of people, gathered in one place and trying to make their actions correct, kill each other, and everyone is equally hurt, and everyone is equally unhappy - what is it, is it madness? (12) My brother turned around and stared at me questioningly with his short-sighted eyes. (13) - I'll tell you the truth. (14) Brother trustingly put a cold hand on my shoulder. (15) - I can not understand what is happening. (16) I can't understand and it's terrible. (17) If anyone could explain to me, but no one can. (18) You were at war, you saw - explain to me.
(19) - What an eccentric you are, brother! (20) Let some more hot water. (21) It was so good for me to sit in the bath, as before, and listen to a familiar voice, without thinking about the words, and see everything familiar, simple, ordinary: a copper, slightly green faucet, walls with a familiar pattern, photographic accessories, in order laid out on shelves. (22) I will again take photographs, shoot simple and quiet views and my son: how he walks, how he laughs and plays naughty. (23) It was as if I forgot at that moment, splashing in hot water, everything that I saw there. (26) - I need to get out of the bath, - I said lightly, and my brother smiled at me like a child, like a younger one, although I was three years older than him, and thought - like an adult, like an old man who has big and heavy thoughts . (27) My brother called a servant, and together they took me out and dressed me. (28) Then I drank fragrant tea from my glass and thought that it was possible to live without legs, and then they took me to the office to my desk, and I got ready to work. (29) My joy was so great, the pleasure was so deep that I decided to start reading and only sorted through the books, gently caressing them with my hand. (30) How much intelligence and a sense of beauty are in all this!
(According to L. Andreev)
B1 "Syntactic means of expression: _____ (sentence 6) and ______ (in sentences 21-23) - help the author partly convey the feelings of the characters. Such a technique as _____ (sentences 15, 16) emphasize the main idea of the younger brother in discussions about the war. At some point, the brothers seem to change their age roles, which is emphasized by ______ ("child" - "adult" in sentence 26)"
1) anaphora
2) hyperbole
3) rhetorical question
4) impersonation
5) parallelism
6) dialectism
7 exclamatory sentence
8) rows of homogeneous members
9) antonyms
* Attention:write words and numbers without spaces in the forms.
B8 sample from 2012 demo
(1) Polya's inflamed state, and most importantly, her confused, ambiguous speech - everything suggested the worst guesses, much worse than even the captivity of Rodion or his mortal wound.
(2) “De no, it’s completely different here,” Polya shuddered and, turning to the wall, took out a crumpled, read out triangle from under the pillow.
(3) Subsequently, Varya was ashamed of her initial assumptions. (4) Although rare transit trains did not stop in Moscow, the stations were nearby, and Rodion knew Pauline's address. (5) Of course, the command might not have allowed the soldier to leave the echelon for the Annunciation dead end, then why didn’t he at least drop postcards of his own, beloved, on his way to the active army? ..
(6) So, this was the first front-line news with more than a two-week delay. (7) In any case, it will now become clear with what thoughts he went to war. (8) Varya impatiently unfolded the sheet, all pierced with a pencil - apparently, it was written on her knee. (9) I had to go up to the lamp to make out the dim, half-finished lines.
(10) Varya immediately stumbled upon the main place.
(11) "Perhaps the only reason, my dear, why he was silent all this time, was nowhere to settle down," Rodion wrote briefly, with unexpected fullness and straightforwardly, as in a confession. (12) - We are still retreating for now, day and we retreat at night, occupying more advantageous defensive lines, as the reports say. (13) I was very sick, besides, and now I have not yet fully recovered: my illness is worse than any shell shock. (14) The bitterest thing is that I myself am completely I’m healthy, all whole, there’s not a single scratch on me yet.(15) Burn this letter, I can tell you about it alone in the whole world, -Varya turned the page.
(16) The incident happened in one Russian village, which our unit passed in retreat. (17) I was the last in the company ... and maybe the last in the whole army. (18) In front of us on the road stood a local girl of about nine years old, just a child, apparently trained at school to love the Red Army ... (19) Of course, she did not really understand the strategic situation. (20) She ran up to us with wild flowers, and, as it happened, I got them. (21) She had such inquisitive, questioning eyes - it’s a thousand times easier to look at the midday sun, but I forced myself to take a bunch, because I’m not a coward, I swear to you by my mother, Polenka, that I’m not a coward. (22) I closed my eyes, and accepted from her, who was left at the mercy of the enemy ... (23) Since then, I keep that dried-up broom constantly with me, on my body, like a fire in my bosom, I order it to be put on my grave, if what will happen. (24) I thought I would bleed seven times before I become a man, but this is how it happens, dry ... and this is a font of maturity! (25) Further two lines were completely illegible. - (26) And I don’t know, Polenka, will my whole life be enough to pay for that gift ... "
(27) - Yes, he has grown very much, your Rodion, you are right ... - folding the letter, Varya said, because with such a line of thought, this soldier would hardly have been capable of any reprehensible act.
(28) Embracing, the girlfriends listened to the rustle of rain and the rare, faded horns of cars. (29) The topic of the conversation was the events of the past day: the exhibition of captured aircraft that opened in the central square, the unfilled funnel on Veselykh Street, as they are already accustomed to calling it among themselves, Gastello, whose selfless feat thundered in those days all over the country.
(According to L. Leonov)
*Leonid Maksimovich Leonov (1899-1994)
Russian writer, public figure.
B8 A fragment from L. Leonov's novel "The Russian Forest" confirms the idea that even complex philosophical problems can be discussed in an accessible way. This is achieved with the help of tropes: ______ ("font of maturity" in sentence 24), _____ ( inquisitive, interrogative eyes" in sentence 21), _____ ("it is a thousand times easier to look at the midday sun" in sentence 21). Enhances the effect of reading ______ ("retreat" in sentence 12, "I'm not a coward" in sentence 21). This technique fixes attention the reader on the main, emphasizes the most important thoughts of the author.
List of terms:
1) anaphora
2) metaphor
3) hyperbole
4) professional vocabulary
5) parceling
6) lexical repetition
7) opposition
8) epithets
9) contextual synonyms
2,8,3,6 (possible: 2836)
Attention: The answer is written without spaces.
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When we talk about art, literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the imagery of the work. In fiction and poetry, there are special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. Competent presentation, public speaking - they also need ways to build expressive speech.
For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared among the speakers of ancient Greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were engaged in their research and classification. Going into details, scientists identified up to 200 varieties that enrich the language.
The means of expressiveness of speech are divided by language level into:
- phonetic;
- lexical;
- syntactic.
The use of phonetics is traditional for poetry. The poem is often dominated by musical sounds that give poetic speech a special melodiousness. In the drawing of a verse, stress, rhythm and rhyme, and combinations of sounds are used for amplification.
Anaphora- repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines or stanzas. “The golden stars dozed off ...” - a repetition of the initial sounds, Yesenin used a phonetic anaphora.
And here is an example of a lexical anaphora in Pushkin's poems:
Alone you rush through the clear azure,
You alone cast a sad shadow,
You alone grieve the jubilant day.
Epiphora- a similar technique, but much less common, with words or phrases repeated at the end of lines or sentences.
The use of lexical devices associated with the word, lexeme, as well as phrases and sentences, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is also widely found in poetry.
Conventionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into tropes and stylistic figures.
trails
Tropes are the use of words and phrases in a figurative sense. Tropes make speech more figurative, enliven and enrich it. Some tropes and examples of them in literary work are listed below.
Epithet- artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the word an additional emotional coloring, its own assessment. To understand how an epithet differs from an ordinary definition, you need to catch when reading, does the definition give a new connotation to the word? Here is an easy test. Compare: late autumn - golden autumn, early spring - young spring, a quiet breeze - a gentle breeze.
personification- transferring the signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: "The gloomy rocks looked sternly ...".
Comparison- direct comparison of one object, phenomenon with another. “The night is gloomy, like a beast ...” (Tyutchev).
Metaphor- transferring the meaning of one word, object, phenomenon to another. Similarity detection, implicit comparison.
“A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden ...” (Yesenin). The rowan brushes remind the poet of the flames of a fire.
Metonymy- renaming. Transfer of property, value from one object to another according to the principle of adjacency. “Which is in felt, let's bet” (Vysotsky). In felts (material) - in a felt hat.
Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. Transferring the meaning of one word to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship: singular - plural, part - whole. “We all look at the Napoleons” (Pushkin).
Irony- the use of a word or expression in an inverted sense, mocking. For example, an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable: “From where, smart, are you wandering, head?”
Hyperbola- a figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration. It can relate to size, value, strength, other qualities. Litota, on the contrary, is an exorbitant understatement. Hyperbole is often used by writers, journalists, and litotes are much less common. Examples. Hyperbole: “In a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned” (V.V. Mayakovsky). Litota: "a man with a fingernail."
Allegory- a specific image, scene, image, object that visually represents an abstract idea. The role of the allegory is to point to the subtext, to force you to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in fable.
Alogism- deliberate violation of logical connections for the purposes of irony. “That landowner was stupid, he read the Vesti newspaper and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes logically heterogeneous concepts in the enumeration.
Grotesque- a special technique, a combination of hyperbole and metaphor, a fantastic surrealistic description. An outstanding master of the Russian grotesque was N. Gogol. On the use of this technique, his story "The Nose" is built. The combination of the absurd with the ordinary makes a special impression when reading this work.
Figures of speech
Stylistic figures are also used in literature. Their main types are displayed in the table:
| Repeat | At the beginning, end, at the junction of sentences | This cry and strings These flocks, these birds |
| Antithesis | Contrasting. Antonyms are often used. | Long hair, short mind |
| gradation | Arrangement of synonyms in increasing or decreasing order | smolder, burn, blaze, explode |
| Oxymoron | Connecting contradictions | A living corpse, an honest thief. |
| Inversion | Word order changes | He came late (He came late). |
| Parallelism | Comparison in juxtaposition form | The wind stirred the dark branches. Fear stirred in him again. |
| Ellipsis | Omitting an implied word | By the hat and through the door (grabbed, went out). |
| Parceling | Dividing a single sentence into separate | And I think again. About you. |
| polyunion | Connection through repeated unions | And me, and you, and all of us together |
| Asyndeton | Exclusion of unions | You, me, he, she - together the whole country. |
| Rhetorical exclamation, question, appeal. | Used to enhance the senses | What a summer! Who if not us? Listen country! |
| Default | Interruption of speech based on a guess, to reproduce strong excitement | My poor brother...execution...Tomorrow at dawn! |
| Emotional-evaluative vocabulary | Words expressing attitude, as well as a direct assessment of the author | Henchman, dove, dunce, sycophant. |
Test "Means of artistic expression"
To test yourself on the assimilation of the material, take a short test.
Read the following passage:
“There, the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burnt iron and gunpowder, it gnashed its caterpillars, scribbled from machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose again under fire ...”
What means of artistic expression are used in an excerpt from the novel by K. Simonov?
Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.
Drum beat, clicks, rattle,
The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,
And death and hell on all sides.
A. Pushkin
The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.
Expressive language is, first of all, an internal image that arises when reading a book, listening to an oral presentation, presentation. Image management requires pictorial techniques. There are enough of them in the great and mighty Russian. Use them, and the listener or reader will find their image in your speech pattern.
Study expressive language, its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your performances, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.
Answer to the test
K. Simonov. The personification of war in a passage. Metonymy: howling soldiers, equipment, battlefield - the author ideologically combines them into a generalized image of war. The used methods of expressive language are polyunion, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic devices, when reading, a revived, rich image of the war is created.
A. Pushkin. There are no conjunctions in the first lines of the poem. In this way, the tension, the saturation of the battle is conveyed. In the phonetic pattern of the scene, the sound "p" in various combinations plays a special role. When reading, a roaring, growling background appears, ideologically conveying the noise of battle.
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The Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex. Last but not least, the presence of a large number of means of verbal expression makes it so.
In this article, we will analyze what a language tool is and what types it comes in. Consider examples of use from fiction and everyday speech.
Language means in Russian - what is it?
The description of the most ordinary object can be made beautiful and unusual by using language
Words and expressions that give expressiveness to the text are conditionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are also tropes) and stylistic figures.
To answer the question of what a language tool is, let's get to know them better.
Lexical means of expression
Tropes are linguistic means in the Russian language, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Widely used in works of art.
Paths serve to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help to create a certain atmosphere, to produce the desired effect on the reader.
Lexical means of expression are based on implicit or explicit comparison. It may be based on external resemblance, personal associations of the author, or the desire to describe the object in a certain way.
Basic language tools: trails
We are confronted with trails from the school bench. Let's take a look at the most common ones:
- The epithet is the most famous and common trope. Often found in poetry. An epithet is a colorful, expressive definition that is based on a hidden comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: "ruddy dawn", "light character", "golden hands", "silver voice".
- Comparison is a word or expression based on the comparison of one object with another. Most often it is drawn up in the form of a comparative turnover. You can find out by using the unions characteristic of this technique: as if, as if, as if, as, exactly, what. Consider examples: “transparent as dew”, “white as snow”, “straight as a reed”.
- Metaphor is a means of expression based on hidden comparison. But, unlike it, it is not formalized by unions. A metaphor is built relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: "onions of churches", "whisper of grass", "tears of heaven".
- Synonyms are words that are close in meaning but differ in spelling. In addition to classical synonyms, there are contextual ones. They take on a specific meaning within a particular text. Let's get acquainted with examples: "jump - jump", "look - see".
- Antonyms are words that have exactly the opposite meaning to each other. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: “white - black”, “shout - whisper”, “calm - excitement”.
- Personification is the transfer of signs, characteristics of an animate object to an inanimate object. For example: “the willow shook its branches”, “the sun smiled brightly”, “the rain pounded on the roofs”, “the radio chirped in the kitchen”.
Are there other paths?
There are a lot of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language. In addition to the group familiar to everyone, there are those that are unknown to many, but also widely used:
- Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another that has a similar or the same meaning. Let's get acquainted with examples: "hey, blue jacket (appeal to a person in a blue jacket)", "the whole class opposed (meaning all the students in the class)".
- Synecdoche is the transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “it was heard how the Frenchman rejoiced (the author speaks of the French army)”, “the insect flew in”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
- Allegory is an expressive comparison of ideas or concepts using an artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, the fox symbolizes cunning, the hare - cowardice, the wolf - anger.
- Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration. Serves to give the text more expressiveness. Emphasizes a certain quality of an object, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: "words destroy hope", "his deed is the highest evil", "he became more beautiful forty times."
- Litota is a special understatement of real facts. For example: “it was thinner than a reed”, “it was no higher than a thimble”.
- Paraphrase is the replacement of a word or expression with a synonymous combination. Used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or adjacent sentences. Example: "the fox is a cunning cheat", "the text is the brainchild of the author."
Stylistic figures
Stylistic figures are linguistic means in the Russian language that give speech a certain imagery and expressiveness. Change the emotional coloring of its meanings.
Widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, modern and obsolete interpretations of the term differ.
In ancient Greece, it was believed that stylistic figures are linguistic means of language, which in their form differ significantly from everyday speech. Now it is believed that figures of speech are an integral part of the spoken language.
What are stylistic figures?
Stylistics offers a lot of its own means:
- Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, compositional junction) are expressive language means that include the repetition of any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the next. For example: “That was a great sound. It was the best voice I've heard in years."
- Antithesis - one or more sentences built on the basis of opposition. For example, consider the phrase: "I drag myself in the dust - and soar in the sky."
- Gradation is the use of synonyms in a sentence, arranged according to the degree of increase or decrease of a feature. Example: "The sparkles on the Christmas tree shone, burned, shone."
- Oxymoron - the inclusion in the phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning, cannot be used in one composition. The most striking and famous example of this stylistic figure is Dead Souls.
- Inversion is a change in the classical order of words in a sentence. For example, not "he ran", but "he ran".
- Parceling is the division of a single sentence into several parts. For example: “Nicholas is opposite. Looks without blinking.
- Polyunion - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of the proposal. It is used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and wonderful and beautiful and mysterious day."
- Unionlessness - the connection of homogeneous members in the proposal is carried out without unions. For example: "He rushed about, shouted, cried, moaned."
Phonetic means of expression
Phonetic expressive means are the smallest group. They include the repetition of certain sounds in order to create picturesque artistic images.
Most often this technique is used in poetry. The authors use the repetition of sounds when they want to convey the sound of thunder, the rustle of leaves or other natural phenomena.
Also, phonetic means help to give poetry a certain character. By using some combinations of sounds, the text can be made more rigid, or vice versa - softer.
What are the phonetic means?
- Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonants in the text, creating the image necessary for the author. For example: "I dreamed of catching the departing shadows, the departing shadows of the fading day."
- Assonance is the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a vivid artistic image. For example: "Do I wander along the noisy streets, do I enter a crowded temple."
- Onomatopoeia is the use of phonetic combinations that convey a certain clatter of hooves, the sound of waves, the rustle of leaves.
The use of speech means of expression
Linguistic means in the Russian language were widely used and continue to be used in literary works, whether it be prose or poetry.
Excellent mastery of stylistic figures is demonstrated by the writers of the golden age. Due to the masterful use of expressive means, their works are colorful, figurative, and pleasing to the ear. No wonder they are considered a national treasure of Russia.
We encounter linguistic means not only in fiction, but also in everyday life. Almost every person uses comparisons, metaphors, epithets in his speech. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.
In our speech, and especially in fiction, means of speech expressiveness are widely used to more accurately convey the thoughts and feelings of the author. They can be divided into phonetic, syntactic and lexical. Our article is devoted to the latter.
Lexical means of expressive speech
As the name suggests, we are talking about those means of expression that are associated with the lexical meaning of words. These are, for example, tropes - words used in a figurative sense. Lexical also includes lexical repetition, oxymoron, paraphrase, and others associated not only with the word itself, but also with its environment. In the proposed table, lexical means of expression in Russian, phonetic and syntactic are given in a list.
means of expression
Let us consider some of these means of expressiveness in more detail on linguistic and literary material.
Tropes in Russian
Metaphor
Metaphor is the use of a word in a figurative sense according to the principle of similarity; sometimes it is called implicit comparison. For example, in a poem by Marina Tsvetaeva we read "And the greenness of my eyes, and the tender voice, and the gold of my hair". Here the word "gold" is used in a figurative sense according to the principle of similarity with color.
In literature, one can find detailed metaphors, when the same image is revealed over several phrases or even a whole work; an example is S. Yesenin's poem "The golden grove dissuaded ...", built on several detailed metaphors.
Metonymy
Value transfer according to the adjacency principle. For example, in the ordinary expression "the kettle boiled" metonymy is used: the kettle does not boil, the water in the kettle boils.
Synecdoche
Close to the previous means, sometimes it is even considered a special case of metonymy. This is used in the sense of a part instead of the whole, or vice versa. We find an example of the use of synecdoche in A. S. Pushkin in the poem "The Bronze Horseman": "All flags will visit us". The poet used the word "flags" instead of "country".
Epithet
This is a bright, colorful definition that characterizes a concept or phenomenon. Epithets are very common in poetic speech. For example, in S. Yesenin we read: “I would like to get lost in the greenery of your bells” (the epithet is the word “bells”).
Oral folk art is characterized by the so-called "permanent" epithets: “good fellow”, “red maiden”, “clear month”, etc.
Comparison
A visual means based on the comparison of one object or phenomenon with another.
Comparison can be carried out with the help of a comparative turnover or a comparative subordinate clause.
Comparison can also be made using the instrumental case. For example, “he fell like a stone to the ground” = like a stone.
In A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem" we read: “They took you away at dawn, they followed you, as if on a takeaway…” Here the comparison is framed by comparative turnover.
Occasionalisms
Some words invented by writers have now entered our language and have become common, for example, the word "pilot", created by V. Khlebnikov.
paraphrase
This is a descriptive statement used instead of a direct naming of an object or phenomenon. For example, A. S. Pushkin: "I love you, Peter's creation!" The paraphrase "Peter's creation" means St. Petersburg.
The real genius of paraphrase was M. A. Bulgakov. For example, in the novel The Master and Margarita we read: “... the one whom, quite recently, poor Ivan at the Patriarchs convinced that the devil does not exist. This non-existent and sat on the bed. All this means Woland.
The purposes of using paraphrase are different:
- etiquette(instead of swear words or words that for some reason are considered indecent, for example, concerning physiological functions);
- religious or superstitious(“evil” instead of “demon”, “deceased” instead of “dead”; this also includes the names of animals associated with ancient beliefs: bear, etc.);
- proper literary: for beauty or to avoid unjustified tautology.