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"History and goals of the UN"

• Historical summary
• summary
• UN goals
• Human rights
• Economic Development and Humanitarian Aid
• A few more words about the UN

The United Nations (UN) is represented as an intergovernmental system of association, in order to create comfortable international communication. Became a replacement for the ineffective League of Nations. This formation began to exist October 24, 1945, in order to prevent the repetition of such an incident as a world-wide war. Its composition is slightly less than 200 states.

The location of the headquarters of the interethnic association settled in Manhattan. Other important consulates are located in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The budget is financed from the resources of the participating states. Contributions are both mandatory and voluntary. The objectives of this association are to promote world harmony and security, respect for human rights, help social and economic development, nature conservation, as well as provide humanitarian support in the event of famine, natural disasters and armed conflicts.

During World War II, Roosevelt initiated negotiations for a successor to the League of Nations. The charter of the new body was developed at a meeting in April-June 1945. This charter came into force on October 24, 1945, and the UN came into existence. United Nations Mission for World Peace was a difficult task in the first decades. A cold war broke out in the world between the USSR and the USA and their allies, respectively.
The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officials and institutions have also been awarded the prize. Other assessments of the UN's performance have been mixed. Some commentators believe that the organization is an important factor in peace and human development, while others call the organization inefficient, corrupt.

Historical summary
Before the creation of the UN, a number of international institutions and conferences were formed to resolve conflicts between countries: the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Convention of 1899 and 1907, respectively. After the catastrophic loss of life in World War I, the Paris Peace Conference created the League of Nations to maintain harmony between nations. However, the League lacked representation for the colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, USSR, Germany, and Japan. The body could not produce restrictions for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Japanese invasion of China, to stop the German plans of Adolf Hitler, which ended in World War II.

United Nations Declaration
The initial organizational plan for the newly minted international association began under the auspices of the US State Department in 1939. Roosevelt became the author of the "Declaration of the United Nations", together with Churchill and Hopkins. During a meeting at the White House on December 29, 1941, the Soviet proposals were included, but there was no role left for France. Roosevelt became the founder of the term United Nations.

UN goals
Operations to maintain peace and security.
The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflicts have recently ceased or have paused. This was done in order to ensure compliance with the terms of the peace agreements and prevent the resumption of hostilities. The world association does not have a personal army at its disposal. Peacekeeping operations are carried out by borrowing from states within the represented community.

Human rights.
The UN is considered the main community that sets as its goals the promotion and development of respect for human rights, excluding various kinds of discrimination. Member States are required to take decisions, both general and individual, in order to protect their people's rights.
In 1948, the General Assembly established the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, prepared by a committee headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt's widow-Eleanor and the French jurist Cassin. The document proclaims basic civil, political and economic rights common to all people, although its effectiveness in achieving these goals has been debated since its inception. The Declaration serves as a common standard for all peoples and all countries.

In 1979, the General Assembly established the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against the Weaker Sex, followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.
With the end of the Cold War, the impetus for human rights action received a new impetus. Human Law was established in 1993 to oversee human rights issues.

Economic development and humanitarian aid.
Another main goal of the UN is to control and organize cooperation between states and solve their problems among themselves. Numerous bodies have been set up to work towards this goal. In 2000, 192 Member States of the United Nations agreed to achieve the eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP), a grant-based technical assistance organization founded in 1945, is one of the leading bodies in the field of interethnic formation. The organization also monitors the Human Opportunity Index, a comparative measure of how countries rank on poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), also founded in 1945, promotes agriculture and food security. UNICEF is founded in 1946 to help European children after the end of hostilities. The Foundation has increased its mission to help worldwide and support the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Assistance between the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, is an independent, specialized agency and plays the role of an observer, according to the text of the 1947 agreement. They were originally formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944. The World Bank provides loans for world development, and in parallel, the IMF helps to strengthen interethnic cooperation in the economy and gives emergency loans to debtor countries.
Within the framework of interethnic cooperation, there is an association related to the health of the population. In which key importance is given to international health problems and the elimination of diseases. It is one of the largest UN agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that smallpox eradication was complete. In the following decades, the WHO largely eradicated polio and leprosy. The Unified Interethnic Community Project on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), launched in 1996, coordinates the issue of the AIDS epidemic.

Along with the international association - the Red Cross, the UN often represents the main significance in the implementation of emergency assistance, in extreme situations. The World Food Program (WFP), established in the early 1960s, provides food support, as a result of "hungry" times, natural disasters and military conflicts. The association reports that it feeds an average of 90 million inhabitants in 80 states during each year. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established in 1950, works to protect those in need within the authority of the Office. UNHCR and WFP's activities are funded through voluntary donations from governments, corporations and individuals, although UNHCR's administrative costs are covered by the UN's core budget.

A few more words about the UN
Since the creation of the UN, more than 80 colonies have gained independence. The UN is working towards decolonization.

Since its inception, the UN programs have been directed towards the protection and improvement of the environment. The UN is looking after environmental issues. Initially, this program was not very successful. In the late 1980s, UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) became another part of the UN. The WOM evaluates research reports related to global warming.
The General Assembly fixes the amount of the regular contribution. This amount is based on each country's capacity (GNI), adjusted for external debt and low per capita income. That is, for each individual state, the amount of contributions varies. The biennial budget for 2012-13 was $5.512 billion in total.

The Assembly established the principle that the UN should not be overly dependent on any one member to fund its activities. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rule, the maximum amount that any member can allocate to the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of this revision, the budget ceiling was lowered from 25% to 22%. For Least Developed Countries (LDCs), a maximum rate of 0.01% applies.

A significant part of the UN's spending is on its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is estimated separately from the main one. Maintaining a peaceful existence cost $ 827 billion in 2015-16 financial years.

April 25 marks the 65th anniversary of the day when delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, the delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on 25 June.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, and development of cooperation between countries.

The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.

The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington, Dumbarton Oaks. At two series of meetings, held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the USSR and China agreed on the goals, structure and functions of the world organization.

On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the USA, Great Britain and the USSR Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin declared their determination to establish "a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security."

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference to Establish an International Organization to draft the UN Charter.

Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the world's population gathered in San Francisco. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, the staff of delegations and the secretariat of the Conference, the total number of persons who took part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco Conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all probability the largest of any international meeting that has ever taken place.

On the agenda of the Conference were proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to work out a Charter acceptable to all states.

The charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st Founding State.

The UN officially exists since October 24, 1945. - By this date, the Charter has been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatories. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The preamble to the Charter refers to the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war".

The objectives of the UN, enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

Members of the UN have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: the sovereign equality of states; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation in international relations of the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

192 states of the world are members of the UN.

Principal organs of the UN:
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) - the main deliberative body, consists of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates permanently. Under the Charter, the Security Council is given primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. If all means of peaceful resolution of the conflict are used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to the areas of conflicts to maintain peace in order to reduce tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.

Over the entire existence of the UN, the UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., to make recommendations on any of them to the GA.
- The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body, formed in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and gives advisory opinions on legal issues.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the activities of the organization. The secretariat is headed by the chief administrative officer of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).

The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN through ECOSOC, international agreements. Most members of the UN are members of the specialized agencies of the UN.

The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The official languages ​​of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

The UN is a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2001, the Prize "For Contribution to a Better World and Strengthening World Peace" was awarded jointly to the organization and its General Secretary, Kofi Annan. In 1988, the UN Peacekeeping Forces received the Nobel Peace Prize.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 and headquartered in New York. The UN was created by the victorious Allied Powers after the end of World War II. Its tasks are defined by the UN Charter: “To maintain international peace and security and for this purpose to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace ... To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples ... to ensure cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and to promote in every possible way the development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.”

There is no reason to argue that the fall of the Berlin Wall changed the fundamental values ​​of the UN mandate, but this historical milestone transformed - both at the international and national levels - models of social organization and social structures, bringing them into line with the dynamics of the international situation. As a result, the contradictions that the UN had previously encountered (between the principle of sovereignty and the right of peoples to self-determination, between human rights and democracy) have aggravated. The statement that the main goals of the UN are peace, progress and democracy implies the interdependence of these values, from which the following conclusion follows: peace is a prerequisite, and democracy is the most important condition for sustainable development. Half a century after the creation of the UN and the collapse of the bipolar world, globalization is becoming an actual reality, which requires a fundamental revision of the concept of statehood, since sovereignty is now inseparable from global cooperation. Indeed, over the past decade, during the collapse of multi-ethnic states, inter-ethnic conflicts have repeatedly erupted. Preventing them has become a much more difficult task, as they increasingly occur within states, rather than between them. It is becoming increasingly difficult for the UN to maintain a proper balance between respect for the sovereignty of states and the right to intervene in their affairs, whether it concerns civil wars or tribal clashes. At the same time, in the process of strengthening global interdependence, the trend towards democratization and respect for human rights is increasing, as global liberalism makes transparent the inequality of the market potential of partner nations. That is why state sovereignty, as the fundamental concept of the ideology of government, is increasingly correlated with the concept of legality.

Origins, purposes, membership and languages

The international organizations that were created during the 19th century mainly dealt with individual tasks, such as, in particular, the establishment of a postal service, a health care system, and means of communication. The real roots of the United Nations are found in the 19th century. in such a diplomatic formation as the "Concert of Europe" - the first attempt to unite states with the aim of achieving political goals primarily by diplomatic rather than military means. The Concert of Europe made a significant contribution to the formation of the concept of international law, including the rules of warfare, international arbitration and the question of disarmament. But it was only after the First World War that a multi-purpose organization with a clear focus on ensuring peace, security and international cooperation was created - the League of Nations.

Despite these lofty ideals, the League of Nations, like the interstate unions that preceded it, was the product of European political thought and was primarily oriented toward Europe (and the West in general). It reflected the perspective of the development of the colonial powers and their allies, largely leaving in the background the interests of the vast lands and impoverished populations of the countries of Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, most of which were still under colonial oppression.

Ultimately, the League of Nations was unable to prevent the outbreak of World War II and formally ceased to exist in 1946 (see also LEAGUE OF NATIONS). During the war years, the major Allied Powers—the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and China—took steps towards the creation of a new international organization based on the platform of their opposition to the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan. Adopted on June 12, 1941, at the height of the war, the Inter-Allied Declaration called for post-war international cooperation. The Atlantic Charter, signed on August 14, 1941, by US President F. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill, was the first sign of the intentions of Great Britain and the United States to create a new international organization immediately after the restoration of peace. The term "united nations" first appeared on January 1, 1942 in the Declaration of the United Nations, signed by 26 representatives of states in Washington, DC. The Moscow and Teheran Conferences in October and December 1943 laid the foundation for this new organization, and the Dumbarton Oaks Villa Conference in Washington (August 21-October 7, 1944) was the first meeting specifically organized to discuss its structure. In Dumbarton Oaks, Proposals were prepared for the creation of a General International Organization, which were approved by the USA, China, Great Britain and the USSR. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Big Five powers - the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union and China - worked out a formula for resolving disputes.

The UN was formally established at the Conference on International Organization held April 25-June 26, 1945 in San Francisco. On June 26, representatives of 50 countries unanimously adopted the Charter of the United Nations. The charter entered into force on October 24, after the majority of representatives of the signatory countries confirmed their authority to ratify this document; since then, this date has been celebrated annually as United Nations Day. Poland, not represented at the Conference, later signed the Charter and became the 51st member of the original UN.

The creation of the UN, like many other diplomatic undertakings, was a reflection of intersecting and sometimes polar interests. The major powers, in creating the new organization, hoped that they would be able to maintain after the Second World War the global power that they had established, relying on their military might, as victors. However, the Cold War, which began soon after, began to put limits on the powers of the new organization.

The UN Charter intended to turn the Organization into a "center for coordinating the actions of nations" on the path to achieving international peace. Its members pledged to support the UN in any action it undertakes and to refrain from the use of force against other nations except in self-defence.

New members are admitted to the UN on the recommendation of the Security Council, and at least two-thirds of the participants in the General Assembly must vote for their entry into the ranks of the Organization. Most of the 51 states that originally signed the Charter were Western nations. In 1955, 16 new members were admitted to the UN, including several non-Western states, and in 1960, another 17 African countries. As a result of the processes of gradual decolonization, the representation of the United Nations has become increasingly broad and diverse. By 1993, about two dozen new states had entered the UN, which had emerged as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and some countries of Eastern Europe, and the number of member states had reached 182. Membership in the UN had become almost universal. And only a very small number of countries (Switzerland among them) are not members of the UN.

In the 1970s and 1980s, US officials, including President Ronald Reagan, began to show contempt for the UN. US membership dues were delayed, and the country's position, especially given the growth in the number of non-Western states, was characterized by growing isolation. The United States withdrew from UNESCO, expressing dissatisfaction with the "politicization" of this UN educational organization. However, in 1988, the former US representative to the UN, George W. Bush, was elected American president, who eventually restored the country's status as the main member of the Organization and repaid part of the debts on contributions.

New involvement in UN affairs allowed the United States in 1990 to reach a consensus among the great powers on a Security Council resolution authorizing military action to restore the statehood of Kuwait, occupied by Iraq. On January 16, 1991, a coalition led by the United States took military action against Iraq under the auspices of the UN.

Although business is conducted in six different languages ​​(English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French), only English and French are official languages ​​of the UN.

Structure of the United Nations

In accordance with the UN Charter, six main bodies of the new world organization were established: the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice. In addition, the Charter allowed that, with the consent of the General Assembly, other self-governing organizations acting as specialized agencies of the UN could be established; it was this point that made it possible for the Security Council to create a peacekeeping force.

United Nations- is the largest - universal in terms of the problems considered and worldwide in terms of territorial coverage.

The name was proposed during World War II by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Created by 50 countries on October 24, 1945, By 2005, the UN united 191 countries.

In accordance with the UN Charter, its main objectives are:

• maintaining international peace and security;
• development of friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
• implementation of cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and observance of human rights;
• coordination of actions of nations in achieving common goals.

The main principles of the UN activities are: sovereign equality of all members, conscientious fulfillment of the obligations assumed, peaceful settlement of international disputes, refraining from the threat of force. The UN Charter does not give the right to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of an individual state.

The UN system has a complex organizational structure:

1. The main organs of the UN (the UN itself).
2. UN programs and bodies.
3. Specialized agencies and other independent organizations within the UN system.
4. Other organizations, committees and related bodies.
5. Organizations outside the UN system, but associated with it by cooperation agreements.

UNPO bodies

Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat.

General Assembly(GA) is the main deliberative body of the UN. She consists of representatives of all member countries having one vote. Decisions on issues of peace and security, the admission of new members, and budget issues are taken by a two-thirds majority. For other matters, a simple majority vote is sufficient. The sessions of the General Assembly are held annually, usually in September. Each time a new chairman, 21 vice-chairmen, chairmen of the six main committees of the Assembly are elected. The first committee deals with disarmament and international security issues, the second with economics and finance, the third with social and humanitarian issues, the fourth with special political issues and decolonization, the fifth with administrative and budgetary issues, and the sixth with legal issues. The post of chairman of the Assembly is occupied in turn by representatives of African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American (including the Caribbean), Western European states. Decisions of the GA are not legally binding. They express world public opinion on a particular issue.

Security Council(SC) is responsible for maintenance of international peace. It investigates and recommends methods for settling disputes, including calling on UN members to apply economic sanctions to prevent aggression; takes military action against the aggressor; plans arms regulation; recommends the admission of new members; provides guardianship in strategic areas. The Council consists of five permanent members - China, France, the Russian Federation (successor to the USSR), Great Britain and the United States of America - and ten members elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. A decision on procedural issues is considered adopted if at least 9 out of 15 votes (two thirds) voted for it. When voting on substantive issues, it is necessary that out of 9 votes "for" all five permanent members of the Security Council vote - the rule of "unanimity of the great powers."

If a permanent member does not agree with the decision, then it can impose a veto (prohibition). If a permanent member does not want to block the decision, then it may abstain from voting.

Economic and Social Council coordinates Relevant issues and specialized agencies and institutions, known as the "family" of UN agencies. These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly.

The subsidiary mechanism of ECOSOC includes:

• nine functional commissions (Commission for Social Development, etc.);
• five regional commissions (Economic Commission for Africa, etc.);
• four standing committees: Committee for Program and Coordination, Commission on Human Settlements, Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee for Negotiations with Intergovernmental Organizations;
• a number of expert bodies;
• executive committees and councils of various UN bodies: the UN Development Program, the World Food Program, etc.

Guardian Council supervises the trust territories and promotes the development of their self-government. The Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. In 1994, the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement, since all 11 of the original trust territories gained political independence or joined neighboring states.

international Court, located in The Hague (Netherlands), resolves legal disputes between states that are parties to its Statute, which automatically includes all members of the UN. Individuals cannot apply to the International Court of Justice. According to the Statute (the provision on rights and obligations), the Court uses international conventions; international custom as evidence of universal practice; general principles of law recognized by nations; court decisions of the most qualified specialists from different countries. The Court consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently. They are elected on the basis of qualifications, not citizenship. No two nationals from the same country may serve on the Court.

UN Secretariat has the most diverse functions. This is a permanent body that handles the entire document flow, including translations from one language to another, organization of international conferences, communication with the press, etc. The Secretariat staff consists of about 9,000 people from around the world. The UN Secretary General, the chief administrative officer, is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of five years and may be re-elected for a new term. Kofi Annan (Ghana) took office on January 1, 1997. On January 1, 2007, a new Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon (former Foreign Minister of South Korea), took office. He spoke in favor of reforming the UN for the sake of the future of this organization. The authority of the Secretary-General is essential for the implementation of preventive diplomacy in order to prevent the outbreak of international conflicts. All staff of the Secretariat have the status of international civil servants and take an oath, pledging not to follow instructions from any states or organizations other than the United Nations.

UN budget

The regular budget of the UN, excluding the specialized agencies and programs of the UN, is approved by the GA for a period of two years. The main source of funds are Member State contributions, which are calculated based on the solvency of the country, in particular according to criteria such as share in and per country. The assessment scale of contributions established by the Assembly is subject to change from 25% of the budget to 0.001%. Shared budget contributions are: USA - 25%, Japan - 18%, Germany - 9.6%, France - 6.5%, Italy - 5.4%, UK - 5.1%, RF - 2.9% , Spain - 2.6%, Ukraine - 1.7%, China - 0.9%. States that are not members of the UN, but participating in a number of its activities, can participate in the costs of the UN in the following ratio: Switzerland - 1.2%, Vatican - 0.001%. The revenue part of the budget fluctuates on average around 2.5 billion US dollars. Of the 13 expenditure items, more than 50% of the expenditure is for General policy implementation, leadership and coordination; general support and provision service; regional cooperation for development .

UN programs

However, the UN "family" or the UN system of agencies is wider. She covers 15 institutions and several programs and bodies. These are the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), as well as such a specialized organization as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly. They have their own budgets and governing bodies.

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as the main body of the GA on these issues, primarily to accelerate the commercial and economic development, which, having gained political independence, have significant problems in self-affirmation in world markets. UNCTAD has 188 member states. The Russian Federation and other countries are members of this organization. The annual operating budget, financed from the UN regular budget, is about $50 million. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

Organizational structure of UNCTAD

UNCTAD conference- the highest governing body. Conference sessions are held every four years at ministerial level to determine the main directions of work.

Trade and Development Board— an executive body that ensures the continuity of work between sessions. Working groups on medium-term planning and program financing. Joint Advisory Group on the activities of the International Trade Center UNCTAD - WTO.

Standing Committees and Temporary Working Groups. Four standing committees have been established: on commodities; to reduce poverty; on economic cooperation between developed countries; on Development, as well as the Special Committee on Preferences and the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Restrictive Business Practices.

Secretariat is part of the UN Secretariat. It consists of policy coordination and external relations services, nine departments(commodities, service development and trade efficiency, economic cooperation among developing countries and special programs, global interdependence, and science and technology, least developed countries, program management and operations services) and integrated units working with regional commissions. Secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC— The Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.

Under the auspices of UNCTAD, a number of international commodity agreements have been concluded, research groups on commodities have been established with the participation of producing and consuming countries, the Common Fund for Commodities has been established, and dozens of conventions and agreements have been signed.

From July 14 to July 18, 2004 in Sao Paulo (Brazil) was held the XI session of the UNCTAD Conference - "Increasing the coherence between national strategies and global economic processes for, in particular, developing countries." showed their desire for full participation in international trade, self-reliance, including through the expansion of trade along the South-South line. Consolidation on the issue of agricultural subsidies used by developed countries allowed the "Group of 77" to express their joint position at the 6th WTO Conference. UNCTAD uses a group principle of work: member states are divided into groups according to socio-economic and geographical principles. Developing countries are united in the "Group of 77". As a result of the 11th session, a document was adopted - the Sao Paulo Consensus, aimed at facilitating the adaptation of national development strategies to the conditions of globalization and strengthening the potential of developing countries. The start of the 3rd round of trade negotiations under the auspices of UNCTAD under the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), which has been operating since 1971, has been announced. This system provides for the reduction or elimination of customs duties by all industrialized countries (IDCs) in trade with developing countries on on a non-reciprocal basis, i.e., without requiring counter trade and political concessions. In practice, many industrialized countries have achieved various exceptions (exceptions) from their preferential schemes. Nevertheless, the Global System of Trade Preferences promotes the expansion of exports of processed products from economically weak states.

Standalone UN agencies

Independent specialized agencies operating within the UN system include International Labor Organization(ILO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (IMF), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), etc.

Widening gap between poor and rich countries, the increased danger of global conflicts (the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States) stimulate the search for solutions to the problems of regulation and financing of development throughout the world. In this context in 2002, two forums were held under the auspices of the UN: World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (South Africa) - from August 26 to September 4 and the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey (Mexico) - from March 18 to 22. As a result of the meetings, the Johannesburg Declaration and the Monterrey Consensus were adopted respectively. Meeting in South Africa special emphasis was placed on the collective responsibility for socio-economic development, ecology at all levels from local to global. The need for cooperation in areas such as water supply and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity was noted. In Mexico, the problem of sustainable development of the world was considered from the point of view of its financing. It is recognized that there is a severe lack of resources needed to achieve the goals of overcoming poverty and inequality, as set out in the UN Millennium Declaration. Proposed corresponding to the liberal idea of ​​development, ways to solve the problem:

Mobilize the national financial resources of developing countries through increased efficiency and consistency and the fight against corruption at all levels.

Mobilization of international resources, including (FDI) and other private resources.

is the most important and often the only external source of development finance. The presence of serious trade imbalances caused by export subsidies from industrialized countries, the abuse of anti-dumping, technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures is recognized. Developing countries (DCs) and countries with economies in transition (CITs) are concerned about tariff peaks and tariff escalation from industrialized countries (IDCs). It has been recognized as necessary to include in trade agreements effective and functional provisions for special and differential treatment for developing countries.

Increasing international financial and technical cooperation for development means increasing official development assistance (ODA). The Conference urged the CPs to make concrete efforts to reach the target of ODA allocation to developing countries of 0.7% of and 0.15-0.2% of their GNP of developed countries for the needs of the least developed countries.

It is an element of resource mobilization for public and private investment. It is recognized that debtors and creditors should be jointly responsible for preventing and managing unsustainable debt situations.

Perfection global economic governance systems involves expanding the circle of participants in the decision-making process on development issues and eliminating organizational gaps. It is necessary to strengthen the involvement of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the decision-making process in and , in the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee and the Financial Stability Forum

Critics of the Monterrey Consensus point out that, as in the case of the Washington Consensus, developed countries proceed from a liberal development model, emphasizing the need to find resources for development within developing countries and with the help of the private sector. The developed countries themselves do not make any clear commitments regarding the redistribution of resources. Accordingly, it is almost impossible to bridge the gap between poverty and wealth.

The issue of equitable representation in the Security Council and expansion of its composition, submitted for discussion by the UN General Assembly, was not resolved.

The Russian position is to support any expansion option, provided that a broad agreement is reached between all interested countries.

Thus, there are several mutually exclusive approaches to reforming the UN Security Council, which implies an indefinite duration of the reform process.