What are the means of thin expressiveness. Figurative and expressive means of artistic speech. Figurative means of phonetics

Full, juicy, precise, vivid speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because a well-formed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. It briefly outlines what means of artistic expression a person needs in order to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of language

A verbal form that can attract the attention of a listener or reader, make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.

Any means of artistic expression works well here, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features play a huge role. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound recording, a special one based on the creation of sound images by means of sound repetitions. You can even imitate the sounds of the real world - chirping, whistling, rain, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression must achieve. Most of the literary lyrics contain examples of onomatopoeia: Balmont's "Sometimes at Midnight ..." is especially good here.

Almost all poets of the Silver Age used sound writing. Fine lines were left by Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations in order to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-writing means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrei Bely have examples, they extremely often used assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and phraseology

The main expressiveness in literature is tropes that expressively depict a situation or an object, using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, paraphrase, litote and hyperbole, irony.

In addition to tropes, there are simple and effective means of artistic expression. Examples:

• antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
• phraseological units;
• stylistically colored vocabulary and limited use vocabulary.

The last point includes both slang and professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithets: How clean you are! - baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the brilliance and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms please with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and quickly makes contact. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but can significantly add brightness to the image and to the impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depends on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

Epithet - application or addition in translation from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet of a noun, adverb, gerund, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk poetic and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. It can be divided differently - into pictorial and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison - one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where the names are interchangeable; in comparison, both objects, signs, actions, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor. You can compare in various ways.

• instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
• comparative degree of an adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
• unions as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
• words similar to, like etc. (your eyes look like two fogs);
• comparative clauses (golden foliage swirled in a pond, like a flock of butterflies flies to a star).

In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: That is not a horse top ..., poets, on the other hand, often build works that are quite large in volume, using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many have used it. This is probably the most sought-after means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in the literature. In addition, he serves scientific, journalistic, and colloquial texts with the same diligence and success.

Metaphor and personification

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means transfer in Greek. The word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, metaphor is more compact. It cites only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, and so on. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of ​​letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers And stars diamond thrill). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.

A kind of trope, similar to a metaphor, is personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: lay down sleepy fog, autumn day faded and faded the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, less often the objective world is personified - see Annensky's "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky's "Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy physiognomy of the house"and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says, the air heals, the economy stirred etc. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, the painting of speech is more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, decorates the narrator very much. Adjacency relationships can be as follows:

• content and content: eat three bowls;
• author and work: scolded Homer;
• action and its tool: doomed to swords and fires;
• object and material of the object: ate on gold;
• place and characters: the city was noisy.

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not in vain that both writers and publicists use it; it is filled with all strata of society.

In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it like this:

• less to more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink glass);
• part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).

Paraphrase, or paraphrase

Description, or descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a turnover used instead of a word or combination of words, is paraphrase. For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's Creation", and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. Paraphrase allows us the following:

• identify the main features of the subject that we depict;
• avoid repetitions (tautologies);
• vividly evaluate the depicted;
• give the text a sublime pathos, pathos.

Paraphrases are not allowed only in a business and official style, in the rest there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the confluence of different tropes.

Hyperbole and litote

With exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is hyperbole (translated from Greek as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, an understatement.

Thoughts are given an unusual form, bright emotional coloring, credible assessment. They are especially good at creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature, these tropes are also indispensable: rare bird at Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny cows Krylov and the like have a lot in almost every work of any author.

irony and sarcasm

Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for mockery? The statement should be the opposite of its direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment hides mockery: smart person- an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov's fable is an example of this. " Unsinkable Hero"- irony used within the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often placed. The means of creating artistic expressiveness are not exhausted by it. unmerciful, sharp exposure - his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who have eaten them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and indignation, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves. However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love out of it. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "rush" instead of "run" for greater expressive power. And not only for her:

• clarification of the thought itself and the transfer of the smallest semantic shades;
• assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
• intense enhancement of expression;
• deep disclosure.

Antonyms are also a good means of expression. They clarify the thought, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper in a flood, and genuine fiction - in a stream. From antonyms there is also a reception widely demanded by writers - antithesis.

Many writers, and even just noteworthy wits, willingly play with words that coincide in sound and even spelling, but have different meanings: cool guy And boiling water, as well as steep coast; flour And flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And an anecdote: Listen to the authorities? Well, thank you... And they fired me. homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but with completely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used skillfully. History is hysteria; meter - millimeter etc.

It should be noted that such non-primary means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms are not used in official and business styles.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready-made expressions, also add eloquence to the speaker or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry And apple of the eye, lather the neck And sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and decorates the visual imagery of the text. The salt of phraseological units is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, proverbs and sayings can also be included here.

Means of expressiveness of speech

Anaphora

synth.

The same beginning of several neighboring sentences

Take care of each other,
Kindness warm.
take care each other,
Let's not offend. (O.Vysotskaya)

synth.

Comparison of sharply contrasting or opposite concepts and images to enhance the impression

"Sleep and Death" by A.A. Fet, "Crime and Punishment" by F.M. Dostoevsky.

Assonance

sound.

One of the types of sound writing, the repetition of the same vowel sounds in the text

Me lo, me lo to sune the mle
Sune etce de ly.
Ste cha goree la on the tablee ,
Ste cha goree la ... (B. Pasternak)

lex.

Artistic exaggeration

bloomers as wide as the Black Sea (N. Gogol)

gradation

synth.

Arrangement of words, expressions in ascending (ascending) or decreasing (descending) significance

Howled, sang, took off stone under the sky
And the whole quarry was covered in smoke. (N. Zabolotsky)

Nominative themes

synth.

A special type of denominative sentences, names the topic of the statement, which is revealed in subsequent sentences

Bread!.. What could be more important than bread?!

Inversion

synth.

Violation of the direct word order

Drops the forest your crimson attire,
Srebrit frost withered field... (A. Pushkin)

Irony

lex.

Subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to direct

Count Khvostov,
Poet, beloved by heaven,
already sangimmortal in verse
The misfortune of the Nevsky banks ... (A. Pushkin)

Composite joint

synth.

Repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it

At dawn, the dawn sang. She sang and miraculously combined in her song all the rustles, rustles ... (N. Sladkov)

Lexical repetition

lex.

Repetition in the text of the same word, phrase

Around the city on the low hills spreadthe woods , mighty, untouched. INforests came across large meadows and deaf lakes with hugepines along the coast.Pines all the while making a low noise. (Yu.Kazakov)

Litotes

lex.

Artistic understatement

"Tom Thumb"

lex.

Figurative meaning of a word based on similarity

Sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok). Sugrobov white calves (B. Akhmadulina)

lex.

Replacing one word with another based on the adjacency of two concepts

Here on their new waves
All flags will visit us. (A.S. Pushkin)

polyunion

synth.

Intentional use of a repeated conjunction

There is also coal, and uranium, and rye, and grapes.
(V.Inber)

Occasionalisms

lex.

Some stunning absurdities began to take root in our midst, the fruits of the new Russianeducation . (G. Smirnov)

synth.

A combination of opposite words

Tourists in their hometown. (taffy)

lex.

Transferring human properties to inanimate objects

Silent sadness will be comforted,
And frisky joy will think ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Parceling

synth.

Intentional division of a sentence into semantic meaningful segments

He loved everything beautiful. And he understood this. A beautiful song, poems, beautiful people. And smart.

lex.

Replacing a word (phrase) with a descriptive phrase

"people in white coats" (doctors), "red cheat" (fox)

Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal

synth.

Expression of the statement in interrogative form;
to attract attention;
increased emotional impact

Oh Volga! My cradle!
Has anyone loved you like me? (N. Nekrasov)

Rows, paired connection of homogeneous members

synth.

Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text

Amazing combinationyou just Anddifficulties , transparency Anddepths in Pushkinpoetry Andprose . (S. Marshak)

Sarcasm

lex.

Caustic, caustic mockery, one of the methods of satire

The works of Swift, Voltaire, Saltykov-Shchedrin are saturated with sarcasm.

lex.

Replacing quantitative relations, using the singular instead of the plural

Swedish, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts... (A. Pushkin)

Syntax parallelism

synth.

Similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines

Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)

Comparison

lex.

Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature

Yes, there are words that burnlike a flame. (A. Tvardovsky)

Default

synth.

Interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect

This fable could be more explained - Yes, so as not to tease the geese ... (I.A. Krylov)

Ellipsis

synth.

Reduction, "omission" of words that are easily restored in meaning, which contributes to the dynamism and conciseness of speech.

We sat down - in ashes, cities - in dust,
In swords - sickles and plows. (V.A. Zhukovsky)

lex.

Figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon

But I love springgolden ,
Your solidwonderfully mixed noise...
(N. Nekrasov)

synth.

Same ending for multiple sentences

Conjure the springsee off the winter .
Early, earlysee off the winter.

TRACKS AND STYLISTIC FIGURES.

TRAILS(Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech) - words or turns of speech in a figurative, allegorical sense. Trails are an important element of artistic thinking. Types of tropes: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, etc.

STYLISTIC FIGURES- figures of speech used to enhance the expressiveness (expressiveness) of the statement: anaphora, epiphora, ellipse, antithesis, parallelism, gradation, inversion, etc.

HYPERBOLA (Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - a kind of trail based on exaggeration ("rivers of blood", "sea of ​​laughter"). By means of hyperbole, the author enhances the desired impression or emphasizes what he glorifies and what he ridicules. Hyperbole is already found in the ancient epic among different peoples, in particular in Russian epics.
In the Russian litera, N.V. Gogol, Saltykov-Shchedrin, and especially

V. Mayakovsky ("I", "Napoleon", "150,000,000"). In poetic speech, hyperbole is often intertwinedwith other artistic means (metaphors, personifications, comparisons, etc.). The opposite - litotes.

LITOTA (Greek litotes - simplicity) - a trope opposite to hyperbole; figurative expression, turnover, which contains an artistic understatement of the size, strength, significance of the depicted object or phenomenon. There is a litote in folk tales: "a boy with a finger", "a hut on chicken legs", "a peasant with a fingernail".
The second name for litotes is meiosis. The opposite of litote hyperbola.

N. Gogol often addressed the litote:
“Such a small mouth that it cannot miss more than two pieces” N. Gogol

METAPHOR(Greek metaphora - transfer) - trope, hidden figurative comparison, transferring the properties of one object or phenomenon to another based on common features (“work is in full swing”, “forest of hands”, “dark personality”, “stone heart” ...). In metaphor, unlike

comparisons, the words "as", "as if", "as if" are omitted, but implied.

Nineteenth century, iron,

Truly a cruel age!

You in the darkness of the night, starless

Careless abandoned man!

A. Blok

Metaphors are formed according to the principle of personification ("water runs"), reification ("nerves of steel"), distraction ("field of activity"), etc. Various parts of speech can act as a metaphor: verb, noun, adjective. Metaphor gives speech exceptional expressiveness:

In every carnation fragrant lilac,
Singing, a bee crawls in ...
You ascended under the blue vault
Above the wandering crowd of clouds...

A. Fet

The metaphor is an undivided comparison, in which, however, both members are easily seen:

With a sheaf of their oatmeal hair
You touched me forever...
The eyes of a dog rolled
Golden stars in the snow...

S. Yesenin

In addition to verbal metaphor, metaphorical images or extended metaphors are widely used in art:

Ah, my bush withered my head,
Sucked me song captivity
I am condemned to hard labor of feelings
Turn the millstones of poems.

S. Yesenin

Sometimes the entire work is a broad, detailed metaphorical image.

METONYMY(Greek metonymia - renaming) - tropes; replacing one word or expression with another based on the proximity of meanings; the use of expressions in a figurative sense ("foaming glass" - meaning wine in a glass; "forest noise" - trees are meant; etc.).

The theater is already full, the boxes are shining;

Parterre and chairs, everything is in full swing ...

A.S. Pushkin

In metonymy, a phenomenon or object is denoted with the help of other words and concepts. At the same time, signs or connections that bring these phenomena together remain; Thus, when V. Mayakovsky speaks of "a steel orator dozing in a holster," the reader easily guesses in this image the metonymic image of a revolver. This is the difference between metonymy and metaphor. The idea of ​​a concept in metonymy is given with the help of indirect signs or secondary meanings, but this is precisely what enhances the poetic expressiveness of speech:

You led swords to a plentiful feast;

Everything fell with a noise before you;
Europe perished; grave dream
Worn over her head...

A. Pushkin

When is the shore of hell
Forever will take me
When forever fall asleep
Feather, my consolation...

A. Pushkin

PERIPHRASE (Greek periphrasis - roundabout, allegory) - one of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its features, as a rule, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech. ("king of birds" instead of "eagle", "king of beasts" - instead of "lion")

PERSONALIZATION(prosopopoeia, personification) - a kind of metaphor; transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones (the soul sings, the river plays ...).

my bells,

Steppe flowers!

What are you looking at me

Dark blue?

And what are you talking about

On a happy May day,

Among the uncut grass

Shaking your head?

A.K. Tolstoy

SYNECDOCHE (Greek synekdoche - correlation)- one of the tropes, a type of metonymy, consisting in the transfer of meaning from one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Synecdoche is an expressive means of typification. The most common types of synecdoche are:
1) Part of the phenomenon is called in the sense of the whole:

And at the door
jackets,
overcoats,
sheepskin coats...

V. Mayakovsky

2) The whole in the meaning of the part - Vasily Terkin in a fist fight with a fascist says:

Oh, how are you! Fight with a helmet?
Well, isn't it a vile parod!

3) Singular in the meaning of general and even universal:

There a man groans from slavery and chains...

M. Lermontov

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn ...

A. Pushkin

4) Replacing a number with a set:

Millions of you. Us - darkness, and darkness, and darkness.

A. Blok

5) Replacing a generic concept with a specific one:

We beat a penny. Very good!

V. Mayakovsky

6) Replacing a specific concept with a generic one:

"Well, sit down, luminary!"

V. Mayakovsky

COMPARISON - a word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another. (“Strong as a lion”, “said how he cut off” ...). A storm covers the sky with mist,

Whirlwinds of snow twisting;

The way the beast she howls

He will cry like a child...

A.S. Pushkin

"Like a steppe scorched by fires, Grigory's life became black" (M. Sholokhov). The idea of ​​the blackness and gloom of the steppe evokes in the reader that dreary and painful feeling that corresponds to the state of Gregory. There is a transfer of one of the meanings of the concept - "scorched steppe" to another - the internal state of the character. Sometimes, in order to compare some phenomena or concepts, the artist resorts to detailed comparisons:

The view of the steppe is sad, where there are no obstacles,
Exciting only a silver feather grass,
Wandering flying aquilon
And before him freely drives the dust;
And where around, no matter how vigilantly you look,
Meets the gaze of two or three birches,
Which under the bluish haze
Blacken in the evening in the empty distance.
So life is boring when there is no struggle,
Penetrating into the past, distinguish
There are few things we can do in it, in the color of years
She will not cheer the soul.
I need to act, I do every day
I would like to make immortal like a shadow
Great hero, and understand
I can't what it means to rest.

M. Lermontov

Here, with the help of expanded S. Lermontov, he conveys a whole range of lyrical experiences and reflections.
Comparisons are usually connected by unions "as", "as if", "as if", "exactly", etc. Non-union comparisons are also possible:
"Do I have curls - combed linen" N. Nekrasov. Here the union is omitted. But sometimes it's not meant to be:
"Tomorrow is the execution, the usual feast for the people" A. Pushkin.
Some forms of comparison are built descriptively and therefore are not connected by conjunctions:

And she is
At the door or at the window
The early star is brighter,
Fresh morning roses.

A. Pushkin

She is sweet - I will say between us -
Storm of the court knights,
And you can with southern stars
Compare, especially in verse,
Her Circassian eyes.

A. Pushkin

A special type of comparison is the so-called negative:

The red sun does not shine in the sky,
Blue clouds do not admire them:
Then at the meal he sits in a golden crown
The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich is sitting.

M. Lermontov

In this parallel depiction of two phenomena, the form of negation is at the same time a way of comparing and a way of transferring meanings.
A special case is the forms of the instrumental case used in comparison:

It's time, beauty, wake up!
Open your closed eyes,
Towards North Aurora
Be the star of the north.

A. Pushkin

I do not soar - I sit like an eagle.

A. Pushkin

Often there are comparisons in the accusative case with the preposition "under":
"Sergey Platonovich ... sat with Atepin in the dining room, pasted over with expensive, oak-like wallpaper ..."

M. Sholokhov.

IMAGE -a generalized artistic reflection of reality, clothed in the form of a specific individual phenomenon. Poets think in images.

It is not the wind that rages over the forest,

Streams did not run from the mountains,

Frost - warlord patrol

Bypasses his possessions.

ON THE. Nekrasov

ALLEGORY(Greek allegoria - allegory) - a concrete image of an object or phenomenon of reality, replacing an abstract concept or thought. A green branch in the hands of a person has long been an allegorical image of the world, a hammer has been an allegory of labor, etc.
The origin of many allegorical images should be sought in the cultural traditions of tribes, peoples, nations: they are found on banners, coats of arms, emblems and acquire a stable character.
Many allegorical images date back to Greek and Roman mythology. So, the image of a woman blindfolded and with scales in her hands - the goddess Themis - is an allegory of justice, the image of a snake and a bowl is an allegory of medicine.
Allegory as a means of enhancing poetic expressiveness is widely used in fiction. It is based on the convergence of phenomena according to the correlation of their essential aspects, qualities or functions and belongs to the group of metaphorical tropes.

Unlike a metaphor, in an allegory, the figurative meaning is expressed by a phrase, a whole thought, or even a small work (fable, parable).

GROTESQUE (French grotesque - bizarre, comical) - an image of people and phenomena in a fantastic, ugly-comic form, based on sharp contrasts and exaggerations.

Enraged at the meeting, I burst into an avalanche,

Spouting wild curses dear.

And I see: half of the people are sitting.

O devilry! Where is the other half?

V. Mayakovsky

IRONY (Greek eironeia - pretense) - an expression of mockery or slyness through allegory. A word or statement acquires in the context of speech a meaning that is opposite to the literal meaning or denies it, calling it into question.

Servant of powerful masters,

With what noble courage

Thunder with speech you are free

All those who had their mouths shut.

F.I. Tyutchev

SARCASM (Greek sarkazo, lit. - tear meat) - contemptuous, caustic mockery; the highest degree of irony.

ASSONANCE (French assonance - consonance or respond) - repetition in a line, stanza or phrase of homogeneous vowel sounds.

Oh spring without end and without edge -

Endless and endless dream!

A. Blok

ALLITERATION (SOUND)(lat. ad - to, with and littera - letter) - the repetition of homogeneous consonants, giving the verse a special intonational expressiveness.

Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.

The majestic cry of the waves.

Storm is near. Beats on the shore

A black boat alien to charms ...

K. Balmont

ALLUSION (from Latin allusio - joke, hint) - a stylistic figure, a hint through a similar-sounding word or mention of a well-known real fact, historical event, literary work ("Gerostratus's glory").

ANAPHORA(Greek anaphora - pronouncement) - repetition of initial words, lines, stanzas or phrases.

You are poor

You are abundant

You are beaten

You are almighty

Mother Russia!…

ON THE. Nekrasov

ANTITHESIS (Greek antithesis - contradiction, opposition) - a pronounced opposition of concepts or phenomena.
You are rich, I am very poor;

You are a prose writer, I am a poet;

You are blush, like a poppy color,

I am like death, and thin and pale.

A.S. Pushkin

You are poor
You are abundant
You are powerful
You are powerless...

N. Nekrasov

So few roads traveled, so many mistakes made...

S. Yesenin.

Antithesis enhances the emotional coloring of speech and emphasizes the thought expressed with its help. Sometimes the whole work is built on the principle of antithesis

APOCOPE(Greek apokope - cutting off) - artificial shortening of a word without losing its meaning.

... Suddenly, out of the forest

The bear opened its mouth on them ...

A.N. Krylov

Lay, laugh, sing, whistle and clap,

People's talk and horse top!

A.S. Pushkin

ASYNDETON (asyndeton) - a sentence with no conjunctions between homogeneous words or parts of a whole. A figure that gives speech dynamism and richness.

Night, street, lamp, pharmacy,

A meaningless and dim light.

Live at least a quarter of a century -

Everything will be like this. There is no exit.

A. Blok

POLYUNION(polysyndeton) - excessive repetition of unions, creating additional intonational coloring. The opposite figureunionlessness.

Slowing down speech with forced pauses, polyunion emphasizes individual words, enhances its expressiveness:

And the waves are crowding, and rushing back,
And they come again, and hit the shore ...

M. Lermontov

And boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand to ...

M.Yu. Lermontov

GRADATION- from lat. gradatio - gradualness) - a stylistic figure in which definitions are grouped in a certain order - the increase or decrease in their emotional and semantic significance. Gradation enhances the emotional sound of the verse:

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.

S. Yesenin

INVERSION(lat. inversio - permutation) - a stylistic figure, consisting in a violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of the phrase gives it a peculiar expressive shade.

Traditions of antiquity deep

A.S. Pushkin

Doorman past he's an arrow

Flew up the marble steps

A. Pushkin

OXYMORON(Greek oxymoron - witty-stupid) - a combination of contrasting words that are opposite in meaning (a living corpse, a giant dwarf, the heat of cold numbers).

PARALLELISM(from the Greek. parallelos - walking side by side) - an identical or similar arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text, creating a single poetic image.

Waves crash in the blue sea.

The stars are shining in the blue sky.

A. S. Pushkin

Your mind is as deep as the sea.

Your spirit is as high as mountains.

V. Bryusov

Parallelism is especially characteristic of works of oral folk art (epics, songs, ditties, proverbs) and literary works close to them in their artistic features (“The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” by M. Yu. Lermontov, “Who Lives Well in Russia” N. A Nekrasov, "Vasily Terkin" by A. T, Tvardovsky).

Parallelism may have a broader thematic character in content, for example, in the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "The clouds of heaven are eternal wanderers."

Parallelism can be both verbal and figurative, as well as rhythmic, compositional.

PARCELLATION- an expressive syntactic technique of intonational division of a sentence into independent segments, graphically identified as independent sentences. ("And again. Gulliver. Standing. Stooping" P. G. Antokolsky. "How courteous! Good! Mila! Simple!" Griboyedov. "Mitrofanov grinned, stirred coffee. Squinted."

N. Ilyina. “He had a fight with a girl. And that's why." G. Uspensky.)

TRANSFER (French enjambement - stepping over) - a mismatch between the syntactic articulation of speech and articulation into verses. When transferring, the syntactic pause within a verse or half-line is stronger than at its end.

Peter comes out. His eyes

Shine. His face is terrible.

The movements are fast. He is beautiful,

He's all like God's thunderstorm.

A. S. Pushkin

RHYME(Greek "rhythmos" - harmony, proportionality) - variety epiphora ; the consonance of the ends of poetic lines, creating a sense of their unity and kinship. Rhyme emphasizes the boundary between verses and links verses into stanzas.

ELLIPSIS (Greek elleipsis - loss, omission) - a figure of poetic syntax based on the omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning (most often the predicate). This achieves dynamism and conciseness of speech, a tense change of action is transmitted. Ellipsis is one of the default types. In artistic speech, it conveys the excitation of the speaker or the intensity of the action:

We sat down - in ashes, cities - in dust,
In swords - sickles and plows.

Means of speech expressiveness- these are speech turns, the main function of which is to give the language beauty and expressiveness, versatility and emotionality.
Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with the word), syntactic (associated with the phrase and sentence) means are distinguished.
Phonetic means of expression
1. Alliteration- repetition in the text of consonant or identical consonant sounds.
For example: G about R od g R abil, g R fuck, g R abastal.
2. Assonance- repetition of vowels. For example:
M e lo, m e lo to sun e th e mle
Sun e limits.
St e cha gore e la on the table e,
St e cha burned ... (B. Pasternak)

3. Onomatopoeia- Reproduction of natural sound, imitation of sound. For example:
How do they wear drops of news about the ride,
And all through the night everyone clatters and rides,
Knocking a horseshoe on one nail
Here, then there, then in that entrance, then in this one.

Lexical means of expression (tropes)
1. Epithet- A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
For example: golden grove, cheerful wind
2. Comparison- Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.
For example: And the birches stand like big candles.
3. Metaphor- figurative meaning of the word based on similarity.
For example: The chintz of the sky is blue.
4. Personification- the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects.
For example: Sleeping bird cherry in a white cape.
5. Metonymy- replacement of one word by another based on the adjacency of two concepts.
For example: I ate three bowls.
6. Synecdoche- replacement of the plural by the singular, use of the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).
For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts...

7. Allegory- allegory; the image of a particular concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
For example: A fox- an allegory of cunning, Hare- cowardice
8. Hyperbole- exaggeration.
For example: I haven't seen you in two hundred years.
9. Litota- an understatement.
For example: Wait 5 seconds.
10. Paraphrase- paraphrase, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment.
For example: King of beasts (lion).
11. Pun- a play on words, a humorous use of polysemy of words or homonymy.
For example:
Sitting in a taxi, DAKSA asked:
"What is the TAX for the fare?"
And the driver: "Money from TAX
We don't take it at all. That's SO-S!"
12. Oxymoron- a combination of opposite words.
For example: ringing silence, hot snow
13. Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words.
For example: bury talent in the ground.
14. Irony- subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one.
For example: Have you been singing? This is the case: so come on, dance.
Syntactic means of expression (stylistic figures)
1. Inversion- violation of the direct word order
For example: We have been waiting for you for a long time.
2. Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, more often the predicate.
For example: We sat down - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows.
3. Default- interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect.
For example: I suffered... I wanted an answer... I didn't wait... I left...
4. Interrogative sentence- syntactic organization of speech, which creates a manner of conversation.
For example: How to earn a million?
5. Rhetorical question- a question that contains a statement.
For example: Who can't catch up with him?

6. Rhetorical appeal- highlighting important semantic positions.
For example: O Sea! How I missed you!
7. Syntactic parallelism- similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines.
For example: To be able to ask for forgiveness is a sign of strength. To be able to forgive is an indicator of nobility.
8. Gradation- the location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign.
For example: Silence covered, leaned, engulfed.
9. Antithesis- stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, opposition of opposite concepts.
For example: Long hair, short mind.
10. Anaphora- unanimity.
For example:
Take care of each other,
Kindness warm.
Take care of each other,
Let's not offend.

11. Epiphora- repetition of final words.
For example:
The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Thrush is not the same!

12. Parceling- division of the proposal into parts.
For example: A man has gone. In a leather jacket. Filthy. Smiled.

The expressiveness of Russian speech. means of expression.

Figurative and expressive means of language

TRAILS -use of the word in a figurative sense. Lexical argument

List of trails	Term meaning	Example
Allegory	Allegory. Trope, which consists in the allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image.	In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - a wolf.
Hyperbola	Artistic medium based on exaggeration	The eyes are huge, like searchlights (V. Mayakovsky)
Grotesque	Extreme exaggeration, giving the image a fantastic character	Mayor with a stuffed head at Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Irony	Ridicule, which contains an assessment of what is ridiculed. A sign of irony is a double meaning, where the true will not be directly stated, but the opposite, implied.	Where, smart, are you delirious head? (I. Krylov).
Litotes	Artistic medium based on understatement (as opposed to hyperbole)	The waist is no thicker than the neck of a bottle (N. Gogol).
Metaphor, expanded metaphor	Hidden comparison. A type of trope in which individual words or expressions come together in terms of the similarity of their meanings or in contrast. Sometimes the whole poem is an extended poetic image.	With a sheaf of your oatmeal hair You touched me forever. (S. Yesenin.)
Metonymy	A type of path in which words come together according to the contiguity of the concepts they denote. A phenomenon or object is depicted using other words or concepts. For example, the name of the profession is replaced by the name of the instrument of activity. There are many examples: transferring from a vessel to contents, from a person to his clothes, from a locality to residents, from an organization to participants, from an author to works	When the shore of hell Will take me forever, When the Feather will fall asleep forever, my joy ... (A. Pushkin.) On silver, on gold ate. Well, eat another plate, son.
personification	Such an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings with the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel	What are you howling about, wind night, What are you complaining about so much? (F. Tyutchev.)
Paraphrase (or paraphrase)	One of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its features, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech	King of beasts (instead of lion)
Synecdoche	A type of metonymy, consisting in transferring the meaning of one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: a part instead of a whole; the whole in the meaning of the part; singular in the meaning of general; replacing a number with a set; replacement of a specific concept by a generic one	All flags will visit us. (A. Pushkin.); Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts. We all look to Nap oleones.
Epithet	figurative definition; a word that defines an object and emphasizes its properties	dissuaded by the grove golden birch cheerful language.
Comparison	A technique based on comparing a phenomenon or concept with another phenomenon	The ice is not strong on the icy river, as if it lies like melting sugar. (N. Nekrasov.)

FIGURES OF SPEECH

A generalized name for stylistic devices in which the word, unlike tropes, does not necessarily appear in a figurative sense. grammatical argument.

Figure	Term meaning	Example
Anaphora (or monogamy)	The repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines, stanzas.	I love you, Peter's creation, I love your strict, slender appearance ...
Antithesis	Stylistic device of contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms	And the new denies the old so much!.. It grows old before our eyes! Already shorter skirts. It's already longer! Leaders are younger. It's already older! Better manners.
gradation	(graduality) - a stylistic means that allows you to recreate events and actions, thoughts and feelings in the process, in development, in increasing or decreasing significance	I do not regret, do not call, do not cry, Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
Inversion	permutation; stylistic figure, consisting in violation of the general grammatical sequence of speech	He shot past the doorman like an arrow up the marble steps.
Lexical repetition	Intentional repetition of the same word in the text	I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry! And I forgive you, and I forgive you. I do not hold evil, I promise you, But only you, too, forgive me!
Pleonasm	The repetition of similar words and turns, the injection of which creates one or another stylistic effect.	My friend, my friend, I am very, very sick.
Oxymoron	A combination of opposite words that don't go together.	Dead souls, bitter joy, sweet sorrow, ringing silence.
Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal	Techniques used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical question is asked not with the aim of getting an answer to it, but for an emotional impact on the reader. Exclamations and appeals enhance emotional perception	Where are you galloping, proud horse, And where will you lower your hooves? (A. Pushkin.) What a summer! What a summer! Yes, it's just witchcraft. (F. Tyutchev.)
Syntax parallelism	Reception, which consists in a similar construction of sentences, lines or stanzas.	I lookI look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing...
Default	A figure that allows the listener to guess and think for himself what will be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement.	You'll go home soon: Look... Well, what? my fate, To tell the truth, very Nobody is concerned.
Ellipsis	A figure of poetic syntax based on the omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning	We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. (V. Zhukovsky.)
Epiphora	A stylistic figure opposite to anaphora; repetition at the end of lines of poetry of a word or phrase	Dear friend, and in this quiet Home. The fever hits me. Can't find me a quiet place HouseNear a peaceful fire. (A. Blok.)

DESIGN POSSIBILITIES OF VOCABULARY

Lexical argument

Terms	Meaning	Examples
Antonyms, contextual antonyms	Words that are opposite in meaning. Contextual antonyms - it is in the context that they are opposites. Outside the context, this opposition is lost.	Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire... (A. Pushkin.)
Synonyms contextual synonyms	Words that are close in meaning. Contextual synonyms - it is in the context that they are close. Out of context, intimacy is lost.	To desire - to want, to have a hunt, to strive, to dream, to crave, to hunger
Homonyms	Words that sound the same but have different meanings.	Knee - a joint connecting the thigh and lower leg; passage in birdsong
homographs	Different words that match in spelling but not in pronunciation.	Castle (palace) - lock (on the door), Flour (torment) - flour (product)
Paronyms	Words that are similar in sound but different in meaning	Heroic - heroic, double - dual, effective - real
Words in a figurative sense	In contrast to the direct meaning of the word, stylistically neutral, devoid of figurativeness, figurative - figurative, stylistically colored.	Sword of justice, sea of ​​light
Dialectisms	A word or phrase that exists in a certain area and is used in speech by the inhabitants of this area	Draniki, shanezhki, beetroots
jargon	Words and expressions that are outside the literary norm, belonging to some kind of jargon - a type of speech used by people united by a common interest, habits, occupations.	Head - watermelon, globe, saucepan, basket, pumpkin...
Profession-isms	Words used by people of the same profession	Caboose, boatswain, watercolor, easel
Terms	Words intended to denote special concepts of science, technology, and others.	Grammar, surgical, optics
Book vocabulary	Words characteristic of written speech and having a special stylistic coloring.	Immortality, incentive, prevail...
colloquial vocabulary	Words, colloquial use, characterized by some roughness, reduced character.	Doodle, flirtatious, wobble
Neologisms (new words)	New words emerging to denote new concepts that have just emerged. There are also individual author's neologisms.	There will be a storm - we'll bet And let's have fun with her.
Obsolete words (archaisms)	Words ousted from the modern language others denoting the same concepts.	Fair - excellent, diligent - caring, foreigner - foreigner
Borrowed	Words transferred from words in other languages.	Parliament, Senate, MP, consensus
Phraseologisms	Stable combinations of words, constant in their meaning, composition and structure, reproduced in speech as whole lexical units.	To prevaricate - to be hypocritical, to beat baklu-shi - to mess around, in a hurry - quickly

EXPRESSIVE-EMOTIONAL VOCABULARY

Conversational.	Words that have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring compared to neutral vocabulary, which are characteristic of the spoken language, are emotionally colored.	Dirty, screamer, bearded man
Emotionally colored words	Estimatedcharacter, both positive and negative.	Adorable, wonderful, disgusting, villain
	Words with suffixes of emotional evaluation.	Cute little hare, little mind, brainchild

ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

grammatical argument

1. Expressive usage case, gender, animation, etc.	Something air it is not enough for me, I drink the wind, I swallow the fog... (V. Vysotsky.) We rest in Sochah. How Plushkins divorced!
2. Direct and figurative use of tense forms of the verb	I'm comingi went to school yesterday see announcement: "Quarantine". Oh and rejoiced I!
3. Expressive use of words of different parts of speech.	happened to me most amazing history! I got unpleasant message. I was visiting at her. The cup will not pass you by this.
4. Use of interjections, onomatopoeic words.	Here is closer! They jump ... and into the yard Yevgeny! "Oh!"- and lighter shade Tatiana jump into other canopies. (A. Pushkin.)

AUDIO EXPRESSION

Means	Term meaning	Example
Alliteration	Reception of figurative amplification by repetition of consonant sounds	hissfoamy glasses And punch flame blue ..
Alternation	Sound alternation. The change of sounds occupying the same place in a morpheme in different cases of its use.	Tangent - touch, shine - flash.
Assonance	Reception of figurative amplification by repetition of vowel sounds	The thaw is boring to me: the stench, the dirt, in the spring I am sick. (A. Pushkin.)
sound recording	The technique of enhancing the figurativeness of the text by constructing phrases, lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture	For three days it was heard how on the road a boring, long The joints were tapping: to the east, east, east ... (P. Antokolsky reproduces the sound of carriage wheels.)
Onomatopoeia	Imitation with the help of the sounds of the language of the sounds of living and inanimate nature	When the mazurka thundered... (A. Pushkin.)

ARTISTIC SYNTAX CAPABILITIES

grammatical argument

1. Rows of homogeneous members of the proposal.	When empty And weak a person hears a flattering review about his dubious merits, he revels with your vanity, arrogant and quite loses his tiny ability to be critical of his deeds and to your person.(D. Pisarev.)
2. Offers with introductory words, appeals, isolated members.	Probably,there, in native places just like in my childhood and youth, kupava blooms in the marsh backwaters and the reeds rustle, who made me with their rustle, with their prophetic whispers, that poet, who I have become, who I was, who I will be when I die. (K. Balmont.)
3. Expressive use of sentences of various types (complex, compound, unionless, one-part, incomplete, etc.).	They speak Russian everywhere; it is the language of my father and my mother, it is the language of my babysitter, my childhood, my first love, almost every moment of my life, which entered my past as an integral property, as the basis of my personality. (K. Balmont.)
4. Dialogical presentation.	- Well? Is it true that he is so handsome? - Surprisingly good, handsome, one might say. Slender, tall, blush all over the cheek ... - Right? And I thought he had a pale face. What? What did he look like to you? Sad, thoughtful? - What do you? Yes, I have never seen such a mad one. He took it into his head to run into the burners with us. - Run into the burners with you! Impossible!(A. Pushkin.)
5. Parceling - a stylistic device for dividing a phrase into parts or even separate words in order to give speech an intonational expression by means of its jerky pronunciation. Parceled words are separated from each other by dots or exclamation marks, while observing the remaining syntactic and grammatical rules.	Freedom and brotherhood. There will be no equality. None. Nobody. Not equal. Never.(A. Volodin.) He saw me and frozen. Numb. Stopped talking.
6. Non-union or asyndeton - the intentional omission of unions, which gives the text dynamism, swiftness.	Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts. People knew that somewhere, very far from them, there was a war going on. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest.
7. Polyunion or polysyndeton - repeating unions serve to logically and intonationally emphasize the members of the sentence connected by the unions.	The ocean was moving before my eyes, and it swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went somewhere to infinity. I will either sob, or scream, or faint.

Tests.

1. Choose the correct answer:

1) On that white April night Petersburg I saw Blok for the last time... (E. Zamyatin).

a) metaphorab) hyperbolav) metonymy

2.Then you get cold in the shine of moonlight,

You moan, doused with foam wounds.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) alliteration b) assonance c) anaphora

3. I drag myself in the dust - and I soar in the sky;

Alien to everyone in the world - and the world is ready to embrace. (F. Petrarch).

a) oxymoron b) antonym c) antithesis

4. Let it fill with years

life quota,

costs

only

remember this wonder

tears apart

mouth

yawn

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) hyperbolab) litotave) personification

5. Choose the correct answer:

1) It was drizzling with beady rain, so airy that it seemed that it did not reach the ground and haze of water dust floated in the air. (V. Pasternak).

a) epithet b) comparison c) metaphor

6.And in autumn days the flame flowing with life in the blood is not extinguished. (K. Batyushkov)

a) metaphorab) personification) hyperbole

7. Sometimes he falls passionately in love

In my elegant sadness.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

a) antithesab) oxymoron c) epithet

8. Diamond is polished with a diamond,

The string is dictated by the string.

a) anaphora b) comparison c) parallelism

9. On one assumption of such a case, you would have to pull out the hair from your head and emit streams... what am I saying! rivers, lakes, seas, oceans tears!

(F.M. Dostoevsky)

a) metonymy b) gradation c) allegory

10. Choose the correct answer:

1) Black tailcoats rushed apart and in heaps here and there. (N. Gogol)

a) metaphorab) metonymy c) personification

11. The idler sits at the gate,

mouth wide open,

And no one will understand

Where is the gate, and where is the mouth.

a) hyperbolab) litotave) comparison

12. C impudent modesty looks into the eyes. (A. Blok).

a) epithetb) metaphorav) oxymoron

Option	Answer