Remote detonator. Remote fuze

The main charge of ammunition (artillery shell, mine, aerial bomb, missile warhead, torpedo).

Based on the principle of operation, fuses are divided into contact, remote, non-contact, command, and combined action.

The first, simplest fuse was developed by A. Nobel to ensure a reliable explosion of the dynamite he invented, and consists of a primer and a detonator. The initiating impulse in it was fire. Subsequently in the armies various countries Impact fuses have become widespread and have dominated over the past 100 years.

Contact fuses

Contact fusing devices (CF) are designed to provide contact action, that is, the firing of the explosive due to the contact of ammunition with a target or obstacle.

Based on their response time, contact devices are divided into three types:

• instant action - 0.05...0.1 ms;
• inertial action - 1...5 ms;
• delayed action - from a few milliseconds to several days; multi-setting VUs can have not one, but several settings for response time [ ] .

Proximity fuses

Non-contact explosive devices are used to ensure non-contact action, that is, the fuse is triggered due to interaction with a target or obstacle without the ammunition coming into contact with it.

• automatic are divided by type of impact:
  • magnetic,
  • optic,

Induction type fuses have an induction sensor (vortex generator), which ensures detonation of the warhead when a missile/projectile passes near the metal plating of the target. In the event of a direct hit, the warhead is detonated by a backup contact fuse.

Promising weapons systems in NATO countries are designed to fire controlled detonation ammunition with the implementation of a standardized scheme for programming the fuse of projectiles of the AHEAD type (a muzzle programmer), or in the power paths of gun systems (Bushmaster II, Rheinmetall Rh503, Bofors L70 and CT40). When detonating remote controlled detonation ammunition of the PABM (Programmable Air Burst Munition) type, the specified effectiveness of fragmentation destruction of protected manpower in the NIB is ensured.

Remote fuzes

Remote fuses are designed to provide remote action, that is, operation within given point ammunition flight path (at a distance) without any interaction with the target. Typically, remote control devices count the period of time required for the ammunition to reach the required trajectory point, however, there are other ways to determine the spatial position of the ammunition.

Based on their design, the following remote control units are distinguished:

• pyrotechnic;
• sentries;
• electromechanical;
• electronic.

Command fuses

Command (or remote-controlled) fuses are explosive devices that are triggered by a command issued from a ground or air command post.

The invention relates to the field military equipment and can be used in fuses of barrel and rocket artillery, mainly for cluster shells. The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the fuse body with an outer diameter of the spectacle thread D is made with an internal jumper of thickness D 1. The fuse components - the firecracker, the safety-detonating device and the electronic temporary device - are located under the jumper. The remaining elements of the fuse are located above the jumper. Diameter B and thickness D 1 are related by the relation D = (2.0...7.0) D 1. The reliability of projectile firing increases. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of military equipment and can be used in fuses mainly for cluster munitions of barrel and rocket artillery when firing at a distance.

The remote action of the fuse is characterized by its activation along the trajectory after a specified remote action time from the moment of the shot. Remote fuses are used in high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, illumination and propaganda artillery ammunition.

In the last 25-30 years, remote fuses have found the most widespread use in cluster munitions of barreled and rocket artillery for opening cartridges with combat elements at a given point in the projectile trajectory. Ballistic, self-aiming and homing combat elements are used as combat elements in cluster shells. According to the nature of the impact on the target, combat elements can be fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative fragmentation and other types of action.

To increase the accuracy of remote timing, modern fuses widely use electronic elements. This makes it possible to fully realize the destructive potential of cluster munitions, since the deployment of the cassette occurs at a given point in the trajectory.

Head-mounted remote electronic fuses have recently become most widespread. When triggered after a predetermined time of remote action, the head fuse emits an ignition pulse to detonate the expelling charge, which causes destruction of the ammunition body and the ejection of cartridges with combat elements along the direction of the projectile's movement. A description of such fuses is given in the magazine Armada International, 4/2002, pp. 64-70.

An analogue of the claimed invention is the German remote fuse DM52A1, developed by Junghans, which is used in 155 mm ammunition self-propelled howitzer PzH2000 and is designed for smoke, propaganda and cluster projectiles, including projectiles with homing warheads. The design of the DM52A1 fuse contains a hollow body with a firecracker and a safety-detonating device placed in it. At the top of the case there is a backup power source, and above it is an electronic temporary device.

The indicated source provides information about other remote fuses made according to the same design scheme as the DM52A1 fuse. Among them are the M9084 and M9220 fuses, developed by Fuchs (South Africa), 132 series fuses for 105- and 155-mm shells from the British company Royal Ordnance Control Systems and Fuse Division, the Singaporean EF-784 fuse, etc.

The common features of the listed analogues with the proposed invention are the presence in their designs of a housing, firecracker, safety-detonating device, power source and electronic temporary device.

The closest in technical essence and achieved technical result to the claimed invention is the American M762 fuse, taken by the authors as a prototype (see Jane's International Defense Review, May 2001, www.janes.com).

The design of the M762 fuse contains a hollow body in which a firecracker and a safety-detonating device are placed. In the upper part of the housing, an ampoule backup power supply and a ballistic cap, inside of which the installation device and an electronic temporary device are placed, are attached using a union nut.

On the trajectory, after the set time of remote action has expired, the temporary device issues a command to fire the expelling charge in the projectile. After the expulsion charge is triggered, the head of the projectile is destroyed and cluster warheads are ejected along the direction of the projectile's movement.

The disadvantage of the M762 fuse is the impossibility of its use in projectiles with the ejection of cassette elements in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the projectile. The ejection of cassette elements in projectiles of this kind occurs under the influence of high pressure that occurs when the fuse firecracker and the expelling charge of the projectile are triggered at the moment of destruction of the bottom part of the projectile. A projectile with such an ejection of cluster elements provides higher accuracy of elements, hit accuracy and density of destruction of openly located targets compared to cluster munitions that expand along the trajectory.

The hollow body design of the prototype does not provide resistance to high pressure to prevent it from venting through the fuse.

Common features with the proposed invention in the prototype fuse are the presence of a housing, a power source, a firecracker, a safety-detonating device, installation and electronic temporary devices.

The objective of the present invention is to create a remote fuse that is resistant to the effects of high pressure that occurs when the fuse firecracker and the expelling charge of the projectile are triggered when cassette elements are ejected in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the projectile.

This is achieved by the fact that in the design of the fuse, which contains a body with an outer diameter of the spectacle thread D, a firecracker, a safety-detonating device, a power source, an installation device and an electronic temporary device, the body is made with an internal jumper of thickness D 1, and a firecracker is located under the jumper, a safety-detonating device and an electronic temporary device, and above the jumper the remaining elements of the fuse, while the diameter D and thickness D 1 are related by the relation

D=(2.0…7.0)D 1 .

As the results of calculations and full-scale tests show, when a firecracker and expelling charge are triggered, a pressure of the order of (8000...15000) MPa is created inside the projectile, depending on the caliber of the projectile. The fuse withstands the specified pressure until the cassette elements are ejected towards the bottom of the projectile with the thickness of the bridge in the range of (10...15) mm, which is ensured by the fulfillment of the ratio D=(2.0...7.0)D 1 . Moreover, this ratio is valid for both steel cases and cases made of aluminum alloys.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the drawing, which shows general form proposed fuse design.

The remote fuse contains a metal body 1 with an outer diameter of spectacle thread D and a jumper of thickness D 1 . In the housing, on the side of the bottom part of the fuse, there is a firecracker 2, a safety-detonating device 3 with a transfer charge 4 and a detonator capsule 5, and an electronic temporary device 6 with an electric igniter 7. Thus, the entire fire chain of the fuse, the elements of which together with the expelling charge of the projectile create pressure when triggered, located under the jumper.

In the volume above the jumper there is a power source 8 and an installation device (not shown in the drawing). The upper part of the fuse is attached to the body 1 using a union nut 9 and a casing 10.

The fuse works as follows. At a given point in the trajectory, after the set time of remote action has expired, the electronic temporary device 6 issues a signal to trigger the electric igniter 7. As a result, the detonator capsule 5, the transfer charge 4, the firecracker 2 and the expelling charge of the projectile (not shown in the drawing) are triggered. Inside the projectile, pressure is created from the explosion products of all the firing elements of the fuse and the projectile. A jumper in the fuse body 1 of thickness D 1 prevents the release of pressure until the bottom of the projectile is destroyed and the cluster warheads are ejected.

In a specific implementation of the claimed invention, the body is made of steel with an M52x3 spectacle thread and a jumper thickness of 15 mm.

The achieved effect when using the claimed invention is to ensure the operability of the cassette projectile when the cassette elements are ejected towards the bottom of the projectile.

The technical result of the claimed invention is confirmed by the results of the given and full-scale tests.

A remote fuse containing a housing with an outer diameter of the spectacle thread D, a firecracker, a safety-detonating device, a power source, an installation device and an electronic temporary device, characterized in that the housing is made with an internal jumper of thickness D 1, and the firecracker, the safety-detonating device and the electronic temporary device is located under the jumper, and above the jumper are the remaining mentioned elements of the fuse, while the diameter D and thickness D 1 are related by the ratio D=(2.0...7.0)D 1 .

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The time in electric remote fuses is determined by the time of transition of an electric charge from one capacitor to another (ignition), causing the activation of an electric igniter (or EF) when a certain potential difference is reached on its plates. These types of fuses, the first samples of which were developed even before the start of World War II, due to a number of inherent disadvantages of capacitors (as power sources), found application only in some aerial bombs and types of missiles.
Modern electronic remote control and remote-contact action will be described at the end of section. 13.6, and first we present classic examples of remote fuses and pyrotechnic and mechanical tubes
912
13. Fuzes
chanic principles of action. They are characterized by the same general principles constructions, as for the CMVU designs discussed above. This makes it possible to analyze the functional purpose and design of all main components and mechanisms that are elements of the functional block diagram VU, and the principles of their operation in a uniform manner for all VU, i.e. use a systematic approach. The greatest fundamental difference between remote fuses from the point of view of the structural diagram of the explosive device lies in the design features of their IC, which contains pyrotechnic or mechanical remote devices, as well as starting (for pyrotechnic explosive devices - pin-type) mechanisms or devices. The main components and mechanisms of other systems (OC, safety systems) of remote fuses are similar, and often unified, with the corresponding mechanisms of contact explosive devices (this is most clearly expressed in remote-contact fuses).
The remote-contact (impact) action fuse D-1-U (Fig. 13.38) is intended for main howitzer shells (fragmentation and
Rice. 13.38. Remote-impact fuse D-1-U: /, 15 - stoppers; 2, 8, 16 - springs; 3 - settling stocking: 4 body: 5 - stop; 6 - powder fuse in the cup; 7.19-KB; 9 - sting; 10 - membrane; // - drummer; 12 - upper spacer ring; 13 - bushing; 14 - flat tip; 17 middle spacer ring; 18 - lower spacer ring; 20 - spiral spring; 21 - rotary sleeve; 22 - detonator bushing; 23 - detonator; 24 - transfer charge; 25 - powder retarder; 26- connecting bracket; 27- safety cap (composite); 28 - CD
13.5. Remote Fuzes and Tubes
913
high-explosive fragmentation) and auxiliary (smoke) purposes of caliber 107... 152 mm. The fuse of the safety type with long-range cocking is made in the dimensions of the RGM (see Fig. 13.23).
The initiating system includes a pinning mechanism (KB 7, spring 8, sting 9), located in the upper remote ring, a pyrotechnic remote device (rings 12, 17,18 with powder press-fits in the channels), as well as a reaction UM (striker 11, flat sting 14, KB 19). The reaction striker, under conditions of service handling and during firing, is kept from moving to the KB 19 by a stopper 15 with a spring 16. The stopper rests on a cup with a pyrotechnic fuse 6. A safety-detonating mechanism (borrowed from RGM type fuses) together with the PPM (it also provides long-range cocking, i.e. is a pyrotechnic MDV) constitute a safety system. The fire chain, when installed for contact action, has the structure KB - KD - PZ - D, and when installed for remote operation - KB of the PTS pinning mechanism -
z-kd-pz-d. V.
When fired, the sting 9, under the influence of inertial forces, compresses the spring 8 and pierces the KB 7, the fire from which is transmitted powder composition the upper distance ring 12 and the powder fuse 6. After the powder fuse burns out, the stopper 15, under the action of the spring 16 and centrifugal force, moves away from the axis of rotation of the fuse to the side and releases the firing pin 11. Through the transfer window, the flame from the upper distance ring is transferred to the powder composition of the middle distance ring 77; similarly, the fire passes into the lower spacer ring 18. From the lower ring, the fire ignites the CD and the detonator through the powder moderator 25. The burning time is determined by the length of the spacer composition, which burns at a constant speed (~1 cm/s). The length of the burning spacer composition is adjustable by turning the spacer rings.
If the fuze fails during remote action or when the fuze is set to impact, it fires in the same way as contact artillery fuses (see Section 13.4). The fuse is cocked on all propellant charges on which the RGM-2 is cocked, has a satisfactory distance effect, and when firing on the ground (to impact) is more sensitive than the RGM (due to the design features of its reaction gun, in particular, the absence of a counter-safety spring) .
The T-5 pyrotechnic remote fuse is used in fragmentation anti-aircraft shells medium calibers (Fig. 13.39, a). The composition of the FSS fuse includes: ballistic cap 14; fixing device (pressure nut) 13; pinning mechanism 12; pyrotechnic remote device 11; a combined safety mechanism, including an IPM (spring 1, inertial stopper 10) and a CPM (stopper 6, spring 5); Remote control unit - centrifugal engine 2 with CD 9 and PZ 3. The fire chain has following structure: KB - PTS - U- KD - PZ - D.

A quarter of a century ago, the watch on the reader’s wrist was almost certainly mechanical. Today, even if the watch has a familiar dial with arrows, the mechanism by which the watch “moves” is most likely based on electronic circuits and is equipped with a master oscillator with quartz frequency stabilization. The same trend can be seen in the world of artillery fuses. A relatively inexpensive replacement for mechanical assemblies, especially mechanical devices that operate time intervals, are electronic components.

Traditionally, artillery shells were equipped with four types of fuses:

1. percussion;

2. shock with deceleration;

3. remote;

4. non-contact.

Mechanical components in all of the listed types of fuses are gradually being replaced by electronic units, allowing all four types of action to be combined in one multifunctional device. In some applications, however, the advantage remains with traditional mechanical fuses, therefore, despite the persistence of trends, the development of single- or dual-mode traditional fuses continues.

The replacement of mechanical subsystems with electronic units, among others, raised the problem of the need to supply the fuse with its own power source. Moreover, this source must provide the fuse with energy after it has been subjected to significant shock loads accompanying a shot from a gun and, moreover, the fuse must be resistant to long-term storage, for a period of 10 years or more.

Chemical current sources with long shelf life, used as main batteries, have served as one of the possible solutions the named problem. Suitable for this purpose are lithium batteries, which have a long shelf life and a sufficiently high power density, which are now widely used in everyday life, for example, to power digital video cameras. The use of a "backup battery" has become an alternative solution, which is used in some types of fuses. To activate such a battery, either a separately contained liquid electrolyte is injected or a solid one is melted. Generators located in the head of the fuse are also used, which are driven by the oncoming flow.

The very name “” (or “UV”) indicates that this type of fuses is intended to be initiated by a direct impact on an obstacle (target). Typically, the initiation time for projectile filling is less than 2 ms. Some impact fuses are equipped with a special initiation delay mechanism. This allows the projectile to penetrate the target before the main charge is detonated.

US fuses are still widely used and the basic design of these fuses has changed little over the past fifty years; some models have been in production for almost as long. But most of the latest HC developments are already electronic.

The Fuchs M9802 fuze is typical example CF, which uses electronic components. It has two operation modes:

1. percussion with deceleration;

2. instant impact.

Their installation is carried out using a switch on the side wall. Like other fuses produced by this company and called “new generation fuzes” (some will be described below), the Fuchs M9802 fuze has a unified safety-cocking device, abbreviated as PPV, an electronic unit based on a programmable microprocessor and a backup lead-acid ( lead/lead oxide) battery.

However, in last years Several new mechanical explosives have also appeared, since mechanical impact fuses still have useful properties. Back in the late 90s, specialists from Junghans Feinwerktechnik developed, based on the M557 fuse, a new mechanical explosive, marked PD544, meeting the requirements for an instantaneous explosive/delayed explosive, compatible with a high-speed rammer.

High-speed rammers, equipped with a hydraulic drive, were designed to increase the rate of fire; they literally drive the projectile into the chamber. A high-speed rammer, developing a power of 8 kW or more, as can be seen from its very name, does not handle the projectile very carefully, providing a ramming speed of 8 m/s with an acceleration of up to 130 m/s (it should be noted that the manual ramming speed is about 0.3 m/s, and conventional mechanical 1.2 m/s). Some models of fuses manufactured by Junghans Feinwerktechnik provide for filling the assembled fuse with polyurethane foam, which increases resistance to high overloads, making the fuse safe when using a high-speed rammer.

Drawing. To destroy fortified targets, the fuse must withstand penetration of the barrier and only then detonate. The picture shows the fuse
RA98A1 projectile 155-mm company
Nammo, which is capable of working with obstacle thicknesses of up to 0.8 m.

One of the problems with using a shock wave of any design is the risk of premature operation of the device when it collides with any obstacle on the way to the target. This "obstacle" may be lightweight design, such as a roof or ceiling, placed above a target located in the basement, and a fuse such as the M557 has previously demonstrated a tendency to fire prematurely even when fired in heavy rain. Nowadays, traditional shock waves are more suitable for operation under significant shock loads, which are typical for overcoming strong barriers. This is precisely the principle used in the “concrete-piercing” fuse model DM371, which was developed by Junghans specialists in accordance with the requirements of the German Army that existed in the mid-80s. The fuse is equipped with a durable steel head designed to protect the fuse assemblies and blocks when a projectile pierces a concrete barrier.

The mechanical clock mechanism, which was previously used to initiate the detonation of a warhead in close proximity to the target, has been replaced in the latest developments of remote fuses by an electronic timer. Developed by the ARDEC R&D center for the US Army back in the late 80s, the new DV M762 allows you to set the response time in the range of 0.5:199.9 seconds in increments of 0.1 second.

Drawing. 155 mm KAC OGRE company
GIAT (left) equipped with a fuze
Samprass/Spacido from the same company with flight range correction. It mechanically interacts with traditional fuses usually installed on the same and other projectiles.

The response time is set manually using a button on the side of the fuse. The LCD display shows set time. In addition, the firing time can be set using the M1155 Portable Inductive Fuse Setter. The use of an electronic timer ensures an accuracy of time intervals of +0.05%. Whether or not the clock mechanism will work after a shot when using mechanical DV remains unknown until the very fact of operation (or non-action). DV M762 has, like most digital devices, automatic function self-testing.

Drawing. Left - M782 MOFA multi-mode fuze
made by ATK, which can only be installed by an inductive installer. On the right is a proximity fuse
M732A2, used by the US Army and Marine Corps.

Initially, the M742 fuse was intended to be used in shells from the Crusader self-propelled gun kit; currently this fuse is used for cluster shells. From the very beginning, the production of the M742 has been carried out by Bulova Technologies and Alliant TechSystems (in December 2001, Bulova Technologies was acquired by L-3 Communications, which changed its name to BT Fuze Products). In early 2001, Bulova won a five-year contract with the US Department of Defense for the supply of M762A1 and M767A1 fuses. Both models were developed in accordance with the terms of the contract for the modernization of the original versions, which was issued to Bulova back in August 1998. Like the original M762, the M762A1 fuse is equipped with a detonator, allowing the fuse to be used with conventional OFS.

Fuze development in the UK was mainly concentrated under the leadership of Royal Ordnance (part of BAE Systems) Fuzes Division and Control Systems.

But, despite the fact that development under the Tacas program prototype The new MPF multi-mode fuze is already nearing completion; all of Royal Ordnance's fuze development divisions have recently been sold to its main competitor, Junghans. The rights to all developments relating to MPF, and all rights to electronic DV Series 132 for 105- and 155-mm projectiles, were included in the price of the transaction. Despite this, Junghans will remain a long-term supplier of fuses and all related products to Royal Ordnance Defense, which continues to participate in the financing of Diehl's development program for fuses equipped with a projectile trajectory correction function.

The electronic fuse DV DM52A1, manufactured by Junghans, which is part of the ammunition load of the PzH2000 self-propelled gun, has been adopted by the armies of Germany, Finland and Denmark. It is used with cassette, smoke and lighting projectiles, including UAS with KOBE SMArt 155. A built-in lithium battery with a shelf life of more than 10 years is used as a power source.

It is possible to set the response time either using an inductive fuze setter or manually. For manual installation, there is a ring on the fuze body, and the integrated LED indicator displays the actuation time. In the PzH2000 self-propelled guns, the on-board fire control system (FCS) transmits information about the value of the specified fuse response time to the inductive fuze installer.

Consumers who do not use manual setting of the response time are offered another fuse option - DM52A2, the price of which is 20% lower due to the absence of manual setting of the response time, LED indicator, and replacement of the lithium battery with a backup one.

Fuchs takes the same approach. The M903 does not have manual means of setting the response time, while the electronic DV M9084 allows manual programming, using two special buttons and a display, with an inductive portable fuze installer M22 or any other that meets the requirements of STANAG 4390. Both of these fuses can additionally be used in the "" mode. instant impact." The Fuchs company produces an electronic DV M9220, designed for cluster shells, powered by a lead-oxide battery, which has “instant impact” and “slow impact” modes.

Some designers have created DVs that require only manual installation. Produced for some time by CIS in Singapore under the ET784 index, the DV M137 Delta, from Reshef, is installed manually using three special installation rings. The range of actuation values ​​is 3:199.8 seconds; when set to 199.9 seconds, the fuse is switched to the “instant impact” mode.

Today, the Army and the US Marine Corps use OFS equipped with M732A2 proximity fuses (NV) manufactured by ATK. The flight time to the target in the range of 5:150 seconds is set using a rotary ring, the fuse is powered by a backup battery. Non-contact mode starts approximately 3 seconds before the set time. Continuous wave Doppler radar is used for non-contact detonation, carried out at a distance of approximately 7 m above the ground. The fuse is capable of operating as an impact fuse if the non-contact mode unit fails.

Drawing. Scheme of the M732A2 proximity fuse

A new development is the developed Israeli company Reshef Omicron M180 fuze, adopted for service in 1999. The fuse, developed for use with standard NATO shells, has two operation modes - non-contact and impact (in case of non-contact failure). An electronic timer, set within the range of 0:150 seconds, activates the non-contact mode, based on a continuous-wave radar, having a frequency modulation (FM) of 1.8 seconds before the set time. At a height of 9 m above the ground, the fuse is triggered. There is another version of the same fuse, known as the Epsilon M139, intended for Chinese and Russian-made shells that have different fuze point parameters.

Drawing. Fuze Omicron M180. Uses non-contact mode to detonate at a given height.

Nevertheless, Fuchs specialists prefer the time-tested NV design based on Doppler radars. The resistance of fuses to electronic countermeasures used by the enemy (for example, NV suppression devices) is ensured by using the method of rapid frequency change and advanced signal processing methods. The NV M8513, which provides for operation at a height of 6-8 m above the ground in case of failure of the non-contact unit, has a backup mode “instantaneous impact”. A three-way switch allows you to delay the activation of the non-contact block for 12 or 50 seconds after the shot and turn on the shock mode.

For more than 10 years, serial production of the NV M8513 has been carried out in two versions: optimized for use with standard NATO 105-203 mm M85S13 projectiles, and with “Eastern Bloc” 130 mm M85R13 projectiles. Three more variants of this HB are produced under license from the Indian company Ecil. These are M85P13A1, M85P13A2 and M85P13A3, used with 105, 130 and 155 mm projectiles, respectively.

Drawing. Proximity fuse M85P13A1.

Relatively recently, a trend has emerged to develop multi-mode fuses. Although they are inevitably more expensive and more complex than single- or dual-mode systems, their use simplifies logistics by allowing projectiles to be delivered fully equipped.

The US Army Harry Diamond Laboratories, now part of the US Army Research Laboratory, conducted major research in the field of broadband linear frequency modulation in the late 1960s. These works served as the motivation for the emergence in the mid-70s of a concept called directional Doppler ranging and which is a system that has high resistance to electronic radiation and is suitable for use as a non-contact sensor. At the same time, the result of applied research was the creation of flat broadband printed microstrip antennas (patch antenna), which made it possible to place them under the head fairing of a standard fuse, due to their rather small size. By the mid-80s, this concept had been developed sufficiently for use in a device called the MAP/T Fuze medium-altitude proximity fuse. The finished signal processing device took the form of a custom microcircuit and firing tests of the fuse took place. In the late 1980s, as a result of research into monolithic microwave integrated circuits (ICs) conducted by ARPA's Advanced Research Projects Agency, changes were made to the transmitter design. A batch of these fuses, as part of a demonstration program, was manufactured and tested by Harry Diamond Laboratories in order to study their technical characteristics.

A prototype of the M782 MOFA (Multi-Option Fuze for Artillery) multi-mode fuse was taken into development in 1992 by Alliant TechSystems. The resulting sample is undergoing modernization in preparation for mass production. Its use is expected in the ammunition of the Crusader self-propelled gun and the XM777 light howitzer. The development of the fuse was led by ATK, but the production contract for the first two years was won by KDI.

The M773 fuse combines four modes: impact with delay, instantaneous impact, remote and non-contact. This fuse is intended to replace all standard fuses currently used in the US Army, with the exception of the M739A1 UV, left for training needs, the M762 electronic DV, used in cluster shells, and the special Mk 399 Mod 1 from Bulova, designed for combat operations in urban environments ( initiates a combat charge after the projectile penetrates stone or concrete structures).

Developed taking into account the use of both manual and inductive installations, the M773 fuse, during preliminary preparations for mass production, did not receive approval from the US Army command, which decided to abandon the manual installation of the fuse, extending the prototype preparation stage for another 18 months. As a result, a new portable inductive version of the fuze setter was developed, with which the new modification of the fuse received the M782 index.

In the “remote” mode, the fuse allows you to set the response time in increments of 0.1 seconds in the range of 0.5:199.9 seconds with a timing accuracy of 0.1 seconds (which corresponds to a flight range of 50 km), and in the “impact” mode with slowdown, the initiation delay is processed over a period of 5 to 10 milliseconds. In non-contact mode, detonation is carried out at a height of 9-10 m above moderately rough terrain. Operation reliability exceeds 97% in any of the four available modes (non-contact, remote, impact, impact with delay).

Simpler than the M782 is the L116 multi-mode fuse, developed by specialists from the British companies Thorn EMI and Royal Ordnance in the late 70s. It has only two modes: shock and Doppler non-contact. But the newer Royal Ordnance Defense fuse, not inferior to the M782, has the same four operation modes: non-contact, remote, impact and impact with delay.

The fuse can be installed by any inductive fuse setter powered by a battery and meeting the requirements of STANAG 4369. The impact mode allows you to set the arming time in the range of 0.5:199.9 seconds in increments of 0.1 seconds, the remote mode allows you to set the actuation time in the same range (the shock mode becomes redundant). In the "shock with deceleration" mode, the response time is 10 milliseconds. A non-contact triggering unit has been developed based on a mm-wave radar that continuously emits a frequency-modulated signal. The default trigger height in non-contact mode is 9 m, but the height can be set in the range of 5:20 m.

Other fuze manufacturers currently offer similar designs. A multi-mode fuse with non-contact, remote, impact and impact with delay operation modes, DM74, manufactured by Junghans, is designed for 105:203 mm OFS. The transmitter switch-on time is set in non-contact mode, the trigger height is 12 meters. The response delay time in shock mode is 10 microseconds, and in remote mode it is set in the range of 2:199.9 seconds. For non-contact and remote modes, the “shock with deceleration” mode is duplicated.

The detection of the battery and the calculation of the projectile's flight path by means of enemy radio reconnaissance is prevented by the delay in switching on the non-contact sensor, which also prevents the fuse from triggering under the influence of enemy electronic warfare equipment.

Drawing. Multi-mode fuze DM74.

Used by the armies of Norway, Denmark and Canada, the DM74 is programmed by the on-board inductive fuze setter of the PzH2000 self-propelled gun. Especially for armed forces The Netherlands has developed a version of this fuse, under the designation DM84, which is intended to complete 155 mm caliber shells and mortar mines for 120 mm caliber rifled mortars. For use with mines, this modification of the fuse provides for “large” and “small” detonation heights, working out a longer response delay time in the “impact” mode. The DM84 electronics are powered by a backup battery, which is activated by minor overloads (e.g. equal to one), and the fuse safety mechanism ensures safety of use even after falling from a height of 1.5 meters. Axial and rotational overloads during a shot cause the device to cock, while the fire chain is closed by the rotating sleeve only when the projectile reaches a safe range. The DM84 multi-mode fuze meets all standards: STANAG 4369, MIL-STD 1316C and 331B.

Drawing. Multi-mode fuse M9801.

The main modes, which are set manually using a switch, and the additional ones, the installation of which is carried out using an inductive fuze setter that complies with the requirements of STANAG 4369, has a multi-mode fuze M9801 manufactured by Fuchs. The non-contact mode is set manually (using preset values ​​for the long cocking time and actuation height), as are the impact and impact with deceleration modes. The fuse is switched to the programming mode by an inductive installer by setting the switch to the fourth position. This mode allows you to set three values ​​for the detonation height: “low”, “medium”, and “high”, as well as the cocking time for the non-contact mode (range 3:199, 9 seconds) and the initiation delay in the impact mode. The device is powered by a backup battery.

The fuze telemetry function (which is new) is only available if a special installer is used. This function allows you to obtain data on the state/status of some fuse components that are considered critical (set mode, temperature, set time, response delay time, processor status, battery voltage). The received data is transmitted to the ground station in the form of encrypted digital signals and may be useful, for example, during acceptance tests.

Drawing. Russian electronic multi-mode fuse 3VM18.

The Russian Federal State Unitary Enterprise Research Institute Poisk considers itself the main developer and manufacturer of “mechanical, electromechanical and multi-mode electronic fuses” in Russia. The 3VM18 fuse presented by Poisk is an “electronic impact” and “electronic multi-mode” fuse. This fuse has an inductive OFS installation, but specific data on the operating modes are not disclosed.

Mechanical fuses, which allow the charge to detonate only after the projectile is fired, are currently used in PES. As a rule, they use the intersection of the fire chain with any kind of barrier, the removal of which involves arming the fuse. Mechanical parts of such PES are produced using various technologies (casting, sintering, cutting), with tight tolerances, and, as a result, their cost is high. In addition, mechanical PVUs have large dimensions on the scale of the fuse.

The next generation of fuses will require the use of PVUs with smaller dimensions, which, at the same time, provide greater reliability than the mechanical ones currently available and are better interfaced with electronic units. Most likely, such PES will be manufactured on the basis of microelectromechanical devices MEMS (Micro ElectroMechanical Systems), which are produced using already proven technologies for the production of microelectronic devices, and, because of this, have a relatively low cost, but, at the same time, are capable of generating the required forces and movement, while consuming little electrical power.

According to William Kurtz, sales manager at KDI Precision Products, the emphasis will be on reproducing high precision fuses. Mr. Kurtz noted, in addition, that as quality increases, the quantity of products produced will decrease. However, the demand for fuses remains stable.

William Kurtz, sales manager for KDI Precision Products, says the future emphasis will be on repeatable, high-precision fuses, noting that as the quality of fuses increases, their number will decrease. But the need for fuses will remain.

The advent of fuze development programs that combine all the classic functions in one device, plus some form of projectile trajectory correction, has created an ever-increasing need to ensure high shooting accuracy. This step was inevitable on the path leading to the complication of the device and an increase in the cost of the product. However, the increased effectiveness of artillery hitting a target, reduced ammunition consumption and a significant reduction in collateral damage serve as a reward for this inevitable step.

Trajectory adjustment artillery shell, equipped with a high-tech fuse, can be produced both solely in range and in range together with direction. The most common option is to adjust solely by range. This can be explained simply: it is the range miss that represents the largest component of the overall miss when firing guns at long distances. And this mistake can be avoided by changing the frontal aerodynamic drag. Adjusting the flight path in range and direction would necessitate equipping the fuse with horizontal roll-stabilized rudders, and most of The development group gave preference to the development of special projectiles, considering it more expedient than working on similar fuses.

Project SAMPRASS (“Système d”Amélioration de la Précision de l”Artillerie Sol-Sol” ~ “system for increasing shooting accuracy field artillery") is being developed by GIAT Industries, with the participation of Thales Avionics and TDA Armements. The same company is working on the SPACIDO project (Système a Précision Améliorée par Cinémomètre Doppler ~ system for increased shooting accuracy using a Doppler velocity meter), together with DGA. Both projects under development are considering equipping 155 mm projectiles with “smart fuses”, equipped, among other things, with deployable aerodynamic brakes.

The SAMPRASS project assumes the ability, using a GPS receiver integrated into the fuse and transmitting to the ground station the coordinates of the ammunition determined by it, to transmit to the ammunition received from the ground station, which compared the parameters of the actual flight path to the target with the parameters of the reference trajectory, a command to open the aerodynamic brake at that the very moment when it is necessary to correct the actual trajectory. The SPACIDO project used the same “mechanical” components, but the calculation of the parameters of the actual flight path of the projectiles was carried out ground station with a Doppler speed meter, which calculated the moment for opening the air brake and transmitted the required command to the ammunition. Further work on the SAMPRASS project is unlikely to continue, since the DGA and the French Army Command considered the SPACIDO project much more promising.

The MLM division of Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) is developing a “compact fire adjustment system” (CFAS), which uses a special sighting projectile equipped with a GPS receiver and having a communication channel with a ground station to transmit projectile coordinates to it. on trajectories that are determined by the receiver. Using GPS (differential GPS techniques), the flight trajectory of the sighting projectile is determined by a ground station, which compares it with the reference trajectory and calculates corrections for the vertical and horizontal aiming angles, the input of which is necessary for firing live projectiles.

In 1999, the Team Star research group, as part of the Smart Trajectory Artillery Round (STAR) project, carried out the first firing tests using “smart” fuses equipped with a GPS receiver and a single-opening air brake.

The coordinates of the firing position are entered into the fuse before firing, using an inductive setter, as are the coordinates of the target. In this case, the impact or non-contact operation mode is set. When fired at a target, the projectile is given a deliberate flight. After three seconds, the exact coordinates of the projectile are determined using the on-board GPS receiver and the exact moment when the air brake is activated is calculated, compensating for the range miss.

At the Eurosatory 2002 exhibition, Diehl Munitionssysteme presented data on its joint development with Junghans of a fuse with a range correction function based on a GPS receiver. Developed under a contract with the German Ministry of Defense, the fuse is equipped with four operation modes: for use with OFS, impact, impact with deceleration and non-contact modes are provided, and for use in cluster shells, a remote mode is provided. The full functionality of the device (including the reception of a GPS signal by the rotating projectile) was demonstrated by firing tests that were carried out in June 2001.

Fuse for a promising but little-known guided projectile DART, being developed today for the Italian Navy, is perhaps the most revolutionary development. There is information that DART (Driven Ammunition Reduced Time of Flight ~ guided high-velocity projectile) will become a sub-caliber ammunition for 76-mm naval guns such as Super Rapid and Compac guns produced by OTO-Breda. It is planned to be guided by a beam (most likely laser), and the projectile will be equipped with a combined fuse/seeker. Of course, DART is a very bold concept, but whether it will be brought to life or will suffer the fate of the long-forgotten developments of an adjustable projectile back in the 70s, it is too early to say.

sources: http://talks.guns.ru/forummessage/42/67.html

Fuzes Go Multi-role and Smart. Doug Richardson, inputs by Johnny Keggler.-In: ARMADA International, Issue 4/2002, pp. 64:70

A distance fuse (or tube) is a fuse that operates at a specified time after the shot. Remote fuses can be pyrotechnic and mechanical (sentry).

All remote fuses have a special remote mechanism that counts the flight time of the projectile and triggers the fuse after the time set before firing has elapsed. A mechanical remote fuse, in addition to elements of the fire chain, has a clock mechanism, starting and installation devices, a remote striker, capsule insulation mechanisms, a long-range cocking mechanism, safety mechanisms and a detonating device. In double-action fuses, in addition, there is also a conventional percussion mechanism.

Clockwork consists of driving, transmission and control devices assembled into one unit With using strips and spacers that are fastened together with screws.

The driving device is the source of mechanical energy necessary to drive the mechanism. The engine consists of a drum and a mainspring. The transmission device of a clock mechanism connects the driving device with its regulating device. The wheel drive, consisting of a system of gears, is designed to convert the slow rotation of the central wheel into the rapid rotation of the travel wheel and transmit power from the engine to the governor.

The regulating device ensures uniform rotational movement of the central hollow axis of the clock mechanism with an arrow. The main elements of the regulating device are the balance and the hair.

Installation device is intended for setting the remote action time of the fuse and consists of a cap with an adjusting bar and locking knives. The setting device determines the angle through which the central axis of the clock mechanism rotates at the time the fuse operates.

Remote striker(pricking mechanism) ensures pinning of the igniter primer at a given point in time. The remote striker moves under the action of a compressed spring.

Starting device ensures that the clock mechanism starts when fired. In service use, the boom is kept from rotating by a starting device, which consists of a wedge-shaped stopper placed in a longitudinal groove of the bars.

A pyrotechnic remote fuse, in addition to elements of the fire chain, has a pyrotechnic remote mechanism, an ignition mechanism, an installation mechanism, safety mechanisms, capsule insulation mechanisms, a long-range cocking mechanism and a detonating device. Double-action fuses also have a conventional percussion mechanism.

Spacer tubes use a black powder firecracker instead of a detonating device. The main parts of the pyrotechnic remote mechanism are distance rings with an arc groove (Fig. 7.7) filled with a pyrotechnic composition. This composition, when ignited, burns at a more or less constant speed of approximately 1 cm/s. The distance rings, together with the heavy body that fixes them when fired, form the setting mechanism. When turning two spacer rings connected by a bracket relative to the middle fixed one, the length of the burning section of the pyrotechnic composition and, consequently, the time of the remote action of the fuse changes. A conventional ignition mechanism is used as a starting device in pyrotechnic fuses.

To set the remote action time, various setting keys are used, and the rings are rotated until the required division on the distance ring scale aligns with the setting mark marked on the fuse body. The distance scale can also be applied to the installation key.

Unlike a remote fuse, the action of a non-contact fuse occurs at a certain distance from the target as a result of the influence of a signal received from the target.

Proximity fuses can be passive, active, or semi-active. The former use the energy emitted by the target itself, the latter themselves emit energy to the target and use the reflected energy, in the third case, the irradiation of the target is produced by an external source of energy.

Various types of energy can be used to operate non-contact fuses: electrical, magnetic, thermal, sound, etc.

Of all known types The most widely used non-contact fuses are radio fuses of the active type using the Doppler effect and built on an autodyne circuit. In autodyne fuses, the functions of transmitting and receiving radio signals are performed by one unit, called the transceiver. It generates and emits high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations, receives waves reflected from the target and emits a low-frequency (Doppler) control signal.