USE in social studies, section “Social relations. Ethnos and nation. Additional material for preparing for the OGE in social studies "Ethnos: nations and nationalities" The state forms nationalities and nations

TRIBE - historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of genera and clans. They have their own language or dialect, territory, formal organization (chief, tribal council), common ceremonies.
Their number reached tens of thousands of people. The tribes were replaced by another, historically higher form of the ethnic group - nationality. It is characteristic not of primitive society, but of the era of slavery and feudalism.
NATIONALITY - an ethnic community that occupies a place on the ladder of social development between tribes and a nation. It is a linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community.
The nation outnumbers the tribe. The decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nationality was played by the state. It united vast territories, establishing a closer connection between people and ethnic groups. Most often, closely related tribes are consolidated into a nationality, and often unrelated ethnic groups are also included here.
Thus, the ancient Russian nationality was formed in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e. from closely related East Slavic tribes. However, already at an early stage, non-Slavic ethnic groups were also involved in it: Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Turkic.
Nationalities are rather unstable ethnic formations. In the era of feudalism, they break up into smaller parts, and new ethnic groups are gradually formed from them. Such a fate befell the ancient Russian nationality, which broke up in the 12th century into three independent ethnic groups that subsequently formed - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Feudal fragmentation was also inherent in Europe, where medieval states were constantly disintegrating, but reunited already in the New Age.
On the basis of nationalities, nations are formed - the highest historical type of ethnos.
A NATION is an autonomous, not limited by territorial boundaries, political grouping, whose members are committed to common values ​​and institutions.
The nation arises in the period of overcoming feudal disunity and the birth of capitalism. During this period, the internal market and a single economic structure, their own literature and art, which had reached a high degree of political organization, were formed. Nations are more numerous than nationalities; they number tens and hundreds of millions of people. On the basis of common territories, language and economy, a single national character and mental warehouse is formed. There is a very strong sense of solidarity with one's nation. National patriotic and national liberation movements, interethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise as a sign that a nation has been formed and is fighting for its sovereignty.
Most nations are united on the basis of peoples of the same name, while at the same time including closely related peoples in their orbit. Thus, the French united as a nation in the 17th-18th centuries on the basis of two closely related nationalities, which took shape in the early Middle Ages - northern French and Provencal. The Russian state was formed in the XV-XVII centuries around Moscow, and this process was called the gathering of lands. In the XVII century, under Peter I, it turns into an empire and declares itself as a European superpower.
In order to give a complete list of the characteristic features of a nation, it is necessary to add the following features to the list of ethnos features (they are named at the beginning of the paragraph):
- stable statehood,
- common economic life,
- developed social structure.

The society of most countries is divided not only into classes, but also into ethnic groups. Ethnic groups are large groups of people connected by a common origin (biological component), language, customs, traditions, beliefs, perception of the world (social component).

The roots of modern ethnic groups go deep into the centuries, into the tribal system. The first ethnos was a clan, an association of blood relatives who settled together. He performed both the function of the family and the production function.

Then, along with the genus, another ethnic group appears - the tribe. The tribe unites several clans, common in origin (fraternal), but already separated from each other and settled in the neighborhood. The tribe is still based on blood relations, but it no longer performs economic functions. His main task is to protect the territory of the tribe, regulate relations with other tribes. Thus, society took the first step towards separating ethnic ties from family, tribal. Even more ethnic ties moved away from family ties after the emergence of a paired family.

In many countries, tribal and tribal ties have survived to this day. They play a significant role in the states of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, etc.) and in the Russian republics of the North Caucasus. Among the tribes and clans there are more "high", influential ones, to which other clans once obeyed. In Soviet times, the party and Soviet leadership of the Central Asian and North Caucasian republics was formed taking into account the influence of childbirth. And today, in some republics, the president represents one of the most revered families. In Chechnya, for example, the policy of the authorities is developed taking into account relations between clans (teips). Civil war in Tajikistan 1992-1997 was largely caused by inter-ethnic contradictions - the struggle between large clans (clan associations).

people, nationality

The next in history is a more complex type of ethnic group - nationality, or nationality, and in recent years it is this group that has been called an ethnos. There are two versions of the origin of the peoples. Some scholars believe that a nationality is simply an overgrown tribe or an association of several related tribes, while others believe that it is united not so much by consanguinity as by territorial, neighborly ties. The truth is rather closer to the second point of view: there are many nationalities that were formed not only from unrelated tribes (Bulgarians, Hungarians), but even from tribes of different races (Italians). The Russian nationality united not only the Slavic tribes, but also several non-Slavic tribes of the north and northeast of the European part of Russia.

The formation of nationalities is a long process that ended in the Middle Ages. Signs of nationality - a common language, territory, culture and economic ties.

In most countries, the nationality has absorbed and dissolved tribal and tribal ties and differences - although, as I just said, there are still quite a few nationalities that have retained the tribal structure.

Of course, modern nationality (nationality, ethnos) is significantly different from the medieval one. First, it merges into a wider ethnic community - the nation. Nationality acquires a number of features characteristic of the entire nation. So, the Breton people in France have two native languages ​​- Breton and French (the latter is also the language of the nation). The Catalans also have two native languages ​​- Catalan and Spanish.

Secondly, the nation occupies a larger territory than each of the nationalities that have merged into it. Therefore, the resettlement of representatives of one or another nationality outside the indigenous territory inevitably occurs. More Tatars live in Moscow than in Kazan. There are 11 million Russians in Ukraine, 700,000 in Latvia, 600,000 in Estonia, and so on. Millions of Chinese live in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. There is such a thing as diaspora, that is, a significant group of representatives of a particular nationality living outside their indigenous territory.

Nation

Finally, the highest (today) form of a socio-ethnic group is a nation. It is formed in parallel with the formation of a single market (single economic space) of the country and with the overcoming of feudal fragmentation, that is, the formation of centralized states.

The nation has the following characteristics:

1 .Generality of the territory. The territory of a nation is held together by state borders. The border fences off the nation and its interests from foreign invasion and creates a single space within the borders, equally accessible to every citizen.

The commonality of the territory developed naturally, that is, as a result of the deepening of economic ties to such an extent that all barriers to such ties disappeared by themselves. For example, customs on the borders of principalities and counties were eliminated. However, the commonality of the territory was also formed by force - for example, during the formation of the Russian Empire or Germany.

2.Community of language. It has evolved over the centuries. And today, even in states where nations formed relatively late, the difference in dialects is preserved. In Germany and in Italy there are serious differences between the dialects of northerners and southerners. In China, dialectal phonetic differences are so great that half a century ago, the national leader of the south, Mao Zedong, traveled through the northern provinces with an interpreter. And yet every nation has a common spoken language, enshrined in its written language and literature. Language holds the nation together, establishes a natural way of communication between all representatives of the nation.

True, the same language may belong to several related nations. So, English belongs to Americans, Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders. But all of them once made up the diaspora of the English nation.

• 3.Community of economic life. This sign played a big role in uniting the nation around common economic interests. However, now the community of economic life is becoming more and more international from national.
• 4. General features of the mental warehouse fixed in the features of everyday life, customs, folklore, art, symbols, character traits. For Russians, a distance of a thousand kilometers is a trifle, for the French it is huge. Russians are accustomed to the untold riches of their land, so they are not very economical. Western Europeans, on the contrary, are very prudent about land and natural resources. It is not difficult to distinguish a Russian song from a Ukrainian one, and both together - from a French chanson. All of these features add up to national character.
• 5. Finally, the last in a row, but today, perhaps, one of the first most important sign of a nation - national identity. Each person himself refers himself to a certain nation, mentally merges with it: its language is his native language, in which he thinks and speaks; he was brought up on the values ​​of the culture of this nation, perceives the country as his native nature, adheres to national traditions in everyday life (in food, for example). We are aware of our belonging to "our" nation and the border separating us from another ("foreign") nation. A person has a sense of national dignity, believing that his nation is no worse than others. He is proud of the achievements of his nation in world culture, in technology, in the progress of mankind. However, a sense of national pride often develops into a sense of national superiority over other ethnic groups, into a sense of national exclusivity. Such sentiments inevitably give rise to national enmity and discord, lead to interethnic conflicts, bloody wars.

Questions

• 1. Are you proud of belonging to your nation? Is it possible to criticize your nation, your country?
• 2. What features of the Russian national character can be noted in the heroes of A. Pushkin's works "Eugene Onegin", "Belkin's Tales", "The Captain's Daughter"?

The author of the article is a professional tutor Elena Viktorovna Kaluzhskaya

ethnic community- a stable set of people historically established in a certain territory who have common features and stable features of culture, language, mental make-up, self-awareness, historical memory, awareness of their interests and goals, dignity, difference from other similar entities.

TO ethnic communities, as a rule, refer to the clan, tribe, nationality, nation.
Historically, the clan and tribe were the first to develop.

Genus- a group of blood relatives leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal).
Tribe- a set of genera, interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, common dialect, unity of religious ideas, rituals.
Such communities are characteristic of primitive communal systems.

With the deepening division of labor and the complication of social ties, new forms of community of people begin to take shape - nations and peoples.

Nationality- a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental warehouse, culture.

With the development of capitalist relations (XVI-XVII centuries), new forms of interethnic consolidation arise - nation.

However, there is no single interpretation of the concept of a nation. There are at least two interpretations of this concept.
First. A nation is a historically established community of people based on a common territory, economic structure, system of political ties, language, culture and psychological makeup, manifested in the general civil consciousness and self-awareness.

Second. A nation is a historically formed community of people, characterized by a common origin, language, territory, economic structure, psychological make-up and culture, manifested in ethnic consciousness and self-consciousness.

In the first case, the nation is understood as a fellow-citizenship based on an industrially developed socially oriented democracy. This understanding is accepted in Western sociology.
In another interpretation, nation means ethnos.

Nationality- belonging of a person to a certain ethnic group or co-citizenship, depending on self-identification.

National mentality- way of thinking, spiritual disposition, characteristic of this particular ethnic community. This is a kind of memory of the past, which determines the behavior of people who preserve historically established traditions.

Ethnic groups in the modern world.
Modern humanity has from 3 to 5 thousand ethnic groups. The process of formation of ethnic groups (ethnogenesis) is quite intensive.

Ethnogenesis factors:
1) Demographic. If at the beginning of the 20th century the population of the Earth was about 2 billion people, then at the beginning of the 21st century it exceeded 7 billion;
2) Geographical. They distinguish the peoples of Europe, the peoples of Asia, the peoples of Africa, the peoples of America, the peoples of Australia and Oceania;
3) Language. There are various classifications of language. Language families are usually distinguished, such as, for example, Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, Semitic-Hamitic and others.
4)Anthropological. Based on the principle of dividing peoples by race. It is customary to distinguish four races: Caucasoids, Mongoloids, Negroids, Australoids. However, the process of racial genesis goes on continuously. This is due to the constant mixing of races. For example, the Brazilian race has recently begun to be distinguished from a mixture of Indians, Africans and Europeans.

10 minor races, more than 130 nations, nationalities and ethnic groups live in Russia.

Russia is a multinational country. Therefore, knowledge of such concepts as "ethnos", "nation", "nationality", "national mentality" will help to understand the ethnic diversity of our country.

ethnic communities. In science under ethnos(from the Greek ethnos - people) is understood as a community of people historically formed in a certain territory, which is characterized by the unity of origin, culture, language, as well as the consciousness of its unity. A person recognizes himself as a descendant of a number of previous generations that belonged to this ethnic group. The memory of ancestors is passed down from generation to generation. As a result, a historical and cultural heritage is formed, which determines the integrity of the ethnic group.

Since any ethnic group is replenished due to inter-ethnic marriages and the inclusion of representatives of other ethnic groups in its composition, attempts to divide people according to "purity of blood", to distinguish between "clean" and "impure" representatives of an ethnic group are devoid of serious scientific grounds. ethnic

community is based primarily not on the unity of "blood", but on the self-consciousness of people. In almost every genealogy that goes far enough into the past, people from other peoples are found.

In the course of the historical development of mankind, ethnoi, like people, were born, lived and died, giving rise to other ethnoi. Different historical periods in the development of society correspond to three forms (stages) of the development of an ethnos - genus And tribe, nationality, nation (Scheme 2).

Stages of development of the ethnic group

Genus and tribe are characteristic of primitive society.

Genus is a group of people related by family ties and having a common ancestor. There is no formal system of leadership in the life of the clan. Various issues are resolved either by the eldest in the family, or by the spiritual leader of the family (shaman), but most often - by the meeting of the family. Oral traditions are used as laws.

Tribe- a larger formation than the genus. The tribe consists of several genera. People who are part of a tribe speak the same language, have common household rules and religious rites, and consider people from other tribes to be strangers. In a tribe, unlike a clan, there is a formal leader - a leader, as well as a council of elders. Decomposition

tribal relations occurs in connection with the emergence of private property and exchange. At the same time, the role of military leaders is enhanced, tribal nobility appears.

Nationalities usually consisted of several tribes close in origin and language, or from multilingual tribes mixed as a result of conquests. In the process of the formation of a nation, a common language is formed (usually it is the language of a more numerous or more culturally developed group of tribes). A territorial, cultural and partly economic community of people included in the nationality is being formed. The formation of the state contributed to the strengthening of nationalities.

nations represent a higher level of self-organization and consolidation of the ethnos. They are formed as a result of the combination, mixing of representatives of various tribes and nationalities. Modern nations were formed during the formation of capitalist relations. As a result of the development of commodity production and trade, the formation of regional and national markets, the medieval isolation of the population was gradually overcome. The creation of centralized states strengthened the economic community and accelerated the formation of nations. Related to this are the processes of creating a national language, the development of a national culture, the formation of features of a national character and way of thinking, the emergence of national self-consciousness.

Nationalities that have been divided into parts by state borders can give rise to several nations (Portuguese and Galicians, Germans and Luxembourgers, etc.). The ancient Russian community of people was the single root of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities, which subsequently developed into a nation.

The nation is considered in science not just as an ethnic unity of people, but as a political, civil, territorial community, as a community of citizens of a given state, united by one government.

Both ethnic and national affiliation of a person is determined primarily by his self-consciousness.

But if ethnic self-consciousness depends on the origin of a person, then national self-consciousness depends on his inclusion in the national culture and a sense of belonging to it. Sometimes ethnic self-consciousness and national self-consciousness do not coincide. Getting into a new ethnic environment, for example, as a result of moving to another country, people do not change their ethnicity. But they can either retain their national culture and national identity, or assimilate, that is, master a different culture and acquire a new national identity. In modern nations, there are many people of different ethnic origins - American Belarusians, Russified Germans, etc. To denote the ethnicity of people today, the term “nationality” is used, and the concept of “nation” is often identified with the concept of “people”. For example, the Belarusian nation is the Belarusian people, uniting all citizens of our country.

As a rule, each nation has its own language. But there are exceptions to this rule. Spaniards, Argentines, Cubans speak the same language, although they are different peoples. And the existence in France, in addition to French, of four more languages ​​- Breton, Gascon, Provencal and German did not prevent the formation of a single French people. The Republic of Belarus has two official languages ​​- Belarusian and Russian.

The development of nations and national relations. Modern humanity is represented by about three thousand different nations and nationalities. Most of them live in multinational states. The well-being, and often the very life of people, depends on their ability for dialogue and mutual understanding, on their respectful attitude to the peculiarities, customs, mores, and views of representatives of other nationalities.

Each nation is characterized by the presence of a system known to all its representatives of traditional forms of behavior, household symbols, and other elements of culture that ensure their mutual understanding and similarity of worldview.

Modern India

In the modern world, no nation can live in complete isolation and necessarily enter into interethnic relations, establish economic, political, ideological, cultural, legal ties with other nations. These bonds can be stable (permanent) or unstable (periodic). They can be based either on rivalry or cooperation, be equal or unequal.

An example of the rapprochement of nations is the European Union (EU). As of January 1, 2007, it included 27 states whose peoples speak at least 40 languages. A single European citizenship has been introduced, a single currency - the euro, a single European law has been developed. The supremacy of European law over national law is recognized by all EU states. In case of conflicts, a “third power” is organized to solve complex problems - the Court of the European Communities, the decisions of which are binding on all EU states. In the post-Soviet space, such associations of countries and peoples as

Meeting of the International Labor Organization

Ensemble "Pesnyary", 1977

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), European-Asian Economic Community (EurAsEC).

national identity. Through self-awareness the nation determines its fundamental interests, goals and ideals, its own place among other peoples and attitude towards them. National self-consciousness is based on historical memory and involves an assessment of the past of one's nation, as well as its current state.

A person independently classifies himself as one or another nationality based on the knowledge of the language that he speaks and considers native, adherence to the traditions and customs that he observes, the culture that he

People have a sense of national pride, but they understand it differently. For example, we are rightfully proud of the cultural achievements of the Belarusian people, but at the same time we respect the values ​​and interests of other peoples. This position is opposed by another: "Everything that is ours is good, everything that is foreign is bad." People who hold this point of view are ready to praise the good and justify the bad that characterize the past and present of their people,

and blacken the history and modern life of another nation. This is how national strife and confrontation arise.

Ethnos: nations and nationalities

Ethnos - historically formed ethnic community - tribe, nationality, nation; who lives in a certain area. It has its own language and culture.

Nation - a historically established stable community of people formed in the process of forming a community of their territory, economic ties, literary language, cultural characteristics and spiritual image.

Nation - territorial cultural-political and socio-economic community that arises in the process of state formation.

Ethnos features:

1) consanguinity

2) stable intergenerational continuity - Each generation, on the one hand, continues the inherited activity, culture in new conditions. And on the other hand, it modifies and supplements the old - and so from generation to generation, i.e. there is continuity between generations. (they grew bread, produced metal - it has changed in modern conditions)

3) common historical destiny - In the historical past of different peoples there were glorious pages. But there are dark pages in history. It is necessary to perceive them with pain and indignation, not to hide inconvenient facts, this is the historical path of every nation. The historical path of each nation explains the emergence of national traditions and customs.

4) common self-consciousness - National self-consciousness is the realization that you belong to some people, an inseparable particle of it, is aware of the history of its people, common national values ​​- writing, language, appreciates the contribution of the people to world culture, shares the successes of the nation and contributes to its development .

5) unity of language - Language is a distinctive feature of an ethnic group. Ethnic groups form a common language. Over time, it is enriched with new words, expanded, modified, but the essence remains the same.

6) a certain territory - It, like a language, can expand, be updated. Sometimes they can move, develop new lands. The connection between the ethnic group and the territory is very close. Ethnic groups often fight for the land of their ancestors not for life, but for death.

7) common culture and traditions. Every nation has its own traditions

Tribe - historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of genera and clans

In the 9th century, a state was formed among the East Slavic tribes - with a center in Kiev - Kievan Rus.

At the end of the X century. the unification of these tribes into a single state ended.

Subordinating to the power of the Kiev prince, each tribe sent its militia to protect the state. In military campaigns, the soldiers were united by a common goal, they felt their kinship with each other, “We are from the Russian family,” they proudly declared. In the process of communication, local differences in the language gradually smoothed out, a single Old Russian language arose and developed. Over time, people ceased to identify themselves with the glades, Drevlyans, began to consider themselves a single whole. This is how the ancient Russian people gradually took shape.

Nationality develops with the appearance of classes and states. This social community is characteristic of the era of slavery and feudalism. The decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nationality was played by the state. It united vast territories. Establishing a closer connection between people and ethnic groups.

As a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the 13th century, the ancient Russian people were divided. From the 14th century the political center of the Russian ethnos shifted from the steppe zone of Kyiv to the northeast. North-Eastern Russia, although it turned out to be dependent on the Golden Horde, most fully preserved the ancient Russian culture and language. The inhabitants of South-Western and Western Russia were included in the possessions of Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary. But they did not dissolve among the peoples of these states, they were united by the Orthodox faith. At the same time, not being able to communicate with North-Eastern Russia, they retained the features of local dialects, life and culture. In the XV century. Muscovite Rus achieved independence and gradually restored the unity of the Russian lands. From the once united ancient Russian people, the Russian, Ukrainian people are being formed. Belarusian people.

Later, with the formation of a centralized state and the development of capitalist relations, a nation is formed - Russians. On the basis of nationalities, the highest historical type of ethnic group is formed- nations . Capitalism activates economic and cultural ties, creates a single national market, eliminates the economic fragmentation of the medieval state, unites the various nationalities included in it into a single national whole, and a nation arises.

So, a tribe is historically the first stage in the formation of an ethnos, nationality is the second stage, an insufficiently stable community, a nation is a stable and most developed stage in the formation of an ethnos. (Scheme)

Ethnos - this is a collective name for large consanguineous groups of people that form a tribe, nationality or nation.

Nation - an autonomous, not limited by territorial boundaries, political grouping, whose members are committed to common values ​​and tools

Nationality - a collective name for large consanguineous groups of people that form a tribe, nationality or nation

Tribe - historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos; representatives have their own language or dialect, territory, form of organization, common ceremonies