Ege in Russian task a6. A6. syntactic rules. theory. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy

USE IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 2014 TASK A 6 Replacing the attributive clause with participial turnover https: //vk. com/samarus_rus

The wording of task A 6 In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover?

Replacement is possible: before replacement: [ There are three main problems ], (which determine the practical significance of the project). - NGN with an attributive clause. after replacement: [There are three main problems that determine the practical significance of the project]. - a simple sentence complicated by participial turnover.

Substitution is not possible: 1. In the main sentence there are demonstrative pronouns (that, such ...). We solved such problems that may be encountered in the exam.

Substitution is impossible: 2. The allied word WHICH is in the form of an indirect case (replacement is possible if "which" is in the form of I. p. or V. p. without a preposition). Allergic reactions often occur to long-haired animals, which (E. p.), as a rule, are cats.

Substitution is impossible: 3. Before the pronoun WHICH there is a preposition. In the distance, trees were visible, on which leaves had blossomed.

Substitution is not possible: 4. Before the pronoun WHICH there is another word, and the comma is before this word. For a long time, whales, which were previously observed by a few, were considered fish.

Replacement is impossible: 5. The predicate in the subordinate clause is a verb in the conditional mood or in the future tense. I saw a book that I would like to have in my library. We arranged a holiday for children who will go to school in the fall.

Task number 7 tests the ability of students to form various forms of words. It is necessary to find a word in it, the form of which is formed with an error, and write it correctly; for this you can get one primary point.

Theory for task No. 7 USE in the Russian language

Many graduates have problems with the formation of the plural forms of various words. In order to prevent them, we provide some theoretical information using the words found in the exam.

Grammatical norms of nouns

Nominative plural noun endings

Genitive Plural Noun Endings

In the genitive plural of words denoting various fruits and vegetables, the ending "-ov" is almost always used:

• a lot of pineapples, bananas, lemons, tomatoes.

It is important to remember the following exceptions: melons, plums, apples

In the genitive case of the plural of words denoting paired objects, there is often a zero ending:

• a lot of shoe covers, boots, boots, sneakers, shorts, stockings, shoes.

Important to remember: a lot of breeches, golfs, socks

The null ending will also be in the genitive plural of words denoting nationalities:

• many Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Romanians, Tatars

Important to remember: many Mongols, Tajiks, Croats, Yakuts

Also, the zero ending is used in the words of the genitive plural, denoting some military professions:

• midshipman, grenadier, hussar, partisan, soldier

Important to remember: many sappers

The genitive plural of various units of measurement also has a zero ending:

• ampere, arshin, byte, megabyte, volt, watt

But: grams, hectares, kilograms

The genitive plural for words ending in "-tse" is formed with the ending "-ets":

• many saucers, mirrors, blankets, towels

But: many trees, windows

The ending "-y" will occur in the genitive plural of words ending in "-ya" or "-ye":

• many nesting places, food, tombstones, necklaces, cookies, coasts, seats, mutilations.

Important to remember: many roots, rags, dresses, apprentices, lands, flakes, rooks, spears, guns

The ending "-ey" will be in the genitive case of the plural of words that end in "and" in the nominative case:

• a lot of weekdays, dumbbells, tablecloths, mangers, palms

Declension of nouns

Declension of numerals also causes difficulties for some people. In the numerals "forty, ninety, one hundred" in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the plural, the ending "-a" is added:

• forty, ninety, one hundred

In the numerals "fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty" both parts of the words change, for example, fifty - fifty. Two parts also change in the words "two hundred, three hundred, four hundred", for example, three hundred - three hundred - three hundred - about three hundred. The words "five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred" are inclined according to the following pattern: seven hundred - seven hundred - seven hundred - seven hundred - seven hundred - about seven hundred. In the declension of compound numerals, all parts of the word must be changed: three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven - about three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven.

It is very important to decline ordinal numbers correctly: only the last word before the noun changes in them, for example:

• two thousand and seventeen - in two thousand and seventeen (you can't say "in two thousand and seventeen"!)

When using the words "both" and "both", you must always agree with the nouns:

• on both streets (not both); in both houses (not both).

Morphological norms of verbs

You also need to remember the forms of the following imperative words:

Both present and future tenses:

It is important to remember the correct spelling of words and combinations:

• cut your hair, slip, emphasize, handwriting, mock, get off the bus (do not go), get wet, cold, get stronger, sit down

Comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives

The comparative degree of adjectives can be simple and compound: warmer (simple), warmer (compound). Both of these forms cannot be combined: warmer is a grammatical error.

The superlative degree of adjectives can be simple and compound: the warmest (simple), the warmest (compound). Both of these forms cannot be combined: the warmest is a grammatical error.

Task execution algorithm

1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. We read the proposed words and phrases (preferably pronouncing them or using them in a sentence).
3. We recall the grammatical nomes of the Russian language in the field of word formation (theory).
4. Looking for the misspelled word.
5. We write down the correct answer (the correct form of the word).

Analysis of typical options for task No. 7 USE in the Russian language

The sixth task of the demo 2018

1. experienced TRAINERS
2. on BOTH sides
3. sounds less LOUD
4. RIDE FORWARD
5. no SHOES

Execution algorithm:

1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. Experienced trainers engaged in the preparation of the team. New alarm sounds less loud. Ride forward along the alley. She has no shoes for an evening out.
3. Experienced trainers trainer. Sounds less loud- the correct form of the comparative degree of the adverb loud. Ride is the correct plural imperative form. H em shoes shoe.
4. The word BOTH is misspelled. With a feminine noun, the word BOTH should be used - BOTH sides.

Answer: both

The first version of the task

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

1. Ride straight
2. white GOLF
3. the best TRAINERS
4. THREE FIFTH
5. folded towels

Execution algorithm:

1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. We read the proposed words and phrases, trying to use them in sentences: Ride straight on the way to. Our team the best coaches. Donate three-fifths all stocks. She packed her bag folded towels and underwear.
3. Ride straight- correctly formed imperative mood of the verb drive. The best coaches- the correct plural form of the nominative case of a noun trainer. three-fifths- in compound numerals, all parts are declined. Folded towels- with a prefix we use a verb -lie-.
4. The word GOLF is misspelled. This is one of the "exceptions" to the formation of the plural of words - designations of clothing items.

Answer: golf

The second version of the assignment

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

1. wave hand
2. LATER
3. THREE inspectors
4. our HOLIDAYS
5. by TWO THOUSAND FIFTEENTH

Execution algorithm:

1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. We read the proposed words and phrases, trying to use them in sentences: I wave my hand mom. later period of the artist's work. Three inspectors came to a unanimous decision. Our holidays have been approved.
3. I wave my hand- correctly formed 1 person singular of the present tense from the verb wave. later- correctly formed superlative form of the verb late. Three inspectors- correctly educated R.p. plural of verb inspector. Our holidays- plural of noun vacation.
4. This task illustrates a fairly common mistake in the declension of numerals. As mentioned above, only the word closest to the noun should be declined in them. Correct option: by the year two thousand and fifteen.

Answer: two thousand and fifteen.

The third version of the task

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

1. LESS crisp
2. aubergine caviar
3. WAVE
4. administrative DISTRICTS
5. FIFTY tasks

Execution algorithm:

1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. We read the proposed words and phrases, trying to use them in sentences: less clear picture. Eggplant caviar turned out to be a hit. Administrative districts reacted to the statement. Control presented fifty tasks.
3. less clear- correctly formed comparative degree of the adjective clear. Eggplant caviar– correct plural form of the genitive case of a noun eggplant - REMEMBER. Administrative districts is the correct plural form of the nominative case of the noun okrug. Fifty tasks- in complex numerals, both parts decline .
4. Here, no error was made in the declension of the numeral, but it can be found in combination at number 3. You need to remember once and for all that the correct option is wave.

To prepare the material for this task, the collection "OPTIMAL BANK OF TASKS FOR PREPARING STUDENTS" was used. Unified state exam 2012. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Steps to prepare for a successful exam. Tasks and algorithms for their implementation. Authors: S.V. Drabkina, D.I. Subbotin. Moscow. "Intelligence -Center", 2012.

Consider task A6 of the USE demo in the Russian language in 2013:

In which sentence, the subordinate clause of a complex sentence cannot be replaced by a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover?

1) French words and expressions that penetrate the Russian language,

called gallicisms.

2) The environment in which living organisms exist is constantly

is changing.

3) In order to promote the development of literature and literary language

in the 18th century, the Russian Academy was created, which became the mainscientific center for the study of the Russian language and literature.

4) In the second half of the 18th century, French influence on Russian speech

nobles, which played an important role in the process of Europeanization of the Russian

literary language becomes predominant.

What is required from graduates: try to replace in each sentence the clause of the NGN with the participle (for example: A car, (who passed by) was silver in color. = car, rushing by was silver in color.) and find that complex sentence in which such a replacement impossible .

To complete the task correctly, you need to know the following rules:

From the demo version of the exam:

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by excluding the extra word. Write out this word.

There was not a single flashy color in this landscape, not a single sharp feature in the relief, but its stingy lakes filled with dark and calm water seemed to express the main essence of water more than all the seas and oceans.

Answer: home

In this sentence, the word “main” should be deleted, since the turn of speech “main essence” is a pleonasm. “The essence is the most important, essential thing in smth., smth.; essence, basis "(Ozhegov's dictionary).

Formulation 2: replace the misspelled word

"Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the chosen word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language."

At the end of the 17th century, the supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young reformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

Answer: suffered

There is a violation of lexical compatibility. You can win, but you can lose.

Algorithm for completing task 6

1) Find the semantic (semantic) contradiction (error signal).

2) Recognize the error, indicate its type (do not mix with expressive means).

3) If it's a mistake, fix it.

Theory

Violation of lexical norms

Lexical norms(or norms of word usage) are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.

Error types

Violation of lexical compatibility of words

Lexical word compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other. If you do not take into account the meaning of words, lexical incompatibility may occur.

For example, words may not be combined due to their lexical incompatibility.

(Lean back, suffer a victory, an armed clash took place, etc.)

The use of phraseological units. Mistakes.

Phraseologism is a lexically indivisible, stable phrase (manna from heaven, chop on the nose).

Typical errors in the use of phraseological units are:

abbreviation of the expression "And not worth an egg" instead of "And not worth a damn egg")

replacement of the word ("the lion's share" instead of "the lion's share")

combination of two turns ("makes a big difference" instead of "plays a role" or "is of great importance")

The use of paronyms

Paronyms- words similar in sound, but not the same in meaning (long and long, mountainous and mountainous, watery and watery, spectacular and effective)

The correct use of paronyms is devoted to the Russian language.

Pleonasm. The use of extra words.

Pleonasms- phrases in which one of the two words is superfluous, because its meaning coincides with the meaning of another, adjacent word (main essence, free vacancy, my autobiography, strict taboo, and others).

Tautology

The use of cognate words in a close context ( tautology) - repetition of single-root or identical words (organize an organization, ask a question, propose a proposal).

*** In addition to the redundancy of words, lexical errors also include the insufficiency of words, but in task 6 this is not checked.

Russian writers (portraits) hung in the office.

Do not enter the reading room in clothes! (in outerwear)

Incorrect use of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.

Synonyms- words of the same part of speech, close or identical in meaning (friend - comrade - friend, youth - youth, smart - intelligent, work hard, etc.)

Synonyms cannot always replace each other in speech, especially stylistically different words.

She went to the doctor because she has more eyes (instead of eyes).

The lawyer sought to have his client whitewashed (instead of acquitted)

*** Incorrect use of antonyms and homonyms is also possible.

Antonyms- words of one part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning (cold - hot, friend - enemy).

Due to the weakness of his position, it was difficult for him to defend himself (inappropriate use of the antonyms "strength" and "weakness").

Homonyms- words that coincide in form (in pronunciation, in writing), but different in meaning (onion - plant / weapon, marriage - marriage / poor-quality products).

At the Russian Language Olympiad, I lost my glasses due to inattention (glasses - points or glasses - an optical device that protects the eyes).

Unjustified and inappropriate use of obsolete vocabulary, neologisms, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms, borrowed words, ambiguous words.

Obsolete words, depending on the causes of obsolescence, are divided into two groups:

historicisms- these are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts (chain mail, cocked hat, corvée, etc.)

Archaisms- words that are outdated for a linguistic reason have fallen out of use, as they have been replaced by synonyms (faces - cheeks, eyes - eyes, actor - actor).

***Historicisms and archaisms are used in texts that deal with the past (fiction, historical research).

Neologisms- new words that have not yet taken a place in the active vocabulary. Neologisms appear in the language along with the designated realities (harvester, astronaut, satellite).

Dialectism- a lexical unit, the use of which is limited to a certain territory.

Timely and high-quality weeding of beetroots contributes to a good harvest. (beets)

Borrowed words- words that came into the language from other languages.

He was presented as a kind of polyglot: he is a physicist, a mathematician, and a poet. (A polyglot is a person who speaks many languages)

Polysemantic words are words that have multiple meanings.

As a rule, the context helps to distinguish in which meaning the word is used. However, this is not always observed, which can also lead to a speech error.

He had low health (meaning bad health).

Our athlete lagged behind her rival in development. (chess term - development of the party)

Lexical norms- these are norms that regulate the rules for the use and combination of words in speech. The use of a word in speech is always determined by the peculiarities of its lexical meaning - the content in which our knowledge and understanding of an object, phenomenon, property or process is displayed. When using a word in speech, you must ensure that:

• its lexical meaning was realized appropriately and correctly,
• so that the word expresses our attitude, that is, it is expressive.

Accordingly, lexical norms have two aspects: accuracy And expressiveness.

Lexical norms in terms of accuracy

Accuracy- the quality of speech, which lies in the correspondence of the semantic side of speech to reality, in the ability to find the right words to express thoughts.

The use of a word in speech is determined by the peculiarities of its lexical meaning, and also depends on the context. An incorrectly chosen word can distort the meaning of the message, create the possibility of double interpretation, or give undesirable stylistic overtones.

By means of speech expressiveness:

1.Synonyms- words of the same part of speech, close or identical in meaning. Synonyms are divided into the following groups:

• semantic (semantic) - synonyms that differ in shades of meaning (other - comrade - friend, youth - youth, talisman - amulet, red - scarlet);
• stylistic - synonyms that differ in stylistic coloring, subjective assessment, scope of use ( future - future, smart - intelligent - brainy, talk - chat - chatter, work - work hard).

2. Antonyms- words of one part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning ( cold - hot, friend - enemy). Antonyms can be of two types:

• single-root (lexico-grammatical): friend - foe, arrival - departure, calm - restless;
• heterogeneous (actually lexical): love - hate, old - young, work - idle.

3. Homonyms- words that coincide in form (in pronunciation, in writing), but different in meaning ( onion– plant / weapon, marriage- matrimony / low-quality products).
There are the following types of homonyms:

• homographs - graphic homonyms that coincide in spelling, but differ in sound ( atlas, castle, fall);
• Homophones are phonetic homonyms that sound the same but differ in spelling. gender - mouth, frequency - purity, belittle - beg);
• homoforms - homonymous word forms, the same-sounding grammatical forms of different words ( oven, three, flying).

4. Polysemantic words- words that have several meanings, between which there is an associative relationship based on the similarity or adjacency of the designated phenomena ( sea – Black Sea, sea of ​​flowers; sweet- tea, smile, look).

5. - stable combinations of words reproduced in speech in finished form: do not lose face, lead by the nose, not at ease, like a fish in water etc.

Phraseologisms are non-free, related phrases: they have the lexical meaning of one word ( at any moment- soon lead by the nose- deceive, like a fish in water- freely). Such phrases are fixed in the language as a result of frequent and long, sometimes centuries-old, practice of use. The same combination can act either as free or as bound, depending on the context: He closed his eyes and fell asleep. The dean's office turned a blind eye to the misbehavior of the student.

Phraseological means also include linguistic aphorisms - proverbs, sayings, catchwords.

Typical lexical errors in terms of expressiveness

1. Misuse of synonyms. Synonyms should be used carefully: they can not always replace each other in the context. For example: He managed to lead > behind a like-minded people. Many animals in winter rush into > dormant.
2. An unjustified combination of words with an antonymous meaning. The collision of antonyms in speech often makes the phrase illogical: You ask how my hedgehog is doing. He lives bad, he died;
3. Lexical ambiguity caused by the use of ambiguous words or homonyms. You listened to ad(listen - "hear" or "miss"). draw meadow (onion). The boy was sent for grenades (pomegranate And grenade).
4. Errors in the use of phraseological units
   • Violation of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit is a change in the accepted grammatical form of words (gender, number, case, etc.) included in a phraseological unit. For example: He twisted in the shower soul > .
   • The replacement of a phraseological unit component is a distortion of the composition of a phraseological phrase by replacing one of the words with a synonym. For example: He got the lion part earned.

Lexical norms in terms of language development

When using words, one should take into account whether it is included in the active dictionary of the modern language, whether it is new or obsolete.

obsolete words- words that have left the active stock of the language - depending on the reasons for obsolescence, they are divided into two groups:

• historicisms - words that are obsolete for a non-linguistic reason. Pushkin: The coachman sits on the irradiation in a sheepskin coat, in a red sash;.
• archaisms - words that are obsolete for a linguistic reason; they fell out of use as they were replaced by synonyms ( cheeks - cheeks, eyes - eyes, shuytsa - left hand, this - this). Sometimes a “native” word for a language becomes archaic due to the appearance of a foreign one ( architect - architect). Some words have changed meaning: shame is a spectacle, charm - deceit. It happens that a word that has passed into the category of obsolete returns to the language again.

Neologisms- new words or expressions, the freshness and unusualness of which is clearly felt by the native speakers of this language, as a result of which they are not yet perceived as the norm. If the word is in demand by the language, it “takes root” and begins to be actively used, after a while it passes into the active dictionary. So, for example, the word harvester- neologism of the 20s of the last century; astronaut, lunar rover- 60s; consensus, riot policeman, ruopovets, federal, credit card, dance floor - 90s, rebranding, sale, microvan, community (community), interview (interview), loft (loft- modern neologisms.

Foreign / borrowed words- words that came into the language from other languages.

Lexical norms prescribe not to abuse archaisms, neologisms or borrowed words, if possible, use a Russian literary analogue.

Lexical norms in terms of the scope of the use of words

The huge dictionary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of use can be divided into two large groups:

1. vocabulary of an unlimited scope of use, or common vocabulary; it forms the basis of the vocabulary of the language, is understandable to every native speaker and can be used in any conditions;
2. vocabulary of a limited scope of use is common within a certain area or any social group.

The vocabulary of a limited sphere of use includes dialectisms, colloquial words, professionalisms, jargonisms.

• Dialectisms- words that belong to Russian dialects and are not included in the literary language. The use of dialectisms in artistic and journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters is justified. The inappropriate use of dialectisms leads to speech errors: In the summer in the countryside I get up with the kochet(roosters).
• Spoken words- words that are used in oral speech in everyday communication and are included in the system of the literary language: I have plenty of time(many).
• vernacular- words of oral speech that are not included in the system of the literary language: run off, drift off, dunce, muddler and etc.
• Professionalisms- colloquial synonyms of terms accepted in professional groups: steering wheel - bagel(in the speech of drivers), typo - blunder(in the speech of newspapermen).
• The unmotivated transfer of professionalisms into general literary speech is undesirable. Unlike terms, which are official scientific names for special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. In terms of the limited use and the nature of the sound (joking, reduced), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of professional jargons.
• jargon- words used in certain jargons. Jargon is a kind of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. This is a kind of social dialect characteristic of professional or age groups of people (jargon of athletes, students).