Operating power. In marine engines, it is customary to distinguish between maximum, rated, operational and economical (cruising) power

Engine Operation

Lecture No. 15

Engine performance indicators - these are the parameters of its operating process - power, torque and fuel consumption.

Power engines are characterized in different ways. If you need to evaluate the work done by gases expanding inside the engine cylinder, then we talk about indicated engine power. If we are talking about the work performed by a rotating crankshaft, then we talk about effective power. The effective power per liter of engine displacement is called liter capacity. This indicator characterizes the degree of perfection of the engine in terms of the use of its displacement.

Maximum power The engine can develop for a limited time.

Rated power guaranteed by the manufacturer at full throttle and rated speed under normal (design) environmental conditions.

Operating power are selected based on specific operating conditions in order to ensure sufficient engine life. Reducing the amount of power taken out very significantly increases the service life of the engine.

Economical power corresponds to minimum fuel consumption. Typically, the maximum power exceeds the rated power by about 10%, the operational power is about 90-70%, and the economic power is about 50% of the rated power.

Effective torque - this is the resulting moment of all the forces that cause rotation of the crankshaft. Torque and power rotational movement interconnected: power is equal to the product of torque and angular velocity. Therefore, the effective engine torque is inversely proportional to the engine speed and directly proportional to the engine's effective power at that speed. The engine develops maximum torque at one specific speed.

Fuel consumption, related to one hour of engine operation is called hourly fuel consumption and is expressed in kilograms per hour. The hourly fuel consumption per unit of effective engine power is called effective specific fuel consumption and is measured in grams per kilowatt-hour or grams per horsepower-hour. A distinction is made between minimum fuel consumption at fully and partially open throttle. In the first case, the carburetor prepares a combustible mixture of a power (enriched) composition, in the second - an economical (lean) composition. Each of these minimum fuel consumption values ​​corresponds to a certain value of the crankshaft rotation speed.

Features of engine operation on a small boat. On a small boat, the engine is operated only during navigation, after which it is preserved for winter storage. The engine usually does not run regularly during navigation. Therefore, during operation important role acquires the preparation of the engine for starting after a sufficiently long break in operation.

Engine maintenance during operation is commonly called technical maintenance, the purpose of which is to provide normal conditions operation of engine mechanisms and systems. Timely and high-quality maintenance helps to constantly maintain the engine in working condition, reduce fuel and oil consumption, reduce the wear rate of parts, prevent, timely identify and eliminate faults, which ultimately increases trouble-free operation and extends the service life of the engine.

Maintenance wears as planned-prophylactic character. In addition to regular engine maintenance before, during and after sailing, more complex maintenance is performed periodically, the timing and scope of which are specified by the regulations established by the manufacturer and specified in Operating Instructions. Therefore, this type of maintenance is called routine work.

During engine operation, its malfunctions and failures.

Malfunction worsens the technical condition of the engine, but he continues to work, although unsatisfactorily.

In case of refusal, arising due to breakdown of parts, the engine is completely inoperable.

Many malfunctions of engine mechanisms and systems, for example, violations of any adjustments, can be eliminated without disassembling it. Otherwise, as well as in case of failures, there is a need for repairs associated with disassembling the engine. Unlike routine maintenance, repairs are carried out as needed.

In the operating conditions of a small fleet without a centralized repair base, a particularly important role is played not only by the thoroughness of regular engine maintenance, but also by the driver-motorist’s ability to detect malfunctions of engine mechanisms and systems, and then eliminate many of them.

Engine fault detection based on control and evaluation of it technical condition, which are produced during engine operation and maintenance. The condition of the engine depends on how its working process proceeds, what its temperature regime and the conditions for lubrication of parts, how much wear there is on working surfaces. These factors depend, in turn, on how the engine mechanisms and systems function.

A malfunction of a mechanism or system is characterized by certain external signs . This could be a drop in power, difficult starting, unstable operation, overheating, extraneous noises and knocks, smoking, etc. Even an inexperienced engine driver can detect a changed state of the engine. It is much more difficult to recognize the cause of a malfunction: different malfunctions may have the same symptoms.

Detection of malfunctions in engine operation by external signs is called diagnostics in which two stages can be distinguished: first, they determine which mechanism or system is faulty, then what is the specific cause of this malfunction. To do this you need to know, firstly, external signs malfunctions of engine mechanisms and systems, secondly, how external signs are related to the causes of malfunctions that cause these symptoms.

Protozoa diagnostic work performed during engine maintenance. Then they eliminate possible reasons some malfunctions. More complex diagnostic “recipes” are usually given in the operating instructions for specific engines. However, in both simple and complex cases, in order to quickly and accurately determine a malfunction, you need to have a good knowledge of the principle of operation and structure of the engine, the purpose and interaction of its mechanisms and systems.

Main principle troubleshooting and their causes - consistent verification of possible assumptions. It is useless and even harmful to look for a malfunction by unjustifiably disassembling the engine: this disrupts the interaction of worn-in parts, changes the operating clearances and worsens the tightness.

Statistics show that almost all malfunctions and failures that occur during the warranty period serial engine, are a consequence of improper operation, non-compliance with the running-in regime, untimely completion of routine maintenance, i.e. violation of the operating rules established by the manufacturer and specified in the engine instructions.

In conclusion, the basic rule of engine operation should be noted: it is necessary to eliminate any malfunction and the causes that cause it as soon as it is detected, without waiting for it to lead to other malfunctions.

Safety precautions. All rotating parts of the mechanical installation must be covered with removable, firmly fixed covers and shields that prevent access or contact with clothing on these parts. Maintenance and repairs should only be carried out with the engine stopped. To avoid burns, the exhaust pipe of a boat engine is insulated with asbestos.

When manually starting a boat engine, you need to stand on the left side, tightly grasping the starting handle so that your fingers are on one side of the handle. Otherwise, injury may result from reverse rotation (kickback) of the crankshaft. The handle must be turned half turns towards you.

When starting the outboard motor, be sure to stand firmly on your feet or sit in the boat to avoid losing your balance. Do not lean close to the engine. When starting the engine using the emergency cord, do not wrap it around your hand, or tie anything to the free end - a cord caught on the flywheel can cause injury.

Do not start an overheated engine or an engine with premature ignition timing - crankshaft kickback from premature sparking can cause injury. If the boat engine is overheated, open the expansion tank cap only with gloves on to avoid burns. Do not bring your face close to the neck. Check the water level in the tank at low engine speed.

The use of leaded gasoline should be avoided. It is poisonous and causes severe poisoning when it gets into the stomach, onto the skin, or when its vapors are inhaled. If such gasoline is still used, then it is necessary to comply the following measures precautions: store gasoline only in containers that have tight lids with gaskets, and only in places where there are no people, food or clothing; do not suck gasoline through the hose with your mouth and do not blow through fuel lines and jets with your mouth; Do not use gasoline for washing hands and engine parts, cleaning clothes, blowtorches and primus stoves; do not spill gasoline in indoors, if it does spill, then wipe the contaminated area with a dry and then a cloth moistened with kerosene; when removing carbon deposits from an engine running on leaded gasoline, first moisten the carbon deposits with kerosene or oil; work only with gloves (rubber, leather) that insulate the skin of your hands; If gasoline gets on your skin, immediately remove it with a rag soaked in kerosene, being careful not to rub the liquid into the skin, then wash this area of ​​skin hot water with soap; immediately remove clothing doused with gasoline and ventilate outdoors for two hours and wash.

OPERATING POWER

engine power, the power that the engine produces during most of its operating time. Defined as the average power under given conditions during continuous operation. It depends on the load of the machine or unit on which the engine is installed. For example, the e.m. of the main engine of a transoceanic liner is close to its rated (calculated) power, and the e.m. of the engine of a shunting diesel locomotive is significantly lower than it. In accordance with the load, requirements for the characteristics of engines for various purposes are formed. Rational flow of the engine operating process in E.M. mode ensures its greatest efficiency in operation.

Big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what OPERATING POWER is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• POWER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  PRODUCTION - see PRODUCTION CAPACITY...
• POWER
  physical quantity N, measured by the ratio of work A to the time period t during which it was performed; if work is done evenly...
• POWER
  a physical quantity measured by the ratio of work to the period of time during which it is performed. If the work is done uniformly, then M. is determined ...
• POWER in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• POWER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  physical quantity N, measured by the ratio of work A to the period of time t during which it is performed if the work is performed uniformly, ...
• POWER V Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -i, w. 1. see powerful. 2. A physical quantity characterizing the work (in 1 value) performed per unit of time. Power in...
• OPERATIONAL
  OPERATIONAL EXPLORATION, exploration work carried out simultaneously. with the development of a deposit to clarify the quality and reserves of minerals, geol. buildings and...
• POWER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  RADIATION POWER, see Radiation flux...
• POWER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  SOUND POWER, energy transferred by sound. wave through the surface under consideration per unit time. Wed. the value of M.z., related to a unit of area, called. ...
• POWER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  Electrical POWER, electrical operation. current per unit time. In the DC circuit M current is equal to the product of voltage and current. In a chain...
• POWER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  CARDINALITY of a set, a concept of set theory that generalizes the concept of “number of elements” to arbitrary sets. The M. of a set characterizes what is common to all...
• POWER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  POWER, physical. value N, measured by the ratio of work A to the period of time t, during which it was completed; If …
• POWER in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  power, power, power, power, power, power, power, power, power, power, power, …
• POWER in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -i, pl. m"power, m"power, w. 1) The degree, intensity, etc. of manifestation of something. Hurricane power. Explosion power. Signal strength. Synonyms: ...
• POWER in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  1. Syn: capacity, capacity, productivity, load, output, output, throughput 2. Syn: strength, intensity, power, might (amplified), energy Ant: ...
• POWER in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  1. Syn: capacity, capacity, productivity, load, output, output, throughput 2. Syn: strength, intensity, power, might (amplification), ...
• POWER in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  impressiveness, heftiness, significance, sparklingness, massiveness, mightiness, power, power, ...
• POWER in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  and. 1) Distraction noun by value adj.: powerful (1). 2) Thickness of the formation, layer (minerals, coal, air, etc.). 3) ...
• POWER in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  power, ...
• POWER in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  power,...
• POWER in the Spelling Dictionary:
  power, ...
• POWER in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  <= мощный мощность физическая величина, характеризующая работу N1 совершаемую в единицу времени Мощностью в 100 ватт. мощность производственные объекты (электростанции, …
• POWER in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  sets, a concept in set theory that generalizes the concept of “number of elements” to arbitrary sets. The power of a set characterizes what is common to all...
• POWER in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  power, w. (book). 1. units only Distraction noun to powerful; strength, power. State power. 2. only units. The thickness of the layers and...
• POWER in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  power w. 1) Distraction noun by value adj.: powerful (1). 2) Thickness of the formation, layer (minerals, coal, air, etc.). ...
• POWER in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  and. 1. abstract noun according to adj. powerful 1. 2. Thickness of a formation, layer (minerals, coal, air, etc.). 3. Physical...
• POWER in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  I distracted noun according to adj. powerful 1. II f. Thickness of the formation, layer of minerals, coal, air, etc. III...
• OPERATIONAL INTELLIGENCE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  exploration work carried out simultaneously with the development of a deposit to clarify the quality and reserves of minerals, geological structure and ...
• THE MOST EXPENSIVE OFFICE SPACE; "BOMBAY" in the 1998 Guinness Book of Records:
  The world's highest prices for office space are recorded in Bombay (Mumbai), India. In January 1997, the rental of the best offices in the central ...
• ESTONIA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), a state in the East. Europe, in the northern Baltic; washed by the Finnish and Riga Halls. Baltiysky metro station 45.2 thousand...
• FORDSON in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  general purpose agricultural wheeled tractor. Produced by Ford Motor Company (USA) in 1917-28. A copy of the Fordson was produced by the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad...
• TURKMENIA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Republic of Turkmenistan) state in the southwest of Sr. Asia. In the west it is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea, 488.1 thousand km2. Population 4294 thousand people...
• MOLDAVIA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), a state in southeastern Europe. 33.7 thousand km2. Population 4.36 million people (1993), 65% - Moldovans, Ukrainians, ...
• LITHUANIA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Lietuva) Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), a state in the East. Europe, in the Baltic States, is washed by the Baltic Sea. 65.2 thousand km2. Population 3798 thousand...
• LATVIA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Latvija) Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), a state in the East. Europe and the Baltic states, washed by the Baltic Sea and Riga Bay. 64.5 thousand km2. ...
• KYRGYZSTAN in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Kyrgyzstan) Republic of Kyrgyzstan (Respublikasy Kyrgyzstan), in the northeast Wed. Asia. 198.5 thousand km2. Population 4526 thousand people (1993), urban 38%; Kyrgyz...
• KAZAKHSTAN in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Kazakhstan), Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Respublikasy), in the central part of Eurasia. 2717.3 thousand km2. Population 17,186 thousand people (1993), urban 58%; Kazakhs...
• DEADWEIGHT in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (eng. deadweight) (total carrying capacity of the ship) the mass of cargo (payload, ship's stores, crew) accepted by the ship. Deadweight at load line draft...
• GEORGIA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Sakartvelo) Republic of Georgia, in the central and western part of Transcaucasia, in the west it is washed by the Black Sea. 69.7 thousand km2. Population 5493 thousand...
• BELARUS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Belarus) Republic of Belarus (Republic of Belarus). 207.6 thousand km2. Population 10,353 thousand people (1993), urban 67%; Belarusians (7905 thousand people; ...
• ARMENIA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Republic of Armenia Khayastany Khanrapetutyun), a state in the south of Transcaucasia. 29.8 thousand km2. Population 3412 thousand people (1992), urban 69.5%; Armenians (3084 ...
• YAROSLAVL REGION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  region, part of the RSFSR. Formed on March 11, 1936. Area 36.4 thousand km2. Population 1414 thousand people (as of January 1 ...
• NUCLEAR ENERGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  energy, a branch of energy that uses nuclear energy (atomic energy) for the purposes of electrification and district heating; field of science and technology that develops and...
• SOUTH URAL RAILWAY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  railway, unites a network of roads within the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg regions of the RSFSR and individual sections within the Kuibyshev region of the RSFSR, Bashkir ...
• SOUTH RAILWAY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  railway, unites a network of roads within the Belgorod region of the RSFSR, Kharkov, Poltava regions of the Ukrainian SSR and sections within the Kursk region ...
• SOUTH WESTERN RAILWAY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  railway, unites sections of roads within the Kyiv, Zhitomir, Khmelnytsky, Chernihiv, Vinnytsia and partly Sumy, Poltava, Cherkassy, ​​Chernivtsi, Rivne regions...
• SOUTHEASTERN RAILWAY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  railway, unites a network of roads within the Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk regions and sections of roads within the Rostov, Ryazan and Belgorod ...
• ELECTRIFICATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  [from electricity and...fication], the widespread introduction into the national economy of electrical energy generated centrally at power plants connected by power transmission lines...

Production capacity (productivity) is the maximum possible output at the most complete and rational use of production resources. This is the maximum amount of products or the maximum amount of work (services) that potentially capable produce (perform) an enterprise, workshop, site, workplace for a certain period of time (for example, an hour, a year).

Productive capacity depends on the technology used, the level of technical equipment, the necessary material and technical support, and the availability of production and management personnel.

Production capacity is determined given that:

a) complete elimination of accidents;

b) full use of working time.

Equipment production capacity - This is some property of the equipment that determines its usefulness.

Energy enterprises and energy facilities of industrial enterprises are characterized by energy production capacity (energy productivity) , which depends on one more condition not specified above - on volume and power required by consumers.

Most energy outputs are calculated per hour. This is how power is measured in energy:

for electrical power facilities in kW And MW;

for thermal power facilities in t steam/h and in Gcal/h;

for objects that produce cold Gcal cold/h;

in the production of compressed air and gases, when pumping water into cubic m/h.

Types of energy production facilities

In the energy sector, it is customary to distinguish the following types energy production facilities:

nominal;

maximum;

minimal;

• economic;

  adjustable;

  unregulated;

  installed;

  operational (available);

  control room

Rated power – the power with which power equipment can operate for the longest possible time at maximum consumer load. This is the highest power at which the equipment can be loaded and still operate for a long time without harmful consequences.

The rated power corresponds to the lower limit of the maximum power.

Deviation of actual operating conditions from design ones causes technological power limitations. In this regard, it differs:

Maximum power
– highest short-term power.

Minimum power (technical minimum)
– the lower limit of equipment loading, below which work or unacceptable, or unstable. Defines the lowest load with which the equipment can operate for an extended period of time without disturbance.

For thermal turbines
.

Operating power
– the actual power being developed at the moment.

Under normal operating conditions
.

Economic power
– power at which maximum efficiency is ensured (maximum efficiency and, accordingly, minimum specific consumption of primary energy supplied to the equipment). The consumer load corresponding to the economic power of the equipment is called economic burden .

Adjustable power – power, the value of which can be changed as needed.

Unregulated power – the lower limit of the possible change in equipment load during its normal operation. For example, for back-pressure turbine units it is determined as the maximum of the power developed in the heating cycle
, and technical minimum:
.

Installed power
– the sum of the design rated capacities of installed and in operation units of equipment of the same purpose (for example, units).

Operating (available) power
is the installed capacity minus ruptures And power restrictions:

,

- unused capacity , caused by discontinuities and power limitations.

Power limits arise as a result worsening condition equipment due to its wear and therefore inability to develop the previous designed power, deterioration of operating conditions equipment (deterioration of fuel quality, vacuum, decrease in initial pressure, initial steam temperature, etc.), and are also caused by capacity taken out for repairs.

Power gaps is a reduction in power due to a mismatch between individual technological elements. The reasons for these discrepancies may be:

design and technological shortcomings of equipment;

insufficient performance of auxiliary mechanisms, fuel supply, boiler installation, etc.;

inconsistency of the fuel used with the combustion devices.

Dispatching power
– power specified by the dispatch load schedule.

engine, the power that the engine develops during most of its operating time. Defined as the average power under given conditions during continuous operation. It depends on the load of the machine or unit on which the engine is installed. For example, the e.m. of the main engine of a transoceanic liner is close to its rated (calculated) power, and the e.m. of the engine of a shunting diesel locomotive is significantly lower than it. In accordance with the load, requirements for the characteristics of engines for various purposes are formed. Rational flow of the engine operating process in E.M. mode ensures its greatest efficiency in operation.

• - the body of the housing and maintenance service of the Soviet Army and Navy, which is entrusted with organizing the technical operation of the barracks-housing stock and communal facilities, providing all types of apartment...

  Glossary of military terms

• - aviation structures - the property of aircraft structures to ensure safe operation in terms of strength in the event of partial or complete destruction of power elements due to fatigue,...

  Encyclopedia of technology

• - the largest neymax and the smallest neymin permissible values ​​of normal overload ny in terms of structural strength. The value of E. p. is determined on the basis of Strength Standards for various design...

  Encyclopedia of technology

• - a set of structural and technical properties of the aircraft, which determines its suitability for maintenance in real operating conditions...

  Encyclopedia of technology

• - ".....

  Official terminology

• - the moving load occurring on the road network during the time period under consideration...

  Construction dictionary

• - a methodological system associated with a comprehensive study of mined placers in order to ensure their most rational industrial development...

  Geological encyclopedia

• - long-term pumping from a well or well, carried out to establish experimentally the possibility of obtaining a projected amount that is stable over time...

  Geological encyclopedia

• - the third stage of exploration work, only slightly ahead of the start of mineral extraction and continuing throughout the entire period of operation of the deposit. The main task of R. e. - obtaining reliable geol....

  Geological encyclopedia

• - - stage of geological exploration work carried out in the process of deposit development. Planned and implemented in conjunction with mining development plans. works, ahead of the cleaning work and, as a rule, combined in...

  Geological encyclopedia

• - see Indirect competition...

  Ecological dictionary

• - the stage of exploration of mineral deposits, carried out during the development of a deposit to clarify its geol. structure and quality of minerals...

  Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

• - a finalized version of the computer program. In English: Service release English synonyms: SSRcm. See also: Software products  ...

  Financial Dictionary

• - in the USSR the primary link of the housing economy, a complex of households united by a single management and a single economic and financial plan...
• - engine, the power that the engine develops during most of its operating time. Defined as the average power under given conditions during prolonged operation...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - exploration work carried out simultaneously with the development of the field to clarify the quality and reserves of minerals, geological structure and...

  Large encyclopedic dictionary

"Operating Power" in the books

Power