Floristic regions of the globe, their characteristics. Flora and vegetation. The main elements of the flora of Russia. Floristic regions of the globe, their characteristics Characteristic flora in the form of a table
1. The absence of annuals (except for some weeds - wood lice), perennials dominate
2. Of the flowering plants, small shrubs dominate:
a) evergreens: by the time the snow melts, they have a system of assimilation organs (lingonberry, partridge grass) ready;
b) summer green: by the time the snow melts, they have a system of branches, although without leaves (dwarf birches, willows).
3. Leaf xeromorphosis: leathery, flat or narrow heather type due to physiological dryness, lack of water and nitrogen.
4. There are almost no plants with tubers, bulbs, rhizomes (geophytes). If there is, then they are located shallow and on the non-freezing slopes of river valleys.
5. Plant shapes:
a) trellis - stretch along the surface of the soil, lifting up the leaves (polar willow, mesh);
b) cushion plants (krupka, saxifrage);
c) many species have dwarf forms, which under normal conditions reach large sizes (downy willow -20 cm).
6. The roots of plants are concentrated in the surface horizons, which is associated with low soil temperatures and constant movement of soils.
7. High frost resistance. Flowering spoon grass withstands -46 0 C, while physiological stress occurs at -50 0 C.
8. Treelessness, since there is a gap between the evaporation of water and its entry into the roots of trees in winter and spring (evaporation is stronger on plants not covered with snow, and there is almost no water inflow).
9. The timing of flowering of various plant species is close, since they have a short growing season (almost species bloom at once).
10. The flowers are bright, with a shallow arrangement of nectaries, an open corolla, often pollinated by Diptera, bumblebees (legumes). Flowers do not last long: cloudberries last 2 days, since there is little chance of pollination by insects (winds, frosts).
11. Vegetative reproduction dominates, less often flowers are pollinated by wind and insects.
12. The longevity of tundra plants makes it possible to “wait” for a favorable season for generative reproduction. Arctic willow lives 200 years, ledum 100 years, dwarf birch 80 years.
13. Leaves carotene (yellowish tint) as reflection of excess ultraviolet radiation is necessary.
The layer of life that unites all the underground and above-ground tiers in the tundra is very narrow - up to 1 m.
Animal adaptations (features of the fauna)
1. Differences in the composition of the summer and winter populations are sharply expressed. In winter, lemmings, some voles, reindeer, and tundra partridge remain in the tundra. In summer, the impact of animals is not as concentrated and not as noticeable as in winter.
2. Some northern birds have larger clutch sizes than related species further south. More intensive growth by the chick was also noted (large daylight hours and the possibility of feeding). In summer there are geese, ducks, geese, swans, white partridges, passerines.
3. Diptera predominate among insects: mosquitoes, midges, etc. Insects and other invertebrates inhabit the litter and the upper peat horizon of the soil.
4. Bergman's rule: when moving from the poles to the equator, the size of warm-blooded animals decreases, and cold-blooded animals increase. With enlargement of dimensions, the volume increases faster (and heat production) than the surface of the body. In addition, puberty occurs later than in the south, so the animals begin to breed, reaching a larger size than their southern relatives.
5. Allen's rule: when moving from the poles to the equator in related species, there is an increase in the protruding parts of the body (ears and tails). This is due to a decrease in heat transfer through the capillaries in the auricles of northern species.
6. There are few granivorous birds, since the plants that produce seeds are unproductive. Food for birds and mammals is the green mass of plants, the bark and leaves of shrubs, berries, lichens (moss moss). Their growth is slowed down, so deer leave pastures for a long time, making migrations.
7. Migrations: seasonal (geese), food across the zone (deer, lemmings, snowy owls).
8. Well-developed fur, feather covers, as well as subcutaneous fat in birds and mammals.
9. The role of lemmings in the processing of green mass is great, and their passages occupy up to 20% of the tundra area. The growth of their number is repeated after 3-4 years. One lemming eats 50 kg of phytomass per year.
10. There are no reptiles and reptiles in the tundra.
11. Seaside adaptations:
- nesting of fish-eating birds on rocks impregnable for predators (bird markets);
- life of pinnipeds on ice floes near ice-holes;
- year-round active way of life of the polar bear in the coastal zone or in the ice of the ocean.
Phytophages dominate in tundra ecosystems: lemmings, waterfowl, deer, hares, musk oxen, which serve as food for zoophages (owls, arctic foxes). Invertebrates living in the dying organic mass also play a certain role. In general, these are fragile ecosystems with few food links.
2. Tundra subzones. Along the thermal gradient from north to south, there is a gradual change in the composition and structure of tundra biomes. To the south, the role of shrubs increases first, and then, when moving to the forest zone, trees. There are several subzones of the tundra zonobiome.
Polar desert. Polar deserts are not yet formed zonobiome with the initial stage of overgrowth of polygonal soils. When they are overgrown, first (in the Far North) lichens appear, and to the south, individual representatives of forbs. The diagnostic sign of the subzone is absence of mosses. There are no communities either, since their structure has not developed. There are no sedentary animals, no bloodsucking insects, but along the rocky shores of the ocean there are bird markets.
Spotted (Arctic) tundra subzone. The diagnostic feature of the subzone is not closeness of vegetation (forb-moss) cover. In the north, its projective cover is 40%, and in the south it already reaches 95%. There are no shrubs yet and almost no sphagnum mosses. Formation of spotted tundra happens as follows. During permafrost swelling, mounds with ice lenses inside are formed. Snow corrosion, as it were, cuts off the sod from such a hillock, and the loamy gley soil becomes bare. An overgrown spot is formed. It can increase when soils rise up, pouring them onto the sod.
Flora. The vegetation is based on lichens and green mosses, which are associated with forbs (partridge grass, polar poppy, saxifrage). Sedges and grasses (alpine foxtail, alpine pike) acquire a noticeable role. To the south, polar willow, stone fruit, cloudberry, lingonberry, wild rosemary appear. All this adds up to colorful plant associations. In closed depressions, swampy cottongrass and sedge tundras are found, along the outskirts of which peat mounds are common - this is a manifestation of thermokarst. Marshy tundras may have hollow structure.
Hollows are zoogenic. Lemmings make moves in grass stands, nibbling grass. With the constant growth of incisors, lemmings are forced to constantly gnaw something in order to grind them down. If the slope of the terrain is weak, hay gnawed by lemmings is carried down and folded across the slope in rolls. Gradually, the hay decomposes and peat pits form. Lemming passages sometimes serve as the initial stage in the formation of frost cracks, which sometimes forms a polygonal structure.
The Arctic tundra is low-tiered, usually the vertical structure is limited to grass-forb (or cottongrass-sedge) and moss layers. The layer of life is sometimes compressed up to 20-30 cm, so the tundra is easily visible to the horizon. Her background is not green, but rather khaki. This is the result of carotene pigmentation caused by excess UV radiation. Against this dull background, very bright flowers stand out in summer, attracting pollinating insects.
Fauna. From afar, tundra partridges with white plumage are visible. Since lemmings and partridges form the basis of the diet of small predators, there are snowy owls right there, whose diet also includes snow bunting sparrows, cubs of arctic foxes. The more lemmings, the more owls and arctic foxes. There are usually no large animals. Reindeer are occasionally found, and polar bears are found along the sea coast, connected by a food chain with fish and pinnipeds. A lot of birds live here on the coast: gulls, guillemots, etc. All of them feed on fish and nest near the ocean, often forming bird colonies.
Within 3-5 weeks, the Arctic tundra in the phenological sense lives very intensively, but everything is quickly replaced by peace when cold weather sets in. Already in August, frosts and snowfalls begin, and then a short autumn turns into a long winter with a polar night.
Subzone of typical (subarctic) tundra.
Flora. These are shrub tundras (in Europe from the Kola Peninsula to the Lena River). A layer of shrubs is formed above the moss and grass-forb layers. There are also birches: dwarf, splayed, Middendorf, willows: creeping, Lapland, wild rosemary, in some places (Priberingian tundra) - cedar and alder elfin, many shrubs: lingonberries, cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries, blueberries. Shrub tundras are usually located in the depths of the continent, where winds are weaker, precipitation is higher and average summer temperatures reach 10 0 C. Permafrost thaws up to 150 cm. The further south, the warmer and more important the role of shrubs in plant communities. Sometimes shrub layer it is continuous, the roots densely penetrate the moss cover, as if tying it, in some places a real turf is formed. Characteristic in communities and mushrooms, moreover, their attachment is preserved and the boletus grows precisely under shrub birches, and sometimes even above them, if the birch is creeping. Appear in abundance sphagnum mosses, which were not in the previous subzone. Sometimes, especially in rubbly places, the moss layer is replaced by a lichen one (Yamal, Gydan, Alaska, Labrador tundras). herbage becomes richer, oxalis, sorrel, valerian appear, and in meadow areas - buttercups, cinquefoil, sedges, meadow grasses.
Fauna typical tundra is also changing. Seaside birds, the polar bear disappear, lemmings become more numerous (there are several species of them vicarious with each other: Norwegian, Ob, hoofed, etc.), snowy owls, arctic fox, in summer Wolf. In Canada, shrub tundras are associated musk ox and musk ox. The musk ox is now introduced in the Taimyr tundra. There are many reindeer, although the only wild herd has survived only in Taimyr. It wanders from the Putorana Mountains to Severnaya Zemlya. Also characteristic of the subzone ermine and weasel. Very dense population waterfowl: geese, small swans, geese, plovers, sandpipers - all are associated with fresh waters. Usually they spend only summer in the tundra, and in autumn they fly to southern latitudes. With an abundance of phytophagous birds, there are also many predators: peregrine falcon, gyrfalcon, etc. fishes, which are often exported: salmon, char, omul, grayling, navaga, whitefish, whitefish. And, on the contrary, the world of invertebrates is poor in a systematic sense, but abundant: worms, arthropods, butterflies.
Only lemmings, arctic foxes and snowy owls winter in the tundra, other species migrate or fly south for the winter. Some (grouse, reindeer, weasel, ermine) are equally characteristic of both the tundra and the taiga zone.
Maximum impact The vegetation cover is provided by the following types.
a) lemmings, each of which eats or gnaws up to 50 kg of phytomass per year. When the lemming population is too large, the animals begin migrating in huge numbers of tens of millions. Along the trajectory of such a migration, the vegetation is fairly damaged.
b) the reindeer has a lesser impact on vegetation, and there are relatively few of them left (in the 60s, 70 specimens per 100 km 2). Since the reindeer feeds on reindeer moss (cladonia lichen), which grows slowly, the reindeer moss is quickly depleted, and the reindeer are forced to roam. Since the deer bite the young shoots of trees, the forest penetrates from the taiga to the north more slowly than it could, and in some places is already receding to the south. In general, borealization of the tundra is observed.
c) the herbage is also affected by waterfowl, especially geese, which pretty much bleed the vegetation near lakes.
Forest-tundra subzone (zonoecotone). The forest tundra is sometimes called a zonoecotone and sometimes a subzone. It starts where trees go to the plakor, watersheds. There are two types of vegetation here - tundra and forest. The transition from one to the other is gradual. First, individual trees appear on the plakor, low, crooked, with a flag-shaped crown. To the south, they merge into island communities; further south, a blurred, mosaic, but already continuous border of coniferous forests appears. Sometimes an economic border of the forest is also drawn, south of which commercial logging is possible. The forest-tundra subzone is not continuous. Where the tundra comes into contact with the mountains of the taiga zone, there is a sharp transition from the plain tundra to the mountain taiga (NW Siberia, Alaska).
Transition The nature of the forest-tundra is manifested in the fact that the sparse tree layer is simply superimposed on the tundra layer. Even to the south, where already independent taiga communities are being formed, tundra species are present in the lower tiers for a long time (in Karelia, spruce forests with tiers of dwarf birch). The forest-tundra is warmer than the tundra: the average July temperature is up to 12 0 C, more precipitation falls (up to 450 mm per year), and the permafrost thaws deeper. The increase in heat to the south determines the entire character of the forest-tundra biota. Forest communities with light forests occupy 30% of the area in the middle of the subzone, 10% of the tundra complex, and azonal swamps and meadows account for 60% of the area. With such a ratio, it is difficult to call the forest-tundra an independent zonobiome.
Flora and fauna has its own characteristics. In the forest tundra, the multilayered communities are already manifesting, the composition of tree species is enriched: in addition to birches and willows, the biocenoses include spruce, larch, alder, cedar, etc. The tree layer is always sparse, but the shrub layer is clearly expressed and includes many species. Among the animal population there are more taiga species: brown bear, wolverine, weasel. There are fewer polar foxes, polar owls, waterfowl, oceanic birds and animals finally disappear. The role of vile is growing.
4. Orobiomes of the tundra. Orobiomes are mountain biomes. Approximately 25% of the area of the tundra zone (together with the forest tundra) is occupied by mountains. The altitudinal-belt spectrum of the mountains of the tundra zone is extremely primitive. The waist column starts at the bottom or with flat tundra and then on the slopes it turns into mountain tundra, and in the upper tiers loaches(the initial stage of overgrowth of rukhlyak); either from the forest-tundra or from the northern taiga, and then the mountain tundra along the upper tiers of the ridges extend far south of the border of the tundra zone (along the Urals, the mountains of northeast Siberia, the Far East and Alaska). Mountain tundras are also found far from the borders of the zone as an isolant belt in the Rocky Mountains of Alaska, in the mountains of Siberia and the Urals.
Since loaches cannot be considered an established biome, consider the only orobiome of this zone - mountain tundra. Mountain tundra communities are composed mainly of typical tundra species. Vegetation succession leads to phased overgrowing of clastic material of mountains.
1. Scale lichens with a rare participation of vascular plants: fescue, partridge grass.
2. Leafy and fruticose lichens.
3. Shrubs and mosses: green mosses, wild rosemary, blueberries.
4. Shrub, with dwarf birches and willows, and grass-moss mountain tundras (sedges, rushes).
These successions resemble plain tundra. In other mountainous regions, only the composition of the grass and shrub layers changes: instead of dwarf birch, other species of birch, Siberian dwarf pine, etc. appear. Similar successions are probably also observed in the southern analogues of the mountain tundras of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, but are represented by other edificators.
Biomass. In the tundra and forest-tundra, the biomass increases quite sharply from north to south, from subzone to subzone. The average values of biomass are as follows: in the arctic tundra, the phytomass is 5 t/ha (70-75% roots), in the shrub (subarctic) - 25 t/ha, in the forest-tundra - 40-45 t/ha (22% roots). The increase is very low: in the tundra for the year, minus the litter, the increase is 0.05-0.1 t/ha, in the forest-tundra - up to 0.3 t/ha. In the Canadian tundra, the figures are higher due to the less continental climate. The zoomass even for the grass-shrub-moss tundra is only 0.012 t/ha.
Introduction
Ecological education of schoolchildren, the formation of a responsible attitude towards nature and the rational use of its resources is the most important problem of our time. One of the forms of environmental education can be school sites, where students acquire the basics of environmental knowledge and conduct systematic research work on topical issues of ecology and biology. This work is dedicated to the significant date of our school, it turns 25 years old. The purpose of our work is to determine the current state of the flora on the territory of the secondary school with. Aikino Ust-Vymsky district of the Komi Republic. To achieve this goal, specific tasks have been identified:
Most fully identify and determine the species composition of the flora on the territory of the school site.
Conduct a taxonomic, systematic, geographical, ecological and biomorphological analysis of vascular plants growing on the school site.
Assess the current state of the flora on the territory of the school site and offer recommendations for its further landscaping and for long-term monitoring.
The scientific significance of our work lies in the fact that on its basis it is possible to conduct monitoring studies to determine the dynamics of development of various phytocenoses in a given area, as well as to environmentally substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for expanding the list of ornamental woody plants enriched with introduced species in the landscaping of villages and schools. . The results of our research will be included in the environmental passport of the school site and are already being used for biology, geography, environmental talks, lectures, games, quizzes and excursions along ecological paths.
Natural conditions of the study area
The climate of our region is temperate continental, with lower total temperatures during the active growing season and a uniform distribution of precipitation. A general idea of the climate of the region is provided by the data of climatic factors given in Table 1 from long-term observations of the Ust-Vym meteorological station.
The growing season (the period with an average daily temperature above 5 °C) begins in early May and ends in September. Its average duration is 100–120 days, which is compensated by the presence of a long daylight hours. The sum of active temperatures above 10°C in this region is 1200–1400°C (Geographic Atlas…, 1994). According to the amount of precipitation, the study area is classified as excessively humid (Atlas…, 1997).
On average, 500-600 mm of precipitation falls per year, a large number of days with precipitation is typical (204 days per year). The amount of precipitation (522 mm) exceeds their annual evaporation (352 mm). More than 56% of the annual precipitation falls during the growing season, which has a positive effect on plant growth.
Air humidity averages 79% per year. Its lowest indicators fall in the spring and summer months, the highest - in autumn and winter (Isachenko, 1995). The average depth of soil freezing is 98 cm. The average dates of river freeze-up are November 10–15;
According to soil zoning, the study area is included in the Vychegdo-Luzsky region of typical podzolic soils (middle taiga) of the Vychegdo-Mezen geomorphological district. Waterlogged variants develop on peaty-podzolic, gleyed soils to varying degrees, since waterlogging occurs due to a decrease in atmospheric water runoff (Zaboeva, 1973). Soil acidity is strong - pH = 3.6–4.5
Table 1. Data of climatic factors based on long-term observationsUst-Vymsk weather station
Me-sya-tsy
Yu.P. Yudina (1954) the study area belongs to the middle taiga subzone. The study area is included in the Vychegodsko-Sysolsky geobotanical district, the northern boundary of which is the valley of the river. Vychegda. There are few dry meadows, they are very unstable, quickly covered with moss and overgrown with shrubs and forests. Farming from the mainland is partially shifting to the river valleys and to the southern slopes. Meadows in the valley of the lower Vychegda are forb-grass and cereals. The yield of herbs in these meadows is high (3–4 t/ha).
Method of collection and processing of material
Field studies of flora and vegetation on the territory of the school site with. Aikino were performed by us during the summer periods of 2004–2006. To study the flora of this area, the method of specific (elementary) floras (CF), developed by A.I. Tolmachev, was used. (1974). According to this method, the flora was examined throughout the territory of the site. We laid routes throughout the site, during which the species of plants, epiphytic lichens and mosses were determined, obscure species were taken in bouquets, in a herbarium and were determined at school, at home, the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The collected material was identified according to the "Flora of the North-East of the European Part of the USSR" (1974–1977). The names of the species are given according to the summary of S.K. Cherepanov (1995). To characterize the flora of the school site, a general list of vascular plants was compiled, the number and percentage of species, genera, families of this flora were determined, and a separate list of the assortment of ornamental woody plants used in school gardening was given with the number and percentage of species, genera, families of this group. The method of biographical coordinates was used to analyze the flora. The analysis of life forms was carried out according to the system of I.G. Serebryakova (1962). The analysis of species according to biotypes of Raunkier, according to their ecological and coenotic confinement was carried out.
Research results and discussion
The territory of the studied school site (3.7 hectares) is located at the address: with. Aikino, st. Central, d. 100 "A". It is covered with vegetation on an area of 3.3 hectares. Unlike natural communities, anthropogenic landscapes are characterized by direct human intervention in the habitat of animals and plants. This leads to the formation of a new natural and economic complex. In our case, this complex is a school site.
When analyzing its flora, we found 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora of the vicinity of the village. Aikino. Spore vascular plants (pine and horsetails) number 8, angiosperms - 212 species (of which 39 are monocots, 173 are dicots). The set of ten leading families turned out to be almost the same as the flora of the taiga zone.
On the territory of the school site, the first 3 places are occupied by the Aster family( Asteraceae ) – 29 (13.2%), bluegrass( Poaceae ) – 22 (10%) and rosés( Rosaceae ) – 17 species (7.7%), and in the flora of the taiga zone this three includes the sedge family (Cyperaceae ), which in our case takes only 11th place. Increased family roleLamiaceae due to a significant number of weed species from the genus Pikulnik (Galeopsis ) .
The ten leading families include 62% of the total species composition, which is typical for the floras of the middle taiga zone and indicates the boreal nature of the flora of the school site. The birth spectrum starts withCarex ( 7) andSalix (6 types). This is common in boreal floras. One third of the families (bindweeds– Convolvulaceae , cyanotic -Polemoniaceae ) and a large number of births (chastukha -Alisma , adoxa - Adoxa ) have only one species each, which indicates a certain depletion and migratory nature of the boreal floras (Tolmachev, 1954).
Features of the flora and vegetation of the Boreal floristic region, which includes the studied territory, are determined by the boreal latitudinal group of species (Martynenko, 1989). It includes more than 70% of vascular plants. Boreal species are forest-forming species (Siberian spruce -Picea obovata , forest pine -Pinus sylvestris ), shrubs (blackcurrant -Ribs nigrum , wild rose May - Rosa majalis ) and herbs (meadow foxtail -Alopecurus pratensis , fence peas -Vicia sepium ).
The second place in terms of species diversity is occupied by a polyzonal group (19%), which includes species widely distributed in several natural zones (common ragwort -Senecio vulgaris , shepherd's bag -Capsella bursa - pastoris ). Economic activities are carried out on the territory of the school, as a result, an increase in the coenotic role of eurytopic polyzonal species is observed. Southern latitudinal groups - nemoral (1 species: folded mannik -Glyceria notata ) and forest-steppe - make up about 7% of the species. The forest-steppe latitudinal group includes species that are usually distributed in grassy communities of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of our country, such as narrow-leaved bluegrass ( Poa angustifolia ), Danish Astragalus (Astragalus danicus ) and others.
A very small group (1.4%) is formed by species of the northern latitudinal groups, the distribution area of which lies in the Arctic and Subarctic - arctoalpine (alpine bluegrass -R oa alpina ) and hypoarctic (philico-leaved willow -Salix phylicifolia and ozhica multicolored -Lusula multiflora ). More than half of the longitudinal groups of the flora of the school site have Eurasian areas (aspen -Populus tremula , meadow geranium -Geranium pratense ), the second place (23.6%) in this indicator is occupied by the Holarctic (circumpolar) group (black sedge -Carex Nigra , field violet -Viola arvensis ). A significant proportion (15.4%) of the flora is made up of species with European ranges, many of which play a significant role in the composition of forests (grey alder -Alnus incana , drooping birch -Betula pendula ) and meadow (giant fescue -Festuca gigantea , awnless rump -Bromopsis inermis ) communities.
About 7% of the flora belongs to the pluriregional (almost cosmopolitan) group, which includes mainly polyzonal weeds (field bindweed -Convolvulus arvensis , Veronica field -Veronica arvensis ) plants that are widely distributed throughout the world. The proximity of our republic to Siberia and historical ties with the Siberian flora have determined here a certain number of Asian (Siberian) species (0.9%) - bristly currant (Ribs hispidulum ) and wild rose (Rosa acicularis ). Near the school, in a flowerbed, from year to year, the only representative of America grows by self-sowing - the amaranth is thrown back (Amaranthus retroflexus ), once introduced with other cultivated flower seeds.
More than half of plant species grow in meadow (54.6%) communities, and one third in weed-ruderal habitats. Abandoned areas of fields and meadows draw attention. Weeds are actively growing here - horsetail (Equisetum arvense ), couch grass (Elytrigia repens ), Sosnovsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi ), field sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis ). At one time, dozens of biologists worked on the creation of Sosnovsky's hogweed, combining the best features of several plants. We got an "ideal plant" with a large biomass and energy of seed reproduction, extremely unpretentious.
Now this introduced plant is a problem XXI century. It fills everything around, crowding out other plants. Thus, uncontrolled human impact on nature can lead to detrimental consequences (Orlovskaya et al., 2006). A large number of ruderal species grow in manured areas (dioecious nettle -Urtica dioica , common flaxseed -Linaria vulgaris , curly thistle -Carduus crispus ). More than half of the weeds are adventitious species introduced from the southern regions of our country (Silene noctiflora , Arabis gerardii ).
The forest cenotype (10%) is represented mainly by woody plants - Siberian larch (Larix sibirica ), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia ), goat willow (Salix caprea ) and others. The presence of marsh (3.7%) and coastal-water (1.4%) cenotypes is due to insignificant watering in the ravines where springs flow.
The selection of ecological groups of plant species was carried out on the basis of their relationship to the moisture factor (Poplavskaya, 1948; Goryshkina, 1979). Most of the plant species of the school site belong to mesophytes (76.5%), growing in conditions of sufficient moisture (white gauze -Chenopodium album , sorrel sour -Rumex acetosa ).
The second place in terms of the number of species is occupied by plants of dry habitats that can tolerate a significant lack of moisture - xeromesophytes (medium cinquefoil -Potentilla intermedia , rough cornflower -Centaurea scabiosa ) .
The group of hygrophytes includes 10.4% of plant species (bog Belozor –Parnassi palustris , marsh bedstraw -Galium palustre ) that live in humid environments. According to the life forms of Raunkier, hemicryptophytes (60.5%) prevail in the flora of the school site, which is typical for the forest zone, the second place is occupied by therophytes (18.5%), represented mainly by plant species in the anthropogenic disturbed areas of the school.
In the analyzed flora, 90% of the species are herbs, of which 67.3% are perennials, among which rhizomatous (32.7%) and taproot (15%) plants predominate. In the former, this ensures their stable fixation in the territory and good distribution even with a weakened seed renewal due to intensive vegetative reproductionCirsium setosum , mother and stepmother -Tussilago farfara ). A significant proportion of one- and two-year-olds (19.1%) are mainly anthropochoreous species (medium chickweed -Stellaria media , mountaineer bird -Polygonum aviculare ). They take an active part in open groups and in the overgrowth of disturbed areas.
The set of tree life forms on the school plot is not rich - 10%. A large area is occupied by lawns and flower beds (91%), and trees and shrubs - only 0.5 ha. In the course of our research, 33 species of woody plants (of which 12 are introduced) from 22 genera and 9 families were identified. Of the ornamental tree species, the most typical are fluffy birches (Betula pubescens ) and warty (B . R endula ) and many species of willows, as well as from introduced species - balsam poplar (Rohr ulus balsamifera ) and yellow locust (Caragana arborescens ).
The systematic composition of woody plants is variegated. The largest number of species are represented by the Rosaceae families (Rosaceae ) – 10 (30%) and willow (Salicaceae ) – 8 (24%). In the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1998), the elderberry is listed (Sambucus racemosa ), which is very rare in the southern forests of our republic and is used in the landscaping of our village and school. The Komi Republic has 74% of the forested area (Government Report..., 2005), but the species composition of woody plants is poor, represented by only 101 species (Flora of the North-East..., 1974–77), of which only 45 are suitable for landscaping.
In this work, 21 species of woody plants from the local flora, used in landscaping the school site, are identified. The most promising ecological and geographical areas for attracting woody and shrubby plants are: the European part of Russia, North America, East Asia, and the Far East (Skupchenko et al., 2003).
The list is made up of 29 species of woody plants, taking into account fruiting or successful vegetative propagation, seedlings of which can be purchased at the arboretum of the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences or the nurseries of the Aikinsky and Chernamsky forestries. List of species of woody plants recommended for landscaping p. aikino
Acer ginnala Maxim .
Berberis amurensis Rurp .
Cotoneaster integerrimus Medic .
Crataegus chlorosarca Maxim .
Crataegus curvicepala Lindl.
Crataegus dahurica Koehne
Crataegus submolis Sarg.
Euonymus europaeus L.
Euonymus verrucosus Scop.
Fraxinus pensyvanica Marsh.
Malus cerasifera Spacy.
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borckh.
Malus purpurea (Barbier) Rehhd.
Padus maackii (Rupr.) Kom.
Philadelphus coronarius L.
Philadelphus coronarius 'Luteus'
Picea pungens Enggelm.
Ribes alpium L.
Salix alba L.
Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br.
Sorbus sambucifolia Roem.
Spirea beauverdiana Schneid.
Spirea beauverdiana Schneid. x billiardii Hering.
Spirea chamaedryfolia L.
Spirea trilobata L.
Syringa amurensis Rupr.
Syringa josikaea Jacq. Fil.
Syringa wolfii Schneid.
Swida alba "Argenteo -; line-height: 150%"> It should be noted that some woody plants (hawthorn, wild rose, birch, Tatar maple, Siberian larch) have a well-developed dust-retaining property and gas resistance (poplar, bird cherry), so they are used in plantings to reduce environmental pollution.
On the territory of the school site, we identified 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and from 7 families, and according to life forms - 4 fruticose, 11 foliose and 9 scale. Nitrophilic lichens are very abundant among the foliose ones: stellate fiscia (R hyscia stellaris ) and gray-blue (Ph . aipolia ), xanthoria wall (Xanthoria parietina ) and scale: scoliciosporum chlorococcal (Scoliciosporum chlorococcum ).
Bushy forms are noted - grooved ramalina (Ramalina sinensis ), bryoria (Bryoria sp . ), sleeping hard (Usnea hirta ) and evernia plum (Evernia prunastri ) is depressed. Also, 3 types of epiphytic moss were identified - Pilesia multiflora (Pylaisiella polyantha ( Hedw .) Graut - seven.Hypnaceae), leskea polycarpous (Lescea polyocarpa Hedw . - seven. Lescaceae ), orthotrichum is beautiful (Orthotrichum speciosum Ness in Sturm - seven. Orthotrichaceae ), which grow well at the base and on the north side of the trunks of old deciduous trees in settlements.
conclusions
1. In the flora of the school site with. Aikino, Ust-Vymsky district, 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families were identified, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora of the vicinity of the village. Aikino, as well as 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and 7 families, and 3 species of mosses.
2. Ecological and biological analysis of the school plot showed the predominance of species of the boreal Eurasian element and the advantage of mesophilic herbaceous rhizomatous perennials of the meadow coenotype.
3. 33 species of woody plants from 22 genera and 9 families used in landscaping the school site have been identified.
4. It is necessary to use an extended list of landscaping assortment of woody plants, proposed by the staff of the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the creation of long-term monitoring on the territory of the school site with. Aikino Ust-Vymsky district to continue research work.
Although flora, by definition, is understood full the species composition of plants growing in any territory, in reality, only a part of the species that have been identified in this territory always appears in the floristic lists. A rare researcher dares to include in the list all plant species, among which, in this case, both avascular (bryophyte) and vascular plants should be represented. Due to the objectively limited possibilities of the researcher, he has to focus primarily on taxa (systematic groups) in which he considers himself a specialist. Another kind of restrictions arise when the researcher is especially interested in some ecological groups, for example, a group of coastal aquatic plants, which, of course, does not limit the flora of the entire territory of a district or region. A more rigorous and correct name for the lists of species that are limited in various circumstances occurring in the study area - partial floras.
It is not customary to include plant species cultivated by humans in the flora, just as it is not customary to include in it species that ended up in a given territory as a result of accidental unintentional introduction. Such species, as a rule, are poorly adapted to unusual local conditions and do not form stable populations. A special attitude to "naturalizants" - species that, being accidentally introduced ( adventitious) or specially introduced, naturalized, renewed in the place where they appeared, regardless of the person. Such species with appropriate marks are included in the flora along with naturally occurring, aboriginal types.
Inventory of flora always involves identifying it ecological And taxonomic structure.
The ecological structure of the flora is characterized by the spectrum of life forms - the percentage ratio of the number of species representing different life forms. Although quite a lot of classifications of plant life forms have been developed in science, not all of them are used to the same extent to establish the ecological structure of the flora. In this regard, the classification of K. Raunkjer turned out to be the most successful and therefore popular. Based on it, a global ecological spectrum was built for the entire flora of vascular plants of the globe. This is what is usually used as a standard for comparison with the spectra of specific floras. It was found that the floras of vascular plants from different regions of the Earth and different biomes naturally differ in the spectrum of life forms. If in humid tropical forests (hylaea) phanerophyte trees, woody lianas and epiphytes predominate, then in dry subtropics, with a significant participation of phanerophyte shrubs, herbs still prevail, but in some regions cryptophytes, and in others (in the area of ephemeral deserts) - terophytes. In the floras of a temperate and moderately warm humid climate, a sharp predominance of perennial grasses (hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes) was noted.
The characteristic of the ecological structure of the flora can also include the ratio in it relic And progressive elements.
TO relic elements include species for which the conditions of existence on the territory of the flora seem to be unfavorable, due to which the number of their populations decreases and the range is reduced. A sign of relictness, even with a more or less stable existence of a species in the territory of the flora, can be considered its narrow local distribution in its territory with a low number of populations. As opposed to relic progressive elements and with a narrow local distribution are found massively, and the number of their populations increases. Both the relict and progressive components of the flora are represented in it by a small number of species. The equilibrium with environmental conditions, in which most species of flora exist, does not imply either a steady decrease or a steady increase in abundance, and the occurrence of such species in the flora area remains stable. They can be distinguished in a special conservative flora element. The most widespread species that inhabited a variety of habitats, stably occurring in certain phytocenoses and usually playing a significant role in their composition, can be attributed to active types. The group of active species corresponds to some of the progressive and some of the conservative species.
The main indicator that reflects taxonomic structure flora, we can consider the distribution of its constituent species according to higher taxa and, first of all, families.
The result of a comparison of the richest in species, the so-called leading, families allows you to rank these families in descending order of the number of species. The number of families taken for comparison of floras can be different, but, as a rule, biogeographers are limited to ten, the composition and relative position of which gives out the specifics of floras of different climatic zones (see Table 1).
Leading Families are distinguished only by the number of flora species included in them, but neither the number of populations or individuals of these species, nor their occurrence, nor their role in the composition of the vegetation cover are taken into account.
The taxonomic structure of floras provides good material for their comparison, if the difficulties mentioned above with a number of taxa that are problematic for science are overcome. For example, the family Compositae or Asteraceae, which appears in the characteristics of three of the four climatic zones given in the table, is known for a number of apomictic genera. If, again, we assign the rank of species to microspecies and recognize the existence of 15–20 species instead of one variable species of dandelion, which is not indisputable, then this will certainly affect the position of the family among the leading ones and move it up. One could use the number of genera in them to identify and rank the leading families, but this technique has not yet become generally accepted.
Table 1. Leading families of flowering plants, arranged in descending order of the number of species, as an indicator of differences in the taxonomic structure of floras in different climatic zones
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flora refers to the totality of plant species found in a given area.
Geographical elements and floristic areas:
1) Arctic element -(dwarf birch, cloudberry).
2) North or boreal element - in the area of coniferous forests. Note. boreal species - spruce, pine, northern linnaea.
3) Central European element - avg. European (oak, maple, ash, beech, hornbeam and herbaceous species, inherent in broad-leaved forests - hoof, Peter's cross, lungwort, etc.).
4) Atlantic element - gr. in. with ranges to the west. regions of the European part of Russia (lobelia, waxwort).
5)Pontic element - gr. in., South Russian. steppes, but meetings. in Romanian and Hungarian. steppes (spring adonis, chistets, purple mullein, broom).
6)Mediterranean element - gr. c., distribution in dry areas, encirclement. the Mediterranean Sea, and in the east growing in the Crimea and the Caucasus. It is mostly evergreen..trees and handicrafts. - earthlings. tree, boxwood, myrtle.
7) Central Asian element- gr. in with habitats along the mountain ranges of Central Asia, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alay, Altai (walnut, juniper, eremurus, irises)
8) Turan element- gr. in. with an area in the Turan lowland of Central Asia. This is an element of a desert character, typical representatives are sagebrush.
9) Manchurian element - gr. in. with an area in Manchuria (Manchurian walnut, Manchurian aralia, various-leaved hazel).
1) Holarctic kingdom. Occupied all of Europe and Asia (without Hindustan and Indochina), the North. America, China and Japan, i.e. occupy. the entire Arctic, temperate and subtropical latitudes to the Tropic of Cancer. Common features of the Golar flora. kingdoms speak to the mainland, once beings. in place of Europe, Asia and North America.
2) Paleotropic kingdom. Occupied tropical Africa, subtropical South Africa to the Cape Province, Arabia, Hindustan and Indochina, Indonesia, the Philippine Islands, the islands of Polynesia and Melanesia, Northern Australia. The similarity of their floras suggests that once these territories were also in the general massif.
3) Neotropical kingdom. Occupied big part of Mexico, Central America up to 40° south latitude and the Pacific Islands.
4) the Australian kingdom. Occupied Australia and Tasmania. Of the 12 thousand species, 9 thousand are endemic.
5) Cape kingdom. Occupied Cape province of South Africa.
6) Holantarctic kingdom. Occupied the southern tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic islands.
111) Ecotypes of plants in relation to various abiotic factors. Features of their morphological and anatomical structure and habitat (xerophytes, mesophytes, hygrophytes, hydrophytes; sciophytes, heliophytes, etc.)
Plants in relation to water are divided into two groups:
ü aquatic plants- constantly living in water;
ü land plants- land
A. Schimper and E. Warming proposed to divide plants in relation to water into 3 groups:
· hydrophytes - plants of aquatic and excessively humid habitats;
· xerophytes - plants of dry habitats with high drought resistance are divided into:
ü succulents
ü sclerophytes
· mesophytes - plants living in average (sufficient) conditions of moisture.
A little later, a group hygrophytes .
hydrophytes - hydro- water and phyton- plant.
In a narrow sense of the term hydrophytes they name only those plants that live in water in a semi-submerged state (that is, they have underwater and above-water parts).
Xerophytes- land plants that have adapted to life with a significant permanent or temporary lack of moisture in the soil and / or in the air. (gr. xeros- dry and phyton- plant)
Sclerophytes- plants with hard shoots, relatively small leaves, sometimes covered with dense pubescence or a waxy layer (Greek. scleros- hard and phyton- plant)
succulents- plants that accumulate water in succulent fleshy stems and leaves. (lat. succulentus- juicy).
Mesophytes- land plants that prefer conditions of moderate moisture (gr. mesos- middle, phyton- grow-e)
Hygrophytes- terrestrial plants living in conditions of high environmental humidity (in damp forests, swamps, etc.). Hygrophytes are characterized by delicate stems and leaves, a poorly developed root system. They wilt easily with a lack of water. (gr. hygros- wet and phyton- plant).
In relation to light, there are:
· Heliophytes – light loving plants. leaves are smaller and landmark. so as to reduce the dose of radiation during the daytime; the leaf surface is shiny.
· Sciophytes – shade loving plants. to get the maximum amount of incident radiation. The leaf cells are large, the system of intercellular spaces is well developed, the stomata are large, located only on the underside of the leaf.
· Hemisciophytes – shade tolerant plants
112) Life forms of plants and their classification according to Raunkier.
Classif. K. Raunkner(1905, 1907), based on posit. kidney resume. in relation to the surface soil in unfavorable. conditions (in winter or during a dry period) and the nature of the protective kidney covers.
Raunkier highlights the trace. 5 types of women's f.:
phanerophytes- plants in which buds and terminal shoots, intended for experiencing an unfavorable period, are located high above the ground (trees, shrubs, woody vines, epiphytes).
chamephites- low plants with buds, located. no higher than 20-30 cm above the ground and often hibernating under the snow (shrubs, dwarf shrubs, some perennial grasses = the author: dwarf shrubs, passive chamefites, active chamefites and cushion plants).
hemicryptophytes- herbaceous perennials. rast., the shoots of which at the beginning of an unfavorable period die off to the level of the soil, therefore, during this period, only the lower parts of the plants remain alive, protected by the ground and dead leaves of the plant. It is they who carry the buds intended for the formation of shoots of the next season with leaves and flowers.
cryptophytes- buds are hidden underground (rhizomatous, tuberous, bulbous geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes);
terophytes- annuals - plants that survive the unfavorable season exclusively in the form of seeds.
The impact of all of the above and other factors has led to the formation of specific plant communities in the urban ecosystem! with a unique species composition. In this case, two opposite processes can be observed. On the one hand, many plant species characteristic of the conditions of the given region disappear, on the other hand, new species appear.
So, in the flora of any city you can find local (aboriginal) wilsh or autochthonous by origin, and types allochthonous(from anoz - chuayaV i.e. entered the area from other parts of the world. Sravlin
recently introduced species began to be called adventitious, or strangers. Introduced species can be both cultivated and weedy. The distribution of adventitious species can be carried out spontaneously or deliberately. The purposeful activity of a person to introduce into a culture in a given natural historical region plants that have not previously grown in it, or their transfer to culture from the local flora is called introduction.
The number of adventitious species in cities is very high. The proportion of adventitious species in urban flora can reach up to 40%, especially in landfills and railways. For example, 370 adventitious species have already been identified in Moscow and the region (Ekopolis-2000..., 2000). Sometimes they can behave so aggressively that they crowd out native species. Most of the local representatives disappear from the urban flora already when the cities are laid. It is difficult for them to acclimatize in the city, as the new habitat conditions are not similar to natural ones. It has been established that of the preserved local species, there are usually few forest species, Tfeobm ^ ^ ^ st ^ slashe species. Wednesday aliens Avdov more people from the southern regions.
The ecological composition of the urban flora is also somewhat different from the zonal one. Naturally, species adapted to a lack of moisture (xerophytes) and soil salinity (halophytes) take root better.
The enrichment of the urban flora is partly due to the savagery of some ornamental plants. Thus, 16 such species were found in parks near Moscow, which turned out to be very resistant to anthropogenic pressures (Frolov, 1989).
Vegetation in the city is unevenly distributed. For large cities, the following regularity is most characteristic. The increase in plant species occurs from the city center to its outskirts. In the centers of cities, "extremely urbanophilic" species predominate. There are very few of them, so the centers of some cities are sometimes called "concrete (asphalt) deserts." Closer to the periphery, the share of "moderately urbanophilic" species increases. The flora of the surroundings is especially rich; "urban-neutral" species are also found here.
The leading place in the landscaping of cities in the temperate zone is occupied by deciduous species, conifers are practically not represented. This is due to the weak resistance of these rocks to the polluted environment of the city. In general, the species composition of urban plantations is very limited. For example, in Moscow, 15 tree species are mainly used for landscaping the city, in St. Petersburg - 18 species. Broad-leaved trees are predominant - linden, including small-leaved, maple, balsam poplar, Pennsylvania ash. smooth elm, from small-leaved - birch drooping.
The share of participation of other types is less than 1%. On the streets of the city you can see such species as rough elm, pedunculate oak, Scotch pine, American maple
Kansky, horse chestnut, poplar of various types (Berlin, Canadian, black, Chinese), large-leaved linden, common spruce, European larch, etc.
Another characteristic feature of the urban flora and its clear difference from the natural one is its great dynamism and inconstancy. The floristic composition and the total number of species can change in a fairly short period of time. The age of the settlement has an impact, for example, the younger the city or microdistrict, the more unstable the flora. It is also necessary to take into account such factors as the expansion of buildings, the demolition of old buildings, the development of industry and transport.
The growing gathering of wild plants has a noticeable effect on the flora of large cities. On the territory of Moscow there is a ban on the collection of any wild plants. Currently, more than 130 species of native plants should be recognized as rare and vulnerable, some of them are on the verge of extinction. 29 species are included in the list of wild plants subject to special protection in Moscow and the Moscow region.
As for herbaceous plants, in addition to cultivated plants (lawn grass mixtures) in the city there are many weeds and garbage (ruderal< растений. Они отличаются достаточной степенью устойчивости по отношению к антропогенным факторам и высокой агрессивностью. Эти растения в большом количестве растут на пустырях, около дорог, по железнодорожным насыпям, на запущенных свалках и т.д. Для нормального функционирования им даже необходимы постоянно идущие нарушения.
The living conditions of plants in cities are very similar. The proportion of synanthropic species is constantly increasing. This leads to the fact that the floristic composition of cities in different climatic zones becomes very similar, and in fact, urban vegetation turns into azonal. Thus, 15% of plant species are common to all cities in Europe, and if we compare only the centers of these cities. then this indicator will be much higher - up to 50% (Frolov, 1998).
The total life expectancy of urban plants is significantly less than that of natural plants. So, if in the forests near Moscow the linden lives up to 300-1400 years, then in Moscow parks - up to 125-150 years, and on the streets - only up to 5M 80 years. The growing season also differs.
Features of the urban environment affect the course of the life process, plants, flora, their appearance and the structure of organs. For example, urban trees have reduced photosynthetic activity, so they have a more dense crown, small leaves, and shorter shoots.
City trees are extremely weakened. Therefore, they are soba excellent places for the development of pests and all kinds of diseases. This further exacerbates their weakening, and sometimes causes premature death.
The main pests are insects and mites, such as moths, aphids, sawflies, leaf beetles, psyllids, herbivorous mites, etc. About 290 species of various pests have been recorded in Moscow alone. At the same time, the most dangerous are gypsy moth, larch moth, linden moth, viburnum leaf beetle, etc. Now the number of trees affected by elm sapwood is growing. Also, many green spaces suffer from the typographic bark beetle, which has been actively breeding in recent years.
It is noteworthy that in the conditions of the city the leaves of many plants dry out at the edges, brown spots of various sizes and shapes appear on them, sometimes a white, powdery coating appears. Similar symptoms indicate the development of various diseases (vascular, necrotic-cancerous, rotten, etc.). In Moscow, a wide spread of rot diseases in plants has been revealed, which affects the quality of the green spaces of the city. This is especially noticeable in areas of new development, mass recreation and landfills. Due to the high level of morbidity, the volume of sanitary cuttings carried out in the city exceeds all others for the same period.
Thus, there is a clear difference between the urban flora and the natural one. Urban communities are characterized by much lower species diversity, strong anthropogenicity, and a large number of ruderal species. Biodiversity and the gene pool of plants can be preserved to some extent in the territories of forest parks and parks. However, trends of decreasing species diversity in the urban area are still observed. To increase it, first of all, it is necessary to conduct research that will provide more data on the ecology of certain species.