Formation of the world system of socialism. Test: Analyze the stages of development of the world socialist system. Vietnam. Laos. Mongolia. North Korea

The foreign policy activity of the Soviet state in the second half of the 1940s took place in an atmosphere of profound changes in the international arena. The victory in the Patriotic War increased the prestige of the USSR. In 1945, he had diplomatic relations with 52 states (against 26 in the prewar years). The Soviet Union took an active part in solving the most important international issues, and above all in settling the post-war situation in Europe.

Left-wing, democratic forces came to power in seven countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The new governments created in them were headed by representatives of the communist and workers' parties. The leaders of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia carried out agrarian reforms in their countries, the nationalization of large-scale industry, banks and transport. The established political organization of society was called people's democracy. It was seen as a form of proletarian dictatorship.

In 1947, at a meeting of representatives of nine communist parties in Eastern Europe, the Communist Information Bureau (Cominformburo) was created. It was entrusted with coordinating the actions of the communist parties of the states of people's democracy, which began to call themselves socialist. The conference documents formulated the thesis of dividing the world into two camps, imperialist and democratic, anti-imperialist. The position of two camps, of confrontation on the world stage between two social systems, underlay the foreign policy views of the party and state leadership of the USSR. These views are reflected, in particular, in the work of I.V. Stalin, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR. The work also contained a conclusion about the inevitability of wars in the world as long as imperialism exists.

Treaties of friendship and mutual assistance were concluded between the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe. Identical treaties linked the Soviet Union with the GDR, created on the territory of East Germany,

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and People's Republic of China (PRC). The agreement with China provided for a $300 million loan. The right of the USSR and China to use the former CER was confirmed. The countries reached an agreement on joint actions in case of aggression from any of the states. Diplomatic relations were established with the states that gained independence as a result of the national liberation struggle unfolding in them (the so-called developing countries).

One of the leading directions of foreign policy in the postwar years was the establishment of friendly relations with the states of Eastern Europe. Soviet diplomacy assisted Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in the preparation of peace treaties with them (signed in Paris in 1947). In accordance with trade agreements, the Soviet Union supplied the East European states on preferential terms with grain, raw materials for industry, and fertilizers for agriculture. In 1949, in order to expand economic cooperation and trade between countries, an intergovernmental economic organization, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was established. It included Albania (until 1961), Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and since 1949 the GDR. Moscow was the seat of the CMEA Secretariat. One of the reasons for the creation of the CMEA was the Western countries' boycott of trade relations with the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe.

The main directions of relations between the USSR and the Eastern European countries were determined by bilateral agreements between them. Military and other types of assistance were envisaged in case one of the parties was involved in hostilities. It was planned to develop economic and cultural ties, to hold conferences on international issues affecting the interests of the contracting parties.

Already at the initial stage of cooperation between the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe, contradictions and conflicts were manifested in their relations. They were connected mainly with the search for and choice of the path of building socialism in these states. According to the leaders of some countries, in particular, W. Gomulka (Poland) and K. Gottwald (Czechoslovakia), the Soviet path of development was not the only one for building socialism. The desire of the leadership of the USSR to approve the Soviet model of building socialism, to unify ideological and political concepts led to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict. The reason for it was Yugoslavia's refusal to participate in the federation recommended by the Soviet leaders with Bulgaria. In addition, the Yugoslav side refused to comply with the terms of the agreement on mandatory consultations with the USSR on issues of national foreign policy. The Yugoslav leaders were accused of retreating from joint actions with the socialist countries. In August 1949, the USSR severed diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.

In 1955, an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance was signed in Warsaw between the USSR and the European socialist countries. The Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia became members of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO). The organization set itself the task of ensuring the security of the ATS states and maintaining peace in Europe. The countries pledged to resolve conflicts arising between them by peaceful means, to cooperate in actions to ensure the peace and security of peoples, and to consult on international issues affecting their common interests. A unified armed force and a common command were created to direct their activities. A Political Consultative Committee was formed to coordinate foreign policy actions.

The results of the foreign policy activities of the USSR in the second half of the 1940s and early 1950s were contradictory. Strengthened its position in the international arena. At the same time, the policy of confrontation between East and West has greatly contributed to the growth of tension in the world.

At the end of the 80s. a wave of democratic revolutions took place in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, which eliminated the monopoly power of the ruling communist parties, replacing it with a democratic form of government. The revolutions unfolded almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but took place in various forms. So, in most countries, the change of power took place peacefully - Poland, Hungary, the GDR, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, in Romania - as a result of an armed uprising.

Democratic revolutions were a necessary condition for subsequent transformations in the sphere of economic relations. Market relations began to be restored everywhere, the process of denationalization was proceeding rapidly, the national economic structure was changing, and private capital began to play an ever greater role.

“These processes continue today, strengthened by the victory of the democratic forces in our country in August 1991. However, their course is rather tortuous, often inconsistent. If we leave aside the national costs of reforms, the mistakes of the new leadership of each of the countries, then the mistakes associated with the conscious line towards the economic disintegration of the former allies of the world socialist system and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, against the backdrop of an integrating Europe, are incomprehensible and difficult to explain. The mutual repulsion of former partners hardly contributes to a faster entry one by one into new economic and political alliances, and also hardly has a positive effect on the internal reform of each of the former socialist countries. .

After the death of Mao Zedong, his successors were faced with the task of overcoming the deepest crisis into which the "cultural revolution" plunged the country. It was found on the path of a radical restructuring of the structure of socio-economic relations. In the course of the economic reform, which began in the autumn of 1979, significant results were achieved in economic development. On the basis of the liquidation of the communes, the distribution of land to the peasants, the interest of the worker in the results of labor was restored. The introduction of market relations was accompanied by no less radical reforms in industry. The role of state planning and administrative control over production was limited, the creation of cooperative and private enterprises was encouraged, the system of financing, wholesale trade, etc. underwent changes.

The directors of state-owned enterprises have gained a fairly wide independence in the matter of free disposal of unscheduled products, up to entering the foreign market, issuing shares and loans in order to expand above-planned production. The system of the state and party apparatus, law enforcement agencies and, above all, the army underwent some reforms. In other words, the easing of the rigid totalitarian regime began.

The result of the reforms of the 80s. China experienced unprecedented economic growth rates of 12-18% per year, a sharp improvement in living standards, and new positive developments in public life. A distinctive feature of the Chinese reforms was the preservation of the traditional socialist management model, which inevitably brought to the fore the problems of a socio-political and ideological nature in the late 80s.

Today, the Chinese leadership adheres to the concept of building "socialism with Chinese characteristics", apparently trying to avoid the deep social upheavals and conflicts experienced by Russia and other countries of the already former world socialist system. China follows the path of building market relations, bourgeois liberalization, but with a certain consideration of civilizational features and national traditions.

Like the Chinese way of reforming the economy and public life, Vietnam and Laos are following. Modernization brought certain positive results, however, less tangible than in China. This is explained by their later entry into the period of market transformations, a lower initial level, and the heavy legacy of a long military policy. Mongolia is no exception. Following in the wake of market reforms, liberalization of public relations, it not only actively attracts foreign capital, but also actively revives national traditions.

North Korea remains a completely immobile, unreformed country from the former camp of socialism. Here, the system of essentially personal dictates of the Kim Il Sung clan is preserved. Obviously, this country will not be able to stay in a state of practical self-isolation and even confrontation with most of the world's states for a long time.

“The situation in one more country of the former world socialist system, Cuba, remains rather complicated. During the short history of socialism, this island state has in general terms repeated the path traveled by most countries of the world socialist system. Deprived of their support, its leadership continues to adhere to the concept of building socialism, remains faithful to Marxist ideals, while the country is experiencing growing economic and social difficulties. The position of Cuba is also aggravated as a result of the ongoing confrontation with the powerful USA since the liberation revolution.

As a result of the collapse of the world system of socialism, a line has been drawn under more than 40 years of totalitarian period in the history of most countries of Eastern Europe. The alignment of forces has undergone significant changes not only on the European continent, but also in Asia. Apparently, the bloc system of relations on the world stage as a whole is disappearing into oblivion.

However, the relatively long period of coexistence of countries within the framework of the world socialist system cannot pass without leaving its mark.

Obviously, in the future, the establishment of relations between the former allies, having common geographical borders, but already on the basis of a new balance of interests, indispensable consideration of national, civilizational specifics and mutual benefit, is inevitable.

18.1. Formation of the world system of socialism

A significant historical event of the post-war period was popular democratic revolutions in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea and a little earlier - the revolution in Mongolia. To a large extent, the political orientation in these countries was determined under the influence of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them, carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War. This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries cardinal transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the national economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.

The emergence of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, called "world socialist system"(MSS). In 1959 Cuba and in 1975 Laos entered the orbit of a new system that lasted more than 40 years.

At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and numbering 32.3% of the world's population.

Taking into account even just these quantitative indicators, one can speak of the world system of socialism as an essential factor in post-war international life, requiring more in-depth consideration.

Eastern European countries

As noted, an important prerequisite for the formation of the MSS was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of researchers tend to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. We can only partly agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be taken into account that in 1945-1946. broad democratic transformations were carried out in these countries, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is evidenced, in particular, by the bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence of land nationalization, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry, retail trade and the service sector, and finally the presence of a multi-party system, including the highest level of power. If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after liberation a course was taken for socialist transformations, then in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe the new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of the national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). Thus, in a number of countries, during the one and a half to two years after the war, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

1949 can be considered a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a "new" society, according to the "universal model" of the USSR, the constituent features of which are quite well known. This is a comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy, forced cooperation, and in essence the nationalization of the agrarian sector, the displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade, the establishment of total control of the state, the supreme bodies of the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.

Assessing the results of the course of building the foundations of socialism in the countries of South-Eastern Europe, one should state, on the whole, rather the negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic disproportions, which affected the pace of liquidation of the consequences of post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth in the standard of living of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. Similar results were obtained in the course of coercive cooperation of the village, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services. As an argument confirming such conclusions, one can consider powerful socio-political crises in Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia in 1953-1956, on the one hand, and a sharp increase in the repressive policy of the state against any dissent, on the other. Until recently, a fairly common explanation for the causes of such difficulties in building socialism in the countries we are considering was blind copying by their leadership of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruelest diktat in relation to the communist leadership of these countries.

Self-governing socialism of Yugoslavia

However, there was another model of socialist construction, carried out in those years in Yugoslavia - model of self-governing socialism. It assumed in general terms the following: the economic freedom of labor collectives within the framework of enterprises, their activity on the basis of cost accounting with an indicative type of state planning; renunciation of coercive cooperation in agriculture, rather extensive use of commodity-money relations, etc., but on the condition that the Communist Party's monopoly is maintained in certain spheres of political and public life. The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist scheme of construction was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955 did relations between the socialist countries and Yugoslavia begin to gradually normalize. Some positive economic and social effect obtained from the introduction of a more balanced economic model in Yugoslavia would seem to confirm the argument of the supporters of the above point of view on the causes of the crises of the 1950s.

Formation of CMEA

An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation of the Council Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949, economic, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out through the CMEA of the originally European socialist countries. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the military unit created in May 1955. Warsaw Pact.

It should be noted that the socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the MSS. At its other extreme were Mongolia, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. These countries most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they resolutely eradicated elements of market, private property relations.

Mongolia

Mongolia was the first to embark on this path. After the coup of 1921 in the capital of Mongolia (the city of Urga), the power of the people's government was proclaimed, and in 1924 - the People's Republic. Transformations began in the country under the strong influence of the northern neighbor - the USSR. By the end of the 40s. in Mongolia there was a process of moving away from the primitive nomadic life through the construction of mainly large enterprises in the field of the mining industry, the spread of agricultural farms. Since 1948, the country began to accelerate the construction of the foundations of socialism on the model of the USSR, copying its experience and repeating mistakes. The ruling party set the task of turning Mongolia into an agrarian-industrial country, regardless of its peculiarities, its civilizational base essentially different from the USSR, religious traditions, and so on.

China

China remains the largest socialist country in Asia to this day.

After the victory of the revolution, the defeat of the Chiang army Kaishi ( 1887-1975) was proclaimed on October 1, 1949. People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and with the great help of the USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformation. And after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, which condemned some of the vices of Stalinism, China opposed itself to the new course of the "big brother", turning into an arena of an unprecedented scale experiment called the "Great Leap Forward." The concept of accelerated construction of socialism Mao Zedong(1893-1976) was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even more severe form. The most important task was to overtake and overtake the USSR by drastically breaking social relations, using the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, military discipline at all levels of social relations, etc. As a result, already at the end of the 50s, the country's population began to experience hunger. This caused unrest in society and among the leadership of the party. The response of Mao and his supporters was the "cultural revolution". This was the name given to the "great helmsman" of a large-scale campaign of repression against dissidents, which stretched out until the death of Mao. Until that moment, the PRC, being considered a socialist country, was nevertheless, as it were, outside the borders of the MSS, as evidenced, in particular, even by its armed clashes with the USSR in the late 1960s.

Vietnam

The most authoritative force leading the struggle for the independence of Vietnam was the Communist Party. Her leader Ho Chi Minh(1890-1969) headed in September 1945 the provisional government of the proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam. These circumstances determined the Marxist-socialist orientation of the subsequent course of the state. It was carried out in the conditions of an anti-colonial war, first with France (1946-1954), and then with the USA (1965-1973) and the struggle for reunification with the south of the country until 1975. Thus, the construction of the foundations of socialism proceeded for a long time in military conditions, which had a considerable influence on the features of the reforms, which increasingly acquired a Stalinist-Maoist coloring.

North Korea Cuba

A similar picture was observed in Korea, which gained independence from Japan in 1945 and was divided in 1948 into two parts. North Korea was in the zone of influence of the USSR, and South Korea -

USA. A dictatorial regime has been established in North Korea (DPRK) Kim Il Sung(1912-1994), who carried out the construction of a barracks society, closed from the outside world, based on the most severe dictate of one person, total nationalization of property, life, etc. Nevertheless, the DPRK managed to achieve in the 50s. certain positive results in economic construction due to the development of the foundations of the industry, laid down under the Japanese conquerors and a high work culture, combined with the most severe industrial discipline.

At the end of the period under review in the history of the MSS, an anti-colonial revolution took place in Cuba (January 1959). The US hostile policy towards the young republic and the Soviet Union's resolute support for it determined the socialist orientation of the Cuban leadership.

18.2. Stages of development of the world socialist system

Late 50s, 60s, 70s. Most of the ICC countries have managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly identified, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist model, which had become stronger in all the MCC countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning of the 1950s. scientific and technological revolution. As it developed, the ICC countries lagged more and more behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the rate of introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model, undertaken in these years, did not give positive results. The reason for the failure of the reforms was the strongest resistance to them by the party-state nomenklatura, which basically determined the extreme inconsistency and, as a result, the failure of the reform process.

Contradictions within the MSS

AT To a certain extent, this was facilitated by the domestic and foreign policy of the ruling circles of the USSR. Despite the criticism of some of the most ugly features of Stalinism at the 20th Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left intact the regime of the undivided power of the party and state apparatus. Moreover, the Soviet leadership continued to maintain an authoritarian style in relations between the USSR and the ICC countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 1950s. and a protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the last two countries no less influenced the deterioration of relations with the USSR.

The dramatic events of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1967-1968 demonstrated the style of relations within the MSS most clearly. In response to the broad public movement of citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms, the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR and Poland, on August 21, 1968, brought its troops into an essentially sovereign state under the pretext of protecting it "from the forces of internal and external counter-revolution ". This action significantly undermined the authority of the MCC and clearly demonstrated the party nomenclature's rejection of genuine, rather than declarative, changes.

In this regard, it is interesting to note that against the backdrop of serious crisis phenomena, the leadership of the socialist countries of Europe, assessing the achievements of the 50-60s. in the economic sphere came to the conclusion that the stage of building socialism was completed and the transition to a new stage - "the construction of developed socialism." This conclusion was supported by the ideologists of the new stage, in particular by the fact that the share of the socialist countries in world industrial production reached 100% in the 1960s. about one third, and in the global national income, one quarter.

The role of the CMEA

One of the essential arguments was the fact that, in their opinion, the development of economic relations within the MSS along the CMEA line was quite dynamic. If in 1949 the CMEA was faced with the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements, then since 1954 a decision was made to coordinate the national economic plans of the countries participating in it, and in the 60s. followed, a number of agreements on specialization and cooperation of production, on the international division of labor. Large international economic organizations were created, such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetall, the Institute for Standardization, etc. In 1971, the Comprehensive Program for Cooperation and Development of the CMEA Member Countries on the Basis of Integration was adopted. In addition, according to the estimates of the ideologists of the transition to a new historical stage in the construction of communism in most European countries of the MSS, a new social structure of the population has developed on the basis of completely victorious socialist relations, etc.

In the first half of the 1970s, in most countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, very stable growth rates of industrial production were indeed maintained, averaging 6-8% annually. To a large extent, this was achieved by an extensive method, i.e. the growth of production capacities and the growth of simple quantitative indicators in the field of electricity generation, steel smelting, mining, and engineering products.

However, by the mid-1970s the socio-economic and political situation began to deteriorate. At that time, in countries with a market economy, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a structural restructuring of the national economy began, associated with the transition from an extensive to an intensive type of economic development. This process was accompanied crisis phenomena both within these countries and at the global level, which, in turn, could not but affect the foreign economic positions of MCC entities. The growing lag of the ICC countries in the scientific and technical sphere steadily led to the loss of the positions they had won in the world market. The domestic market of the socialist countries also experienced difficulties. By the 80s. the unacceptable lagging behind of the sectors producing goods and services, from the extractive and heavy industries that were still afloat, led to the emergence of a total shortage of consumer goods. This caused not only a relative, but also an absolute deterioration in the living conditions of the population and, as a result, became the reason for the growing discontent of citizens. The demand for radical political and socio-economic transformations is becoming almost universal.

Complications from the mid-70s.

The crisis situation was also clearly indicated in the sphere of interstate economic cooperation, based on administrative decisions that often do not take into account the interests of the CMEA member countries, but also in a real reduction in the volume of mutual trade.

Events in Poland

Poland became a kind of detonator for the subsequent reform process. Already in the early 70s. There were mass demonstrations of workers against the economic policy of the government, an independent trade union association of workers Solidarity arose.

The manifestation of the growing crisis was also observed in other countries. But until the mid-80s. the ruling communist parties still had the opportunity to keep the situation under control, there were still some reserves to contain the economic and social crisis, including the power ones. Only after the beginning of transformations in the USSR in the second half of the 80s. the movement for reform in most of the ISA countries has grown markedly.

18.3. The collapse of the world socialist system

Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe

AT late 80s. a wave of democratic revolutions took place in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, which eliminated monopoly power

ruling communist parties, replacing it with a democratic form of government. The revolutions unfolded almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but took place in various forms. So, in most countries, the change of power took place peacefully (Poland, Hungary, the GDR, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria), while in Romania - as a result of an armed uprising.

Democratic revolutions were a necessary condition for subsequent transformations in the sphere of economic relations. Market relations began to be restored everywhere, the process of denationalization was proceeding rapidly, the national economic structure was changing, and private capital began to play an ever greater role. These processes continue today, strengthened by the victory of the democratic forces in our country in August 1991.

However, their course is quite tortuous, often inconsistent. If we leave aside the national costs of reforms, the mistakes of the new leadership of each of the countries, then the mistakes associated with the conscious line towards the economic disintegration of the former allies of the MSS and the CMEA, against the backdrop of an integrating Europe, are incomprehensible and difficult to explain. Mutual repulsion of former partners hardly contributes to a faster entry one by one into new economic and political alliances, and also hardly has a positive effect on the internal reform of each of the former socialist countries.

Chinese politics

After the death of Mao Zedong, his successors faced the task of overcoming the deepest crisis into which the "cultural revolution" plunged the country. It was found on the path of a radical restructuring of the structure of socio-economic relations. In the course of the economic reform, which began in the autumn of 1979, significant results were achieved in economic development. On the basis of the liquidation of the communes, the distribution of land to the peasants, the interest of the worker in the results of labor was restored. The introduction of market relations in the countryside was accompanied by no less radical reforms in industry. The role of state planning and administrative control over production was limited, the creation of cooperative and private enterprises was encouraged, the system of financing, wholesale trade, etc. underwent changes. , issuance of shares and loans in order to expand above-plan production. The system of the state and party apparatus, law enforcement agencies and, above all, the army underwent some reforms. In other words, the easing of the rigid totalitarian regime began.

The result of the reforms of the 80s. The PRC experienced unprecedented rates of economic growth (12-18% per year), a sharp improvement in living standards, and new positive developments in public life. A distinctive feature of the Chinese reforms was the preservation of the traditional socialist management model, which inevitably brought to the fore the problems of a socio-political and ideological nature in the late 80s. Today, the Chinese leadership adheres to the concept of building "socialism with Chinese characteristics", apparently trying to avoid the deep social upheavals and collisions experienced by Russia and other countries of the former MSS. China follows the path of building market relations, bourgeois liberalization, but with a certain consideration of civilizational features and national traditions.

Vietnam. Laos. Mongolia. North Korea.

Like the Chinese way of reforming the economy and public life, Vietnam and Laos are following. Modernization brought known positive results, but less tangible than in China. Perhaps this is due to their later entry into the period of market transformations, a lower initial level, and the heavy legacy of a long military policy. Mongolia is no exception. Following in the wake of market reforms, liberalization of public relations, it not only actively attracts foreign capital, but also actively revives national traditions.

North Korea remains a completely immobile, unreformed country from the former camp of socialism. Here, the system of essentially personal dictates of the Kim Il Sung clan is preserved. Obviously, this country will not be able to stay in a state of practical self-isolation and even confrontation with most of the world's states for a long time.

Cuba

The situation in one more country of the former MSS, Cuba, remains rather complicated. During the short history of socialism, this island state has in general terms repeated the path traveled by most of the MSS countries. Deprived of their support, its leadership continues to adhere to the concept of building socialism, remains faithful to Marxist ideals, while the country is experiencing growing economic and social difficulties. The position of Cuba is also aggravated as a result of the ongoing confrontation with the powerful USA since the liberation revolution.

As a result of the collapse of the world system of socialism, a line has been drawn under more than 40 years of totalitarian period in the history of most countries of Eastern Europe. The alignment of forces has undergone significant changes not only on the European continent, but also in Asia. Apparently, the bloc system of relations on the world stage as a whole is disappearing into oblivion.

However, the relatively long period of coexistence of countries within the framework of the MCC, in our opinion, cannot pass without leaving its mark. Obviously, in the future, the establishment of relations between former allies, and often close neighbors with common geographical borders, is inevitable, but on the basis of a new balance of interests, indispensable consideration of national, civilizational specifics and mutual benefit.

Questions for self-examination

1. When was the world system of socialism formed, what main stages did it pass in its development?

2. What factors caused the slowdown in the economic growth of the socialist countries in the 70s? What caused the intensification of contradictions between them?

3. What features can you name in the socio-economic development of the countries that were part of the world socialist system at the present stage?

A significant historical event of the post-war period was the people's democratic. revolutions in a number of European countries - in ALBANIA, BULGARIA, HUNGARY, EAST GERMANY, POLAND, ROMANIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, YUGOSLAVIA and in Asian countries - VIETNAM, CHINA, KOREA, MONGOLIA. In these countries, new political regimes and proclaimed course to socialism.To a large extent political. orientation in these countries was determined by the presence of Soviet troops on their territory, this also contributed to cardinal transformations in the political, social-no-ek-sky and other spheres, a cat. were characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the people's economy and the predominance of the party-state bureaucracy. Countries were invited to use the experience of building socialism in the USSR. The exit of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country, its spread to South-Eastern Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, a cat. was named " world system of socialism"(MSS). In 1959 CUBA and, in 1975, LAOS became part of this new system, which lasted more than 40 years. At the end of the 80s. the world system of socialism included 15 states, numbering 32.3% of the world population, which is a significant factor indicating the existence of a world system of socialism in the post-war international. life. MSS DEVELOPMENT STAGES. The plan for building socialism provided not only for the proletarian revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in one form or another, but also for the concentration in the hands of the authorities of key positions in the economy (this is the nationalization of industry, transport, communications, natural resources, financial -credit system, foreign and domestic trade), industrialization and transformation of small peasant property into a cooperative (i.e. the creation of a large socialized production), cultural revolution, the establishment of total control of the state, the highest bodies of the ruling parties over common life, etc. Stage 1 MSS (1945-1949) included changes in the political regimes that led to a change in the social-but-ek-orientation. Simultaneously with the restoration of the economy affected by the war, the restructuring of the Ek structure began with an active political. and material assistance of the USSR. An important step in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation in 1949. Council of Ek-sky Mutual Assistance (CMEA) in order to organize a systematic Ek-sky, scientific and technical. and cultural cooperation, designed to facilitate the reorientation of external. trade of the countries of Eastern Europe (previously, until 1939, Germany was the main partner of the cat). In addition, the CMEA served as a channel of ex-sky assistance to the less developed socialist countries from the USSR (as opposed to the Marshall Plan) and its creation was motivated by political. considerations - promoting the interdependence of the countries of Eastern Europe with the USSR. You can count 1949. a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS. Stage 2 MSS(1950-1960s) 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a “new” society (according to the model of the USSR). However, the socialist countries of Europe were a relatively dynamic part of the MSS, and the Asian countries of the MSS used the Stalinist model of construction, eradicating market elements in the eq. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the established in May 1955. Warsaw Pact. At this stage, in the countries of Eastern Europe, after nationalization, industrialization, for which the first plans for national economic development are being adopted. Agrarian transformations are taking place, but the nationalization of the land has not been carried out. Land was taken away from large landowners, and not all land was taken away, but only its surplus in excess of the established norm and sold on preferential terms to peasants. In some cases, landowners even received partial compensation. The co-operation of the peasantry was carried out, a cat. was completed in most of the countries of Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 60s (the exception was Poland and Yugoslavia, where the state structure in the agrarian sector did not acquire decisive importance). In the new countries, transformations in ek-ke had compromise character and carried out more carefully than in the USSR (the experience of our country was taken into account, showing the destructiveness of extreme measures of revolutionary reforms, therefore there was no “war communism” in these countries). Industry in the 50s. experienced rapid development, its growth rate was about 10% per year, and countries turned from agricultural into industrial and agricultural(except Czechoslovakia and East Germany). The methods of accelerated industrialization contributed to the formation of an administrative management system and a monopolized structure of the national economy, indifferent (i.e., indifferent) to the characteristics of specific countries. In general, despite the largely extensive type of development, the results of the decade were favorable in most countries. In this period CMEA activities unfolded, cat. before that, it was mainly based on the ideological factor and was poorly developed at the interstate Ur-not and at the Ur-not of enterprises and firms. However, the conditions of the Cold War favored the reorientation of trade relations in a short time, and with the help of the CMEA, its participants were able not only to survive, but also to restore the economy after the war and achieve impressive progress. If at the initial stage the activity of the CMEA was focused on the development of commodity exchange, coordination and development of external. trade, on the provision of scientific and technical. documentation and information, then from 1956-57. the CMEA countries switched to specialization and co-operation in production, to harmonization and coordination of national economic plans, to the creation of joint scientific centers and economic organizations. Stage 3 MSS (1960-1970) associated with the exhaustion of resources for extensive growth, the decline in industrial growth and national income, which necessitated economic reforms. During this period, they began to show limitations socialist economic system, since the model that had become stronger in the CMEA countries fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the global economic process (this became especially evident in connection with the scientific and technological revolution in the 50s. when countries began to lag behind the advanced capital countries more and more). Therefore, in many CMEA countries, attempts were made to partially reform this model. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia the benchmark of the reforms was the use of the market mechanism in order to be included in the international system. division of labor and entry into the world market. In these countries, changes in the Ek system were radical. AT Poland, GDR the changes did not go beyond the modernization of the existing administrative system of planning and managing the national economy. Mongolia, Romania, Cuba, Vietnam they did not start reforming national models of development during this period. However, economic reforms in the 60s. did not give positive results and were curtailed, since the liberalization of pricing, although it gave positive results in the agricultural sector, but under the conditions of the monopoly position of industrial enterprises, it did not lead to the formation of competition, but to the realization of monopoly advantages, incl. and rising prices. In addition, when their teams gained the right to influence the distribution of income, they simply began to “eat away” the income of enterprises. An important reason for the failures was the strongest resistance to the reforms of the party and state nomenklatura, the cat. basically determined their extreme inconsistency, and therefore the failure of the initiated reforms. In 1968 liberalization and democratization reforms were interrupted by the entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Prague. In general, the curtailment of reforms was explained not only by political. pressure, but also the exacerbation of social contradictions caused by the difficulties of the transition to commercial principles of economic management. In the activities of the CMEA, the coordination of the national economic plans of the countries continued and in 1964. was created International bank of ek-sky cooperation- body for the regulation of international calculations. Stage 4 MSS (1970-mid 80s) characterized by attempts to solve the economic problems of the socialist countries by modernizing the administrative system of economics, but without resorting to radical changes. The global energy crisis of 1973-74 had a great influence on the development of the socialist countries, cat. reflected in the rise in oil prices. While the capitalist countries, due to the crisis, sought to reduce their dependence on imported raw materials and fuel, they quickly rebuilt the structure of the economy by introducing resource- and energy saving technologies, introduced the production of microprocessors and biotechnology. However, the CMEA countries, in connection with receiving resources from the USSR at preferential prices (below world prices) and the sluggishness of the pricing system in mutual trade, were deprived of all incentives for such innovations. This resulted in a serious backlog in all key areas of scientific and technical. progress. The exhaustion of the resources for extensive growth forced the CMEA countries to resort to foreign credits. Contradictions began to appear within the CMEA. The countries that carried out radical reforms (Hungary, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) began to be more actively involved in the world market and their most high-quality products were already going to Western markets, while the share of their exports to the CMEA countries was declining. As a result, the share of the CMEA began to decline. was accepted Comprehensive Program of Socialist Ec Integration. She set the goal of developing industrial cooperation and specialization, scientific and technical. cooperation, coordination of plans for ek-sky development, joint investment activity (ie, the development of higher forms of ek-sky integration). As a result, the role of the CMEA in the economy of the socialist countries in the 70s. increased during 1971-1978. 100 multilateral and 1000 bilateral industrial cooperation agreements were concluded. The automotive industry received the greatest development of cooperation and specialization. In addition, the role of the CMEA increased due to dependence on oil imports from the USSR during the global energy crisis. However, the scale and forms of industrial cooperation within the CMEA lagged far behind Western standards due to the insensitivity of the economy to scientific and technological revolution. Therefore, in the late 70s. another attempt was made to modernize the CMEA - they began to develop long-term target programs of ek-sky cooperation. During the 80s. inside the CMEA there was an increase in problems, which led to its crisis. The period of the collapse of the MSS (2nd half of the 80s - early 90s) characterized by the growth of problems within the CMEA and the collapse in 1991. world system of socialism. During this period, it became obvious that the existing social system and its economic mechanism could not create an effective socially oriented economy that actively uses the achievements of scientific and technical. progress and interacting with the world economy. For the countries of the Eastern European countries of the CMEA, it was har-but the fall in the growth rate of the eq-ki, the backlog of high-tech industries, distortions in the financial sector, the growth of external. debts, relatively low living standards of the population. All measures taken to intensify production in the 80s. failed and the ongoing deep Ek-sky crisis, the instability of the emerging political. systems, exacerbation of national contradictions, the collapse of multinational states (Yugoslavia), unemployment, impoverishment of the population - all these processes were typical for the late 80s. The processes of a deep crisis were also characteristic of the USSR. This led to the collapse of the CMEA system, since the Soviet Union was the initiator of the creation of the world socialist system. Ek-sky reforms carried out since the beginning of the 90s. in the countries of Eastern Europe became part of the renewal of the social-no-ek-sky and political. building, the formation of a qualitatively new business model in post-socialist countries, where the main course has become in the direction of Western democracy and market relations through the privatization of the public sector and the promotion of private entrepreneurship. In the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, the weakening of the socialist economies was caused simultaneously by the collapse of the methods of the ek-sky management and the process of reforms carried out in the Soviet Union. CONCLUSION: The CMEA crisis and the cessation of its activities predetermined the following factors: 1) the barrier of the original inter-sectoral division of labor scheme based on the partners' interest in Soviet raw materials was not overcome; 2) greenhouse conditions in the development of mutual ties (i.e., the absence of competition); 3) the general increase in crisis phenomena in the socialist countries; 4) the deterioration of the positions of Eastern European goods on the world market; 5) disagreements and conflicts over prices and the principles of balanced trade; 6) the desire to switch to Western market ways of developing economies. Termination in 1991 The activities of the CMEA had a different effect on the eq-ke of the countries that were part of it. For the USSR, the cessation of supplies through the CMEA channels meant an additional factor in the deepening of the crisis. The reaction of various countries of Eastern Europe was determined by the head of their households from the supply of raw materials from the USSR and alternative sources of imports, and the prospects for the transition to resource-saving technologies in these countries.

a social, economic and political community of free sovereign states treading the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, by bonds of international socialist solidarity. M.'s countries with. With. have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state system - the power of the people, headed by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties: a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of revolutionary gains, in ensuring security from the encroachments of imperialism, in the struggle for peace throughout the world and in rendering assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a single goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance. The socialist countries, while remaining sovereign states, are drawing closer and closer within the framework of international socialism. s., which opposes the class-opposite world capitalist system (see the articles Capitalism, The Capitalist System of the World Economy).

The material basis of M. s. With. is a world socialist economic system based on socialist production relations. It is an aggregate of interconnected and gradually drawing together economies of sovereign socialist states, linked by the international socialist division of labor and the world socialist market.

M.'s education with. With. - a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism (See General Crisis of Capitalism) , the collapse of the world capitalist system and the formation of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. Occurrence and development of M. page. With. - the most important objective result of the international revolutionary working-class and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the cause of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of the era of mankind's transition from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in building socialism, its victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 over fascist Germany and militarist Japan, the liberation of the peoples of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Army from fascist invaders and Japanese militarists hastened the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism for new countries and peoples. As a result of a powerful upsurge in the liberation struggle of the peoples in a number of countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples, people's democratic and socialist revolutions won in 1944-49. Since that time, socialism has gone beyond the boundaries of one country and the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system has begun. In 1949 the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China won. At the turn of the 50-60s. in M. s. With. entered the first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere - Cuba.

M.'s countries with. With. began the process of creating a new society with different levels of economic and political development. At the same time, each of them has its own history, traditions, national specifics.

In M. s. With. There are countries that even before World War II (1939-45) had a numerous proletariat hardened in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gives rise to certain peculiarities in the forms of building socialism and puts forward the task of creatively using the general laws of socialist construction, taking into account specific conditions. In the presence of M. s. With. even those countries that have not gone through the capitalist stage of development, such as the Mongolian People's Republic, can begin and successfully carry out socialist construction.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in a number of European and Asian countries, a new, socialist type of international relations gradually began to take shape, based on the principle of socialist internationalism. This principle stems from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people.

The formation of a new type of international relations is a complex and multifaceted process associated with overcoming the heavy legacy left by the centuries-old domination of the exploiting classes, national isolation, discord, distrust. Objective difficulties in establishing multifaceted cooperation among the socialist states are generated by the differences inherited from the past in the levels of economic and social development and in the class structure. Overcoming these consequences, getting rid of all vestiges of petty-bourgeois and nationalist ideology is a task that requires a relatively long time. Translational movement M. s. With. It takes place in a fierce struggle against imperialism, which is trying by various methods to divide the socialist countries.

The core of all forms of cooperation among the socialist states is cooperation between parties. Without the active leadership of the Marxist-Leninist parties, the building of socialism is generally impossible. On the basis of the knowledge of objective laws and the generalization of collective experience, the communist and workers' parties jointly worked out the principles and norms of interparty and interstate relations within the M. s. which include complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, mutually beneficial economic cooperation, and fraternal mutual assistance. Unity of action in the international arena, coordination of efforts in building and defending socialism, broad exchange of experience in party, economic and state work, cultural exchange, expansion and deepening of fraternal mutual assistance are in the fundamental interests of every socialist country. M.'s experience with. With. showed that the successful creation of a new society is possible only on the basis of the use of the general laws of building socialism discovered by Marxism-Leninism, that a departure from the principles of Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism, from the general laws of building socialism leads to serious deformations in the functioning of the economic basis and political superstructure. The chauvinistic anti-Soviet course of the Maoists harmed the cause of the unity of the M. s. With. (see Maoism). Despite all the difficulties, the main and defining line of M.'s development with. With. there was and is a strengthening of the unity and cohesion of the socialist states.

M.'s formation with. With. occurred simultaneously along two interconnected lines. In the countries that had fallen away from the capitalist system, the process of creating a new society was going on, and the positions of socialism were being strengthened. At the same time, strong economic and political ties were being established between the socialist states, closely rallying them into a socialist community.

Until the end of the 40s. in most European people's democracies (see People's Democracy) predominantly general democratic, anti-imperialist, anti-feudal tasks were solved. At this stage, the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry was taking shape and strengthening. At the initiative of the Communist and Workers' Parties, measures were taken in the people's democracies that prepared the conditions for a gradual transition to building socialism.

Profound transformations were carried out during this period in the economic sphere. The first years of people's power - the years of the implementation of fundamental agrarian reforms (See Agrarian reforms) , which destroyed the remnants of feudal relations in the countryside and liquidated the class of large landowners. During this period, the nationalization of industry, transport, banks, and commercial enterprises unfolded. Nationalized property became the basis of the state sector in the national economy. The big bourgeoisie and dependence on foreign monopolies were practically eliminated. In Bulgaria the revolution had a socialist character from the very beginning; state power was formed as the power of the working class, which is in close alliance with the working peasantry.

In the course of the people's democratic revolutions, the military-political alliance of the USSR with the people's democratic states, which had been formed back in the period of the liberation struggle, was strengthened, which enabled them to defend the gains of the working people, despite economic and political pressure, and the military threats of imperialism. The most important political act aimed at stabilizing the international position of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and increasing the international prestige of these countries was the conclusion between them and the Soviet Union of treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance.

At the turn of the 40-50s. in the European countries of people's democracy, the fullness of state power and commanding heights in the economy have passed into the hands of the working class in alliance with the peasantry and other sections of the working people. Socialist industrialization began national economy and the socialist transformation of agriculture. The economy of the socialist states began to develop on the basis of long-term national economic plans. Under difficult historical conditions, relying on the help of the Soviet Union, the fraternal countries created their own industry, ensured the victory of socialist relations of production and a steady rise in the material and cultural standard of living of the working people. In most European socialist countries during the 50s - the first half of the 60s. the material and technical basis of socialism was created.

In the field of mutual interstate ties, the international socialist division of labor began to take shape during this period, and cooperation developed on the basis of long-term economic agreements. Since the mid 50s. most countries have moved to the coordination of five-year national economic plans, which has become the main method of their economic cooperation.

The process of development of the socialist community has developed in such a way that the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949), the organization of the Warsaw Pact of 1955, which are called upon to unite and coordinate their political, economic and military efforts, unite most closely economically and politically. Close ideological cooperation is also being developed between the CMEA countries, mutual enrichment and rapprochement of national socialist cultures is taking place. In the process of exchanging experience and mutual enrichment of cultures, common criteria for a socialist way of life are worked out, and socialist patriotism and socialist internationalism are strengthened. The CMEA countries form a powerful industrial complex which makes it possible by joint efforts to solve complex problems of further economic development and technological progress. They have achieved high results in raising the living standards of the working people.

In the mid 60s. many countries M. with. pp., having completed the creation of the foundations of socialism, they proceeded to the construction of a developed socialist society. The USSR entered the stage of developed socialism. Owls. the people create the material and technical base of communism. The CMEA countries are moving towards deeper and more complex forms of economic cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration (see Socialist Economic Integration). An active factor in the close convergence and improvement of national economic complexes is the formation of rational interstate national economic proportions through mutual adaptation and improvement of their national economies in order to increase the efficiency of social production.

In process of M.'s development with. With. socialist internationalism is being strengthened, the strength of which is especially clearly manifested at times of acute international situations. International socialist mutual assistance made it possible to repel imperialist aggression in Korea and Vietnam, to hold out against socialist Cuba, and to reliably defend the socialist gains in Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the imperialists. On the basis of socialist internationalism, the peoples of the fraternal countries are steadily strengthening their moral, political and economic unity.

In M. s. With. the economic laws of socialism operate. Joint planning activity is the main method for achieving socialist economic integration. The world socialist market with a system of commodity-money relations is an organic component of the modern world socialist economy. In the course of M.'s development, s. With. the essential differences in the levels of economic, political and cultural development of the socialist countries are gradually being overcome. The relatively less developed socialist countries are advancing at a faster rate and are catching up with the more developed ones. For example, the industrially backward in the past agricultural country Bulgaria by the beginning of the 70s. in terms of industrial production and national income per capita, the standard of living of the population has come close to such countries as the USSR, the GDR, and Czechoslovakia.

M. s. With. is the main force consistently defending peace and international security, blocking the way for the imperialist policy of wars and conquests. The ruling circles of the imperialist powers are compelled to reckon with the peace-loving and resolute policy of the socialist countries, with their defensive might.

The most important feature of the modern stage of M.'s development with. With. is the consistent implementation by the countries of the socialist community of a coordinated foreign policy aimed at strengthening world peace and international security, at ensuring international conditions most favorable for the development of socialism. As a result of M.'s successes with. With. in the economic competition with capitalism, a new alignment of forces in the international arena has been determined, opening up real prospects for a lasting, lasting peace before mankind.

During 1951-73, while industrial output in the developed capitalist countries grew 3.3 times, industrial output in the socialist countries increased 9.15 times. The share of the socialist countries in world industrial output grew 13 times between 1917 and 1973. Occupying in the early 70s. 26% of the entire territory of the globe and numbering 1/3 of its population, M. s. With. produces approximately 39% of all manufactured industrial products in the world. The CMEA countries, occupying 18% of the territory and accounting for less than 10% of the world's population, create 33% of the world's industrial output and approximately 25% of the world's national income. M. s. With. isolation and autarky are alien. Based on the peaceful coexistence of the two world systems on the initiative of M. s. With. various forms of international economic cooperation are steadily developing (See International economic cooperation).

M. s. With. wresting decisive frontiers from capitalism. In coming into contact with the non-socialist world, the socialist community contributes to the activation of all truly democratic and revolutionary forces in it. More and more states and peoples are embarking on the path of struggle against imperialism, with its neo-colonialist and aggressive aspirations, and are choosing the path of socialist orientation.

Thus, in the course of coexistence and confrontation between the two world systems, the preponderance of the forces of socialism over the forces of capitalism accumulates. This creates favorable conditions for the class struggle of the proletariat in the capitalist countries, facilitates their transition to socialism, and creates opportunities for independent development for the peoples who have liberated themselves from colonial oppression.

Within the framework of the socialist community itself, on the basis of the objective process of internationalization of the productive forces, the socialist states are drawing closer together. Both of these processes - the transition to building socialism in an increasing number of countries and socialist internationalization - create the prerequisites for the complete victory of socialism and communism on a world scale.

Lit.: Marx K., Engels F., Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4; Marx K., Engels F., Lenin V.I., On proletarian internationalism, 2nd ed., M., 1968; Lenin V.I., On the laws of the emergence and development of socialism and communism, [Collection], M., 1960; his own. On the international significance of the experience of the CPSU [Collection], M., 1963; Brezhnev L. I., On the foreign policy of the CPSU and the Soviet state. Speeches and articles, M., 1973; Program documents of the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism. Documents of the Meetings of representatives of communist and workers' parties held in Moscow in November 1957, in Bucharest in June 1960, in Moscow in November 1960, M., 1961; Documents of the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, Moscow, June 5-17, 1969, M., 1969; Statement of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries, Pravda, 1968, August 4; Program of the CPSU, M., 1973; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Comprehensive Program for the Further Deepening and Improvement of Cooperation and the Development of the Socialist Economic Integration of the CMEA Member Countries, M., 1971; Charter of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, in the book: Multilateral economic cooperation of the socialist states, (Collection of documents), 2nd ed., M., 1972.

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