Globalization of social and cultural processes in the modern world. Globalization of socio-cultural processes Globalization of social processes in the modern world briefly

At present, this idea of ​​the formation of a single civilization on our entire planet has become widespread and developed; its strengthening in science and in the public consciousness was facilitated by the awareness globalization of social and cultural processes in the modern world.

The term "globalization" (from the Latin "globe") means the planetary nature of certain processes. The globalization of processes is their ubiquity and inclusiveness. Globalization is connected, first of all, with the interpretation of all social activity on Earth. In the modern era, all mankind is included in a single system of socio-cultural, economic, political and other connections, interactions and relations.

Thus, in the modern era, in comparison with past historical epochs, the general planetary unity of mankind has increased many times over. It is a fundamentally new supersystem: despite the striking socio-cultural, economic, political contrasts of various regions, states and peoples, sociologists consider it legitimate to talk about the formation of a single civilization.

The globalist approach is already clearly visible in the previously discussed concepts of “post-industrial society”, “technotronic era”, etc. These concepts focus on the fact that any technological revolution leads to profound changes not only in the productive forces of society, but also in the whole way of life. of people.

Modern technological progress creates fundamentally new prerequisites for the universalization and globalization of human interaction.

Thanks to the broad development of microelectronics, computerization, the development of mass communication and information, the deepening of the division of labor and specialization, humanity is united into a single socio-cultural integrity. The presence of such integrity dictates its own requirements for humanity as a whole and for an individual, in particular:

– society should be dominated by the orientation towards the acquisition of new knowledge;

– mastering it in the process of continuous education;

– technological and human application of education;

- the degree of development of the person himself, his interaction with the environment should be higher.

Respectively, a new humanistic culture should be formed, in which a person should be considered as an end in itself of social development.

The new requirements for the individual are as follows: it must harmoniously combine high qualifications, virtuoso mastery of technology, ultimate competence in one's specialty with social responsibility and universal moral values.

Globalization of social, cultural, economic and political processes gave rise to a number of serious problems. They were named " global problems of our time»: environmental, demographic, political, etc.

The totality of these problems has posed the global problem of "humanity's survival" before humanity. A. Peccei formulated the essence of this problem in the following way: “The true problem of the human species at this stage of its evolution is that it turned out to be completely culturally incapable of keeping pace and fully adapting to the changes that it itself introduced into this world.”

If we want to curb the technical revolution and direct humanity towards a worthy future, then we need, first of all, to think about changing the person himself, about the revolution in the person himself. (Pecchei A. "Human qualities"). In 1974, in parallel with M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel, a group of Argentine scientists led by Professor Erera developed the so-called Latin American model of global development, or the model "Baryloge".

In 1976, under the leadership of Ya. Tinbergen(Holland) a new project of the "Club of Rome" was developed - "Changing the International Order" However, no global models could predict the colossal changes that took place in the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s. in Eastern Europe and on the territory of the USSR. These changes significantly modified the nature of the course of global processes, since they meant the end of the Cold War, the intensification of the disarmament process, and had a significant impact on economic and cultural interaction.

Despite all the inconsistency of these processes, the huge costs for the population of socio-economic and political transformations, it can be assumed that they will contribute to a greater extent to the formation of a single global social civilization.

Globalization of social and cultural processes in the modern world.

We can trace some beginnings of globalization already in the Age of Antiquity. In particular, the Roman Empire was one of the first states that asserted its dominance over the Mediterranean and led to a deep interweaving of different cultures and the emergence of a local division of labor in the regions of the Mediterranean.

Globalization- the process of world economic, political and cultural integration and unification. The main consequence of this is the global division of labor, the migration of capital, human and production resources throughout the planet, the standardization of legislation, economic and technological processes, as well as the convergence and merging of cultures of different countries. This is an objective process that is systemic in nature, that is, it covers all spheres of society.

Globalization- This is a historical process of rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased and humanity is gradually turning into a single political system.

Since the middle of the 20th century, and especially in recent decades, the trend towards globalization has qualitatively affected society. National and regional histories no longer make sense.

The tendency towards uniformity becomes dominant in culture. The media allow millions of people to become witnesses of events taking place in different places, to join the same cultural experience (Olympiads, rock concerts), which unifies their tastes. The same consumer goods are everywhere. Migration, temporary work abroad, tourism introduce people to the lifestyle and customs of other countries. A single, or at least generally accepted, spoken language, English, is being formed. Computer technology carries the same programs all over the world. Western popular culture is becoming universal, and local traditions are being eroded.

positive and negative features that affect the development of the world community. The positive ones include: the integration of the world economy promotes the intensification and growth of production, the mastering of technical achievements by backward countries, and the improvement of the economic condition of developing countries. Political integration helps prevent military conflicts, ensure relative stability in the world, and do many other things in the interests of international security. Globalization in the social sphere stimulates huge shifts in the minds of people, the spread of democratic principles of human rights and freedoms.

In the social sphere, globalization involves the creation of a society that should be based on respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, on the principle of social justice.

A very noticeable phenomenon over the past 100 years has been the globalization of culture based on the enormous growth of cultural exchange between countries, the development of the mass culture industry, the leveling of the tastes and predilections of the public. This process is accompanied by the erasure of national features of literature and art, the integration of elements of national cultures into the emerging universal cultural sphere.

The essence of globalization and its manifestations

The globalization of social and cultural processes means that they are acquiring a planetary character, societies are becoming interconnected in all aspects - economic, political, social, cultural, a single global socio-cultural integrity is being formed.

Manifestations of globalization:

1. Formation of the world economy, formation of the world market of finance, goods and services. Business goes beyond the national framework through the formation of transnational corporations (TNCs), which are developing rapidly.

2. Growth in international trade, financial and investment flows.

3. The universality of market principles for the organization of economic activity.

4. Huge movement and mixing of the population. The population moves primarily from the South and East to the North and West.

5. The formation of a global information space as a result of the third information revolution, the essence of which is the formation of a single nationwide Internet information system. The sociocultural consequences of the introduction of new communication technologies are ambiguous. On the one hand, they unite peoples, unify cultures, and diversify ties. On the other hand, they stimulate a return to local social communities and traditions. This is explained by the fact that in the conditions of the loss of autonomy, people seek to protect their interests and achieve mental comfort, returning to their native socio-cultural soil. Therefore, there is a deepening of the connection of ethnic minorities and the growth of religious fundamentalism. In this regard, we can talk about the rise of regional cultures and the process of localization.

6. Dominance in the world community of liberal-democratic values ​​associated primarily with the provision and observance of human rights and freedoms.

7. Reduction of political opportunities and the role of the nation state as a public institution. The powers of the state are transferred either to the interstate level or to the level of local, regional bodies and institutions.

8. The emergence of global problems.

Global problems of our time and ways to solve them

Global problems are a set of vitally important problems, on the solution of which the fate of all mankind depends. Conventionally, four main groups of global problems of our time can be distinguished:

· social and political problems;

social and economic problems;

social and environmental problems;

human problems.

Global socio-political problems are generated by the spread around the world of a new generation of military equipment and weapons, which threatens to destroy all of humanity. The solution of global socio-political problems is possible by:

A) prevention of local wars;

B) the eradication of violence in relations between people and the exclusively peaceful resolution of all conflicts;

C) ending the arms race, carrying out disarmament and conversion;

D) establishing relations of trust and good neighborliness, partnership and cooperation between peoples.

The complex of global socio-economic problems includes, first of all, the problem of economic backwardness, poverty and indigence of the countries of the "third world", the growing socio-economic gap between the countries of the "golden billion" and the "poor billion".

The global socio-economic problems include the demographic problem, which is generated by two global demographic processes: first, the population explosion; secondly, underreproduction of the population in developed countries. A population explosion is the rapid growth of the population of the planet Earth. The largest population growth is in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. European countries are experiencing a shrinking and aging population.

In connection with the demographic problem, the food problem and the problem of natural resources have become aggravated. Mankind can no longer increase the volume of resources withdrawn from nature due to their non-renewability and limitation. The essence of the food problem lies in the acute shortage of food in many developing countries, malnutrition and hunger, imbalance and malnutrition.

The complex of global socio-environmental problems stems from the ecological crisis, which manifests itself:

firstly, in air pollution in excess of permissible norms by industrial enterprises, vehicles, thermal power plants;

secondly, in water and soil pollution;

thirdly, in the threatening growth of waste;

fourthly, in the impoverishment of the animal and plant world of the planet, the deterioration of land quality and the reduction of arable land;

fifthly, in global climate change, threatening climate catastrophe.

Man is at the center of all global problems of our time: he created them and he is able to solve them. If we single out the problems of the person himself in a separate group, then they include the following:

1. Grief and suffering from wars, violence, banditry, terrorism, accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters.

2. Social disadvantage of people: unemployment, hunger and poverty; refugee and vagrancy; illiteracy, increased crime.

3. Physical ill health of a person.

4. Spiritual trouble and mental illness of a person: depression, gloominess, rudeness, aggression, suicidal tendencies.

In the context of growing global problems, social thinkers make global forecasts for the future, engage in social forecasting - futurology (lat. futurum-future; Greek logos- teaching). Pessimists and optimists emerged among futurologists. Representatives of ecological pessimism predict inevitable death for humanity due to the insolubility of global problems. Supporters of scientific and technological optimism (technological optimism) believe that a person, using the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, will be able to solve global problems. Most futurologists consider the transition from a technogenic, informational civilization to an anthropogenic civilization, where the main value would be a person, not technology, as a way to solve global problems and a condition for the survival of mankind.

The strategy of the world community for the current century is determined by the concept of sustainable development developed by the UN in 1992. In a broad sense, sustainable development is understood as environmental, demographic, economic, ethnic, confessional, systemic and technical stability. In 1994, the UN Human Development Report characterizes sustainable development as socially oriented development, in the center of which is the person.

Topic 5 tests (section II)

I. Find a match (make pairs) of the provisions marked with numbers and concepts (terms) with letter designations:

a) globalization; b) the third information revolution; c) global problems; d) population explosion; e) futurology; f) environmental pessimism; g) technological optimism; h) sustainable development.

1. Formation of a unified nationwide information system.

2. Social forecasting.

3. The process of formation of a single global socio-cultural integrity.

4. Socially oriented development, in the center of which is a person.

5. Prediction to humanity of inevitable death due to the insolubility of global problems.

6. The rapid growth of the population of the planet Earth.

7. Belief that a person, using the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, will be able to solve global problems.

8. A set of vitally important problems, on the solution of which the fate of all mankind depends.

The twentieth century was characterized by a significant acceleration of sociocultural change. A gigantic shift has taken place in the “nature-society-man” system, where an important role is now played by culture, understood as an intellectual, ideal, and artificially created material environment, which not only ensures the existence and comfort of a person in the world, but also creates a number of problems . Another important change in this system was the ever-increasing pressure of people and society on nature. For the 20th century The world's population has grown from 1.4 billion to 6 billion, while over the previous 19 centuries of our era it increased by 1.2 billion people. Serious changes are taking place in the social structure of the population of our planet. Currently, only 1 billion people (the so-called "golden billion") live in developed countries and fully enjoy the achievements of modern culture, and 5 billion people from developing countries suffering from hunger, disease, poor education, form a "global pole of poverty" that opposes the "pole of prosperity" . Moreover, the trends in fertility and mortality make it possible to predict that by 2050-2100, when the population of the Earth reaches 10 billion people. (Table 18) (according to modern concepts, this is the maximum number of people that our planet can feed), the population of the "pole of poverty" will reach 9 billion people, and the population of the "pole of well-being" will remain unchanged. At the same time, each person living in developed countries exerts 20 times more pressure on nature than a person from developing countries.
Table 18
Number of world population (million people)

Source: Yatsenko N. E. Explanatory dictionary of social science terms. SPb., 1999. S. 520.
Sociologists associate the globalization of social and cultural processes and the emergence of world problems with the presence of limits to the development of the world community.
Sociologists-globalists believe that the limits of the world are determined by the very finiteness and fragility of nature. These limits are called external (Table 19).
For the first time, the problem of external limits to growth was raised in a report to the Club of Rome (a non-governmental international organization established in 1968) "Limits to Growth", prepared under the leadership of D. Meadows.
The authors of the report, using a computer model of global changes for calculations, came to the conclusion that the unlimited growth of the economy and the pollution caused by it by the middle of the 21st century. lead to economic disaster. To avoid it, the concept of "global balance" with nature was proposed, with a constant population and "zero" industrial growth.
According to other globalist sociologists (E. Laszlo, J. Bierman), the limiters of the economy and the sociocultural development of mankind are not external, but internal limits, the so-called sociopsychological limits, which manifest themselves in the subjective activity of people (see Table 19).
Table 19 Limits of human development

Supporters of the concept of internal limits to growth believe that the solution to global problems lies in the ways of increasing the responsibility of politicians who make important decisions, and improving social forecasting. The most reliable tool for solving global problems, according to E. Toffler, should be considered knowledge and the ability to withstand the ever-increasing pace of social change, as well as delegating resources and responsibility to those floors, levels where the relevant problems are solved. Of great importance is the formation and dissemination of new universal values ​​and norms, such as the security of people and societies, of all mankind; freedom of activity of people both within the state and outside it; responsibility for the conservation of nature; availability of information; respect for public opinion by the authorities; humanization of relations between people, etc.
Global problems can be solved only by the joint efforts of state and public, regional and world organizations. All world problems can be differentiated into three categories (Table 20).
The most dangerous challenge to mankind in the XX century. there were wars. Only two world wars, which lasted more than 10 years in total, claimed about 80 million human lives and caused material damage of more than 4 trillion 360 billion dollars (Table 21).
Table 20
Global problems

Table 21
The most important indicators of the First and Second World Wars

After the Second World War, there were about 500 armed conflicts. More than 36 million people died in local battles, most of them were civilians.
And in just 55 centuries (5.5 thousand years), mankind has survived 15 thousand wars (so that people lived in peace for no more than 300 years). More than 3.6 billion people died in these wars. Moreover, with the development of weapons in combat clashes, an increasing number of people (including civilians) died. Losses especially increased with the beginning of the use of gunpowder (Table 22).
Table 22

Nevertheless, the arms race continues to this day. Only after the Second World War, military spending (for 1945-1990) amounted to more than 20 trillion dollars. Today, military spending is more than $800 billion a year, that is, $2 million per minute. More than 60 million people serve or work in the armed forces of all states. 400 thousand scientists are engaged in the improvement and development of new weapons - these studies absorb 40% of all R & D funds, or 10% of all human expenditure. A diploma to order is what you need.
Currently, the environmental problem comes first, which includes such unresolved issues as:
land desertification. Currently, deserts occupy about 9 million square meters. km. Every year, deserts "capture" more than 6 million hectares of land developed by man. A total of 30 million sq. km of inhabited territory, which is 20% of all land;
deforestation. Over the past 500 years, 2/3 of forests have been cleared out by man, and 3/4 of forests have been destroyed in the entire history of mankind. Every year, 11 million hectares of forest land disappear from the face of our planet;
pollution of reservoirs, rivers, seas and oceans;
"the greenhouse effect;
ozone holes.
As a result of the combined action of all these factors, the productivity of land biomass has already decreased by 20%, and some animal species have become extinct. Mankind is forced to take measures to protect nature. Other global problems are no less acute.
Do they have solutions? The solution to these acute problems of the modern world may lie on the paths of scientific and technological progress, socio-political reforms and changes in the relationship between man and the environment (Table 23).
Table 23 Ways to solve global problems

Scientists under the auspices of the Club of Rome are engaged in the search for a conceptual solution to global problems. The second report (1974) of this non-governmental organization (“Humanity at the Crossroads”, authors M. Mesarevich and E. Pestel) spoke of the “organic growth” of the world economy and culture as a single organism, where each part plays its role and uses that share of common goods, which correspond to its role and ensure the further development of this part in the interests of the whole.
In 1977, the third report to the Club of Rome was published under the title "International Order Revisited". Its author J. Tinbergen saw a way out in the creation of global institutions that would control global socio-cultural and economic processes. According to the scientist, it is planned to create a world treasury, a world food administration, a world administration for technological development and other institutions that would resemble ministries in their functions; on a conceptual level, such a system presupposes the existence of a world government.
In the subsequent works of the French globalists M. Guernier "The Third World: Three Quarters of the World" (1980), B. Granotier "For a World Government" (1984) and others, the idea of ​​a global center governing the world was further developed.
A more radical position in relation to global governance is taken by the international public movement of mondialists (International Registration of World Citizens, IRWC), which was created in 1949 and advocates the creation of a world state.
In 1989, the report of the UN International Commission on Environment and Development chaired by G. H. Brundtland "Our Common Future" created the concept of "sustainable development", which "satisfies the needs of the present, but does not jeopardize the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
In the 1990s the idea of ​​a world government is giving way to projects of global cooperation among states with the vital role of the UN. This concept was formulated in the report of the Commission on Global Governance and Cooperation of the United Nations "Our Global Neighborhood" (1996).
Nowadays, the concept of “global civil society” is gaining more and more importance. It means all the people of the Earth who share universal human values, who actively solve global problems, especially where national governments are not capable of doing this.

Questions for self-control

List possible ways of development of society. Some entire diplomas are written about this.
Name the main theories of progress.
Indicate the main, essential features of the Marxist view of the development of society.
What is a Formative Approach?
How does W. Rostow's approach differ from the Marxist one?
List the main stages of economic growth in the theory of W. Rostow.
Describe an industrial society.
What approaches exist in the theory of post-industrial society?
What are the signs of a post-industrial society (according to D. Bell)?
How has its social structure changed (according to D. Bell)?
List the features of Z. Brzezinski's technotronic society and compare them with the features of D. Bell's post-industrial culture.
How does O. Toffler's approach to studying the "third wave" society differ from the approaches of his predecessors?
How do proponents of cyclical theories see social life?
What is a civilizational approach?
What is the essence of the theory of N. Ya. Danilevsky?
What is common and what is the difference between the theories of N. Ya. Danilevsky and O. Spengler?
What new things did A. Toynbee introduce into the theory of "cyclism"?
What are the main criteria for the development of society?
What criterion is used in their theories by N. Berdyaev and K. Jaspers?
What is the essence of the theory of "long waves" N. D. Kondratiev?
Compare the wave theories of N. Yakovlev and A. Yanov.
What are the criteria for fluctuations in social life in the theories of A. Schlesinger, N. McCloskey and D. Zahler?
What is the essence of P. Sorokin's concept of changing socio-cultural supersystems? How did R. Ingelhart supplement it?
Need a Diploma in Sociology? Easy to do on the Edulancer.ru exchange -

The twentieth century was characterized by a significant acceleration of sociocultural change. A gigantic shift has taken place in the “nature-society-man” system, where an important role is now played by culture, understood as an intellectual, ideal, and artificially created material environment, which not only ensures the existence and comfort of a person in the world, but also creates a number of problems . Another important change in this system was the ever-increasing pressure of people and society on nature. For the 20th century The world's population has grown from 1.4 billion to 6 billion, while over the previous 19 centuries of our era it increased by 1.2 billion people. Serious changes are taking place in the social structure of the population of our planet. Currently, only 1 billion people (the so-called "golden billion") live in developed countries and fully enjoy the achievements of modern culture, and 5 billion people from developing countries suffering from hunger, disease, poor education, form a "global pole of poverty" that opposes the "pole of prosperity" . Moreover, the trends in fertility and mortality make it possible to predict that by 2050-2100, when the population of the Earth reaches 10 billion people. (Table 18) (according to modern concepts, this is the maximum number of people that our planet can feed), the population of the "pole of poverty" will reach 9 billion people, and the population of the "pole of well-being" will remain unchanged. At the same time, each person living in developed countries exerts 20 times more pressure on nature than a person from developing countries.

Table 18

World population (million people)

Source: Yatsenko N. E. Explanatory dictionary of social science terms. SPb., 1999. S. 520.

Sociologists associate the globalization of social and cultural processes and the emergence of world problems with the presence of limits to the development of the world community.

Sociologists-globalists believe that the limits of the world are determined by the very finiteness and fragility of nature. These limits are called external (Table 19).

For the first time, the problem of external limits to growth was raised in a report to the Club of Rome (a non-governmental international organization established in 1968) "Limits to Growth", prepared under the leadership of D. Meadows.

The authors of the report, using a computer model of global changes for calculations, came to the conclusion that the unlimited growth of the economy and the pollution caused by it by the middle of the 21st century. lead to economic disaster. To avoid it, the concept of "global equilibrium" with nature was proposed with a constant population and "zero" industrial growth.

According to other globalist sociologists (E. Laszlo, J. Bierman), the limiters of the economy and the sociocultural development of mankind are not external, but internal limits, the so-called sociopsychological limits, which manifest themselves in the subjective activity of people (see Table 19).

Table 19 Limits of human development

Supporters of the concept of internal limits to growth believe that the solution to global problems lies in the ways of increasing the responsibility of politicians who make important decisions, and improving social forecasting. The most reliable tool for solving global problems, according to E. Toffler, should be considered the knowledge and ability to withstand the ever-increasing pace of social change, as well as the delegation of resources and responsibility to those floors, levels where the relevant problems are solved. Of great importance is the formation and dissemination of new universal values ​​and norms, such as the security of people and societies, of all mankind; freedom of activity of people both within the state and outside it; responsibility for the conservation of nature; availability of information; respect for public opinion by the authorities; humanization of relations between people, etc.

Global problems can be solved only by the joint efforts of state and public, regional and world organizations. All world problems can be differentiated into three categories (Table 20).

The most dangerous challenge to mankind in the XX century. there were wars. Only two world wars, which lasted more than 10 years in total, claimed about 80 million human lives and caused material damage of more than 4 trillion 360 billion dollars (Table 21).

Table 20

Global problems

Table 21

The most important indicators of the First and Second World Wars

Since the Second World War there have been about 500 armed conflicts. More than 36 million people died in local battles, most of them were civilians.

And in just 55 centuries (5.5 thousand years), mankind has survived 15 thousand wars (so that people lived in peace for no more than 300 years). More than 3.6 billion people died in these wars. Moreover, with the development of weapons in combat clashes, an increasing number of people (including civilians) died. Losses especially increased with the beginning of the use of gunpowder (Table 22).

Table 22

Nevertheless, the arms race continues to this day. Only after the Second World War, military spending (for 1945-1990) amounted to more than 20 trillion dollars. Today, military spending is more than $800 billion a year, that is, $2 million per minute. More than 60 million people serve or work in the armed forces of all states. 400 thousand scientists are engaged in the improvement and development of new weapons - this research absorbs 40% of all R & D funds, or 10% of all human expenditure.

Currently, the environmental problem comes first, which includes such unresolved issues as:

land desertification. Currently, deserts occupy about 9 million square meters. km. Every year, deserts "capture" more than 6 million hectares of land developed by man. A total of 30 million sq. km of inhabited territory, which is 20% of all land;

deforestation. Over the past 500 years, 2/3 of forests have been cleared by man, and 3/4 of forests have been destroyed in the entire history of mankind. Every year, 11 million hectares of forest land disappear from the face of our planet;

pollution of reservoirs, rivers, seas and oceans;

"the greenhouse effect;

ozone holes.

As a result of the combined action of all these factors, the productivity of land biomass has already decreased by 20%, and some animal species have become extinct. Mankind is forced to take measures to protect nature. Other global problems are no less acute.

Do they have solutions? The solution to these acute problems of the modern world may lie on the paths of scientific and technological progress, socio-political reforms and changes in the relationship between man and the environment (Table 23).

Table 23 Ways to solve global problems

Scientists under the auspices of the Club of Rome are engaged in the search for a conceptual solution to global problems. The second report (1974) of this non-governmental organization (“Humanity at the Crossroads”, authors M. Mesarevich and E. Pestel) spoke of the “organic growth” of the world economy and culture as a single organism, where each part plays its role and uses that share of common goods, which correspond to its role and ensure the further development of this part in the interests of the whole.

In 1977, the third report to the Club of Rome was published under the title "International Order Revisited". Its author J. Tinbergen saw a way out in the creation of global institutions that would control global socio-cultural and economic processes. According to the scientist, it is necessary to create a world treasury, a world food administration, a world administration for technological development and other institutions that would resemble ministries in their functions; on a conceptual level, such a system presupposes the existence of a world government.

In subsequent works by the French globalists M. Guernier "The Third World: Three Quarters of the World" (1980), B. Granotier "For a World Government" (1984) and others, the idea of ​​a global center that governs the world was further developed.

A more radical position in relation to global governance is taken by the international public movement of mondialists (International Registration of World Citizens, IRWC), which was created in 1949 and advocates the creation of a world state.

In 1989, the report of the UN International Commission on Environment and Development chaired by G. H. Brundtland "Our Common Future" created the concept of "sustainable development", which "satisfies the needs of the present, but does not jeopardize the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

In the 1990s the idea of ​​a world government is giving way to projects of global cooperation among states with the vital role of the UN. This concept was formulated in the report of the Commission on Global Governance and Cooperation of the United Nations "Our Global Neighborhood" (1996).

Nowadays, the concept of “global civil society” is gaining more and more importance. It means all the people of the Earth who share universal human values, who actively solve global problems, especially where national governments are not capable of doing this.

Questions for self-control

List possible ways of development of society.

Name the main theories of progress.

Indicate the main, essential features of the Marxist view of the development of society.

What is a Formative Approach?

How does W. Rostow's approach differ from the Marxist one?

List the main stages of economic growth in the theory of W. Rostow.

Describe an industrial society.

What approaches exist in the theory of post-industrial society?

What are the signs of a post-industrial society (according to D. Bell)?

How has its social structure changed (according to D. Bell)?

List the features of Z. Brzezinski's technotronic society and compare them with the features of D. Bell's post-industrial culture.

How does O. Toffler's approach to the study of the "third wave" society differ from the approaches of his predecessors?

How do proponents of cyclical theories see social life?

What is a civilizational approach?

What is the essence of the theory of N. Ya. Danilevsky?

What is common and what is the difference between the theories of N. Ya. Danilevsky and O. Spengler?

What new things did A. Toynbee introduce into the theory of "cyclism"?

What are the main criteria for the development of society?

What criterion is used in their theories by N. Berdyaev and K. Jaspers?

What is the essence of the theory of "long waves" N. D. Kondratiev?

Compare the wave theories of N. Yakovlev and A. Yanov.

What are the criteria for fluctuations in social life in the theories of A. Schlesinger, N. McCloskey and D. Zahler?

What is the essence of P. Sorokin's concept of changing socio-cultural supersystems? How did R. Ingelhart supplement it?

Literature

Berdyaev N. New Middle Ages. M., 1990.

Vasilkova VV, Yakovlev IP, Barygin IN Wave processes in social development. Novosibirsk, 1992.

Vico D. Foundation of the new science of the nature of nations. L., 1940.

Marx K. The eighteenth brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. M., 1983.

Materialists of Ancient Greece. M., 1955.

Contemporary Western Sociology: A Dictionary. M., 1990.

Sorokin P. Man, civilization, society. M., 1992.

Toynbee A. Comprehension of history. M., 1995. Spengler O. Decline of Europe. M., 1993.

Jaspers K. The meaning and purpose of history. M., 1994.

In the literature, one can come across discrepancies about the origin of the science of sociology. If we are talking about science, then the most accurate date of its foundation should be considered 1826, when Comte began to read public lectures in the course of positive philosophy. Most authors point to 1830 as the beginning of the publication of the “Course ...”, others consider (for example, A. Radugin and K. Radugin) the year of birth of sociology in 1839, since then the 3rd volume of the “Course ...” was published, in which Kont first used biltermin "sociology".

Comte O. The course of positive philosophy // Man. Thinkers of the past and present of his life, death and immortality. XIX century. M., 1995. S. 221.

Marx K. To the Critique of Political Economy (Foreword) //K. Marx, F. Engels. Cit.: V3 t. M., 1979. T. 1. S. 536.

Marx K. Decree. op.

Buckle G. History of civilization in England. SPb., 1985. S. 58.

Contemporary Western Sociology: A Dictionary. M., 1990. S. 216–217.

Kareev N. I. Fundamentals of Russian sociology. SPb., 1996. S. 38.

Ambivalence means duality of experience, perception of the social structure, duality in the sense that, on the one hand, it is conflict-free, balanced, and on the other hand, it contains contradictions, tension and opportunities for conflicts.

Lebon G. Psychology of peoples and masses. SPb., 1995. S. 162.

See: Sorokin P. A. Man, civilization, society. M., 1992. See: Boronoev A. O., Smirnov P. I. Russia and Russians. The nature of the period and the fate of the country. SPb., 1992. S. 122–140.

See: Socio-political magazine. 1995. N 6. S. 80.

Lenin V.I. Great initiative. M., 1969. S. 22.

Socis. 1994. No. 11. C. 1-11.

1 See: Man and Society: Reader. M., 1991. S. 223–223 2 See: Ryvkina R. V. Soviet sociology and the theory of social stratification. Achievement. M., 1989. S. 33

Weber M. Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism // M. Weber. Selected works. M., 1990. S. 81.

See: Hesiod. Works and days. Theogony. M., 1990. S. 172–174.

Cit. According to the book: Materialists of Ancient Greece. M., 1955. S. 44.

See: Vico D. Foundations of a new science of the common nature of nations. L., 1940. S. 323.

See: Gerder I.G. Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind. M., 1977.

Marx K. The eighteenth brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. M., 1988. S. 8.

Rostow WU Stages of economic growth. Non-Communist Manifesto. New York, 1960, p. 13.

Spengler O. Formations or Civilizations? // Questions of Philosophy. 1989. N 10.S. 46–47.

Spengler O. Decline of Europe. M.; SPb., 1923. S. 31.

There. S. 44.

Jaspers K. The meaning and purpose of history. M., 1994. S. 32.

Vasilkova VV, Yakovlev IP, Barygin NN Wave processes in social development. Novosibirsk, 1992.

Sorokin P. Man, civilization, society. M., 1992. S. 468. Subr. see: Socis. 1994. N 11. S. 73.

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