Ready-made psychological portrait of the student's personality. Test to determine the psychological portrait. Drawing up a psychological portrait - why is it necessary

Using various techniques, you can make a psychological portrait of a person's personality, even without knowing him. Such personality portraits are often used when applying for a job, even in marriage agencies for matching a couple. You can use various methods, I chose the most popular tests that guarantee high validity: Cattell's 16-factor questionnaire, Mehrabian's motivational questionnaire, Eysenck's personal qualities questionnaire, etc.

The following are usually investigated: the personal sphere - character traits, the communicative sphere, the intellectual one. Inclinations to this or that activity, types of motivation, etc. are analyzed. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to draw a general conclusion about a person and give certain recommendations. In fairness, it must be said that several areas can be tested, and usually, the psychologist chooses those areas that are relevant to the subject. To determine certain qualities of character, there are certain tests, methods that consist of a large number of questions and / or tasks, for example, you can test on the scales of creativity, self-esteem, neuroticism, and so on.

Also, to make a psychological portrait of a person, you can use more simplified methods, for example, the DISC personality typology test or socionics. These tests can be completed online and get an immediate answer - what type of personality do you correspond to. It is fast, easy, but not always accurate and there are not many evaluation criteria.

The advantage of highly valid methods is, of course, the reliability of the data. The main negative point is the complexity of processing responses. ( See the example of the Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire at the end of this article.)

Therefore, such evaluation techniques are used for clinical purposes, either to substantiate scientific work, or to obtain highly accurate results, when hiring in some departments. The results are processed by a professional, usually an hr or a psychologist.

If you want to test yourself or your friends on your own, then it is better to use simpler methods, which I have already mentioned (DISC, socionics).

Personality Assessment Example

This portrait of the personality of a real person, the methods used are Cattell 16f, Cattell intelligence questionnaire, Mehrabian questionnaire, Eysenck questionnaire, Five-factor questionnaire.

Psychological portrait of personality: Albina Sergienko

Brief information about the subject: gender, age, education - student

Character traits: According to the results of the questionnaire of character traits of an adult, the subject revealed such traits as: sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, the need for contacts. Acts under the influence of the moment, impulsive, quick-tempered. He is carefree, optimistic, good-natured, cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions do not have strict control, prone to risky actions.

According to the Eysenck questionnaire, it belongs to the type - a sanguine person quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, is sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not regulate his impulses enough, does not know how to strictly adhere to the developed routine of life, the system at work. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal expenditure of effort, prolonged and methodical effort, perseverance, and stability of attention.

intellectual sphere: According to the results of the Ketel Intelligence Questionnaire, intellectual abilities are significantly above average. Collected, quick-witted; there is abstract thinking. High general mental abilities; insightful, quick grasping; adapts intellectually; there is some connection with the level of verbal culture and erudition

According to Mehrabian's questionnaire, the motivation to achieve success is expressed.

At the same time, openness to experience is below average: a rather down-to-earth, unreceptive type.

Venerable, has established views, ideas; tolerant of traditional difficulties; accepts only time-tested; suspicious of new people. He is doubtful about new ideas, prone to moralizing and moralizing.

Emotional-volitional sphere:

The average degree of emotional stability: not always calm and balanced, can be somewhat anxious, easily excitable and overly emotional. rather irritable, ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative, uncompromising. Quite irresponsible, disorganized and undisciplined. According to the Cattell questionnaire, there is also suspicion, jealousy, "protection" and internal tension. Jealous, envious; great conceit; dogmatism, suspicion; focuses on failures. Requires others to take responsibility for mistakes; irritable. His interests are directed at himself, he is cautious in his actions, self-centered.

Communication sphere:

Quite sociable, sociable, talkative, assertive and active. Sometimes unyielding and suspicious. You can't always rely on him. Inclined to leadership. Group independence, autonomy, resourcefulness, independently makes decisions; can dominate, does not need the support of other people, is independent. Refined, knows how to behave in society. Has a precise mind.

As a result, we can say that the subject as a whole has all the indicators within acceptable limits. It is only necessary to pay attention to the contradictions, on the one hand, the subject has high communication skills, on the other hand, they may not manifest themselves in full due to suspicion and intransigence.

An example of a Five Factor Personality Questionnaire:

Instruction: Read the instructions carefully before you start. This questionnaire contains 60 statements. Read each one carefully and circle the answer that best reflects your opinion. Make sure you put your answer in the correct box.

Circle "PNS"- If you do not agree or consider the statement definitely false (wrong).

Circle "NS"- If you do not agree or consider the statement quicker false (wrong).

Circle "B"- If you indifferent to a statement, or you can't decide whether the statement is true or not.

Circle "FROM"- If you agree or consider the statement true(true).

Circle "PS"- If you totally agree or consider the statement to be definitely true (correct).

Interpretation of the scales of the five-factor personality questionnaire.

(three gradations from low severity of properties to high)

neuroticism

1. Emotional stability - above average: quite calm, focused, balanced and unflappable.
2. The average degree of emotional stability: not always calm and balanced, can be somewhat anxious, easily excitable and overly emotional.
3. Emotional instability: very anxious, depressed, irritable, poor control of emotional reactions, restless and easily excitable.

extraversion

1. More of an introvert than an extrovert: quite withdrawn, prone to solitude, most often prudent and cautious.
2. The tendencies of extraversion and introversion are balanced: moderate sociability, sometimes inclined to solitude, can be somewhat closed, activity and talkativeness are combined with prudence and caution.
3. More extrovert than introvert: quite sociable, sociable, talkative, assertive and active.

openness

1. Openness to experience is below average: rather down to earth, unreceptive, limited and immature.
2. Moderate Openness to Experience: Along with tendencies to be highly receptive and intellectual, it may show some earthiness, narrow-mindedness, and immaturity.
3. Openness to experience - above average: fairly good imagination, fairly high susceptibility, intellectuality.

Friendliness

1. The severity of friendliness is below average: rather irritable, ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative, unyielding.
2. Medium friendliness: sometimes good-natured, gentle, cooperative, condescending towards people, optimistic, but can be irritable, somewhat ruthless, suspicious and uncompromising.
3. The severity of friendliness is above average: rather good-natured, gentle, cooperative, condescending towards people, optimistic.

good faith

1. More unscrupulous than conscientious: rather irresponsible, disorganized and undisciplined.
2. Average severity of conscientiousness: not always diligent enough, thorough and organized, can be undisciplined and somewhat careless.
3. Conscientiousness is expressed: rather diligent, thorough, responsible, organized, disciplined, thorough.

Keys toNEO— FFI(60 questions)

1. Neuroticism 1(-) 6 11 16(-) 21 26 31(-) 36 41 46(-) 51 56
2. Extraversion 2 7 12(-) 17 22 27(-) 32 37 42(-) 47 52 57(-)
3. Openness 3(-) 8(-) 13 18(-) 23(-) 28 33(-) 38(-) 43 48(-) 53 58
4. Agreeableness 4 9(-) 14(-) 19 24(-) 29(-) 34 39(-) 44(-) 49(-) 54(-) 59(-)
5. Conscientiousness 5 10 15(-) 20 25 30(-) 35 40 45(-) 50 55(-) 60

Questions marked with (-) are inverted questions. The calculation is carried out according to the proposed table:

CONDITIONAL AND NORMATIVE INDICATORS:

NEUROTISM 19+\-7

EXTRAVERSION 32+\-7

OPEN TO EXPERIENCE 30+\-6

TENDENCY TO CONSENT 30+\-6

INTEGRITY 32+\-8

As you can see, it is not easy to process the results of this test manually (and this is one of the simplest tests). That is why, in order to make a highly reliable portrait of a person, they turn to a professional. And for self-diagnosis, simpler and more affordable methods are usually used.

Attached materials

Psychological analysis of the personality portrait

psychological personality questionnaire emotional

Watching other people, how they work, study, experience joys and sorrows, we often pay attention to the differences in their behavior. After all, everyone grew up and was brought up in different families, in different conditions, that is, in a different social environment. All this directly affects how a person will be in his adult life, how he will build his relationships with other people, what character traits he will have .... Based on observations of people, having some knowledge of psychology, we can make a psychological analysis of the portrait of a person. It is very useful to make such an analysis in order to successfully manage people, in order to more easily find a common language with them, to know their strengths and weaknesses.

Starting the psychological analysis of the personality, let us find out, first of all, what he will be like. Usually, the personality structure includes: temperament, character, volitional qualities, abilities, emotions. These concepts are relatively constant in a person and in their totality represent a psychological portrait of a person. According to these criteria, I will conduct my psychological analysis.

In my work, I will conduct a psychological analysis of my friend Christina. Her age is 23 years old. She has a higher education with a degree in jurisprudence. Currently works in a firm that provides notarial and legal services to the public. Christina also graduated from a music school, piano department. At the moment, he continues to make music.

We now turn directly to psychological analysis. Let's talk about temperament first. In order to more accurately determine Christina's temperament, I suggested that she take the Jung questionnaire. The results showed that she is an ambivert, that is, she combines the features of both an extrovert and an introvert. This suggests that she does not experience big problems in communication, but she is not characterized by ease in it either. For example, if Christina finds herself in a situation where you need to show organizational skills (when working in groups at seminars, at any events, etc.), then in most cases she will not show her initiative. In contrast to this, I can make the following argument: Christina has many friends, it is pleasant and interesting to communicate with her, everyone treats her well and respects her, getting into society, she looks sociable. But in this communication she does not have a special need. She likes to spend time alone with herself, she rarely meets with friends. This suggests that she combines the features of both an introvert and an extrovert. It can also be said about Christina that she takes risks only if it is justified. For example, there was such a situation in her life: speaking at a conference on the English language, the teacher promised to give the final grade for the semester automatically. Christina understood that it was difficult to learn all the tickets, it was better to overcome her fear and insecurity and speak at the conference, as a result, she spoke and received an automatic five. In this situation, she did so because she understood that it was worth it, her risk would be justified. But when she is offered to participate in debates or discussions, just for the sake of expressing her point of view, she often refuses. This once again confirms that Christina is an ambivert. The test results exactly matched what Christina really is, I confirmed this with examples from her life.

Christina also passed the Eysenck questionnaire to determine temperament. The result of the questionnaire showed that she belongs to such a personality type as a phlegmatic. This is manifested in the fact that she has stable aspirations and moods. It has a strong, balanced, efficient nervous system. Christina is very hardworking, loves to bring everything she has started to the end. Her facial expressions, speech, movements are calm, to some extent even slow. She also has difficulty switching from one job to another and does not adapt well to a new environment. I will confirm these provisions with examples from the life of Christina. She can work from morning until night, until she completes all the work that she has planned, or that needs to be completed on time. It often happens that Christina works seven days a week. At the same time, she always has the patience to bring everything to the end. But at the same time, Christina can only work successfully in her usual environment. For example, when she changed jobs, at first it was very difficult for her. Outwardly, it was noticeably small, but internally she felt discomfort, although she tried to fight it in order to quickly get used to the new team and the new workplace. She also finds it difficult to switch from one activity to another. For example, when she finishes working with clients, it is difficult for her to switch to working with documentation, she swings for a long time. All this confirms that Christina is a phlegmatic.

I will now move on to describe Christina's character. Taking as a basis the criterion of attitude to life, we can say that she is an optimist. He always knows how to find the bright side in events and people. She loves her life and the people around her. Christina rarely gets discouraged, even if she has some kind of trouble. In such cases, she simply tries not to think about the bad, and sets herself up for the fact that all this is temporary, all bad things pass. In her opinion, despondency is not a completely constructive emotion. Thanks to this character trait, Christina always moves towards her goals and achieves them no matter what. Last year, she took part in the Star Trek competition, which was attended by people of different ages, where they showed their talents. In this competition, Christina performed a song. But then she failed to take the prize. Drawing a conclusion from this situation, she realized that she just needed to better prepare for the competition and confidently go after victory, at that moment, according to her, she was not at all upset, but on the contrary, she was glad that she had room to grow and something to strive for . Even this situation from her life suggests that Christina is an optimistic type of people.

Also, describing the character, I can say that Christina is very disciplined. This character trait is manifested in her life everywhere. For example, that she is punctual. If he makes an appointment with someone, he always arrives on time, often even in advance. In order to do his job more successfully, he draws up an action plan that he strictly adheres to. Given today's pace of life, it is very difficult to stick to the daily routine, but Christina manages to do it to some extent. She tries to eat at the same time, goes to bed on time if possible, does exercises in the morning, in other words, leads a healthy lifestyle. Christina keeps herself within tight limits, beyond which she tries not to overstep.

If we consider Christina's character from the point of view of her attitude to other people, to the team, to society, then we can say that she belongs to the individualistic type of people. This is manifested in the fact that she prefers individual work to work in groups. Relies only on himself, does not like to ask people for anything. She tries to do everything herself, she hopes only for herself. Such a trait has been present in Christina's character since childhood, I think that the reason for this lies in her upbringing. Parents always encouraged manifestations of independence, which developed such a character trait in her.

Describing Christina's character from the point of view of her attitude towards herself, I can say that she is self-critical. Adequately evaluates himself and his actions. He sees his own mistakes and, if possible, tries to correct them. He works hard on his shortcomings and complexes. For example, most recently, Christina took a training course on "How to become a self-confident person." This suggests that she sees her shortcoming, which needs to be fought, and is trying to eradicate it. When something does not work out for her, she blames herself, first of all, for this, and not circumstances and other people, she tries to understand what her mistake is. I already gave an example about her participation in the Star Trek competition. Then, she concluded that she needed to work more on herself, grow spiritually and professionally, and did not blame the jury or any circumstances for her defeat. All this confirms that Christina is very self-critical.

Analyzing the character and temperament of Christina, I also used E. Kretschmer's personality typology, according to which the temperament and character of a person depends on the physique. According to this theory, Christina belongs to such a type as an asthenic, since she has a thin physique, long arms and legs, a flat chest and weak muscles. This type of personality corresponds to such a type of character as schizotimic. This suggests that Christina is closed, serious, stubborn, it is difficult to adapt to new conditions. So it is, this description is fully consistent with Christina. The presence of these character traits I argued above.

Now let's move on to the analysis of Christina's abilities. Since childhood, she dreamed of playing the piano, she constantly sang and arranged concerts for her parents at home with her girlfriends. All this testified to her musicality. When she was 6 years old, she entered the music school, the piano department. Upon admission, it was necessary to pass exams, where musical ear was tested. Christina did well on her exam. During the training, she almost never had problems, teachers praised her. Christina often took part in various music competitions and is still doing it, often in such competitions she won. Today, she continues to develop her musical abilities, is engaged in music.

And now I want to turn to the analysis of Christina's volitional qualities. Taking this criterion as a basis, I can say that Christina is a strong-willed person, that is, a person with a strong will. This is manifested in the fact that, starting any work, setting a goal or fulfilling a plan, Christina knows how to overcome difficulties and failures, both internal and external. This is evidenced by the fact that Christina can spend time at work from morning to night, and sometimes even work seven days a week. Despite the fact that in the course of this work she is accompanied by many difficulties, such as fatigue and the need for precision in work. Also, her behavior in most cases is quite responsible. You can rely on her in a difficult situation, she will never let you down.

Now I will move on to describe Christina's emotionality. Different types of people express emotions in different ways. Since Christina belongs to such a type of person as a phlegmatic, it can be judged that she seems impregnable to other people, to some extent mysterious. Her emotional state is in perfect balance. Most often, Christina restrains her emotions or shows them weakly. And all this is true. Christina is very difficult to piss off. She is very patient. Once I witnessed when, while riding on a bus, she accidentally stepped on the foot of a young man standing next to her, he answered something rudely to her, but Christina simply calmly apologized and continued to talk to me just as naturally. This indicates that she keeps her emotions to herself, behaves with restraint. But such restraint of emotions interferes with her performances, where emotionality is needed. Christina has to work hard on this, and this allows her to achieve success.

Conducting a psychological analysis, I talked a lot with Christina, asked her various questions, and conducted tests. This helped me to better characterize her personality, to identify some features. Such analyzes are very useful, as you begin to better understand people and the reasons for their actions.

A psychological portrait is a verbal description of a person that contains the characteristics of an individual and his likely behavior under certain circumstances. Detailed information about a person is needed when choosing a profession, hiring an employee for a certain position, in marriage agencies, to determine the prospects for joint family life. A psychological portrait of a person is compiled based on the results of tests, various questionnaires (Kettell, Mehrabian, Eysenck) and communication with a psychologist.

The psychological portrait plays a fundamental role in choosing the future type of activity. Before entering an educational institution, you need to find out in which area a person can achieve great success. After all, nothing good will come of it if you do something that you don’t like.

Thanks to a well-composed psychological, stakeholders can get to know a person better, understand the motives of his behavior. With the help of such a description, it is possible to identify lies, a tendency to conflict, strong and weak character traits.

Many managers, when applying for a vacant position, test candidates to determine the qualities and abilities of applicants. It is important for managers to know how a person will act in a difficult environment, whether he will be able to solve problems, whether the individual has the character traits necessary to complete the task.

The psychological portrait of the child will help the teacher find an approach to his student. If adults want to reach the hearts of children, they need to know. By determining the type of temperament of each child, you can correctly plan the process of his upbringing.

Psychologists, at the request of the client, make up a psychological portrait of a person in order to find him a suitable life partner. After all, it is known that two polar personalities will not be able to build harmonious relations. If partners want to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings, they must have similar values, a suitable temperament, think the same way and work together towards the cherished goal.

The main components of the psychological portrait of a person

Before describing the psychological portrait of an individual, you should find out what criteria make it up. Each person inhabiting the planet is an individual. Any individual has basic and programming characteristics. The basic criteria are the temperament, character, as well as the abilities of the individual. Programming criteria - orientation, intelligence and self-awareness.

Individuals, depending on susceptibility, are divided into the following types:

1. Reality oriented.

Easily get used to any role, they know how to adapt to any situation. Make the right decisions quickly.

1. Oriented to the past.

Act in accordance with established rules and laws. Good performers.

1. Future oriented.

May exhibit inappropriate behavior. Do not accept hierarchy. They are the authors of many ideas.

Components of a psychological portrait of a person:

1. Temperament.

Based on the specific features of the nervous system. Defines the behavior pattern of an individual. His features are difficult to correct. There are 4 types of temperament: sanguine (balanced psyche, flexible behavior, liveliness), choleric (emotionality, mood variability, thirst for novelty), phlegmatic (inertia, poise, shyness), melancholic (vulnerable psyche, pessimism, vulnerable nervous system).

1. Character.

These are the original features of each individual. Character is manifested in communication and in the process of social activity. For each individual, a characteristic is compiled on the basis of attitudes towards the following aspects of life: work (laziness, diligence), people (sociability, isolation), oneself (selfishness, modesty), objects of the material sphere (stinginess, generosity).

1. Capabilities.

These are individual characteristics of an individual. Through their abilities, people achieve success in a certain area of ​​life. Abilities develop during training.

1. Orientation.

It is based on motivation. It determines the activity and behavior of the individual. Orientation is focused on some task, communication or on oneself. Some individuals strive to satisfy their physiological needs and provide themselves with comfortable living conditions. Others are looking for themselves in various areas of social activity, trying to realize their creative abilities.

1. Emotionality.

Its essence is the involuntary reaction of a person to external stimuli. Arise against the will and desire of the individual. Feelings about a certain situation reflect the depth of significance for the individual of various events. A strong-willed person must be able to suppress his emotions, not to show his true feelings to others.

1. Intelligence.

Determines the level of education of the individual. Depends on the acquired knowledge, age, specifics of the profession. Thanks to the intellect, an unfamiliar situation is assessed, important decisions are made, and behavior is regulated. With the help of intelligence, an individual adapts to a new environment, correctly builds his relationships with other people. Intelligence is the ability to think rationally and act expediently in a situation.

1. Sociability.

The ability to communicate is an important character trait. Communication reveals the individual characteristics of people. Thanks to communication, there is a transfer of information, information about feelings, thoughts, knowledge of the subjects of the conversation.

1. Self-esteem.

On the basis of introspection, the individual develops an emotional-value attitude towards his own person. Self-esteem can be adequate, overestimated or underestimated. The individual evaluates his own abilities, achievements, his place in society.

If you have identified low self-esteem in yourself, then you should contact a specialist, for example, a psychologist-hypnologist Nikita Valerievich Baturin.

1. Volitional qualities.

Qualities of character influence the life and actions of people. Strong-willed individuals make decisions independently, are not afraid of difficulties, they are decisive and persistent. Weak people are often weak-willed. Such individuals fail to realize themselves in society, although they have all

1. Self control.

The upbringing of a person and the ability to lead in society depend on self-control. People who do not know how to control their feelings, words, behavior are not able to build friendships or partnerships with others.

1. Ability to work together.

Different individuals have different capacities for collective work. The ability to work in a team is the ability to adapt to other people, to listen to a different point of view.

How is a psychological portrait of a person compiled?

In order to correctly draw up a psychological portrait of an individual, one should adhere to the following rules:

• the method of studying the individual must correspond to the purpose of the experiment, the age of the person, the level of his education;
• in addition to a personal conversation with an individual, two personality questionnaires and three projective methods should be used;
• compare the data based on the results of all studies, trace their correlation;
• create comfortable testing conditions for the examined individual;
• compose a portrait so that its text is understandable to people who do not have a psychological education.

What methods are used to compile the necessary psychological portrait:

• the study of the emotional-volitional sphere - the SAN method, the Spielberg test, Bas-Darka, Nemchin;
• study of the cognitive-cognitive area - an intelligence test, Wexler, memorization of 10 words, exclusion of superfluous, equality matrices, Schulte tables;
• examination of the interpersonal-social sphere - the Etkind color test, the Bales, Leary method, sociometry;
• study of motivations and needs - Orel methodology, types of work motivation according to Gerchikov, career anchors, 14 basic needs according to Murray.

What projective techniques are used in the study of the inner world and the transfer of its content to the outer one:

• drawing "house, tree, person";
• the image of a fictional animal;
• psychogeometry;
• Rorschach spots.

What personality questionnaires are used to identify certain characteristics in an individual:

• Leonhard test;
• 16-factor Cattell questionnaire;
• MMPI (full or abbreviated version).

• the initials of the subject, his age, profession;
• the purpose of the study (for example, for compliance with the position held);
• methods that were used;
• the behavior of the individual during testing (trembling of hands, strong excitement);
• research results;
• psychological characteristics of the individual and the forecast regarding his behavior;
• conclusions, wishes, recommendations.

An example of writing a psychological portrait of a person

Only an experienced psychologist can make a psychological portrait of any person. The specialist chooses which corresponds to the purpose of a particular study. In order to analyze yourself on your own, you should use simplified methods, for example, DISC personality typology testing or socionics. Similar tests are easy to find on the Internet and take online. With their help, you can find out your type of character.

An example of a psychological portrait of a personality based on the questionnaires of Cattell, Mehrabian, Eysenck:

• Nikiforova Elena, 20 years old, student;
• character traits: sociable, has many friends, good-natured, emotional, often acts under the influence of emotions, impulsive, prone to aggression;
• temperament: according to the Eysenck questionnaire, sanguine, easy to get to know and communicate with, perfectly adapts to unusual living conditions;
• intelligence: according to the results of the Cattell questionnaire, intelligence is above average, has abstract thinking, excellent quick wit, quickly perceives new information;
• motivation: according to the questionnaire, Mehrabiana is motivated to achieve her goal, that is, success;
• emotional stability: average, easily excited, too emotional, uncompromising, irritable;
• communication skills: talkative, active, often distrustful, prone to leadership, independent, knows how to behave in a new team;
• Summing up: the test results are within the normal range, attention should be paid to excessive suspicion and inflexibility of the subject.

TOPIC: Psychological portrait of a person

Introduction

To the question of what a person is, different experts answer differently. It is in the diversity of their answers, and, consequently, in the difference of opinions on this matter, that the complexity of the very phenomenon of personality is manifested.

Almost all theories of personality are based on the assumption that personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon is a vitally stable formation in its main manifestations. The stability of a person characterizes the sequence of her actions and the predictability of her behavior, gives her actions a natural character.

The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people. The feeling of stability of the personality is an important condition for the internal well-being of a person and the establishment of normal relationships with other people. If in some manifestations essential for communication with people the personality would not be relatively stable, then it would be difficult for people to interact with each other, to achieve mutual understanding: after all, each time they would have to re-adjust to the person, and would not be able to predict his behavior.

Based on these prerequisites, it became possible to describe the main personality traits, to draw up a psychological portrait of a person. And this, in turn, opens up opportunities for its systematic study, the study of manifestations of behavior in various life situations, and the conduct of psycho-correctional work, in the case when such a need arises.

1. A variety of approaches to the definition of personality

The main problems of personality psychology at the initial - philosophical and literary stage of its study were questions about the moral and social nature of a person, about his actions and behavior. The first definitions of personality, given by such representatives of ancient thought as Aristotle, Plato and Democritus, were quite broad. They included everything that is in a person and that he can call his own, personal: his biology, psychology, property, behavior, culture, etc. This interpretation of personality has its grounds. After all, if we recognize that personality is a concept that characterizes a person and his actions as a whole, then everything that belongs to a person or concerns him should be attributed to him.

During the clinical period of personality study, the specialists focused on specific features that are moderately expressed in almost all people, but are especially pronounced in a sick person. This definition in itself was correct for solving psychotherapeutic problems, but it was too narrow for a holistic description of a normal personality. It did not include, for example, such personality traits as decency, conscience, honesty, and a number of others.

The experimental period in the study of personality is associated primarily with the names of G. Eysenck and R. Cattell, and in Russia with the name of A.F. Lazursky. These scientists developed a technique and methodology for conducting systematic observations and an experimental procedure in which it was possible to obtain and generalize data regarding the psychology and behavior of a healthy person. As a result of this, a theory was laid down, called the "theory of traits", in which real-life factors, or personality traits, were identified, described and defined.

As a result of the active differentiation of research areas, by the second half of the 20th century, a large number of different approaches and theories of personality had developed in personality psychology. These include: psychodynamic theories that describe a personality and explain its behavior based on its internal, subjective characteristics; sociodynamic, in which the main role in the determination of behavior is assigned to the external situation; interactionist - theories based on the principle of interaction of internal and external factors in the management of actual human actions. Each of the theories of personality described in the literature and supported by practical research deserves to be taken into account and used in the search for the most complete definition of personality.

The word "personality", like many other psychological concepts, is widely used today in everyday communication. However, when using this term, no strict distinction is usually made with the concepts of "man", "individual", "individuality". Some psychologists believe that any adult is a person. According to K.K. Platonov, a person is a concrete person or a subject of the transformation of the world on the basis of his knowledge, experience and attitude towards him. With this approach, the question of the difference between the individual and the personality is practically removed. By definition, A.V. Petrovsky, personality in psychology denotes a systemic quality acquired by an individual in objective activity and communication and characterizing the degree of representation of social relations.

In our opinion, the definition given by R.S. Nemov: Personality is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social connections and relations by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.

2. The concept of a psychological portrait of a person

Approaches to the structure of personality in different theories are different. In the theory of Z. Freud, this is the unconscious, consciousness, and superconscious. In social learning theory, these are abilities, cognitive strategies, expectations, values, and plans of behavior. Some theories deny the existence of a stable personality structure. Most researchers studying this phenomenon include in the personality structure: abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivations, social attitudes.

Abilities are understood as individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities. Temperament includes the qualities on which a person's reactions to other people and social circumstances depend. Character contains qualities that determine a person's actions in relation to other people. Volitional qualities cover several special personal properties that affect a person's desire to achieve their goals. Emotions and motivation are, respectively, experiences and motivations for activity, and social attitudes are beliefs and attitudes of people. These concepts are relatively constant in a person and in their totality represent a psychological portrait of a person.

Some researchers (Kudryashova S.V., Yunina E.A.) offer a slightly different idea of ​​the psychological portrait of a person.
They include in it:

1) socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, occupation);

2) socio-psychological characteristics (needs, motives, attitudes towards others, levels of understanding);

3) individual-personal (attention, memory, type of thinking, psychosomatic type or temperament).

Consider the psychological portrait of a person on a specific example.

3. Drawing up a psychological portrait on a specific example

Alexander B., a young man of 25, agreed to become a test subject for compiling a psychological portrait of a person. He has a higher education in management and currently works as a sales representative of one of the commercial firms in Novosibirsk. The psychological portrait was compiled after several conversations with Alexander and his colleagues and testing with a 16-factor Cattell personality questionnaire.

Alexander is distinguished by high growth, normal physique. Has the ability to sustain physical exertion. According to him, he loves to walk with a fast, wide step, which is probably due to professional necessity. All his movements are well coordinated, fast and precise.

Alexander's facial expressions can be called somewhat monotonous, but at the same time quite expressive, always corresponding to experiences. He has a casual smile. Gesticulation, like the rest of his movements, is more expressive and lively than facial expressions. All his movements are very simple and natural. One of Alexander's favorite gestures is the "conducting" gesture. He likes to put his hand down, beat the beat with a short movement of the brush, stroke his head with his hand against the hair. When it comes to business, he often diligently suppresses his mental and emotional manifestations.

Alexander B. speaks very clearly and clearly, in a rather low voice, somewhat drawn out, very clearly, expressively, with good diction. According to him, at school he took part in amateur performances, which influenced his speech and voice, but he never had the desire to continue these studies more seriously.

Gymnastics and sports are not systematically involved. He likes to watch different games, but he rarely takes part in them. As a child, he loved games associated with risk - climbing steep, steep rocks or trees.

Strives for solitude, does not like noisy companies. Rather secretive - prefers not to express his thoughts openly and does not show his feelings. He speaks warmly about his friends, while noting that he had close friends at the institute, but now he does not often meet with them. When asked about the existence of a beloved girl, he answered that while he had not seriously fallen in love, there were only light hobbies.

In clothes, he has his own individual style, although he does not like cardinal changes - rather, he complements, deepens, and improves what was previously developed.

The character is close to sanguine.

According to the data obtained as a result of testing according to the Cattell method, Alexander B. has the following character traits that are most developed in the personality structure: asceticism, nobility, conservatism, isolation, organization, practicality, adherence to principles, rationalism, self-sufficiency, restraint, cooperation, patience, purposefulness, honesty.

Psychological A correctly composed psychological necessarily takes into account the temperament, character, interests and abilities, the orientation of the personality, its intellectuality and emotionality. An important role is played by self-esteem, strong-willedness, the ability to control oneself, communicate and interact with the group. To correctly assess all these personality traits, a number of special techniques have been developed. The application of each of them depends on the goal pursued by the researcher.

What you need to rely on in order to correctly draw up a psychological portrait.

The most complete portrait is obtained if the researcher has a complete set of data. Among them may be biographical data (social status, friends, information about childhood, adolescence and adult life, hobbies and interests), various works (written and books, various surveys and interviews, communication with neighbors, etc.), opinions of others. At the same time, in order to correctly compose a psychological portrait, knowledge and methods from such sciences as physiognomy, graphology, etc. are involved. Of course, a complete and professional portrait drawing requires time and effort. However, the first and, in most cases, a fairly correct impression can be made with basic knowledge. Then you should analyze the facial features and the name of the subject (each name has its own emotional characteristics and leaves a certain imprint on the wearer), what clothes and what colors he prefers, how he behaves in a group and on his own. Based on this, it is possible to determine the possibility of committing or not committing certain actions by him, the features of behavior in various situations.