Pushkin and 113 women of the poet. All the love affairs of the great rake Shchegolev Pavel Eliseevich
Kochubey Natalya Viktorovna
Natalya Viktorovna Kochubey (1800–1854) - daughter of Maria Vasilievna Kochubey, ur. Vasilchikova (1779–1844) and the Minister of the Interior, later Chairman of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers, Vice Chancellor V.P. Kochubey.
“She was Pushkin's first love,” recalled the lyceum student Korf. Pushkin met her in Tsarskoye Selo, where she spent every summer with her parents. In his plan for an autobiography, under the period “1813,” the poet wrote: “Gr. Kochubey.
Here is the testimony of her contemporary: “She has a graceful figure, she dances beautifully, in general, she is exactly what you need to be to charm. They say that she has a lively mind, and I readily believe this, since her face is very expressive and mobile.
Dolly Ficquelmont left us her description of the appearance of Natalia Kochubey, who has already become Stroganova, in the 1830s: “Natalia Stroganova has a piquant physiognomy; certainly, not being a beauty, she seems to be liked much more than many other beautiful women. The whimsical expression on her face suits her very well. Her eyes are especially beautiful - they are her main beauty. At the same time, she is very witty ... "
In 1820, Natalya Viktorovna married Count A. G. Stroganov, a relative of the Goncharovs and brother of Idalia Poletik. Previously, she was married to Count M. S. Vorontsov, the future Governor-General of Novorossiysk. He liked Natalya Kochubey, but for some reason the wedding did not take place. As a result, Vorontsov married Elizaveta Ksaveryevna Branitskaya (who became E.K. Vorontsova after marriage).
The marriage was unhappy. Count Stroganov was not distinguished by fidelity to his wife, and Natalya, in turn, also did not deny herself love affairs on the side.
It is known that for a long time she literally besieged Nicholas I, seeking his reciprocity. By the way, one of her lovers was the future killer of the poet - Dantes.
Natalya Viktorovna often met Pushkin not only during the lyceum period, but also in the last decade of his life, in particular, in St. Petersburg in the houses of the Karamzins, Vyazemskys and others. She, in contrast to her husband and his sister, remained Pushkin’s true friend as before, as well as after his death.
Researchers believe that Pushkin reflected his feelings for her in the poems "Treason" (1815), "Elegy" (1819).
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This lyceum poem by Pushkin, according to researchers (in particular, B. Tomashevsky), was dedicated to Natalya Viktorovna Kochubey, daughter of Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey, Minister of the Interior under Alexander I. Young Natalya, together with her parents, spent the summer in Tsarskoye Selo in 1812. Nothing is known about this children's romance, and most likely, given the age of the chosen one and the young admirer, he was nothing more than a school hobby, and unrequited. The poet, without changing the style of his early anacreontics, sang Natalya Kochubey under the name of the beautiful Elena, raising the "young rose" above the host of all the young beauties glorified by him, all with the same anacreontic names - Chloe, Lila, Temir. However, it is quite obvious that the poem reflects not a fleeting "seasonal" feeling, but the history of a long ("poetic" chronology covers at least two years) struggle with passion for "proud Elena". Cheating is recognized as a fruitless cure for love, and the lyrical hero feels doomed to loneliness to the grave. Perhaps the feeling was fueled by the fact that some other lyceum students were in love with Natalya Kochubey, for example, Ivan Pushchin. But the poetic chronology hardly corresponds to the real one, and the hobbies of Pushkin the lyceum student changed each other quite often, and sometimes even coexisted. In any case, as one might suppose, the poet's feeling remained unanswered. But Pushkin remembered this young love of his, and when already in the 1830s he sketched out the program for his future autobiography, a note appeared in it: "Country Kochubey."
In 1820, Natalya Kochubey married Count Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov, and Pushkin subsequently, especially in the 1830s, repeatedly met with Natalya Viktorovna both in the house of her husband and in the house of Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov, her father-in-law and great-uncle Natalia Nikolaevna Pushkina . As you know, the Stroganov family played a largely unseemly role in the poet's pre-duel history. Idalia Poletika, the illegitimate daughter of Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov, was involved in the anti-Pushkin "party" and, according to many researchers, actively participated in the conspiracy against the poet. Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov treated Pushkin with pronounced hostility. He was close to the court, invariably held important government positions, in particular, since 1834 he was a deputy minister of the interior. He far outlived his wife and died in 1891 at the age of 96.
In the 1830s, Natalya Viktorovna became close to the Karamzins' salon (here she was called "Countess Natalya"), where she also met Pushkin. In the Karamzins' salon, there was a lot of gossip about Pushkin's family affairs, and not always in a friendly manner. It is all the more important that in such an environment Natalya Viktorovna invariably took his side. Unfortunately, little is still known about this period in the life of the Stroganov family, and in particular "Countess Natalya", and perhaps the archives contain many secrets and details unknown to us so far that could shed light on the intrigues of which he became a victim. Pushkin.
In the 1830s, Natalya Kochubey-Stroganova became one of the most brilliant ladies in St. Petersburg. They fell in love with her, she, like Natalie Pushkina, shone at balls in the Anichkov Palace and was considered a recognized beauty. One of her inconsolable admirers was Nikolai Alexandrovich Skalon, a friend of the Rosset brothers and an acquaintance of Pushkin. Here is how Alexander Karamzin described her: "... she enters brilliant, beautiful, in some kind of devilish dress, with a devilish scarf and many other things that are also devilishly sparkling." Sofya Karamzina in her letters hints that Pushkin had a special feeling for "Countess Natalya" associated with past worship. One evening in September 1836, Pushkin and his wife, Ekaterina Goncharova and Dantes were at the Karamzins'. “It was a pity to look at the figure of Pushkin, who stood opposite them, in the doorway, silent, pale and threatening,” writes Sofya Karamzina. “My God, how stupid it all is! When Countess Stroganova arrived, I asked Pushkin to go talk to her. He I was about to agree, blushing (you know that she is one of his *relationships*, and a slave one at that), when suddenly I see him suddenly stop and turn away with irritation. this count is already sitting." - "Which count?" - D "Antes, Gekren, or something!".
The Pushkins celebrated New Year 1837 at the Vyazemskys. Among the guests was Natalya Kochubey-Stroganova. Dantes appeared with his fiancee Ekaterina Goncharova. Countess Natalya felt the approaching catastrophe and told Princess V.F. Vyazemskaya that Pushkin looked so terrible that if she were his wife, she would not risk returning home with him.
Already after the death of Pushkin, in March 1837, A. N. Karamzin wrote to his brother: “You should not, however, think that the whole society was against Pushkin after his death: no, it’s only the Nesselrod circle and someone else. On the contrary , others, such as, for example, Countess Nat. (alya) Stroganova and Mrs. Naryshkina (Mar. (iya) Yakov. (Levna) spoke with great fervor in his favor, which even caused several quarrels ".
Some researchers believed that it was Natalya Kochubey who was dedicated to Pushkin's long-term "hidden love", which still intrigues Pushkinists. P. Huber adhered to this point of view. He was guided by the following arguments. In the well-known playful Don Juan list of Pushkin, the name Natalya appears three times, and the second time it is encrypted in the mysterious initials NN (under the first Natalya one should see the serf actress sung by him, under the third - Natalya Nikolaevna). In the drafts of Poltava, Maria Kochubey was first called Natalia. In one of his letters to Pushkin, his friend N. Raevsky mentions a meeting with the parents of a certain "Natalya Kagulskaya", and P. Guber connects the nickname "Kagulskaya" with Pushkin's famous elegy of 1819:
Drunk with memories,
With reverence and longing
I will enclose your formidable marble,
Cahul is an arrogant monument.
Not a bold feat of the Russians,
Not glory, a gift to Catherine,
Not a transdanubian giant
I'm being ignited now...
This poem is about a monument erected in Tsarskoye Selo in honor of the victory of Count Rumyantsev over the Turks at Cahul. But it is quite obvious that this monument reminds the poet of some deeply personal event. Maybe some memorable meeting took place here? It should be noted that the Kochubeev family spent several years abroad and returned to Russia only in 1818. The return of Natalia could stir up youthful memories in Pushkin's soul. Who knows?... P. Huber believed that it was Natalya Kochubey who could tell Pushkin the legend of the Bakhchisarai fountain (Pushkin designated the lady from whom he heard it with the initial K.). But on the whole, the arguments of P. Huber did not seem to the researchers sufficiently solid, and his version did not find followers, although it took its place in long discussions about the poet's "hidden love". Natalya Kochubey was also considered as a prototype of Pushkin's Tatyana (along with many others). The corresponding note is still in the draft notes of P. V. Annenkov. This, of course, was about Tatyana, "the impregnable goddess of the luxurious royal Neva" (Chapter 8, stanzas XIV-XVI). Natalya Kochubey, being the daughter of one of the first persons of the state, could not in any way resemble the savage Tatyana, who grew up "in a deaf, distant side." However, even in the first case, one can hardly see any pronounced similarity between Pushkin's Tatiana and "Countess Natalia". According to the Karamzins, she was very coquettish, and Alexander Nikolayevich Karamzin in 1837 directly complained in a letter to his brother Andrei about her "persecution": "However, I also had adventures in the winter: remember, I once wrote to you that I was alarmed by the persecution of the countess Strict. (new). So! Since then, it has only grown and flourished more! We were inimitable: I - with my shoots, she - with her persecutions, forcing me to dance long dances with her, arranging scenes of jealousy and pestering me tender reproaches for my indifference, while I pretended to understand nothing of what she was saying to me, and kept asking for an explanation of her hints... Be that as it may, the former beautiful countess, it seems to me, abandoned her plans for me and is content with making eyes for me, often comes to us, even on holy week, and does me indirect favors, supplying her mother with many bouquets of flowers. However, with age, the character of Countess Natalia, whose life took place in high society salons, could change. But one thing is certain: Pushkin did not forget about his young love and retained deep respect for Natalya Viktorovna. In 1835 he considered the novel "Russian Pelam", and in the plans he left, he named her name. Natalya Kochubey was assigned a noble role in the plot of the future novel: she had to enter into correspondence with the main character in order to warn him against intrigues being prepared against him (VIII, 974-975). With the same frankness, she spoke out against Pushkin's enemies in the tragic days of 1837.
_____________________________________________
Pushkin in the letters of the Karamzins in 1836-1837. M.-L. 1960. S. 97.
There. S. 109.
There. S. 194.
Huber P. Pushkin's Don Juan List. Petrograd. 1923.
Pushkin in the letters of the Karamzins. pp.204-205.
© Zababurova Nina Vladimirovna
“She has a graceful figure, she dances beautifully, in general, she is exactly what you need to be to charm. They say that she has a lively mind, and I readily believe this, since her face is very expressive and mobile.
Another contemporary noted that Natalya Viktorovna "is quite beautiful, full of talents and well-educated." Speaking about the character of the girl, Speransky noted in a letter to his daughter: “The young countess, I think, is simply fearful and shy, this is often found in the most extensive societies ...” Count I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov and A. F. Orlova. Princess Kochubey actively held on to the first candidate, she really wanted to marry her daughter to him, but Orlov seemed to her of the wrong origin. Natalya herself did not want either one or the other groom.
Natalia and Alexander Stroganov |
In September 1820, Natalia Viktorovna became the wife of Baron Alexander Grigoryevich Stroganov (1795-1891). Their family life from the very beginning was unsuccessful. Already in January 1821, rumors circulated in St. Petersburg that Stroganov did not get along very well with his wife, and that it came to violence. Some said that the reason for the disagreement was the neglected illness of her husband, others - his irresistible attraction to the old theatrical affection, and also that both families with mutual claims were to blame for everything. According to a contemporary, "on the part of the baron, it was a marriage of convenience, and love was only on the part of the bride." In the future, the relationship of the spouses did not go beyond the boundaries of secular decency.
In 1841, Count Stroganov was retired and left Russia with his family for several years, spending the winter in Paris and the summer on Bohemian waters, in Karlsbad, Teplitz and Aachen. At this time, Countess Stroganova became close to Sofia Petrovna Svechina, who converted to Catholicism. S. M. Solovyov, who accompanied the Stroganovs as a teacher of their children, wrote:
She became close to one Russian lady, who had long since settled in Paris, Svechin. This candle converted to Catholicism and, under the guidance of various abbots in cassocks and tails, took up the deeds of mercy. These abbesses and abbess Svechin caught our Stroganov, which was not difficult for them: vexation with everything Russian, mainly with the emperor, could not arouse in her an ardent zeal for the Russian Church. Stroganov, a woman without convictions, without a heart, was seduced by this external, sensual, theatrical Catholic piety; she was seduced by this new activity that had opened up to her, this Catholic mercy, so closely intertwined with intrigue, with the formation of societies, lotteries, with all these worldly amusements, tinted with Christianity, but having nothing Christian in them. |
Interest in Catholicism and visits to Catholic churches, not hidden by Stroganova, led to rumors spreading in the world about the conversion of the countess to another faith. In recent years, Natalya Viktorovna's life has not been calm. In 1839, a seventeen-year-old daughter died, three years later - the youngest son, who "on the way from Dresden to Weimar, choked on a chicken bone that his mother herself gave him."
In 1853, she also lost her second daughter. The marriage turned out to be unhappy: both spouses allowed themselves connections on the side. Countess Natalia Viktorovna Stroganova died on 24 January 1855 in Saint Petersburg and was buried at the Tikhvin Cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
A. S. Pushkin in 1810
Acquaintance and meetings of Natalia Kochubey with Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin date back to the first years of his stay at the Lyceum. Spending the summer months with her parents at the dacha in Tsarskoe Selo, the Countess often met with Lyceum students. Later, in the sketches for his autobiography, under the period “1813”, Pushkin writes: “Gr. Kochubey. According to M. A. Korf, " it was hardly she (and not Bakunin) who was Pushkin's first love". Possibly, the poems Treason (1815) and Intoxicated with Memory (1819) are dedicated to her.
Like other secular beauties of the early 1820s, Natalia was considered by early Pushkinists as a candidate for the role of the poet's "hidden love". Namely, P.K. Huber in his book “Don Juan List of A.S. Pushkin” (1923), refuting Shchegolev’s assumption, put forward a different hypothesis for decoding the initials “NN” (which, however, did not receive any support):
... Pushkin found in his feeling for N.V. Kochubey-Stroganova a new, abundant source of poetic excitement, which did not dry out until 1828. With the memories of Natalia Viktorovna, in addition to "Poltava", You can connect the "Caucasian Prisoner", "Bakhchisarai Fountain", “A conversation between a bookseller and a poet”, some lyrical stanzas of “Eugene Onegin” and, finally, by Pushkin’s own admission, some touches in Tatiana’s character. |
Later, already a married lady, Countess Stroganova met Pushkin in the light: at the Karamzins, in whose salon she was a regular visitor, and with mutual friends. The first ball that Pushkin attended with his young wife took place in the mansion of Natalia Viktorovna's father, Count V.P. Kochubey, on November 11, 1831. The owner’s daughter was also present at the same ball, along with her husband, Count Alexander Stroganov (who was the second cousin of N. N. Pushkina), who in October 1831 was promoted to the rank of major general and appointed to His Majesty’s retinue. In the first half of November, in the eighth chapter of Eugene Onegin, lines appear in which, according to Pletnev, the poet described exactly Countess Stroganova:
The lady approached the hostess,
Behind her is an important general.
Working in 1834-1835 on the novel "Russian Pelam", Pushkin introduces N. Kochubey and her father as the main characters, who are mentioned either under the name "Kochubey" or "Chukolei". According to the poet's plan, the heroine, ignoring the opinion of the world, sends an encouraging letter to the hero, rejected by society.
Natalia Viktorovna was also drawn into the poet's family drama. P. I. Bartenev conveyed the words of Princess V. F. Vyazemskaya: “On the eve of the New Year, the Vyazemsky had a big evening. As a groom, Gekkern appeared with his bride. There was no reason to refuse him from the house. Pushkin and his wife were right there, and the Frenchman continued to be near her. Countess Natalya Viktorovna Stroganova told Princess Vyazemskaya that he looked so terrible that if she were his wife, she would not have dared to return home with him. S. N. Karamzina wrote in 1836 about the celebration of her name day on September 17, which was attended by Pushkin and his wife, sisters Goncharova and Dantes, who “without leaving a single step from Ekaterina Goncharova, cast passionate glances at Natalie from afar, and in the end, he nevertheless danced a mazurka with her.
Countess Stroganova, in contrast to her husband's sister Idalia, whom Pushkin scholars consider one of the main figures in this intrigue, remained a true friend of Pushkin even after his death. Alexander Karamzin wrote:
Do not think, however, that the whole of society stood up against Pushkin after his death; no, only Nesselrod and some others. Others, on the contrary, for example, Countess Nat[ali] Stroganova and Ms. Naryshkina (Map. Yakov.), came out in his defense with fervor, which even led to several quarrels, and most did not say anything at all - as befits them. |
According to P.K. Huber, one of the reasons why contemporaries and the first Pushkinists avoided talking about Pushkin’s relationship with N.V. Kochubey was her husband’s longevity (he lived to be 95 and died in 1891), while life of which mention of this hobby in the press was impossible.
Her face is familiar to many thanks to the wonderful portraits painted by O. Kiprensky, A. Bryullov and P. Sokolov. Many researchers call her Pushkin's first love, and some argue that she was his "hidden love", encrypted in the Don Juan list under the initials NN and became the prototype of the married Tatyana Larina. Countess Natalya Viktorovna Stroganova, nee Kochubey, was a brilliant salon hostess and trendsetter, and no one disputed this. But contemporaries left very conflicting reviews about her behavior and personal qualities.
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