And the Shanghai Cooperation Organization SCO. Structure and functions of the SCO. Cooperation in the economy and financial sphere
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization or SCO is a Eurasian political, economic and military organization that was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. With the exception of Uzbekistan, the rest of the countries were members of the Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the member countries renamed the organization.
The Shanghai Five was originally established on 26 April 1996 with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Confidence in the Border Areas in Shanghai by the heads of state of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. On April 24, 1997, the same countries signed the Treaty on the Reduction of Armed Forces in the Border Area at a meeting in Moscow.
Subsequent annual summits of the group's Shanghai Five were held in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) in 1998, in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in 1999 and in Dushanbe (Tajikistan) in 2000.
In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai, China. There, the member countries of the five accepted Uzbekistan into the Shanghai Five (thus turning it into the Shanghai Six). Then, on June 15, 2001, all six heads of state signed the Declaration on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, noting the positive role of the Shanghai Five and striving to move it to a higher level of cooperation. On July 16, 2001, Russia and China, the two leading countries of this organization, signed the Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation.
In June 2002, the heads of the SCO member states met in St. Petersburg, Russia. There they signed the SCO Charter, which contained the goals of the organization, principles, structure and form of work, and officially approved it from the point of view of international law.
The six full members of the SCO account for 60% of the land mass of Eurasia, and its population is a quarter of the world's population. Taking into account the observer states, the population of the SCO countries makes up half of the world's population.
In July 2005, at the fifth summit in Astana, Kazakhstan, with representatives from India, Iran, Mongolia and Pakistan attending the SCO summit for the first time, President Nursultan Nazarbayev of the host country greeted the guests with words that had never before been used in any context: “Leaders of State sitting at this negotiating table are representatives of half of humanity.
By 2007, the SCO had initiated more than twenty large-scale projects related to transport, energy and telecommunications and held regular meetings on security, military affairs, defense, foreign affairs, economics, culture, banking issues and other issues that were raised by officials of member states .
The SCO has established relations with the United Nations, where it is an observer in the General Assembly, the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
Structure of the SCO
The Council of Heads of State is the highest decision-making body within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This council meets at the SCO summits, which are held every year in one of the capital cities of the member states. The current Council of Heads of State consists of the following members: Almazbek Atambaev (Kyrgyzstan), Xi Jinping (China), Islam Karimov (Uzbekistan), Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan), Vladimir Putin (Russia), Emomali Rahmon (Tajikistan).
The Council of Heads of Government is the second most important body in the SCO. This council also holds annual summits where its members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation. The Council also approves the organization's budget. The Council of Foreign Ministers also hold regular meetings where they discuss the current international situation and the interaction of the SCO with other international organizations.
The Council of National Coordinators, as its name implies, coordinates the multilateral cooperation of member states within the framework of the SCO charter.
The SCO Secretariat is the main executive body of the organization. It serves to implement organizational decisions and decrees, prepare draft documents (for example, declarations and programs), is endowed with the functions of a documentary depository for the organization, organizes specific events within the SCO, and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. It is located in Beijing. The current SCO Secretary-General is Muratbek Imanaliev of Kyrgyzstan, a former Kyrgyz foreign minister and professor at the American University of Central Asia.
The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is a permanent body of the SCO that serves to promote cooperation among member states against the three evils of terrorism, separatism and extremism. The head of the RATS is elected for a term of three years. Each member state also sends a permanent representative of the RATS.
Cooperation of the SCO countries in the field of security
The activities of the Shanghai Security Cooperation Organization are primarily focused on the security problems of member countries in Central Asia, which is often described as the main threat. The SCO opposes such phenomena as terrorism, separatism and extremism. However, the organization's activities in the field of social development of its member states are also growing rapidly.
On June 16-17, 2004, at the SCO summit, which took place in Tashkent, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was created in Uzbekistan. On April 21, 2006, the SCO announced plans to combat cross-border drug crime through counter-terrorism operations. In April 2006, it was stated that the SCO had no plans to become a military bloc, however, he argued that the heightened threats of "terrorism, extremism and separatism" made the full involvement of the armed forces necessary.
In October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in the Tajik capital Dushanbe in order to expand cooperation on issues such as security, crime and drug trafficking. Joint action plans between the two organizations were approved in early 2008 in Beijing.
The organization also spoke out against cyber wars, stating that the dissemination of information harmful to the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states should be considered a "security threat". According to the definition adopted in 2009, "information warfare", in particular, is regarded as an attempt by one state to undermine the political, economic and social systems of another state.
Military activities of the SCO
In the past few years, the activities of the organization have been aimed at close military cooperation, the exchange of intelligence information and the fight against terrorism.
The SCO countries held a number of joint military exercises. The first of them took place in 2003: the first phase took place in Kazakhstan, and the second - in China. Since then, China and Russia have joined forces to hold large-scale military exercises in 2005 (Peace Mission 2005), 2007 and 2009 under the auspices of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
More than 4,000 Chinese soldiers took part in a joint military exercise in 2007 (known as "Peace Mission 2007"), which was held in Chelyabinsk Russia near the Ural Mountains and was agreed upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO defense ministers. The Air Force and precision weapons were also used. The then Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov said the exercises were transparent and open to the media and the public. After the successful completion of the exercises, Russian officials invited India to also participate in similar exercises in the future under the auspices of the SCO. More than 5,000 military personnel from China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan took part in the exercise "Peace Mission 2010", held on September 9-25, 2010 in Kazakhstan at the Matybulak training ground. They conducted joint planning of military operations and operational maneuvers. The SCO acts as a platform for larger military statements by member states. For example, during a 2007 exercise in Russia, at a meeting with the leaders of the SCO member states, including with the participation of then Chinese President Hu Jintao, Russian President Vladimir Putin took the opportunity to announce the resumption of regular flights of Russian strategic bombers to patrol the territories for the first time since the Cold War. "Starting today, such flights will have to be carried out regularly and on a strategic scale," Putin said. “Our pilots have been on the ground for too long. They are happy to start a new life.”
SCO economic cooperation
All members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, except China, are also members of the Eurasian Economic Community. The framework agreement for enhancing economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states on September 23, 2003. At the same meeting in China, Premier Wen Jiabao proposed the long-term goal of establishing a free trade area in the SCO, and taking other more urgent measures in order to improve the flow of goods in the region. In accordance with this, a plan consisting of 100 specific actions was signed a year later on September 23, 2004.
On October 26, 2005, during the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the organization stated that the SCO would give priority to joint energy projects, which would include the oil and gas sector, the development of new hydrocarbon reserves and the joint use of water resources. The creation of the SCO Interbank Council was also agreed at this summit in order to finance future joint projects.
The first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association was held in Beijing on February 21-22, 2006. On November 30, 2006, within the framework of the international SCO conference: results and prospects, held in Alma-Ata, a representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry stated that Russia was developing plans for the SCO Energy Club. The need to create such a club was confirmed in Moscow at the SCO summit in November 2007. Other SCO members did not commit themselves to implement the idea. However, at the summit on August 28, 2008, it was stated that "against the backdrop of a slowdown in the global economy, the conduct of a responsible monetary and financial policy, control over capital flows, ensuring food and energy security have become of particular importance."
On June 16, 2009, at the Yekaterinburg summit, China announced plans to provide a $10 billion loan to SCO member states to strengthen the economies of these states in the context of the global financial crisis. The summit was held in conjunction with the first BRIC summit and was marked by a joint Chinese-Russian statement that these countries want a larger quota in the International Monetary Fund.
At the 2007 SCO summit, Iran's Vice President Parviz Davoudi launched an initiative that generated a lot of interest. He then said: "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is a good place to design a new banking system that is independent of international banking systems."
Russian President Vladimir Putin then commented on the situation as follows: “We now clearly see the defectiveness of the monopoly in world finance and the policy of economic selfishness. To solve the current problem, Russia will take part in changing the global financial structure so that it can guarantee stability and prosperity in the world and ensure progress ... The world is witnessing the emergence of a qualitatively different geopolitical situation, with the emergence of new centers of economic growth and political influence ... We will witness and accept participation in the transformation of global and regional security systems and the development of an architecture adapted to the new realities of the 21st century, when stability and prosperity become inseparable concepts.
Cultural cooperation of the SCO
Cultural cooperation also takes place within the framework of the SCO. The ministers of culture of the SCO countries met for the first time in Beijing on April 12, 2002 and signed a joint statement to continue cooperation. The third meeting of ministers of culture was held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan on 27-28 April 2006.
The art festival and exhibition under the auspices of the SCO took place for the first time during the 2005 Astana Summit. Kazakhstan also offered to hold a folk dance festival under the auspices of the SCO. Such a festival was held in 2008 in Astana.
Summits of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
According to the SCO Charter, the summits of the Council of Heads of State are held annually in different places. The venue for these summits follows the alphabetical order of the name of the Member State in Russian. The charter also specifies that the summit of the Council of Heads of Government (i.e., Prime Ministers) meets annually at a place previously determined by decision of the members of the council. The Council of Foreign Ministers Summit is held one month before the annual Heads of State Summit. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers may be convened by any two Member States.
| heads of state | ||
| date of | The country | Location |
| June 14, 2001 | China | Shanghai |
| June 7, 2002 | Russia | St. Petersburg |
| May 29, 2003 | Russia | Moscow |
| June 17, 2004 | Uzbekistan | Tashkent |
| July 5, 2005 | Kazakhstan | Astana |
| June 15, 2006 | China | Shanghai |
| August 16, 2007 | Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek |
| August 28, 2008 | Tajikistan | Dushanbe |
| June 15-16, 2009 | Russia | Ekaterinburg |
| June 10-11, 2010 | Uzbekistan | Tashkent |
| June 14-15, 2011 | Kazakhstan | Astana |
| June 6-7, 2012 | China | Beijing |
| September 13, 2013 | Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek |
| Heads of government | ||
| date of | The country | Location |
| September 2001 | Kazakhstan | Almaty |
| September 23, 2003 | China | Beijing |
| September 23, 2004 | Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek |
| October 26, 2005 | Russia | Moscow |
| September 15, 2006 | Tajikistan | Dushanbe |
| November 2, 2007 | Uzbekistan | Tashkent |
| October 30, 2008 | Kazakhstan | Astana |
| October 14, 2009 | China | Beijing |
| November 25, 2010 | Tajikistan | Dushanbe |
| November 7, 2011 | Russia | St. Petersburg |
| December 5, 2012 | Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek |
| November 29, 2013 | Uzbekistan | Tashkent |
Future possible members of the SCO
In June 2010, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization approved the procedure for admitting new members, although no new members have yet been admitted. Several states, however, have attended SCO summits as observers, some of which have expressed interest in becoming full members of the organization in the future. The prospect of Iran joining the organization has attracted academic attention. In early September 2013, Armenian Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan stated during a meeting with his Chinese counterpart that Armenia would like to receive observer status in the SCO.
SCO observers
Afghanistan received observer status in 2012 at the SCO summit in Beijing, China on June 6, 2012. India currently also has observer status in the SCO. Russia has called on India to join this organization as a full member because it sees India as an important future strategic partner. China "welcomed" India's accession to the SCO.
Iran currently has observer status in the organization, and it was planned that the country would become a full member of the SCO on March 24, 2008. However, due to sanctions imposed by the United Nations, the admission of Iran to the organization as a new member is temporarily blocked. The SCO stated that any country under UN sanctions cannot be admitted to the organization. Mongolia became the first country to receive observer status at the 2004 Tashkent Summit. Pakistan, India and Iran received observer status at the SCO summit in Astana, Kazakhstan on July 5, 2005.
Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf spoke in favor of his country joining the SCO as a full member during a joint summit in China in 2006. Russia publicly supported Pakistan's intention to gain full membership in the SCO, and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin made a corresponding statement at the SCO meeting in the Konstantinovsky Palace on November 6, 2011.
SCO Dialogue Partners
The position of dialogue partner was created in 2008 in accordance with Article 14 of the SCO Charter of June 7, 2002. This article refers to a dialogue partner as a state or organization that shares the goals and principles of the SCO and wishes to establish relations of equal and mutually beneficial partnership with the Organization.
Belarus received dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2009 at the group's summit in Yekaterinburg. Belarus applied for observer status in the organization and was promised the support of Kazakhstan in achieving this goal. However, the then Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov expressed doubts about the possible membership of Belarus, saying that Belarus is a purely European country. Despite this, Belarus was accepted as a dialogue partner at the SCO summit in 2009.
Sri Lanka received dialogue partner status in the SCO in 2009 at the group's summit in Yekaterinburg. Turkey, a member of NATO, was granted dialogue partner status in the SCO in 2012 at the group's summit in Beijing. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said he even jokingly discussed the possibility of Turkey refusing to join the European Union in exchange for full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Relations of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization with the West
Western media observers believe that one of the first goals of the SCO should be to create a counterweight to NATO and the US, in particular to avoid conflicts that would allow the US to interfere in the internal affairs of countries bordering Russia and China. Although Iran is not a member, former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad used the SCO platform to launch a verbal attack on the United States. The United States submitted an application for observer status with the SCO, but it was rejected in 2006.
At the Astana summit in July 2005, due to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and uncertainty about the presence of US troops in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO called on the US to set a timetable for the withdrawal of its troops from SCO member states. Shortly thereafter, Uzbekistan asked the US to close the K-2 air base.
The SCO has not yet made any direct statements against the US or its military presence in the region. However, some indirect statements at recent summits have been presented in the Western media as veiled criticism of Washington.
Geopolitical aspects of the SCO
In recent years, there have been many discussions and comments about the geopolitical nature of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Matthew Brummer in the Journal of International Affairs, tracks the effects of the expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the Persian Gulf.
Iranian writer Hamid Golpira said the following: “According to the theory of Zbigniew Brzezinski, the control of the Eurasian continent is the key to world domination, and the control of Central Asia is the key to control of the Eurasian continent. Russia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinski's theories since they formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2001, ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and improve border security, but more likely the real goal was to balance US and NATO activities in Central Asia.
At the 2005 SCO summit in Kazakhstan, the Declaration of the Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was adopted, which expressed their "concern" about the existing world order and contained the principles of the organization's work. It included the following words: “The Heads of Member States note that, against the background of the contradictory process of globalization, multilateral cooperation based on the principles of equal rights and mutual respect, non-interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states, a non-confrontational way of thinking and a consistent movement towards the democratization of international relations, promotes common peace and security, and call on the international community, regardless of its differences in ideology and social structure, to form a new concept of security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and interaction.”
In November 2005, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov confirmed that the SCO is working to create a rational and just world order and that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization provides us with a unique opportunity to take part in the process of forming a fundamentally new model of geopolitical integration.
The Chinese Daily expressed this issue in the following terms: “The declaration indicates that the SCO member countries have the ability and duty to ensure security in the Central Asian region, and call on Western countries to leave Central Asia. This is the most visible signal that the summit sent to the world.”
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao concluded that the US was maneuvering to maintain its status as the world's sole superpower and not give any other country a chance to create a problem for them.
An article in The Washington Post in early 2008 reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin allegedly said that Russia could send nuclear missiles to Ukraine if Russia's neighbor and former sister republic in the Soviet Union joined the NATO alliance and installed elements of a missile defense system. USA. “It is terrible to say and even scary to think that, in response to the deployment of such facilities on the territory of Ukraine, which theoretically cannot be ruled out, Russia will aim its missiles at Ukraine,” Putin said at a joint press conference with then Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko. who was visiting the Kremlin. "Imagine, it's just for a second."
The International Federation for Human Rights has recognized the SCO as a "vehicle" for human rights violations.
FSEI HPE "KALININGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"
Department of "Economic Theory"
Report on the topic:
SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION
Prepared by: st.gr. 08-RN
Chilikina M.V.
Checked by: Senchukova L.O.
Kaliningrad 2011-
1. History of creation………………………………………………………………………3
2. Management structure…………………………………………………………………6
3.1 Security sphere……………………………………………………………....9
3.2 Economic activity………………………………………………..10
3.3 Cultural and humanitarian activities………………………………….11
4. Participation of the Russian Federation in the SCO……………………………………………13
References………………………………………………………………...14
History of creation
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional international organization founded in 2001 by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. With the exception of Uzbekistan, the rest of the countries were members of the "Shanghai Five", founded as a result of the signing in 1996-1997. agreements between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and Tajikistan on strengthening confidence in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area. After the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the participants renamed the organization.
The total territory of the countries belonging to the SCO is 30 million km², that is, 60% of the territory of Eurasia. Its total demographic potential is one fourth of the world's population (the total population of the countries participating in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: 1 billion 455 million people), and its economic potential includes the most powerful Chinese economy after the United States.
One of the features of the SCO is that in terms of status it is neither a military bloc, like NATO, nor an open regular security conference, like the ASEAN ARF, occupying an intermediate position. The main tasks of the organization are to strengthen stability and security in a wide area that unites the participating states, the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, the development of economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction.
The prerequisites for the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization were laid back in the 60s. XX century, when the USSR and China began to resolve border issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, new participants in the negotiations appeared in the face of Russia and the newly formed states of Central Asia. After China managed to civilly resolve all territorial issues with neighboring CIS states - Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - prospects for further development of fruitful regional cooperation opened up before the partners. For Russia and China, this was an attractive opportunity to unite under their auspices the efforts and potentials of the Central Asian states to curb the possible expansion of other world centers of power and influence in Central Asia.
Based on the prevailing favorable political climate, and also because of the growing danger of the region turning into an area of permanent instability due to a sharp intensification of international terrorism, the "Shanghai Five" was formed in 1996. Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five were held in Moscow in 1997, Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) in 1998, Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in 1999 and Dushanbe (Tajikistan) in 2000. By the time the Bishkek summit was held, all participants of the Shanghai Five had become aware of the need to develop cooperation in a wide range of areas, which required the creation of permanent cooperation mechanisms in the form of meetings of ministers and expert groups. In fact, the architecture of the new international organization began to take shape. An institution of national coordinators, appointed by each country, emerged.
In 2001, another meeting was again held in Shanghai (China). Then five participating countries accepted Uzbekistan into the organization (which was recorded in a joint statement of the heads of state and led to the renaming of the organization into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, or the "Shanghai Six").
The first documents adopted by the SCO were the Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, and the Joint Statement on Connecting Uzbekistan to the Shanghai Five mechanism.
The meeting of the heads of state in June 2002 in St. Petersburg continued the institutionalization of the SCO: the Declaration on the establishment of the Organization was practically embodied in the signing of two new important acts - the Declaration of the Heads of State - members of the SCO, called the final political document by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, and the Charter of the SCO - basic statutory document.
As a result of the Moscow summit (May 28-29, 2003), the SCO Secretariat with headquarters in Beijing and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) were created (the agreement on its creation was signed a year earlier in St. Petersburg.) Among the 30 documents signed then were and the provisions governing the functioning of the bodies of the organization - the provisions on the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government and the Council of Foreign Ministers.
Due to the fact that the organizational period of the SCO ended following the results of the Moscow summit, on January 1, 2004, it began to function as a full-fledged international structure with its own working mechanisms, personnel and budget.
As a result of the Tashkent summit (June 2004), the following documents were signed: the Tashkent Declaration on the results of the meeting, the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the SCO, as well as a number of other documents. The composition of the organization expanded due to the admission of a new member, Mongolia, as an observer.
The meeting of the heads of state of the SCO, held in 2005, aroused genuine interest among political observers, since in addition to a new package of treaties and conventions, the participants signed the Declaration of the heads of state of the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which fixed common approaches aimed at further consolidating efforts and strengthening coordination.
The main outcome documents of the Bishkek summit (August 2007) were the Treaty on Long-term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Bishkek Declaration of the Heads of State of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The forum was also attended by the presidents of two SCO observer countries - Mongolian President Nambaryn Enkhbayar and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The other two Observer States of the Organization were represented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, Khurshid Kasuri, and the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India, Murli Deor.
In 2009, at a meeting in Yekaterinburg, the heads of the SCO member states decided to grant the status of SCO dialogue partner to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Republic of Belarus.
On April 28, 2010, a Memorandum was signed on granting the Republic of Belarus the status of a dialogue partner of the SCO, which formalized this status for Belarus.
2. Management structure of the organization
To fulfill the goals and objectives of the SCO Charter, the following bodies were established within the organization:
Council of Heads of State (CHS);
Council of Heads of Government (CGP);
Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA);
Meetings of heads of ministries and departments;
Council of National Coordinators (CNC);
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS);
Secretariat - a permanent administrative body headed by the Secretary General (since 2010 - the representative of Kyrgyzstan M.S. Imanaliev).
Council of Heads of State (CHS) is the supreme body of the SCO. It determines the priorities and main directions of the Organization's activities, resolves the fundamental issues of its internal structure and functioning, interaction with other states and international organizations, and also considers the most pressing international problems. The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship of the meeting of the CHS is carried out by the head of state - the organizer of the next meeting. The venue of the meeting is determined, as a rule, by the alphabetical order (in Russian) of the list of SCO member states. The Council may decide on the creation of other SCO bodies, which is formalized in the form of additional protocols to the Charter.
Council of Heads of Government (CGP) adopts the SCO budget, which is formed on the basis of the principle of shared participation, considers and resolves the main issues related to specific, especially economic, areas of development of interaction within the Organization. The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship of the meeting of the Council is carried out by the head of the government of the state in whose territory the meeting is held.
Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA) considers and resolves issues of the current activities of the Organization, including the preparation of a meeting of the CHS, takes measures to implement the decisions of the Organization and hold consultations within the framework of the SCO on international issues. The chairmanship of the Council is exercised by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Member State of the Organization, on whose territory the regular meeting of the CHS is held. The Chairman of the Ministerial Council of Foreign Affairs represents the Organization in the implementation of external contacts in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for the work of the Council.
Meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments are held to consider specific issues of developing cooperation in relevant areas within the framework of the SCO. To date, a mechanism has been formed for holding meetings of prosecutors general, ministers of defense, ministers of economy and trade, ministers of communications, ministers of culture, as well as meetings of heads of law enforcement agencies and departments for emergency assistance to victims of disasters. The chairmanship is carried out by the head of the relevant ministry and / or department of the host state of the meeting. The place and time of the meeting will be agreed in advance.
The Secretariat is a permanent administrative body of the SCO. It is entrusted with: organizational and technical support of events held within the framework of the SCO, participation in the development and implementation of documents of all bodies within the Organization, preparation of proposals for the annual budget. The secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is approved by the CHS. The Secretary General is appointed from among the citizens of the SCO member states on the basis of rotation, in the order of the Russian alphabet of the names of the member states for a period of three years without the right to renew for the next term. Until 2006, there was no post of Secretary General, instead of it there was an institution of an executive secretary, who formally could act only on behalf of the SCO Secretariat. There is an opinion that it is necessary to restructure the SCO Secretariat into a more independent executive body, due to the lack of sufficient rights and funding at the moment. While in the UN, NATO, the CSTO and other organizations the executive bodies are relatively independent and, therefore, are able to develop the agenda of their organizations themselves, come up with initiatives and even facilitate the adoption of their initiative proposals by the leadership of the member states, the SCO Secretariat does not really conducts organizational work, which, in fact, is handled by the Council of National Coordinators. As a result, the staff of the Secretariat must coordinate any issue with the national coordinator of the country that sent it, and that one with the national coordinators of other countries. This is not conducive to building institutional ethics in the Secretariat. It turns out that, in fact, the SCO Secretariat is not an independent body of an international organization, but a team consisting of national representatives.
Council of National Coordinators (CNC) carries out coordination and management of the current activities of the Organization, conducts the necessary preparations for the meetings of the CHS, CHP and Ministerial Council. The Council of People's Commissars meets at least three times a year. Chairmanship in the Council of People's Commissars is carried out by the national coordinator of the Member State of the Organization, on whose territory the regular meeting of the CHS will be held. The Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, on behalf of the Chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers, may represent the Organization in the implementation of external contacts.
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) - a permanent body of the SCO headquartered in Tashkent, designed to promote coordination and interaction between the competent authorities of the parties in the fight against terrorism, extremism and separatism. It has the status of a legal entity and the right to enter into contracts, acquire and dispose of movable and immovable property, open and maintain bank accounts, initiate claims in courts and participate in legal proceedings. These rights are exercised on behalf of the RATS by the director of the RATS Executive Committee. The main functions of this body are to coordinate the efforts of all SCO member states in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism - the development of proposals for the fight against terrorism, the collection and analysis of information, the formation of a database of individuals and organizations that provide support to criminals, assistance in the preparation and carrying out operational-search and other measures to combat these phenomena, maintaining contacts with international organizations The RATS consists of the Council and the Executive Committee (a permanent body). The Council, which includes the heads of the competent authorities of the countries of the Organization, is the decision-making governing body. The Chairman of the RATS Executive Committee is appointed by the Council of Heads of State.
Decisions in the SCO bodies are made by consensus. The procedure for the work of all the bodies of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was finally developed and adopted in 2003, at the Moscow summit. The main structures of the organization began to work in January 2004, after which this association functions as a full-fledged international organization.
3.1 Security sphere
The activities of the SCO initially lay in the sphere of mutual intra-regional actions to suppress terrorist acts, as well as separatism and extremism in Central Asia. According to Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, it has become the first international organization to make the idea of combating terrorism the core of its activities. Already among the first documents signed by the participants of the SCO inception summit in Shanghai (2001) was the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, which for the first time at the international level consolidated the definition of separatism and extremism as violent, criminally punishable acts. Since that time, the participating countries have given priority to the issues of settling internal conflicts, reaching consensus in countering extremism and drug mafia, which was first evidenced by the creation of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, and then the signing of the Treaty on Long-term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation.
On June 7, 2002 in St. Petersburg, at the meeting of the heads of states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, an Agreement on the Regional Antiterrorist Structure was signed. The main tasks and functions of the Executive Committee of the RATS SCO are defined in three priority areas:
coordination and operational direction (coordination and interaction of the competent authorities of the participating countries in the fight against terrorism, extremism, conducting anti-terrorist exercises, etc.);
international legal direction (participation in the preparation of international documents on issues of combating terrorism, including within the framework of the UN, assistance to the UN Security Council, etc.);
information and analytical direction (formation and replenishment of the RATS data bank, collection and analysis of information on combating terrorism, etc.).
According to the executive director of this organization, V. Kasymov, only during the period between two SCO summits (July 5, 2005 - June 15, 2006), as a result of the activities of the RATS on the territory of the SCO, more than 450 terrorist attacks were prevented, 15 leaders of terrorist organizations were detained or destroyed by the special services of the countries Organizations, 400 more are wanted.
3.2 Economic activity
Despite the fact that the SCO was originally created with the aim of jointly protecting the borders of neighboring states, almost immediately its activities also received an economic focus. A few months after the start of the work of the SCO, at their first meeting in Alma-Ata, the prime ministers of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization discussed issues of regional trade and economic cooperation, the development of the SCO and other problems, signed a Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and areas of regional economic cooperation and launching a process to create an enabling environment for trade and investment.
In May of the following year, the first meeting of the ministers of economy and trade of the SCO member states was held in Shanghai. The parties officially launched a mechanism for holding meetings of ministers of economy and trade and creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment. As a result of the meeting, a protocol was signed to the Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and directions of regional economic cooperation and the launch of a process to create favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment and a joint statement on the results of the first meeting of ministers responsible for foreign economic and foreign trade activities.
In September 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member countries signed the Program of Multilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation for 20 years. As a long-term goal, the creation of a free trade zone in the SCO is envisaged, and in the short term - an increase in the flow of goods in the region. Cooperation should cover the fields of energy, transport, agriculture, telecommunications, environmental protection, etc. An action plan for developing cooperation was signed a year later, in September 2004.
China occupies a special place in the economic relations of the SCO countries. It influences the economic situation in the region more and more every year, stimulates the cooperation of the SCO countries in this area, insisting on the creation of a free trade zone, and at the same time the creation of an infrastructure for trade and investment. Drawing the economies of the countries of the Central Asian region (CAR) into the orbit of its economic interests, the PRC considers them, first of all, as reliable markets for its goods. It is from the point of view of expanding trade cooperation that China actively supports the entry of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries into the World Trade Organization.
At the end of the summit in Yekaterinburg, as well as the meeting of the heads of state of the BRIC group that took place the next day, on June 17, 2009, Russia and China entered into an unprecedented agreement in energy for one hundred billion dollars. The largest deal in the history of bilateral relations between Russia and China was announced by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev after negotiations with Chinese leader Hu Jintao. The top officials agreed to develop a mechanism for mutual settlements in rubles and yuan. So far, all transactions between Russia and China are valued in dollars. But if the initiative of the PRC and the Russian Federation is implemented, it can affect not only Russian-Chinese relations, but also the entire world trade. Moscow and Beijing intend to replace the dollar with the yuan and the ruble.
3.3 Cultural and humanitarian activities
In the Declaration on the Establishment of the SCO, the participating countries also declared the need to develop cultural cooperation.
The ministers of culture of the participating countries met for the first time in Beijing on April 12, 2002. The governments of the states actively supported the holding of the Days of Culture, the participation of art groups and artists. Since that time, humanitarian cooperation has gradually intensified: joint events are held to coincide with significant historical dates of the SCO member countries, exchanges of students and faculty are practiced, and attempts are made to create joint training centers. In 2008, the SCO University was formed as a single network educational space based on universities conducting research in the areas of regional studies, IT technologies, nanotechnologies, energy, and ecology - by 2010, these are 53 universities from 5 SCO countries.
Relations are also developing in the field of art. Since 2005, exhibitions of children's drawings "Children draw fairy tales" have been held annually. The idea of the project initiators, which was to stimulate children's interest in the culture of neighboring countries, as well as national heritage through folk tales, was actively supported by the SCO Secretariat, which turned to representatives of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan with a proposal to organize a joint exhibition of children's drawings. The proposal received a wide response, and in June 2009 the vernissage of children's drawings presented by all SCO member countries was held for the twenty-first time.
Like other areas of interaction, humanitarian cooperation within the SCO has broad prospects.
Criticism of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is largely related to the failure of its activities, in particular in the fight against terrorism and the protection of regional security. Some foreign analysts (for example, Matthew Oresman from the American Center for Strategic and International Studies) suggest that the SCO is nothing more than a debating club that claims to be something more. The head of the Institute of Military History of the RF Ministry of Defense A A. Koltyukov, arguing that "an analysis of the results achieved by this Organization allows us to characterize it as a political club in which bilateral cooperation still prevails over the solution of regional and global problems. ... real cooperation in these areas counteracting the threats of terrorism, separatism and the fight against drug trafficking not seen at the regional level.
4. Participation of the Russian Federation in the SCO
In the context of the formation of a new system of international relations, building a collective system of regional security is a very urgent task. Considering various aspects of ensuring the regional security of Central Asia, special attention should be paid to the foreign policy dimension, which plays an important role in the safe development of states, taking into account the current growing interdependence in the globalizing space of international relations.
Based on the results of the 10-year existence of the SCO, it can be argued that the Organization has withstood the test of time. At present, there are no such centrifugal forces within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which, for example, are observed in the CIS. More can be said - in the post-Soviet space, the SCO has become the most powerful and promising organization for international cooperation. A serious challenge to the SCO during these years was the Russian-Georgian conflict in August 2008 and the riots in Kyrgyzstan in the summer of 2010.
However, the organization coped with them. At the moment, everything suggests that good Russian-Chinese relations in Central Asia will continue. They are a factor of stability, a deterrent to security threats in the region. And although there are some contradictions and frictions between the SCO states, outwardly the SCO looks like a rather monolithic structure: there is something that unites these states, even though the SCO member countries differ in many respects in terms of basic indicators. China and Russia account for 98% of the population and 97% of the total GDP of the integration association, however, despite the global financial crisis of the late 2000s, the mutual trade turnover of the SCO member countries is characterized by high growth dynamics. Among the SCO countries, China ($196 billion), Russia ($134.3 billion), Kazakhstan ($14.8 billion) and Uzbekistan ($2.4 billion) have a positive foreign trade balance. And although Russia's relative influence in the SCO is less than in the CIS, the SCO plays an important role for Russia in connecting China to multilateral cooperation in Central Asia, and in the future, other large countries in the region, such as India, Iran, Pakistan and Mongolia.
For the Central Asian states, where the unilateral influence of Russia or China is perceived with some concern, their joint presence within the SCO, where the Central Asian states themselves are equal members, and all issues are resolved by consensus, is the most effective mechanism for interaction.
List of used literature
en.wikipedia.org
Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Toward New Frontiers of Development
/ Comp.: A.F. Klimenko. - 1st. - M.: In-t Daln. Vost., 2008. - 400 p.
Interaction of Russia with China and other partners in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization / Anatoly Viktorovich Bolyatko. - 1st. - M.: In-t Daln. Vost. RAN, 2008. - 180 p.
I. N. Komissina; Kurtov A. A. Shanghai Cooperation Organization
// Kokarev K. A. Russia in Asia: problems of interaction: a collection of articles. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies, 2006. - S. 251
Shanghai organizations cooperation, Shanghai ...
Shanghai organization cooperation, state of the art
Abstract >> Economics... Shanghai organizations cooperation(2002), Multilateral Economic and Trade Program cooperation(2003), Five Year Declaration Shanghai organizations cooperation(2006) and others. Shanghai organization cooperation ...
Central Asia and Shanghai organization cooperation current trends and prospects
Abstract >> HistoryFrom each other. Central Asia and Shanghai organization cooperation In the Central Asian region, the military is acute ... only through the structures of the Shanghai organizations cooperation(SCO), which includes 4 states of Central Asia...
Organization the work of the public relations department on the example of JSC Sinarsky Pipe Plant
Thesis >> MarketingAnd maintaining communication, mutual understanding, location and cooperation between organization and her public. They include... travel" was dedicated to the summit of representatives Shanghai Organizations cooperation, which will take place in the Middle Urals ...
The main goals of the SCO include: strengthening mutual trust and good neighborliness between the member countries; promotion of their effective cooperation in the political, trade-economic, scientific-technical and cultural fields, as well as in the field of education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection and others; joint provision and maintenance of peace, security and stability in the region; moving towards the creation of a democratic, just and rational new international political and economic order.
The SCO observer states are India, Mongolia, Pakistan and Iran.
At the SCO summit in Dushanbe on August 28, 2008, the Regulations on the Status of the SCO Dialogue Partner were approved. Partner status is granted to a state or organization that shares the goals and principles of the SCO and wishes to establish relations of equal and mutually beneficial partnership with the Organization; or cooperating with the SCO in certain areas of activity.
Belarus and Sri Lanka currently have Dialogue Partner status.
The total area of the SCO member states is about 30.189 million square kilometers, which is 3/5 of the area of Eurasia, and the population is 1.5 billion people, which is 1/4 of the entire population of the globe.
The history of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization dates back to 1996. On April 26, 1996, the heads of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan met in Shanghai in order to develop a common position on the entire spectrum of problems of regional cooperation, as well as confidence-building measures in the military field. As a result of the forum, an "Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Sphere in the Joint Border Area" was signed.
In 1996-2000, the leaders of these countries (the "Shanghai Five") met in turn in Shanghai, Moscow, Alma-Ata, Bishkek and Dushanbe. The Dushanbe meeting in 2000 marked the end of the first round of meetings of the heads of state of the "Shanghai Five".
Based on the agreements on confidence-building in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area, concluded between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and Tajikistan, respectively, in 1996 and 1997, the SCO was formed.
At the meeting of the heads of five states on June 15, 2001 in Shanghai, the leaders of the "Shanghai Five" accepted Uzbekistan into their ranks. On the same day, a declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was signed.
At the summit in St. Petersburg on June 7, 2002, the SCO Charter was adopted (entered into force on September 19, 2003) - the basic statutory document that fixes the goals, principles, structure and main directions of the Organization's activities.
At the next SCO summit, held from May 28 to 29, 2003 in Moscow, the documentary formalization of the organization was completed: the Declaration of the Heads of State of the SCO Member States was signed, approving a set of documents regulating the work of the SCO statutory bodies and its financial mechanism.
An important step in strengthening the legal base of the association was the signing in Bishkek on August 16, 2007 of the Treaty on long-term good neighborliness, friendship and cooperation.
The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States (CHS). It meets once a year and takes decisions and instructions on all important issues of the organization.
The Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States (CGP) meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the organization, address fundamental and topical issues of economic and other cooperation, and also approves the annual budget of the organization.
In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CHP, there is also a mechanism for meetings at the level of heads of parliaments, secretaries of security councils, ministers of foreign affairs, defense, emergency situations, economy, transport, culture, education, healthcare, heads of law enforcement agencies, supreme and arbitration courts, prosecutors general. The Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States (CNC) serves as the coordination mechanism within the SCO. The organization has two permanent bodies - the Secretariat in Beijing under the leadership of the Secretary General and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent, headed by the Director.
The Secretary General and the Director of the Executive Committee are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a term of three years. Since January 1, 2010, these posts have been respectively occupied by Muratbek Imanaliev (Kyrgyzstan) and Dzhenisbek Dzhumanbekov (Kazakhstan).
The symbolism of the SCO includes a white flag with the emblem of the organization in the center. The coat of arms depicts two laurel wreaths on the sides, in the center is a symbolic image of the Eastern Hemisphere of the earth with the outlines of the earth's land, which is occupied by the "six", above and below - the inscription in Chinese and Russian: "Shanghai Cooperation Organization".
The official working languages are Russian and Chinese. The headquarters is located in Beijing (China).
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
(SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organization founded by the leaders of Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In June 2016, India and Pakistan were about to join the organization.
In June 2002, at the St. Petersburg summit of the SCO heads of state, the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed, which entered into force on September 19, 2003. This is the basic statutory document that fixes the goals and principles of the Organization, its structure and main activities.
An important step in strengthening the legal base of the association was the signing in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in August 2007 of the Treaty on long-term good neighborliness, friendship and cooperation.
In 2006, the organization announced plans to combat the international drug mafia as a financial backbone of terrorism in the world, and in 2008, it actively participated in the normalization of the situation in Afghanistan.
In parallel, the activities of the SCO received a broad economic focus. In September 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member states signed a 20-year program of multilateral trade and economic cooperation. As a long-term goal, it is envisaged to create a free trade zone in the SCO space, and in the short term, to intensify the process of creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment.
The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States (CHS). It determines the priorities and develops the main directions of the Organization's activities, resolves the fundamental issues of its internal structure and functioning, interaction with other states and international organizations, and also considers the most pressing international problems.
The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship at a meeting of the Council of Heads of State shall be carried out by the head of state — the organizer of the next meeting. The venue for the next meeting of the Council is determined, as a rule, in the Russian alphabetical order of the names of the SCO member states.
The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) adopts the budget of the Organization, considers and decides on the main issues related to specific, especially economic, areas of development of interaction within the framework of the Organization.
The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The meeting of the Council is chaired by the head of government (Prime Minister) of the state in whose territory the meeting is held. The venue of the next meeting of the Council is determined by prior agreement of the heads of government (prime ministers) of the Member States.
The Council of Foreign Ministers considers the current activities of the Organization, the preparation of a meeting of the Council of Heads of State and the holding of consultations within the framework of the Organization on International Problems. The Council may, if necessary, make statements on behalf of the SCO. The Council meets, as a rule, one month before the meeting of the Council of Heads of State.
Within the framework of the SCO, there is a mechanism of meetings at the level of heads of sectoral ministries and departments.
The most important economic structures -
Introduction.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), founded in June 2001, belongs to the regional integration groupings that are at the initial stage of their formation. At the same time, it is actually the direct successor of the "Shanghai Five". The "Shanghai Five", formed as a result of the signing of the Agreement on confidence-building in the military field in the border area (1996) between the PRC, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and the Agreement on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area (1997). The rapprochement of these countries was dictated primarily by the threat to the security of their border territories from the main source of instability in Central Asia - Afghanistan, where a civil war was going on between the troops of the Northern Coalition and the Taliban movement. Gradually, the range of issues expanded to the spheres of foreign policy, economics, environmental protection, including the use of water resources, culture, etc.
The countries, driven by the desire to ensure regional security and stability, resolve existing problems and jointly counter the increasing penetration of terrorist elements from Afghanistan, as well as religious extremism and separatism in Central Asia, saw the need to create a powerful regional grouping.
The solution of the most acute and urgent problems within the framework of the "five" and the deepening of all-round cooperation allowed the participants to reach an agreement on the further development of cooperation. In June 2001, the "Shanghai Five" was transformed into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the parties agreed on its charter and budget, and the ideological basis was the so-called "spirit of Shanghai" - mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, achievement of mutual understanding, voluntary agreement to adhere to the achieved agreements.
The creation of the SCO, which included states with a population of a quarter of the population and 60 percent of the territory of the Eurasian continent, two powers with nuclear weapons and gigantic economic potential - Russia and China, could not but attract the attention of the whole world. India, Pakistan, Mongolia, Iran have expressed their desire to take part in the activities of this association in one form or another, and an SCO contact group Afghanistan has been created. The international influence of the SCO is evidenced by the desire for cooperation with it by a number of international organizations, including the OSCE, the UN Anti-Terrorism Committee, etc.
The relevance of the course work: In today's unstable world, where our country faces many challenges in the political, economic, military and many other areas, it becomes vital to build good neighborly relations with border states. In this regard, the factor of integration interaction between the Russian Federation and the countries of this region at all its levels is of particular importance; Russia's participation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization seems especially promising.
The SCO, setting as its goals: strengthening mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness between member states, developing multidisciplinary cooperation in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and stability in the region, jointly countering terrorism, separatism and extremism in all their manifestations, combating illicit trafficking drugs and weapons, other types of transnational criminal activities, as well as illegal migration, promoting effective regional cooperation in political, trade and economic, defense, law enforcement, energy, transport, credit and financial and other areas of common interest, has great potential for development, and also correlates with the main directions of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. The development of integration between the SCO countries is of particular importance for residents of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, since it includes countries directly bordering these regions.
An object course work: Shanghai Cooperation Organization and prospects for further development of the SCO.
Subject course work: problems of the current state, interaction and communication within the framework of the integration grouping.
Chronological framework: the term paper considers the time period from the year of the formation of the "Shanghai Five" to the present.
The work put the following goals: study the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the current state of the SCO and the problems of developing further integration.
Based on the objectives, the course work puts the following tasks:
1. Give a general description of the structure of the SCO;
2. Study the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;
3. Determine the role of the SCO in the global system of international
Relationships;
4. Consider the prospects for the development of the SCO.
The following sources are used in the course work: forum materials on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, analytical reports of the MGIMO Scientific and Coordinating Council for International Studies, speeches by the heads of state of the SCO members, newspaper articles on the SCO, as well as declarations of the organization, the Treaty on Long-term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and cooperation between the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, materials of the SCO official website http://www.sectsco.org and the Internet resource http://www.infoshos.ru.
1. General characteristics of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Describing the SCO (Appendix No. 1) it is necessary, first of all, to consider for what purpose and for what purpose this organization was created. Of decisive importance for the process of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is the existence of external threats and challenges to the well-being, stability and security of the states of the region, primarily in the face of the escalation of terrorism and extremism, as well as economic problems in a world undergoing difficult processes of globalization.
According to this, the SCO sets itself the task of strengthening mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness between member states; development of multidisciplinary cooperation in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and stability in the region, to promote the construction of a new democratic, just and rational political and economic international order; joint counteraction to terrorism, separatism and extremism in all their manifestations, combating drug and arms trafficking, other types of transnational criminal activity, as well as illegal migration; encouragement of effective regional cooperation in political, trade and economic, defense, law enforcement, environmental protection, cultural, scientific and technical, educational, energy, transport, credit and financial and other areas of common interest; promotion of comprehensive and balanced economic growth, social and cultural development in the region through joint actions based on equal partnership in order to steadily improve the level and improve the living conditions of the peoples of the Member States; coordination of approaches to integration into the world economy; promoting the provision of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the international obligations of the Member States and their national legislation; maintenance and development of relations with other states and international organizations; interaction in the prevention of international conflicts and their peaceful settlement; joint search for solutions to problems that will arise in the twenty-first century.
1 .one. History of the development of the SCO.
The creation of the "Shanghai Five", and then the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Appendix No. 2) was due to a number of problems that arose, after the collapse of the USSR, the most important of them were border issues, as well as cooperation in the border zone. It was necessary to come to a common solution to these issues, first of all, with the dynamically developing and gaining strength of China. Since during the existence of the Soviet Union these problems were not given sufficient attention and, as a result, over the years they have accumulated a large conflict potential, so for Russia and other states of the former USSR that had just gained independence, an early search for ways to develop cooperation was necessary. To resolve these issues, the only possible path was chosen - the peaceful settlement of disputed problems on the basis of consensus and taking into account mutual interests.
The foundations of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization were laid at a meeting of the Deputy Foreign Ministers of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan in Minsk on September 8, 1992. The implementation of these complex tasks, met with understanding in Beijing, however, took four years.
The main "generator" of the processes taking place within the framework of the "Shanghai Five" is Russian-Chinese cooperation and dialogue between the two largest states of the world, which has acquired a positive character in recent years. The leaders of the countries of the association began to meet regularly to jointly solve the urgent problems of the region. The main result of the first meeting (1996) of the "Shanghai Five" was the signing by the presidents of five countries of the Agreement on confidence-building measures in the military field in the area of the joint border. On April 24, 1997, at the second summit in Moscow, the leaders of the "five" signed a five-sided Agreement on the mutual reduction of armed forces and armaments on the joint border (near the border of China and other countries participating in the summit). The document defined a mechanism for strict control over the observance of obligations on non-build-up of troops in the border area.
The agreements reached during the two meetings set a precedent for the peaceful resolution of territorial disputes.
On July 3, 1998, the third meeting of the Shanghai Five took place in Alma-Ata. A meeting designed to give this kind of summits a regular character. The main topic of the Alma-Ata meeting, at the suggestion of the Chinese side, was the expansion of cooperation in the field of regional security and trade and economic exchange. During the meeting, the foreign ministers of the participating countries signed a joint five-sided statement, in which they reaffirmed their commitment to the principles of good neighborliness. It fixes an agreement to actively develop consultations on security issues, to which all the interested states of the region could join. They also considered a wide range of issues relating both to general problems of international security and to specific areas of bilateral and regional cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. The final document was signed by the ministers of foreign affairs. In the negotiations on economic issues, the greatest attention was paid to multilateral projects in the field of energy.
Thus, the issues considered by the Shanghai Five have gone beyond border issues and now began to cover a much “broader” sphere, including both politics and economics and the development of cooperation in other areas, which is especially important to consider the problems of international security.
On August 24-25, 1999, the fourth meeting of the heads of the five states-participants of the Shanghai (1996) and Moscow (1997) agreements on building confidence in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area took place in Bishkek. The meeting was attended by President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin, President of China Jiang Zemin, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, President of the Kyrgyz Republic A. Akaev, President of the Republic of Tajikistan E. Rakhmonov. As a follow-up to the agreements in principle reached at the meeting in Alma-Ata on July 3, 1998, concrete directions for expanding multilateral cooperation have been outlined. During this meeting, the "Agreement between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic on the junction point of the state borders of the three states" was signed.
Particular attention was paid to the issues of restoring the significance of the Great Silk Road, which passed through the territory of all the states of the "Shanghai Five".
The final document of the summit was the "Bishkek Declaration", signed by the heads of five states.
The summit in Bishkek practically coincided with the invasion of foreign gangs into the territory of Kyrgyzstan, in connection with which all participants of the meeting expressed their unanimous support for the measures taken by the Kyrgyz leadership to counter extremists.
The summit in Bishkek practically coincided with the invasion of foreign gangs into the territory of Kyrgyzstan, in connection with which all the participants of the meeting expressed their unanimous support for the measures taken by the Kyrgyz leadership to counter extremists.
It is possible that this event prompted the states of the "Shanghai Five" to pay special attention to the need to deepen cooperation in the field of combating international terrorism and religious extremism.
This trend was especially pronounced at the fifth summit of the "Shanghai Five" on July 6, 2000 in Dushanbe.
The main result of the Dushanbe meeting was the development of common approaches in the fight against extremism and terrorism, which have become a real threat to the security of all states in the region without exception.
President of Uzbekistan I. Karimova took part in the summit as an observer. Uzbekistan, thus, joined the process of searching for joint measures to counter religious extremism and international terrorism.
Taking into account the prospective expansion of the number of participants in the organization, President of Tajikistan E. Rakhmonov put forward an initiative to rename it into the "Shanghai Forum".
The “Dushanbe Declaration” adopted at the end of the meeting expressed the determination of the members of the “five” to prevent the use of their territories for activities “damaging the sovereignty, security and public order of any of the five states.”
The document also emphasized the desire of the parties to turn the "Shanghai Five" into a "regional structure of multilateral cooperation in various fields."
Joint work at the summits made it possible to create an atmosphere of what has become known as the "Shanghai spirit" - to develop an atmosphere of mutual trust, through the first experience of mutual consultations to come to a consensus mechanism and voluntary agreement to implement the provisions of the agreements reached. Gradually, the range of issues expanded to the spheres of foreign policy, economics, environmental protection, including the use of water resources, culture, etc. All this led to the need to formalize the system of summits and consultations into a new regional association.
Concrete actions in this direction were taken at the summit of the association's members held on June 14-15, 2001 in Shanghai.
The heads of state adopted a "Joint Statement" on the entry of Uzbekistan into the Shanghai Forum as a full participant.
At the same time, it must be borne in mind that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was not created because another state was admitted to it. Time presented new challenges: terrorism, extremism, separatism.
The signing of the "Declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization" symbolizes the association's reaching a qualitatively new, higher level, and significantly increases the authority of this organization in the region and in the world as a whole. The SCO is an organization that emerged from the desire of states to jointly resolve issues of mutual security and confidence-building measures and subsequently extended its interests to the spheres of political, economic, cultural and humanitarian cooperation.
1 .2. Organizational structure of the SCO.
In the course of subsequent summits, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization began to take on concrete outlines and structure. In June 2002, the second meeting of the heads of the SCO member states was held in St. Petersburg, at which three documents were signed - the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Agreement between the SCO member states on the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure and the Declaration of the Heads of State of the SCO Member States. The guidelines for the development of the SCO proclaimed in the Declaration were legally fixed in the Charter. The charter gives the "six" the status of an international organization and is the basic document that defines, along with the main areas of cooperation, the internal structure and mechanism for forming a common course and building relationships with other countries and organizations.
In May 2003, the third meeting of the heads of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization took place in Moscow. During the summit, the leaders of the states adopted a number of agreements that determined the final status of the SCO and the procedure for its functioning.
The heads of the six member states approved and signed the Agreement on the Formation and Execution of the SCO Budget, Regulations on the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States, Regulations on the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the SCO Member States, Regulations on the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Member States SCO, Regulations on the Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States, Regulations on Meetings of Heads of Ministries and/or Departments of the SCO Member States, Regulations on the SCO Secretariat, Regulations of the Executive Committee of the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure and Regulations on the Permanent Representatives of the SCO Member States to the SCO Secretariat , approved the candidacy of the first Executive Secretary, Ambassador Zhang Deguang (Appendix No. 3) and symbols of the SCO, as well as signed and published the Declaration of the Heads of State of the SCO Member States.
All the main structures of the SCO began full-fledged work in January 2004. By this time, the construction of the headquarters in Beijing and the preparatory work of the embassies of the member countries in Beijing to ensure the activities of the secretariat in the initial period of work have been completed. The list of major organs includes:
Council of Heads of State– annual SCO summits in the capitals of the participating countries.
Council of Heads of Government .
Council of Foreign Ministers(CMFA) - the first meeting was held in November 2002. It precedes summit meetings, coordinates the positions of participants and prepares key documents for signing by heads of state, and also accepts its own appeals (on the early adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on the Suppression of International Terrorism and the Convention on the Suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism in 2002).
Meetings of heads of ministries and departments- The first meetings of defense ministers were held back in 2000 within the framework of the "five", since then they have been held on a regular basis.
Secretariat(Beijing) - its number is up to 40 people, started work in 2004. January 15 - The official opening ceremony of the SCO Secretariat was held, which was attended by Member of the State Council of the PRC Tang Jiaxuan, Foreign Ministers and National Coordinators of six member states, representatives of the UN, EU, OSCE, CIS and other international organizations, members of the diplomatic corps in Beijing, heads of Chinese departments.
It is necessary to highlight the presence of representatives of a number of influential international organizations, which emphasizes the significance of the actions and decisions of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization for the entire world community and, first of all, for the Eurasian space.
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, also formed in 2004, thus creating both permanent bodies, the SCO has already fully started normal activities.
For a more complete reflection of all the structures of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a table is attached. (Appendix No. 4) .
2. SCO in the world system of international relations.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization brings together states that hold similar views on world development trends and are ready to jointly seek coordinated approaches to solving international and regional problems. Its other task is to strengthen regional economic and cultural cooperation. The SCO does not oppose itself to anyone, it is aimed at a positive solution of specific problems in the interests of member countries.
The Declaration of the Shanghai Summit (June 2006) states: “The key to the successful development of the SCO is that it is invariably guided and steadily follows the “Shanghai spirit”, which is characterized by mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultations, respect for diversity. cultures, the desire for joint development. All this is extremely important for the world community to search for a new, non-confrontational model of interstate relations that would exclude the thinking of the Cold War era and stand above ideological differences.”
Attempts to oppose the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to the West or create an anti-American bloc on its basis are doomed to failure, since this contradicts the fundamental interests of the participating states interested in cooperation with the West in many areas. However, acting primarily in the interests of the association's members, the SCO periodically encounters misunderstanding and even hostility from those who see the world as unipolar and pass off their interests as universal.
The activity of the organization does not negate or belittle the mechanisms of cooperation already developed by the Member States with other countries or groups of countries. The task of the SCO is to create additional areas of cooperation that did not previously exist or are impossible outside its framework. The fate of the organization depends on how broad these areas will be, as well as whether it can convince states of its ability to succeed.
The SCO approaches the problems of international security from a much broader position than the United States and its allies. If Washington prioritizes military strikes against international terrorist centers and pressure on states that support terrorism, then, from the point of view of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, international terrorism is directly linked to separatism and religious extremism. Thus, while coordinating their activities with the United States, the SCO member countries are acting according to their own program, closely linking the antiterrorist struggle with ensuring their territorial integrity and guaranteeing the preservation of secular regimes in power in Central Asia.
Another area in which the Shanghai Cooperation Organization does not share the American approach is the fight against drug trafficking. There is a strong opinion in the participating states that the situation with the production of drugs in Afghanistan after the arrival of the anti-terrorist coalition troops there has deteriorated significantly, and the new authorities of Kabul and the foreign military units supporting them are unwilling or unable to correct this situation. The influx of Afghan drugs into neighboring countries has increased and poses a serious threat to their security. The Agreement on Cooperation in Combating Illegal Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, signed at the Tashkent Summit in June 2004, acquires great importance.
In connection with the latest events taking place in the world economy, it is necessary to pay special attention to the policy of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in this direction.
In the current conditions, regional economic cooperation comes to the fore. Moreover, the future of the SCO depends precisely on the ability to establish economic cooperation. Only on the basis of a common economic interest are such politically different countries able to create a permanent and effective mechanism for cooperation. Speaking at the First Eurasian Economic Forum, held by the SCO Secretariat jointly with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and the China Development Bank in the Chinese city of Xi'an in November 2005, Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China, noted that the countries of Eurasia have advantages geographic proximity and great economic complementarity, have extensive areas of cooperation and broad prospects. In this regard, he called, based on mutual respect, the principles of equality, mutual benefit and openness, to fully identify the role of the SCO and other regional organizations in a more dynamic and sustainable growth of the economies of the countries of the region.
Participation in the SCO has opened up new opportunities for economic integration between the member states of this organization. Indeed, the territory of the SCO member states covers both the European and Asian continents, the region has the richest resources and a huge market, so the potential for the development of trade and economic cooperation is unusually high.
Formally, work is underway. Many documents have been adopted that complement and develop each other: Memorandum on the main goals and directions of regional economic cooperation (2001), Program of multilateral trade and economic cooperation until 2020 (2003), Action plan for the implementation of this program (2004), Mechanism for implementing the Action Plan (2005). Meetings of the Council of Heads of State are held annually, at which plans for economic cooperation are considered, etc. Legislation is being harmonized, economic forums are being held, the Business Council and the SCO Interbank Association have been formed, the idea of creating an Energy Club has been put forward (however, things have not yet gone further than the idea).
However, no project has yet been brought to the implementation stage. All reports of representatives of the ministries responsible for economic cooperation (in Russia - the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, in China - the Ministry of Commerce) boil down to listing bilateral or (much less often) multilateral projects that, in fact, have only the relation to the SCO that they involve member countries. None of them is a project involving the SCO itself, they are only bureaucratically rewritten into reports.
Even two so-called "priority pilot projects" in the field of foreign economic and foreign trade activities, approved at a ministerial meeting in August 2006 in Tashkent, began to be implemented even before the connection of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. We are talking about the highways Volgograd - Astrakhan - Atyrau - Beineu - Kungrad and Aktau - Beineu - Kungrad as part of the international transport corridor E-40 with the construction of a bridge over the Kigach River (coordinator - Uzbekistan), as well as the development of the transport route Osh - Sarytash - Irkeshtam - Kashgar with the construction of a transshipment terminal in Kashgar for the organization of multimodal transportation (coordinator - China). And yet now the SCO will be given a more significant role in these projects.
Representatives of government agencies usually explain the slow launch of real cooperation mechanisms by the complexity of the decision-making process in an international organization, where everyone has their own interests and it takes a lot of time to agree on a common position. But there are other motives and factors hindering economic cooperation within the SCO, which will be discussed in the next chapter.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization and United States of America.
It is impossible to fully reflect the position of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the international system without considering the relations of the SCO with the United States of America.
At first, the US did not attach any serious importance to the Shanghai process. Some assigned the SCO the role of a discussion club, and nothing more. Others saw it as an attempt by Moscow and Beijing to expand influence in Central Asia, but believed that it was doomed to failure, since both countries have insufficient resources and their interests largely contradict each other. However, after the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was sufficiently consolidated and many states of the region expressed their desire to join it, the attitude changed.
The SCO first attracted serious attention in 2005, when one of Washington's main opponents, Iran, as well as close US partners India and Pakistan, received observer status. (Another closely cooperating state with the United States, Mongolia, gained this status in 2006, and even such longtime allies of Washington as South Korea and Turkey expressed interest.) But the declaration adopted by the Council of Heads of State in Astana in June 2005. It contained an appeal to the members of the anti-terrorist coalition to determine "the deadlines for the temporary use of ... infrastructure facilities and the presence of military contingents on the territories of the SCO member countries," "taking into account the completion of the active military phase of the anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan."
The initiative to include this clause in the declaration came from Uzbekistan, whose leadership was disappointed by the US proposal to launch an independent investigation into the events of May 2005 in Andijan. But concern about the American presence in Central Asia is characteristic of all member states. They tend to consider the introduction of foreign troops pragmatically, as a measure necessary for the fight against terrorism. The fear is caused by the fact that the United States can use its unlimited military presence not only for the purposes of this struggle, but also pursuing its own selfish plans at the expense of the states of the region.
Uzbekistan stands out against this background in that it generally decided to change its policy of cooperation with the US and the West in general and focus more on Moscow, Beijing and the SCO, which are less concerned about human rights issues. At the request of Tashkent, the American military base was withdrawn from Khanabad. The agreement on its creation, as is known, was reached at the peak of the US-Uzbek rapprochement after the events of September 11, 2001, in order to ensure the actions of the anti-terrorist coalition troops in Afghanistan.
Be that as it may, the Americans' somewhat dismissive attitude towards the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has changed. The reaction followed immediately. On July 19, 2005, the House of Representatives of the US Congress passed a resolution expressing concern over the above-mentioned SCO declaration. In October 2005, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, urging the leadership in Bishkek to retain the international force base at Manas and even allow US personnel withdrawn from Khanabad to be transferred to Kyrgyzstan.
Perhaps an even more important result of this visit was the emergence of the concept of a Greater Central Asia. Its origins are usually found in the article "Partnership for Central Asia", written by Frederick Starr, head of the Institute for Central Asia and the Caucasus at the Graduate School of International Studies. Paul Nitze at Johns Hopkins University.
The main idea of the article is the creation of the Partnership for Cooperation and Development of Greater Central Asia (GCCA), a regional forum for planning, coordinating and implementing a series of US programs. According to Starr, a partnership that promotes trade growth, cooperation and the gradual democratization of the region is made possible by the fact that progress in Afghanistan has created a wonderful opportunity not only for this country, but also for the rest of Central Asia. The United States, Starr believes, now has a chance to help transform Afghanistan and the entire region into a zone of secure sovereign states with viable market economies, secular and open government systems that would maintain good relations with the United States.
In such a partnership, the role of Russia and China would be insignificant. True, Frederick Starr does not rule out that they could join him, having made a significant financial contribution. The possibility of Iran's entry was completely ruled out, unlike Pakistan, and India and Turkey "along with the United States would become unofficial guarantors of sovereignty and stability in the region." Thus, through Afghanistan, the Central Asian states could establish close ties with India and Pakistan, which would diversify international cooperation and weaken the focus on Moscow and Beijing.
On June 13, 2006, just a few days before the SCO summit in Shanghai, the US Trade and Development Agency held the Electricity Across Borders forum in Istanbul. Participants from Central and South Asia presented there the largest new energy infrastructure projects in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Representatives of Russia and China were not invited. Obviously, the forum was supposed to demonstrate the new role of the US and Turkey in the development of cooperation between the states of Central and South Asia.
The idea of a Greater Central Asia has caused mixed reactions in the Central Asian states themselves, indifference in Moscow and unease in China. Kazakh Foreign Minister Kassymzhomart Tokayev positively assessed its possible role as a stimulus for scientific discussions, but stressed that his country gives priority to cooperation within the SCO. An expert from Kyrgyzstan, Muratbek Imanaliev, concluded that in Central Asia the new project is considered American, which may cause concern in Moscow and Beijing.
But the most sharply expressed in Beijing. The People's Daily, an official organ of the ruling Communist Party of China, commented that the United States was determined to use energy, transportation and infrastructure as bait to separate Central Asia from the post-Soviet system of dominance. In this way, they will be able to shift the internal strategic focus of Central Asia from the current partnership focused on Russia and China to cooperative relations with the states of South Asia. They are able to destroy Russia's long-term dominance in the Central Asian region, divide and disintegrate the integrity of the SCO, and gradually establish American dominance in the new space of Central and South Asia. However, in the long run, the United States, by creating a "new hot oven", may strategically underestimate other major powers and present the Central Asian states with a choice.
Recently, the situation in Afghanistan has become more complicated, which required the deployment of additional coalition forces there. In this regard, the implementation of the concept of Greater Central Asia in its pure form is much more difficult. At the same time, the American activation in the Central Asian direction, the active participation of representatives of the states of the region, including high-ranking ones, in events carried out in line with the policy of the United States, indicates the emergence of a new situation. The result of insufficient attention to it may be a decrease in the role of the SCO and a weakening of interest in cooperation among some member states, hoping to receive more economic assistance in other ways. This would make it difficult to pursue the general course of Russian foreign policy aimed at building a multipolar world and strengthening interaction in Asia.
The situation should not be dramatized. The US political position in Central Asia, especially after the complications of its relations with Uzbekistan, has been significantly undermined. In most Central Asian states, it is understood that the political orientation towards Washington creates many internal problems. And yet, the image of the United States and other Western countries as successful and wealthy states capable of providing significant financial and economic assistance and in this respect more effective than politically closer Russia and China remains high. In some Central Asian public circles, the economically efficient, politically secular and - to varying degrees - rather harsh regimes of such culturally close states as Turkey and Pakistan, as well as an economically growing India that can create an alternative to a rapidly rising China, are also highly valued. Insufficient activity of the SCO in the economic direction, its slowness in decision-making, as well as its adamant position on non-expansion of membership in it complicates the situation.
Thus, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization determined the goals of its functioning, developed a clear structure of its internal organization, and also determined the main ways of interaction with other organizations and individual countries. The SCO also managed to take its rightful place in the system of international relations, becoming its significant part and having real opportunities to influence the processes taking place both in Central Asia and on a global scale.
3. Problems and prospects for the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
The relatively young age of the organization shows that the SCO is at the initial stage of its development, and it will still have a long way to go to effectively achieve its goals. All SCO member countries need to maintain stability and security both internally and along the perimeter of external borders, intensify the solution of socio-economic and other tasks, jointly counter emerging threats and challenges to their existence (both in the military-political and humanitarian, spiritual, economic spheres), which gives the organization an additional demand.
At the same time, disproportions in economic development, location and condition of road and telecommunications infrastructure, different levels of stability of national currencies, incompleteness of political transformations in most member countries, the presence of customs and other barriers between them, remain serious obstacles for the SCO as a component of the emerging Asian security. growing problem of illegal migration. Finally, the energy factor can play both a positive, unifying role (remember the initiative to create an Energy Club within the SCO) and provoke an aggravation of relations between major exporters and importers of fuel and energy resources (Russia, Kazakhstan). We should not forget about such an important and potentially conflict-forming factor as the environmental one.
But the most important obstacle for the SCO seems to be the contradictions in setting priorities in the work of the organization between its largest states - Russia and China. If for the PRC the vector of economic cooperation is of paramount importance, then for the Russian Federation, maintaining stability in the region and combating terrorism and extremism, illegal migration, arms trafficking, and drug trafficking remain priorities. And if the participating countries are faced with a choice between economy and security, then it is likely that not all of them, due to heterogeneity and differences in policy priorities, will choose the same aspect. This can certainly lead to deadlock. There is also no unanimous opinion regarding the admission of new members of the organization: someone is set to accept (for example, Russia), someone is categorically against it (Kazakhstan). As K. L. Syroezhkin correctly notes, “the SCO lacks stability both in relation to each other, and there is no unity in relation to the development of the organization and its priorities”, which can have completely unpredictable (including negative) consequences.
The SCO strives for the universality of its actions through the implementation of various tasks, but so far, apart from the sphere of combating terrorism, it has not created either legislative or institutional mechanisms for their implementation. But such a desire without proper preparation can lead either to a loss of efficiency of the entire organization, or to unjustified distortions in specific segments and cooperation programs.
At the same time, military cooperation within the framework of the SCO has good prospects. So far, it is not developing very quickly, although there are some achievements: defense ministers meet, joint exercises are regularly held. However, according to experts, it is expedient to substantively consider the issue of creating the SCO Rapid Response Force, capable of taking full responsibility for security in the region, so that the presence of extra-regional military contingents to stabilize the situation in Central Asia becomes unnecessary. The SCO peacekeeping forces would also have great prospects. The fact is that the presence of both American troops (albeit under the brand name of the “anti-terrorist coalition”) and Russian troops (including under the auspices of the Collective Security Treaty Organization) is perceived by some circles in the states of Central Asia with fear as an attempt by major powers to establish or regain your influence. Chinese troops in the region could also provoke a similar reaction. At the same time, the same Russian and Chinese troops, as part of the peacekeeping forces of a new dynamic organization in which there is no one dominant force, would be perceived in a completely different way.
The second direction in which the SCO member states have their own and invariably unified approach is the fight against the production and sale of drugs. In these states, there is a strong opinion that the situation with the production of drugs in Afghanistan with the arrival of the troops of the anti-terrorist coalition has rather worsened, because the new authorities of Afghanistan are not able to radically change the state of affairs and the flow of drugs to neighboring countries is only increasing, posing a serious threat to their security. Currently, within the framework of the SCO, work has been completed on a draft agreement on cooperation in the fight against illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
Another promising area of cooperation, which is becoming more and more distinct, is the economy. The general directions of interaction in this area are formulated in the long-term program of multilateral economic cooperation until 2020, adopted at the first meeting of the Council of Heads of Government on September 23, 2003. A number of proposals were put forward at a meeting of experts in Beijing in November 2003.
Within the framework of the organization, a business council has been created, which includes representatives of not only government agencies, but also business. With its help, under the auspices of the SCO, on the basis of a tender, it is planned to implement large projects that are significant for the national economy of all or several member countries (following the example of UN projects), which will have a great practical and demonstration effect, allowing ordinary citizens to feel real and quite tangible benefits from functioning of the organization. Large companies would also show interest in the SCO as a serious customer. In this direction, projects in the field of infrastructure (for example, transport corridors) and nature protection, especially water use, the most acute problem of Central Asia, can receive the greatest support. However, for the implementation of such projects of a small SCO budget of 3.8 million dollars. The US is clearly not enough. To increase it or attract other sources of financing, the creation of the SCO Investment Fund, which should finance joint projects, may be of particular importance.
Of course, not without over-optimistic forecasts. For example, columnist E. Windisch believes that in the long term, the SCO can turn into a counterbalance to both NATO and OPEC for two reasons: 1) due to the obvious weakness of the UN, the OSCE and other crisis management institutions, which, after the end of the wars are at a loss, trying to define their role in a changed world and belatedly responding to new threats of terrorism, arms smuggling and environmental disasters; 2) due to a radical change in the paradigm of Russia's foreign policy, which returned to the region.
Such countries as India, Iran, Pakistan, and Mongolia show great interest in the activities of the SCO. The issue of expansion is “frozen” for the time being, but such a possibility cannot be ruled out in the future.
Expansion of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Enlargement is one of the main problems facing the SCO. To date, this problem is of decisive importance, since the SCO, firstly, proclaimed itself an organization open to other states. Secondly, up to a certain stage of its development, the SCO can realize the potential of its expansion. In the future, if other states comply with its guidelines, the SCO will not long limit their desire to join the organization. It can be concluded that in the event of successful development of the SCO, many states in the future will express a desire to share the interests of this organization.
Thus, the expansion of the SCO is of decisive importance, and the admission of new states will not only change the number of member countries, but also change a number of aspects of the SCO's activities. It can be said that the expansion of the SCO will further strengthen and consolidate the organization and bring it to a new level. But this expansion may also lead it down a path of weakening and stagnation. Therefore, the expansion of the SCO is not a technical, but a political issue, and it is necessary to demonstrate all the possibilities of expansion.
Further expansion of the SCO may somewhat strengthen the aspects of political geography, from this point of view it is important to expand the SCO in the direction of the peripheral states of Central Asia. Here are such states as Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, the states of the Caucasus, Pakistan, India, etc. Theoretically, these states are potential participants in the expanding SCO. However, for a number of internal and external reasons, the accession opportunities of these states are very heterogeneous.
Turkmenistan, a state located in Central Asia, is the only one in the region that has not joined the SCO. In all respects, this is the closest state to the SCO policy, which has the most tolerant character. However, Turkmenistan pursues a policy of neutrality and does not participate in regional organizations, which is contrary to the SCO guidelines. Besides. Turkmenistan does not express a desire to join the SCO. If in the future Turkmenistan changes its policy towards the SCO, it has every opportunity to join the organization.
Mongolia- The SCO has no particular disagreements regarding this state. In 2004, Mongolia became the first observer country in the SCO. On the other hand, there are no factors of terrorism, separatism, extremism in Mongolia, and this country cannot have a significant impact on the anti-terrorist activities of the SCO. From a geopolitical point of view, Mongolia is considered a state of Northeast Asia and the priority of its policy is focused on international processes in this region.
In relation to the SCO, Mongolia has a unique geopolitical significance. In the northern and southern directions, it borders on Russia and China. In the western and eastern directions - with the countries of Northeast and Central Asia. Thus, it can adjoin all of the above directions. If Mongolia joins the SCO, this will help establish ties with the entire region and create favorable prerequisites for interaction between the SCO member countries in Northeast Asia. Thus, Mongolia has a vital strategic potential in relations with the SCO and is the most important factor in the further development of the SCO.
India and Pakistan show interest in the SCO. These two states are important elements of the international and regional antiterrorist structure. Terrorist organizations operate on the territory of both states, in addition, due to the geographical proximity of South and Central Asia, terrorist organizations here have close relationships, sometimes forming a single whole. Therefore, India and Pakistan will easily find a common language with the SCO in the fight against terrorism.
From the point of view of economic cooperation, South Asia has access to the Indian Ocean, and China, Russia and the countries of Central Asia are interested in exporting their goods through the Indian Ocean. India and Russia have already created a South-North corridor linking Russia with the Indian Ocean, and the countries of Central Asia are considering India and Pakistan as one of the ways to access the sea. Therefore, in the sphere of economic cooperation, India and Pakistan can quite easily integrate into the SCO.
These two countries have a certain weight on the world stage, so their possible entry into the SCO will expand the scope of the organization in the areas of politics, economics, security, cross-border cooperation, demography, culture and others.
But if India and Pakistan join the SCO, a number of problems may arise:
If India joins the SCO alone, it will have a negative impact on stability in South Asia. If only Pakistan enters, this will complicate internal relations between the SCO member states. If they enter at the same time, then without a significant improvement in their bilateral relations, the SCO itself will become a victim of Indian-Pakistani contradictions and mutual attacks.
Both South and Central Asia are part of a vast region with sharp contradictions and complex issues. The accession of India and Pakistan to the SCO may lead to the fact that the center of geopolitical influence of the SCO will shift.
Since both of these countries have nuclear weapons, their admission to the SCO could lead to a dead end in the SCO's efforts to control nuclear weapons.
The specifics of the position of India and Pakistan in the international arena at the present time is such that it is impossible to predict whether these countries will be able to fit into the framework of the SCO.
Iran historically has close ties with the region of Central Asia, it maintains constant ties with the countries - members of the SCO. In addition, the positions of the SCO and Iran on the issue of the Afghan Taliban also coincide. But Iran is located far to the west of the region, and there is a certain geopolitical distance between it and the SCO countries.
Iran is pursuing an independent foreign and domestic policy, which is quite difficult to link with the political line of the SCO. Relations between Iran and the US are very tense, the US has blacklisted Iran, and it is difficult to predict how this confrontation will end. Therefore, the possible entry of Iran into the SCO may lead to a number of problems.
Afghanistan, a country that is most directly related to the security of Central Asia. Even if the Taliban movement is completely eliminated, the greatest threat to the security of the Central Asian states will still come from Afghanistan. That is why the Afghan problem is an object of special attention for the SCO. In 2004, Afghan President Hamit Karzai participated in the SCO summit, during which it was announced that the SCO was paying special attention to the situation in Afghanistan.
However, there are currently many obstacles to Afghanistan's entry into the SCO. The first problem is the US protectionist line towards Afghanistan, which can directly affect the decision on SCO membership. Secondly, the admission of Afghanistan to the SCO would mean that the organization assumes responsibility for achieving security and economic recovery in Afghanistan, while it is not known whether the SCO will have enough resources to achieve these goals. Nevertheless, in the future, with favorable developments in the situation, Afghanistan may well reach the level of compliance with the criteria for membership in the SCO.
There is no doubt that the SCO is a worthy example of a strategic partnership aimed at strengthening regional security, economic progress and expanding integration in various fields while maintaining the national and cultural characteristics of the participating countries. An example capable of turning over time into a model for building a multipolar post-Yalta system of international relations, a balanced, fair and efficient system. Accordingly, the role of the organization in the emerging Asian and world security systems, the search for solutions to global problems becomes all the more valuable.
Conclusion.
7 years after its establishment, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was originally organized as a multilateral mechanism solely for building confidence-building measures in the military field in the border area, has turned into an influential structure for multilateral cooperation in various fields of mutual interest, and makes a significant contribution to the formation of an Asian The Pacific region is a cooperative system of regional security based on the equal cooperation of the participating countries.
From the concept of common security characteristic of the first stage of the institutionalization of the SCO (1996-2001), the organization evolved to support the concept of security based on cooperation, at the same time it transformed from a discussion club, a high-level forum into a full-fledged international organization with a formalized legal status and many areas of activity .
Within the framework of the Shanghai Five, and then the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a number of important documents were signed that made it possible to create a legal framework for cooperation between the countries of the Central Asian region, to ensure the coordination of their foreign policy and efforts in the fight against terrorism and extremism, and to determine the main and main directions of the organization's work. Among the documents are the Agreement on confidence-building in the military field in the border area (1996), the Agreement on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area (1997), the Bishkek (1999) and Dushanbe (2000) declarations, the Declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2001) , Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism (2001), Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2002), Program of Multilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation (2003), Declaration of the Five Years of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2006), etc.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization has gradually created a set of mechanisms and agreements to properly ensure stability, stability and security in the region. This gives grounds, despite a number of problems and contradictions between the participants in the vision of the priorities of the work of the SCO, to formulate a cautiously optimistic forecast regarding the prospects for its development.
Trade and economic cooperation is also intensively developing on the basis of mutual benefit and interest. Contacts in the humanitarian sphere are deepening, cultural cooperation is being activated. The SCO is also actively building up external relations, and the authority of the organization is growing. Established official relations with international regional organizations such as the UN, ASEAN, CIS.
Thus, the SCO has achieved significant success in its activities. Its creation influenced not only the expansion of China's border issues with neighboring countries, but also to a large extent contributed to peace and stability in the region, curbing terrorism, separatism and extremism, strengthening economic interconnections, interaction in the industrial, energy, humanitarian spheres between the member countries of the organization. . At the same time, the organization is not a military alliance, but an effective, workable model of regional cooperation based not on friendship against a common enemy, but on mutual trust, mutually beneficial cooperation, joint initiative and security priority.
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18. Luzyanin S.G., Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Model 2008. [electronic resource]. - access mode: http://www.perspektivy.info/oykumena/krug/shanchayskaya_organisaciya_2008-3-28.htm
19. Windisch E., In the long term, the SCO wants to become a counterbalance to NATO and OPEC. LentaCom.Ru: Vseros. social-polit. internet gas. [electronic resource]. - access mode: http://www.lentacom.ru/comments/3143.html
20. Zhao Huasheng, Some problems of the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. [electronic resource]. - access mode: http://www.infoshos.ru/?idn=429
21. Yakusheva Yu: Problems and prospects for the expansion of the SCO. [electronic resource]. - access mode: http://www.ia-centr.ru/expert/585/
22. Vartanyan A.M. Why does Iran need membership in the SCO? [electronic resource]. - access mode: http://www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2007/29-08-07a.htm
23. Labetskaya K., Substantial work with the SCO observer countries has not yet developed. [electronic resource]. - access mode: http://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/0/8041.html
24. Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, [electronic resource]. - access mode: www.mid.ru
25. Zhang Deguang: biography, [electronic resource]. - access mode: www.peoples.ru/state/politics/chzhan_deguan/
26. "People's Daily", Wen Jiabao's visits to the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and participation in the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO member states, [electronic resource]. - access mode: http//Russian.people.com.cn./31521/6525199.html
Applications.
Application No. 1
Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the world map.
The SCO member states are marked in dark green
Light green indicates countries with observer status.
Application №2
Brief information about the SCO
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is a permanent intergovernmental international organization, the establishment of which was announced on June 15, 2001 in Shanghai (PRC) by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was preceded by the Shanghai Five mechanism.
The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States (CHS). It meets once a year and takes decisions and instructions on all important issues of the organization. The Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States (CGP) meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the organization, address fundamental and topical issues of economic and other cooperation, and also approves the annual budget of the organization.
The Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States (CNC) serves as the coordination mechanism within the SCO. The organization has two permanent bodies - the Secretariat in Beijing, the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent. The Secretary General and the Director of the Executive Committee are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a term of three years. Since January 1, 2007, these posts have been respectively occupied by B.K.Nurgaliev (Kazakhstan) and M.U.Subanov (Kyrgyzstan).
The total area of the SCO member states is about 30 million 189 thousand square meters. km, which is 3/5 of the area of Eurasia, and the population is 1.5 billion people, which is 1/4 of the total population of the globe.
Application №3
SCO General Secretaries.
Zhang Deguang. General Secretary 2004-2006. Born in February 1941 in the eastern province of Shandong. He speaks excellent Russian: in 1964 he graduated from the Faculty of Russian Language and Literature of the Beijing Institute of Foreign Languages. Further his career was connected with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Worked as a translator. Then - an employee of the Chinese Embassy in the USSR. After he was sent as an adviser to the embassy in the United States. Until 1993 - Ambassador to Kazakhstan. In 1993-1995 - Head of the Department of Eastern Europe and Central Asia of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1995 to 2001 - Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. And from 2001 to 2003 - Ambassador to the Russian Federation.
Bolat Nurgaliev. Secretary General of the SCO since 2006. A native of the Akmola region, after graduating from the Tselinograd Pedagogical Institute, he worked in the bodies of the First Main Directorate (intelligence) of the KGB of the USSR.
Collaborated in the Soviet embassies in Pakistan and India. Since 1992, he worked in the system of the Foreign Ministry of Kazakhstan. He was the head of the department of international security and arms control, deputy minister. In 1996-2000 he was Kazakhstan's ambassador to Washington. Since 2000, he has served as head of the diplomatic mission in South Korea, and since the end of 2003 - in Japan.
Application No. 4
Organizational structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
The whole truth about the Shanghai Five No. 23 (105) dated 06/14/2001 http://www.businesspress.ru/newspaper/article_mId_40_aId_70425.html
Development History of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization http://www.sectsco.org/html/00080.html
Chronicle of the main events within the "Shanghai Five" and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization http://www.sectsco.org/html/00105.html
Declaration of the 5th Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization http://www.sectsco.org/html/00952.html
Lukin A. Shanghai Cooperation Organization: what's next? http://www.polit.ru/research/2007/07/31/lukin.html
Mamaev Sh. SCO with Iran http://www.politjournal.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=40&tek=5811&issue=164
Frederick Starr. Partnership for Central Asia http://www.analitika.org/article.php?story=20051122073817435
Aris S. Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Based on British and American Researchers. http://www.infoshos.ru/?idn=330
Journal of International Law and International Relations 2007 - 2. The evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the context of the formation of the Asian security system. - Voronovich. V.V. http://evolutio.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1172&Itemid=188
Syroezhkin, K. L. SCO: problems and prospects. Asiainform: inform.-analyst. portal. http://www.asiainform.ru/rusdoc/14822.htm.
T.T. Shaimergenov, G.A. Tusupbaev. The role of international structures in ensuring regional security in Central Asia: prospects for the SCO and NATO. http://www.analitika.org/article.php?story=20071014004111495
Luzyanin S.G. Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Model 2008. http://www.perspektivy.info/oykumena/krug/shanchayskaya_organisaciya_2008-3-28.htm
Windisch, E. In the long term, the SCO wants to become a counterbalance to NATO and OPEC. LentaCom.Ru: Vseros. social-polit. internet gas. http://www.lentacom.ru/comments/3143.html
Zhao Huasheng. Some Problems of Development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization . http://www.infoshos.ru/?idn=429
Yulia Yakusheva: Problems and Prospects of SCO Expansion. http://www.ia-centr.ru/expert/585/
A.M. Vartanyan Why does Iran need membership in the SCO? http://www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2007/29-08-07a.htm
Labetskaya K. Substantial work with the SCO observer countries has not yet developed http://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/0/8041.html