Engineering ammunition of the Soviet Army. Encyclopedia of mines and explosives About engineering mines
Information about explosives
Explosives serve as a source of energy necessary for throwing (throwing) bullets, mines, grenades, for breaking them, as well as for performing various blasting operations.
Explosives are such chemical compounds and mixtures that, under the influence of external influences, are capable of very rapid chemical transformations, accompanied by the release of heat and the formation of a large amount of highly heated gases capable of performing the work of throwing or destruction.
The powder charge of a rifle cartridge weighing 3.25 g burns out in about 0.0012 s when fired. When the charge is burned, about 3 large calories of heat are released and about 3 liters of gases are formed, the temperature of which at the time of the shot is 2400-29000. The gases, being highly heated, exert high pressure (up to 2900 kg / cm 2) and eject a bullet from the bore at a speed of over 800 m / s.
The process of rapid chemical change of an explosive from a solid (liquid) state to a gaseous state, accompanied by the conversion of its potential energy into mechanical work, is called explosion. During an explosion, as a rule, a reaction occurs when oxygen combines with the combustible elements of the explosive (hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, etc.).
An explosion can be caused by mechanical action - impact, prick, friction, thermal (electrical) action - heating, a spark, a flame beam, the explosion energy of another explosive that is sensitive to thermal or mechanical effects (explosion of a detonator cap).
Depending on the chemical composition of the explosives and the conditions of the explosion (the force of external action, pressure and temperature, the amount and density of the substance, etc.), explosive transformations can occur in two main forms, which differ significantly in speed: combustion and explosion (detonation).
Combustion- the process of transformation of an explosive, proceeding at a speed of several meters per second and accompanied by a rapid increase in gas pressure; as a result of it, throwing or scattering of surrounding bodies occurs.
An example of the burning of an explosive is the burning of gunpowder when fired. The burning rate of gunpowder is directly proportional to pressure. In the open air, the burning rate of smokeless powder is about 1 mm / s, and in the bore when fired, due to an increase in pressure, the burning rate of gunpowder increases and reaches several meters per second.
Explosion- the process of transformation of an explosive, proceeding at a speed of several hundred (thousand) meters per second and accompanied by a sharp increase in gas pressure, which produces a strong destructive effect on nearby objects. The greater the rate of transformation of the explosive, the greater the force of its destruction. When an explosion proceeds at the maximum possible speed under given conditions, then such a case of an explosion is called detonation. Most explosives are capable of detonating under certain conditions.
An example of the detonation of an explosive is the detonation of a TNT charge and the rupture of a projectile. The detonation speed of TNT reaches 6990 m/s.
The detonation of some explosive can cause the explosion of another explosive in direct contact with it or at a certain distance from it.
This is the basis for the device and the use of detonator caps. The transfer of detonation over a distance is associated with the propagation in the environment surrounding the explosive charge of a sharp increase in the pressure of the shock wave. Therefore, the excitation of an explosion in this way is almost no different from the excitation of an explosion by means of a mechanical shock.
Division of explosives according to the nature of their action and practical application
According to the nature of the action and practical application, explosives are divided into initiating, crushing (blasting), propelling and pyrotechnic compositions.
Initiators explosives are called those that have great sensitivity, explode from a slight thermal or mechanical effect and, by their detonation, cause the explosion of other explosives.
The main representatives of initiating explosives are mercury fulminate, lead azide, lead styphnate and tetrazene.
Initiating explosives are used to equip igniter caps and blasting caps. Initiating explosives and products in which they are used are very sensitive to external influences of various kinds, so they require careful handling.
Crushing (blasting) explosives are called those that explode, as a rule, under the action of the detonation of initiating explosives and, during the explosion, crush the surrounding objects.
The main representatives of crushing explosives are: TNT (tol), melinite, tetryl, RDX, PETN, ammonites, etc.
Crushing explosives are used as explosive charges for mines, grenades, shells, and are also used in blasting.
Crushing agents also include pyroxylin and nitroglycerin, which are used as a starting material for manufacturing.
Throwable called such explosives that have an explosive transformation in the form of combustion with a relatively slow increase in pressure, which allows them to be used for throwing bullets, mines, grenades, shells.
The main representatives of propellant explosives are gunpowder (smoky and smokeless).
Smoke powder is a mechanical mixture of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal.
Smokeless powders are divided into pyroxylin and nitroglycerine powders.
Rice. 53. The shape of the grains of smokeless powder:
a - plates; b - tape; c - tube; g - cylinder with seven channels
Pyroxylin powder is made by dissolving a mixture (in certain proportions) of wet soluble and insoluble pyroxylin in an alcohol-ether solvent.
Nitroglycerin powder is made from a mixture (in certain proportions) of pyroxylin with nitroglycerin.
The following can be added to smokeless powders: a stabilizer - to protect the powder from chemical decomposition during long-term storage; phlegmatizer - to slow down the burning rate of the outer surface of the powder grains; graphite - to achieve flowability and eliminate grain sticking. Diphenylamine is most often used as a stabilizer, and camphor as a phlegmatizer.
Smoke powders are used to equip fuses for hand grenades, remote tubes, fuses, to make a igniter cord, etc.
Smokeless powders are used as combat (powder) charges of firearms: pyroxylin powders - mainly in the powder charges of small arms cartridges, nitroglycerin, as more powerful - in the combat charges of grenades, mines, shells.
Grains of smokeless powder can be in the form of a plate, tape, single-channel or multi-channel tube or cylinder (see Fig. 53).
The amount of gases formed per unit time during the combustion of gunpowder grains is proportional to their burning surface. In the process of burning gunpowder of the same composition, depending on its shape, the burning surface, and therefore the amount of gases formed per unit of time, can decrease, remain constant or increase.
Rice. 54. Burning grains of smokeless powder:
a - degressive form; b - with a constant burning surface, c - progressive form
Gunpowder, the surface of the grains of which decreases as they burn, are called gunpowders of a degressive form (see fig. 54). This is, for example, a record and a tape.
Gunpowder, the surface of the grains of which remains constant during combustion, are called gunpowder from constant burning surface, for example, tube with one channel, cylinder with one channel. Grains of such gunpowder burn simultaneously both inside and from the outer surface. The decrease in the outer burning surface is compensated by the increase in the inner surface, so that the total surface remains constant for the entire burning time, if the burning of the tube from the ends is not taken into account.
Gunpowder, the surface of the grains of which increases as they burn, are called powders of progressive form, for example, a tube with several channels, a cylinder with several channels. When the grain of such gunpowder burns, the surface of the channels increases; this creates a general increase in the burning surface of the grain until it breaks up into parts, after which combustion occurs according to the type of combustion of gunpowder of a degressive form.
Progressive combustion of gunpowder can be achieved by introducing a phlegmatizer into the outer layers of a single-channel powder grain.
When burning gunpowder, three phases are distinguished: ignition, ignition, combustion.
ignition- this is the excitation of the combustion process in any part of the powder charge by quickly heating this part to the ignition temperature, which is 270-3200 for smoke powders, and about 2000 for smokeless powders.
Ignition is the propagation of the flame over the surface of the charge.
Combustion- this is the penetration of the flame into the depth of each grain of gunpowder.
The change in the amount of gases formed during the combustion of gunpowder per unit time affects the nature of the change in gas pressure and the speed of the bullet along the bore. Therefore, for each type of cartridges and weapons, a powder charge of a certain composition, shape and mass is selected.
Pyrotechnic compositions are mixtures of combustible substances (magnesium, phosphorus, aluminum, etc.) oxidizers(chlorates, nitrates, etc.) and cementers(natural and artificial resins, etc.). In addition, they contain special impurities: substances that color the flame; substances that reduce the sensitivity of the composition, etc.
The predominant form of transformation of pyrotechnic compositions under normal conditions of their use is combustion. Burning, they give the corresponding pyrotechnic (fire) effect (lighting, incendiary, etc.).
Pyrotechnic compositions are used to equip lighting and signal cartridges, tracer and incendiary compositions of bullets, grenades, shells, etc.
Ammunition, their classification
Ammunition(munitions) - an integral part of weapons, directly intended for the destruction of manpower and equipment, the destruction of structures (fortifications) and the performance of special tasks (lighting, smoke, the transfer of propaganda literature, etc.). Ammunition includes: artillery rounds, warheads of rockets and torpedoes, grenades, aerial bombs, charges, engineering and naval mines, land mines, smoke bombs.
Ammunition is classified by affiliation: artillery, aviation, naval, rifle, engineering; by the nature of the explosive and damaging substance: with conventional explosives and nuclear.
The armies of a number of capitalist countries also have chemical (fragmentation-chemical) and biological (bacteriological) munitions.
By purpose, ammunition is divided into main (for destruction and destruction), special (for lighting, smoke, radio interference, etc.) and auxiliary (for training crew crews, special tests, etc.).
Artillery ammunition include shots with shells for various purposes: fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, high-explosive, armor-piercing, cumulative, concrete wallpaper, incendiary, with ready-made submunitions, smoke, chemical, tracer, lighting, propaganda, sighting and target designation, practical, training and training.
For firing at the first artillery pieces, spherical shells (nuclei) and incendiary shells in the form of combustible mixture bags were used. In the fifteenth century iron, lead, then cast iron cannonballs appeared, which made it possible, while maintaining the energy of their impact, to reduce the caliber, increase the mobility of the guns and at the same time increase the firing range. From the sixteenth century buckshot with cast-iron or lead bullets began to be used, inflicting heavy losses on infantry and cavalry. In the second half of the XVI century. explosive projectiles were invented: thick-walled cast-iron balls with an internal cavity for breaking the charge. Subsequently, in Russian artillery they were called grenades (with a mass of up to l-th pood inclusive) and bombs (with a mass of more than l-th pood). In the eighteenth century explosive shells began to be divided into fragmentation, giving a large number of fragments to destroy living targets, and high-explosive - to destroy structures. The so-called grenade buckshot appeared, each element of which was a small explosive grenade. The so-called brandkugels were used as incendiary projectiles, consisting of the body of an ordinary explosive projectile filled with an incendiary composition. Incendiary elements were also invested in explosive projectiles for combined target destruction.
Found the use of lighting and smoke shells. At the beginning of the XIX century. Englishman Shrapnel developed the first fragmentation projectile with ready-made fragments, which in all its modifications received the name of the inventor. By the middle of the XIX century. smoothbore artillery reached its highest development. However, the range of its firing and the effectiveness of the ball projectiles used were very insignificant. Therefore, the improvement of artillery went along the line of creating rifled guns and oblong projectiles, which began to be widely used from the 60s. 19th century This made it possible to significantly increase the range and improve the accuracy of fire, as well as increase the efficiency of shells. At that time, grenades, shrapnel, buckshot, incendiary shells were used in field artillery, and armor-piercing shells appeared in naval and coastal artillery to destroy armored ships. Until the 80s. 19th century Smoke powder served as a throwing and explosive projectile. In the mid 80s. smokeless powder was invented, the widespread use of which since the 90s. 19th century led to an increase in the range of artillery by almost two times. At the same time, the equipment of shells with blasting explosives began with pyroxylin, melinite, and from the beginning of the 20th century. - TNT, etc.
By the beginning of the First World War, the artillery of all armies consisted mainly of high-explosive shells and shrapnel. Fragmentation grenades were also used in German artillery to fire at open live targets. To combat aircraft, anti-aircraft shrapnel and remote grenades were used. The appearance of tanks led to the development of anti-tank artillery with armor-piercing shells. Chemical and special projectiles (smoke, lighting, tracer, etc.) were also used. Increased consumption of artillery ammunition. If Germany is at war with France in 1870-71. spent 650 thousand shots, Russia in the war with Japan 1904-05. - 900 thousand, then in 1914-18. shell consumption was: Germany - about 275 million, Russia - up to 50 million, Austria-Hungary - up to 70 million, France about 200 million, England - about 170 million. The total consumption of artillery ammunition during the First World War exceeded 1 billion
In the Soviet Army in the 30s. the modernization of artillery was successfully carried out, and during the years of the first five-year plans, new models of guns and shells for them were developed, and rocket artillery was created. For the first time, 82-mm caliber rockets were successfully used from aircraft in 1939 in battles on the river. Khalkhin Gol. At the same time, lZ2-mm M-13 rockets were developed (for the legendary Katyushas and aircraft weapons), and a little later, 300-mm M-30 rockets. Great development before the war and during it received mortars - smooth-bore guns that fire feathered projectiles (mines). New types of armor-piercing shells were created: sub-caliber (with a solid core, the diameter of which is less than the caliber of the barrel) and cumulative (providing a directional effect of the explosion). The Great Patriotic War consumed a huge amount of ammunition, and the Soviet industry coped with this task.
In total, during the war, she produced over 775 million artillery shells and mines. After World War II, anti-tank guided missiles (missiles) appeared in service with the armies of a number of states. They fire from launchers from armored personnel carriers, vehicles, helicopters, as well as from portable launchers. The control of these projectiles in flight is carried out by wire, by radio, in an infrared beam or a laser beam. Active-rocket projectiles, projectiles for recoilless rifles are being improved, specialized ammunition of increased efficiency and ammunition for cluster munitions are being created. To defeat manpower and equipment, ammunition is created with fragments of a given shape and mass and with ready-made lethal elements (balls, rods, cubes, arrows). Fragments are obtained by applying cuts on the outer or inner surface of the body (when it breaks, it is crushed into cuts) or by creating a special surface of an explosive projectile with elementary cumulative grooves (when it breaks, the body is crushed by cumulative jets) and other methods. Improved cumulative shells. Cluster parts of rockets, rockets and artillery shells are being developed with a large number of cumulative feathered combat elements, scattered at a certain height to destroy tanks from above. Work is underway to create rocket and artillery shells that provide remote mining of the terrain with anti-tank and anti-personnel mines. High-explosive-armor-piercing projectiles with a flattening warhead loaded with plastic explosives are widely used. When meeting with a target, the head of such a projectile is crushed and comes into contact with the armor over a large area. The explosive charge is undermined by a bottom fuse, which ensures a certain direction of the explosion. On the opposite side of the armor, large fragments break off, hitting the crew and internal equipment of the tank. In order to improve the accuracy of shooting, work is underway to create the simplest flight control systems and homing heads for projectiles. From the 50s. in the United States, nuclear weapons are being created for artillery systems.
Aviation ammunition was first used in 1911-12. in the war between Italy and Turkey and in a relatively short time received significant development. They include aviation bombs, one-time bomb clusters, bomb bundles, incendiary tanks, cartridges for aircraft machine guns and cannons, warheads for guided and unguided aircraft missiles, warheads for aircraft missiles, warheads for aircraft torpedoes, aircraft mines, etc.
Disposable bomb cassettes - thin-walled air bombs equipped with aircraft mines (anti-tank, anti-personnel, etc.) or small bombs (anti-tank, fragmentation, incendiary, etc.) weighing up to 10 kg. In one cassette there can be up to 100 or more mines (bombs), which are scattered in the air by special powder or explosive charges, activated by remote fuses at a certain height above the target. Bomb bundles - devices in which several aircraft bombs are connected by special devices into one suspension. Depending on the design of the bundle, the bombs are disconnected either at the moment of dropping from an aircraft, or in the air after dropping a remote device. The cartridges of aviation machine guns and cannons differ from the usual ones due to the specifics of aviation weapons (high rate of fire, small calibers, dimensions, etc.). The most common calibers of aviation bullets are 7.62 and 12.7 mm, shells - 20,23,30 and 37 mm. Shells with an explosive shell (high-explosive, fragmentation, etc.) have fuses that fire with a slight delay after hitting an obstacle. The fuses can have self-liquidators, which, after a certain time after the shot, detonate shells in the air that did not hit the target, ensuring the safety of ground troops during air combat over their own territory. Warheads of aviation missiles have conventional or nuclear charges. They can be delivered to targets by air-to-air missiles at a range of up to several tens of kilometers, by air-to-ground missiles at hundreds of kilometers. Unguided rockets have conventional (rarely nuclear) warheads, a rocket engine (powder, liquid) and shock or proximity fuses. Their range reaches 10 km or more. Aircraft mines (anti-tank, anti-personnel, sea, etc.) are designed to lay minefields on land and sea from the air.
Marine munitions include naval and coastal artillery rounds, mines, depth charges, missile and torpedo warheads used by the navy to destroy naval targets. Ship and coastal artillery ammunition includes artillery rounds of various calibers and capacities. They use fragmentation tracer, high-explosive fragmentation, high-explosive and armor-piercing shells. Mines, first used at the end of the 18th century, remain an effective positional means of combating surface ships and submarines. Anchor galvanic shock mines of relatively low power were replaced by anchor, bottom, floating mines of high power, triggered by various physical fields of the ship. The torpedo, as an underwater projectile, entered service with ships in the second half of the 19th century and retains its importance as an effective means of destroying surface ships and submarines.
The depth charge, which appeared during the First World War, is an effective means of destroying submarines at considerable distances and various depths. The basis of the weapons of the modern Navy (Navy) is missile weapons with warheads in nuclear and conventional warheads. It can hit objects at ranges of several thousand kilometers.
Artillery and naval munitions include reactive munitions, which include unguided projectiles of land and sea multiple launch rocket systems, grenades (melee weapons).
Rocket munitions are delivered to the target due to the thrust generated during the operation of the rocket engine. They leave the guide launchers (leave the barrel of grenade launchers) at relatively low speeds, and acquire full speed in flight at the end of the active part of the trajectory.
An intermediate position between artillery and rocket projectiles is occupied by the so-called active rocket projectiles (mines), which combine the properties of conventional (active) and rocket projectiles. They are fired from artillery guns with an initial speed close to the speed of conventional projectiles. Due to the reactive charge that burns up during the flight of the projectile in the air, a certain increase in its speed and firing range is obtained. Rocket-active projectiles have the disadvantages of rocket projectiles, as well as reduced target efficiency.
Shooting ammunition is intended for direct destruction of enemy manpower and military equipment. They are unitary cartridges consisting of a bullet, a powder charge and a primer, united by a sleeve.
They are subdivided: according to the nature of the action of the bullet - with ordinary and special bullets (single and combined action); depending on the type of weapon in which they are used, on a pistol (revolver), machine gun, rifle and large-caliber.
Engineering ammunition - means of engineering weapons containing explosives and pyrotechnic compositions; mines, charges (demining, demining) and explosives.
Nuclear ammunition is designed to destroy critical targets. They are in service with the missile forces, aviation, navy, in the US Army, in addition, artillery and engineering units. These include the head (combat) parts of missiles, aerial bombs, artillery shells, torpedoes, depth charges and engineering mines equipped with nuclear charges.
Chemical Ammunition (foreign) is equipped with poisonous substances (S) of various persistence and toxicity and is intended for the destruction of enemy manpower, contamination of weapons, military equipment, food, water and terrain. These include chemical artillery and rocket projectiles, mines, aerial bombs, elements of missile warheads and aircraft clusters, land mines, etc.
Biological Ammunition (foreign) is equipped with biological (bacterial) agents and is intended to destroy people, animals and plants.
Depending on the method of transferring a biological formulation to a combat state, there are: explosive ammunition; with mechanical opening; devices that convert a biological formulation into an aerosol state under the influence of an air flow or pressure of inert gases.
Special ammunition is used to smoke and illuminate the area, deliver propaganda literature, facilitate zeroing, target designation, etc.
These include: smoke, sighting and target designation, lighting, tracer, propaganda shells (mines, bombs), lighting and signal cartridges, etc.
The fundamental difference between special ammunition is that their internal cavity is filled not with an explosive charge, but with smoke, lighting, tracer compositions, leaflets. They also have fuses (tubes) and expelling or small bursting charges to open the case in the air or when hitting an obstacle.
Signal and lighting cartridges are shots that eject shells with a pyrotechnic composition (stars), when burned, colored lights (smoke) are formed as signals, or white (yellow) fire to illuminate the area.
Special ammunition is widely used to support combat operations.
Weapon caliber the diameter of the barrel bore of a firearm (for rifled weapons in the USSR and a number of countries it is determined by the distance between opposite fields of rifling; in the USA, Great Britain and other countries by the distance between rifling), as well as the diameter of the projectile (mines, bullets) according to its largest cross section.
The caliber of a weapon is usually expressed in linear units: inches (25.4 mm), lines (2.54 mm), mm. In the XVI-XIX centuries. the caliber of the weapon was determined by the mass of the cannonball (for example, a 12-pound cannon).
Gun caliber is sometimes specified in hundredths (US) or thousandths (UK) of an inch. For example, .22 (5.6 mm), .380 (9 mm).
Often the caliber of a weapon is used to express so-called relative values, such as barrel length. The caliber of hunting rifles is indicated by the number of ball bullets cast from one English pound (453.6 g) of lead;
The caliber of an aviation bomb is its mass in kg.
Educational and educational goals:
3. To form the student's military professional culture of an officer, commanding qualities, skills and abilities;
4. To form the student's theoretical and practical bases for solving command and staff issues;
5. Cultivate perseverance in mastering military knowledge.
6. To instill in the personnel a sense of professional pride in the chosen specialty of an officer, hatred and respect for a potential enemy.
Time – 90 minutes
Study time calculation:
Material support:
1. Methodical development.
2. Computer and multimedia equipment of the auditorium.
3. Microsoft Office PowerPoint presentation on the topic.
4. Notebooks, stationery.
5. Journal of accounting for military training.
Literature:
but) main
1. Combat regulations for the preparation and conduct of combined arms combat. Part III (BUSV) M.: Military Publishing House, 2004.
2. Engineering support of the battle. Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1988.
3. Fortification: past and present. M.: Military Publishing, 1987.
b) additionally
1. Dictionary of military terms comp. A.M. Plekhanov. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1988.
c) normative
1. Charter of the internal service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 10, 2007 No. 1495, M., 2008.
2. Combat charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Enacted by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of March 11, 2006 No. 111, M., 2008.
VISUAL AIDS:
Related Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation "Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics".
Task for self-training:
1. Study the material on the specified literature, finalize the lecture notes.
2. Be prepared for a lesson quiz.
3. Prepare answers to the following questions:
Appointment of engineering barriers.
Classification of engineering barriers.
Characteristics of engineering barriers.
Purpose of engineering ammunition.
Classification of engineering ammunition.
Rules for handling explosives.
Guidelines for the preparation and conduct of the lesson:
When starting to work on a lecture, the teacher begins with:
1. Studies of the Qualification requirements for a graduate according to VUS-063300, 445000 in the part related to the study of this topic.
2. Study of the Program for training specialists in VUS-063300, 445000, thematic plan.
3. Studying the text of the lecture.
4. Selection and study of literature, periodicals and the Internet resource.
5. Refinements of the text of the lecture.
6. Selection and preparation of educational and material base for the lesson.
7. Drawing up a plan for the lecture.
Structurally, a lecture on the topic of the lesson consists of three interrelated parts: introduction, main part, conclusion.
Purpose of entry- arouse interest in the topic under study, establish contact with students, direct their attention to the subject of the upcoming conversation. The introduction should not exceed 5 minutes.
In the introduction, it is recommended to write a) the name of the topic, b) the allocation of time for its study, c) the educational goals of the lecture (educational goals are not announced), d) the educational questions of the lecture, and e) the recommended literature. Then it is necessary to justify the importance of studying this topic, its relevance, connection with subsequent topics of the course and the relationship with other subjects of study.
Moving on to presentation main content lecture, the teacher must re-formulate before the audience the first question of the lecture as the initial thesis, pose a problem, the justification of which will be subject to all the logic of his reasoning in the course of presenting the material.
Having finished the presentation of the first question, the teacher should draw a conclusion on the material presented, invite students to ask questions that arose during the lecture and briefly answer them. Then, in the same sequence, proceed to the presentation of subsequent questions.
When opening training questions it is necessary to emphasize and highlight the main provisions of the issue (in the text of the lecture, these provisions are highlighted bold italic ).
During the lesson:
When opening first question it is necessary to focus on the purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.
lighting material second educational issue, it is necessary to focus on the classification of engineering ammunition.
When bringing third educational question, it is necessary to set the trainees to study the safety requirements when handling explosives.
In order to activate the trainees, it is advisable to conduct a lecture on the topic using an active method, using elements of visual illustration (using slide shows or visual aids) and the feedback principle, using for this purpose pre-prepared questions to the trainees on the topic under study.
During the presentation of the main content of the lecture, to clarify educational issues, it is recommended to use a SMART board with a prepared set of slides, which should present:
- new concepts disclosed in the course of presentation of the material;
- illustration material.
(A set of Microsoft Office PowerPoint presentation slides is attached to the text of the lecture).
In order to control the assimilation of the material presented, it is recommended to ask 1-2 questions during the lecture on each of the main issues of the lecture.
For the first main question:
- Give the definition - an engineering barrier.
– Classification of engineering barriers.
On the second main question:
What engineering ammunition do you know?
On the third main question:
– Precautions when using explosives.
The teacher should evaluate each answer and put marks in the journal. Thus, during the lecture, 20% of the personnel present should be evaluated.
IN imprisonment teacher:
- makes brief conclusions on the lecture as a whole;
- evaluates the participation of trainees in the course of the lesson and the degree of achievement of the set learning goals;
- gives the task to students for self-training, brings information about additional literature on the topic of the lesson;
- answers the questions of the trainees on the topic of the lecture.
The order of the lecture.
1. Accept the report of the duty officer on the readiness of the training platoon for the lesson.
In the introductory part, it is necessary to conduct a written survey on the previous lesson Topic 7: "Engineering support for combat operations of units and units."
Test questions:
1. The main tasks of engineering support for combat operations.
2. Types and purpose of shelters.
Before moving on to working out the lecture, the teacher gives the opportunity to the platoon duty officer to bring the trainees, within 3 minutes, information about events in the world.
2. Introductory part:
- announce the topic, the purpose of the lesson, the procedure for conducting it, the main educational issues and the time allotted for their presentation;
- put learning objectives On the lecture;
- to bring to the students the basic educational literature on the topic.
3. Main part:
The presentation of the main questions of the lecture is carried out according to the following scheme:
a) a statement of the first main issue;
b) setting control questions for students on the first question;
c) conclusion on the first question;
d) the answer to the questions that arose during the presentation.
e) transition to the next main topic of the lecture, etc.
At the same time, the teacher monitors the lesson, the quality of the work of students.
4. Final part.
- make a general conclusion on the topic of the lecture;
- note the positive in the work of students and indicate the shortcomings;
- recall the date of independent work on this topic;
- answer students' questions;
– to announce grades;
Give assignments for independent work.
SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
MILITARY TRAINING CENTER
Department of General Military and Tactical Training
TEXT OF THE LECTURE
VUS-063300, 445000
INTRODUCTION:
Today's lecture is a continuation of the theoretical course on the study of the academic discipline " General tactics» theme number 7 « Engineering support for combat operations of subunits and units» Lecture №16 « Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics».
Since ancient times, Russian people have created various kinds of barriers with great skill to fight the enemy. This is evidenced, for example, by data on the nature of the defensive system of Kievan Rus. This defensive system consisted of a number of fortified towns and defensive lines of considerable length, the so-called "serpent ramparts". These ramparts, being not only barriers, but also fortifications, were usually arranged along rivers or had a moat on the outside. The height of the shaft reached 6-8 m, and the width - 16-17 m.
This system played an important role in the fight against nomads in the X-XI centuries.
Creating defenses and skillfully, using the natural properties of the terrain, the Russian troops at the same time made good use of artificial field fortifications: wattle fences, stakes driven into the ground - and were able, if necessary, to "launch" the forest, i.e. arrange a notch.
Zaseks were one of the most common barriers used by the Russians at the beginning of the 12th century.
In the XVI century. the notch (or the so-called notch line) did not consist of only forest blockages, but was a complex system of fortifications in which forest blockages-notches alternated with natural obstacles on the ground (rivers, lakes, swamps, ravines, etc.) and artificial (palisades, gouges, earthen ramparts and ditches erected in treeless gaps, that is, where there was nothing to build a notch in the proper sense of the word).
The barriers were widely used in the organization of the Sevastopol defense of 1854-1855. Here, in the defense system in front of the main defensive line, various kinds of barriers were arranged (ditches, wolf pits, land mines, notches).
In the combat operations of the Soviet Army, the barriers created by our troops found the widest application during the Great Patriotic War.
Already at the very beginning of the war, the Soviet Supreme High Command demanded that the troops widely practice the construction of ditches, blockages and other barriers, making every possible use of local materials and means for this.
Recently, the design of engineering barriers, as well as the methods of their use, have received their further more advanced development, which further ensures the defense capability of the Russian Federation.
Classes on this topic will be conducted so that you (the students) can properly apply your knowledge in practice. And they correctly built a scheme for improving their knowledge, skills and abilities in this academic discipline.
The purpose of the lecture.
1. To reveal the essence of the engineering support of modern combined arms combat.
2. To acquaint students with the purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.
3. Form the student:
Military professional culture of an officer, commanding qualities, skills and abilities;
Theoretical and practical bases for solving command and staff issues;
4. to educate students in the ability to navigate in a rapidly changing tactical stop.
5. - to instill in students skills in searching, summarizing and presenting educational material.
In accordance with these goals, as well as taking into account the topics of classes in the academic discipline " General tactics The following questions are discussed in the lecture.
First study question: Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.
Second study question: Appointment, classification of engineering ammunition.
Third study question: Rules for handling explosives.
I turn to the presentation of the questions of the lecture.
MAIN PART:
Question #1:Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.
Engineering obstacles are arranged for the purpose of inflicting losses on the enemy in manpower and equipment, delaying his advance and restricting maneuver.
Engineering barriers are engineering facilities, structures and destructions installed or arranged on the ground with the aim of inflicting losses on the enemy, delaying his advance, hindering maneuver and thereby contributing to the destruction of manpower and equipment by fire of all types and counterattacks of our troops.
Barriers are used in all types of combat, but most widely - in defense. On the offensive and in meeting engagements, they are used to cover the initial areas and flanks of advancing units, to repel enemy counterattacks and to secure captured lines; in a defensive battle - to cover strongholds, defense areas and gaps between them, as well as artillery firing positions, command posts and other important objects. In modern combat, a number of engineering and tactical requirements are imposed on the barrier system.
It should be highly effective in terms of the degree of destruction of the enemy, reduce the pace of his offensive, and hinder his actions; be resistant to all types of enemy fire and insurmountable; be closely linked to the fire system and not hamper the maneuver of their troops; be arranged taking into account the conditions of the area, season and climatic conditions.
The barrier system is created during the preparation and during the battle. To increase the effectiveness of obstacles, a greater number of them are installed on the revealed directions of enemy actions during the battle.
In addition to engineering units, units of military branches are involved in the construction of barriers; for their device, a remote method of mining is used.
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Classification of engineering barriers (option).
According to the nature of the impact on the enemy, engineering barriers are divided into:
1. Non-explosive - anti-tank ditches, scarps, counterscarps, snow ramparts, gouges, forest blockages, barriers, as well as wire, electrified and water barriers
2. Mine-explosive obstacles (MVZ), consisting of minefields, groups of mines, single mines, as well as land mines and explosive charges used to produce destruction. According to the method of actuation, they are divided into managed and unmanaged.
3. Combined - representing a combination of cost centers and non-explosive barriers.
Purpose of engineering barriers:
Ensure high combat effectiveness and surprise impact on the enemy;
Allow quick installation on the ground and the use of mechanization;
Possess resistance against the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and means of overcoming barriers;
Do not hamper the maneuver of your troops;
Difficult to find;
Easy to disguise.
Sub-question #1 : Non-explosive barriers.
According to their purpose, non-explosive obstacles are divided into anti-tank and anti-personnel.
Antitank includes:
Anti-tank ditches;
Escarps;
Contrascarps;
Nadolby (wooden, metal, reinforced concrete, stone);
Barriers in the forest of logs and on the banks of reservoirs of ice;
Barriers made of metal hedgehogs;
Barricades in settlements;
Snow banks;
Stripes of icing on mountain slopes;
Holes on rivers and reservoirs;
Flooding of the area;
Forest and stone blockages in settlements.
Anti-personnel barriers are portable and permanent.
portable wire barriers are used mainly for the rapid closing of passages, destroyed sections of barriers, and also in cases where the construction of other barriers is difficult. They are usually made in advance and delivered to the installation site ready-made (inconspicuous wire nets, quickly installed barbed and smooth wire garlands, spirals, slingshots and hedgehogs).
TO permanent barriers include wire fences on high and low stakes, wire fences, wire in a throw, snares and loops, fences in the forest, braiding stumps with barbed wire, etc.
Non-explosive barriers can be used alone or in combination with mine-explosive barriers. In the latter case, the greatest efficiency of their application is achieved.
To ensure the passage of friendly troops in non-explosive obstacles, passages must be left, and the necessary amount of means (wire spirals, slingshots, hedgehogs, etc.)
Sub-question #2:Mine-explosive barriers.
(name and text of the educational sub-question of the lecture)
The main characteristics of the cost center are:
Efficiency;
Density;
Consumption min;
The probability of hitting the enemy.
The consumption of mines refers to the number of anti-tank mines (ATMs), anti-personnel mines (APMs) per linear or square kilometer of a minefield.
It's called a minefield a section of terrain on which mines are laid in a given order and for a specific purpose.
The main characteristics of a minefield (MP) are:
Density;
Depth;
Front length.
Depth and density depend on the purpose of the minefield, the tactical situation, the characteristics of the terrain, the conditions for fixing, viewing and firing, as well as the number of rows of mines, the distance between the rows and the distance between the mines in the rows.
The minimum distance of the rear row of the MP from the positions occupied by its troops should exclude the defeat of personnel by a shock wave or fragments formed during the explosion of mines. As a rule, it should be at least 50 m, and for fragmentation mines, at least the radius of continuous destruction. The density of PTMP is from 550-1000 mines per 1 km of the front. To ensure a good overview and shelling of minefields, they should be located no more than 100-150 m from the positions of our troops.
Minefields must provide:
The greatest combat effectiveness (the maximum probability of hitting enemy targets).
Resistance to the impact of the explosion of nuclear and conventional munitions, demining charges and neighboring mines is ensured by the use of blast-resistant mines, the installation of mines in the ground, the dispersed arrangement of mines in rows and rows of mines in a minefield).
The difficulty of detecting and making passages by the enemy (provided by careful camouflage; a variety of mine layouts, the installation of false mines, surprise mines, etc.)
The ability to quickly detect and clear minefields by their troops is ensured by careful fixation of minefields)
MP according to their purpose are divided into:
Anti-tank;
anti-personnel;
mixed;
Antiamphibious.
MP of any type can be:
Managed;
Unmanaged;
PTMP from anti-track mines are installed as a rule:
In 3-4 rows;
Distance between rows from 10 to 40 m;
Mining step 4-5.5 m;
MP depth from 60-100 m and more;
MP density from 550 to 1000 min per 1 km.
PPMP from high-explosive mines are installed:
In 2 rows or 4 rows;
Distance between rows from 2 to 4 m;
The distance between mines in a row is at least 1 m;
MP density - 2000 min per kilometer.
PPMP from fragmentation mines is installed:
In 2 rows;
Distance between rows 10-20 meters;
The distance between mines in a row is 1-2 radii of continuous destruction;
The MP density is 100-300 minutes per kilometer.
Mixed MPs are installed from PT and PP min. PPM are installed with PTM in groups of up to 2-3 pieces or in independent rows. The depth of a mixed minefield should not exceed 120-150 m.
PPMP, covering access to PTMP from the enemy side, are installed from them at a distance of 10-15 m.
False minefields are set according to combat schemes.
Imitation of mines is carried out by digging cans, metal objects, arranging tubercles, raising turf, pulling pieces of wire over the ground surface.
Each minefield, depending on the location in the battle order, must have a certain degree of combat readiness.
The first degree of readiness - the barriers are in full readiness: mines are installed, safety devices are removed, there are no signs and fences of the MP; detonators are inserted into explosive charges.
The second degree of readiness - the barriers are prepared for a quick introduction to full readiness (MPs are marked, if necessary they have passages, EDP-r are not inserted into explosive charges)
Anti-tank minefields are installed:
minelayers;
Helicopters equipped with mine laying kits;
Means of remote mining;
With the use of vehicles equipped with trays;
Manually (command or mine cord).
Question #2:Purpose, classification of engineering ammunition.
(name and text of the educational question of the lecture)
Engineering support is organized and carried out in order to create by units and subunits the necessary conditions for timely and covert advancement, deployment, increase the protection of personnel and military equipment from all modern weapons, as well as for inflicting losses on the enemy and hindering his actions.
To achieve the goals set, the subunits must skillfully use standard engineering equipment and engineering ammunition.
The army of the Russian Federation is armed with various engineering ammunition.
Engineer mines are engineering ammunition intended for the construction of mine-explosive barriers in order to destroy manpower, combat and transport equipment of the enemy, destroy roads and various structures. Engineering mines include anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-amphibious, anti-vehicle, object, signal and booby-traps.
Mina - is an explosive charge (BB), structurally combined with a means for blasting (drive device, fuse).
Mines by purpose are divided into:
Anti-tank (TM-62, TM-57, TMK-2),
Anti-personnel (PMN, POMZ-2M, OZM-72, MON-50, MQH-90, MON-100, MON-200),
Antiamphibious (PDM-1, PDM-2, YARM),
Special (magnetic, signal, under-ice, surprise mines, booby traps, objective, etc.)
The main elements of PTM, PPM, PDM are:
explosive charge;
Fuse;
Drive device.
Anti-tank mines (PTM) of the Russian Federation.
Anti-personnel mines (PPM) of the Russian army.
Mina signal tension action. It is intended for giving a sound and light signal. The mine is set manually.
Engineering ammunition
Over the past decades, large-scale measures have been taken in the armies of developed countries to improve conventional weapons, among which an important place was given to engineering weapons. Engineer weapons include engineering ammunition that creates the best conditions for the effective use of all types of weapons and the protection of friendly troops from modern weapons, making it difficult for the enemy to inflict significant losses on him. The use of engineering munitions in recent local conflicts has shown their growing role in solving operational and tactical tasks.
Remote mining systems appeared in service with the engineering troops, which made it possible to lay mines during the battle and at a considerable distance from the front line - on enemy territory. Engineering munitions also make it possible to create conditions for the troops to quickly overcome enemy minefields. In this case, the most promising volume explosion ammunition is used.
What applies to engineering ammunition? First of all, these are mines for various purposes - anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-airborne and recently appeared anti-helicopter, as well as demining charges and a number of auxiliary charges. A modern mine is a multifunctional device. Some samples of new mines contain an element of artificial intelligence and have the ability to optimize the selection of a target from several targets and its attack.
Special mention should be made of anti-personnel mines, over the prohibition of which a campaign of states wishing to finally disarm Russia has begun. In connection with the sharp reduction in the size of the Armed Forces, the role of engineering ammunition is increasing. Considering that engineering munitions mainly play a defensive role, our political and military leadership should not disarm, but should contribute to the improvement and increase in the effectiveness of this type of weapon, which is quite reliable and has high performance-cost ratios. The general direction and purpose of the development of engineering weapons is mainly determined by the ability to effectively hit modern and future targets in the interests of the ground forces.
Consider the features and technical characteristics of engineering ammunition.
Until recently, in developed countries, a large number of anti-tank mines of different designs were produced, from the whole variety of existing designs of which three main types can be distinguished: anti-track, anti-bottom and anti-aircraft.
Until recently, anti-track mines were considered the main ones, but they are gradually losing their importance. The main disadvantage of these mines is their limited combat capability: usually only individual units of the tank chassis are disabled. Nevertheless, anti-track mines are still in fairly large quantities in the troops of various countries.
Anti-track mines are designed to take out tracked and wheeled combat and transport vehicles by destroying or damaging, mainly, their undercarriage (tracks, wheels). The installation of these mines is carried out using minelayers or manually (both in the ground and on its surface). Domestic anti-track mines have a cylindrical shape, with the exception of the TM-62D mine, which has the shape of a parallelepiped. The main characteristics of domestic anti-track mines are presented in Table 1, and foreign - in Table 2. Figure I, 2 shows the design schemes of mines TM-46 and TM-62T. Anti-track mines are equipped with mechanical pressure fuses, which are screwed into the central socket of the hull. The pressure on the fuse from the tank caterpillar is transmitted through the pressure cover. Sockets for additional fuses are provided in the side and bottom parts of the mine body. They are used when it is necessary to place mines in an unrecoverable position. Basically, the bodies and fuses of modern mines are made of plastic, so they cannot be detected using induction mine detectors. Due to the tightness of mine hulls, most of them can be used to mine water barriers.
Fig.1. Anti-track mine TM-46:
a) appearance; b) - a section of a mine; 1 - body; 2 - diaphragm; 3 - cover; 4 - MVM fuse; 5 - explosive charge; 6 - intermediate detonator; 7 - cap; 8 - handle.
Table 1
The main characteristics of anti-track mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | BB type | Dimensions dia. x height, mm | Housing material | |
| general | explosive charge | ||||
| TM-46 | 8,5 | 5,7 | T | 300x109 | steel |
| TM-56 | 107 | 7.0 | T | 316x109 | steel |
| TM-57 | 8,7 | 5,9 | T | 316x108 | steel |
| 8,79 | 6,62 | ms | |||
| . .8,8 , | 7,0 | TGA-16 | |||
| TM-62M | 9.0 | 7.18 | T | 320x90 | steel |
| 9,6 | 7.8 | MC | |||
| 9.62 | 7,78 | TGA-16 | |||
| 8,72 | 6,68 | A-50 | |||
| TM-62D | 11.7- | 8.7- | 340x340x110 | wood | |
| -13,6 | -10,4 | ||||
| 12.4 | 8.8 | TGA-16 | |||
| TM-62P | 11.0 | 8,0 | T | 340 x 80 | plastic |
| 11.5 | 8,3 | MC | |||
| 11.5 | 8,3 | TGA-16 | |||
| 10.6 | 7.4 | A-50 | |||
| 10,0 | 6.8 | A-80 | |||
| 11.0 | 7,8 | A-XI-2 | |||
| TM-62P2 | 8.6 | 7.0 | T | 320x90 | plastic |
| 9,1 | 7,0 | MS | |||
| 9,1 | 7,0 | TGA-16 | |||
| 8.3 | 6,1 | A-50 | |||
| TM-62PZ | 7,2 | 6,3 | T | 320x90 | plastic |
| 7,8 | 6,8 | MS | |||
| 7,8 | 6.8 | TGA-16 | |||
| 7,8 | 6.8 | TM | |||
| TM-62T | 8,5 | 7,0 | T | 320 x 90 | the cloth |
| 9,0 | 7.5 | TGA-16 |
table 2
Foreign anti-track mines
| Mine | Country of manufacture | Weight.kg | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | diameter (length x width) | height | |||
| M15 | USA | 14,3 | 10,3 | 337 | 125 | steel |
| M19 | USA | 1?,6 | 9,53 | 332x332 | 94 | plastic |
| M56 | USA | 3,4 | 1.7 | 250x120 | 100 | aluminum |
| AT-1 | Germany | 2,0 | 1,3 | 55 | 330 | steel |
| L9A1 | England | 11.0 | 8,4 | 1200x100 | 80 | plastic |
| SB-61 | Italy | 3,2 | 2,0 | 232 | 90 | plastic |
Table 3
Foreign anti-bottom mines
| Mine | Country of manufacture | Weight, kg | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | diameter (length x width) | height | |||
| M70 M73 | USA | 2.2 | 0.7 | 127 | 76 | steel |
| AT-2 | Germany | 2,0 | 0.7 | 100 | 130 | steel |
| PRO | France | 6.0 | 2.0 | 280x165 | 105 | plastic |
| SB-MV/T FFV028 | Italy | 5,0 | 2,6 | 235 | 100 | plastic |
| SD | Sweden | 5,0 | 3.5 | 250 | 110 | steel |
Fig.2. Anti-track mineTM-62T:
1-case; 2- explosive charge; 3 - ignition cup; 4 - fuse MVP-62; 5 - fuse drummer; 6 - a checker of the ignition glass; 7 - transfer charge fuse; 8 - primer-detonator fuse.
From the point of view of equipment, domestic mines are “omnivorous”. They are equipped with TNT (T), mixtures of A-IX2, MS, TM; alloys TGA-16, TG-40; ammotols A-50, A-80, etc.
The data in Table 1 indicate that most of the presented anti-track mines have significant dimensions and a large mass of explosives.
The most interesting is the English anti-track mine L9AI, which has an elongated shape (its dimensions are 1200x100x80 mm). For the device of an anti-tank minefield, such mines require two times less than mines with a cylindrical body. Elongated mines are more convenient to store and transport. The body of the L9A1 mine is plastic. The pressure cover is located in the upper part of the body and occupies two thirds of its length. To install this mine in the ground or on its surface, a trailed mine layer is used.
In a number of countries, for remote mining systems, several samples of anti-track mines have been developed, designed to destroy the undercarriage of a tank during a contact explosion. These mines are relatively small in size and weight.
Anti-track mine M56 (USA) is a component of the helicopter mining system. The body of the mine has the shape of a half-cylinder and is equipped with four drop-down stabilizers, which reduce the speed of the fall of the mine (mining is carried out from a height of about 30 m). A pressure cover is located on the flat surface of the housing. The electromechanical fuse is located in the end part of the housing and has two stages of protection. The first is removed when the mine exits the cluster installation, the second - one or two minutes after falling to the ground. In the combat position, the mine can be turned with a pressure cover both up and down. The fuse is equipped with a self-destruct element, which causes the mine to explode after a certain time. Mina M56 is carried out in three versions. The mines of the first (main) version are equipped with a single-stroke fuse, the second - with a two-stroke fuse, triggered by repeated impact on the pressure cover. The fuse of the mine of the third option is activated by shaking the body of the mine or changing its position. The mines of the last two options are intended to prevent the enemy from manually removing them from the passages or making passes in the minefield using roller trawls.
West German mines AT-1 are equipped with 110-mm cluster munitions of the Lars MLRS. Each munition contains 8 mines, equipped with a pressure fuse, elements of non-decontamination and self-destruction.
Italy has developed several samples of anti-track mines designed for installation by helicopter systems, including the SB-81 mine, which has a plastic case and an electromechanical fuse with a pressure sensor. In addition to helicopters, this mine can be installed by a minelayer.
Anti-bottom mines, in comparison with anti-track mines, have a significantly higher destructive effect. Exploding under the bottom of the tank and punching it, they hit the crew and disable the armament and equipment of the vehicle. The explosion of such a mine under the caterpillar of the tank disables it. Anti-bottom mines are equipped with a shaped charge or a charge based on the principle of an impact core. Most anti-bottom mines have proximity fuses with magnetic sensors that detect changes in the magnetic field as the tank passes over the mine. Such a fuse is installed at the Swedish anti-bottom mine FFV028. When the tank passes over the mine, electrical voltage is applied to the electric detonator, which initiates the explosion of the overburden, and then (with some time delay) the main charge (the armor penetration of the mine from a distance of 0.5 m is 70 mm). When an overburden charge is triggered, the upper part of the fuse, the cover of the mine body and the camouflage layer of soil are dropped, thereby creating favorable conditions for the formation of an impact core. A typical layout of the anti-bottom mine SB-MV / T is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig.3. The layout of the anti-tank mine SB-MV / T: 1 - magnetic sensor; 2 - power supply; 3 - software element of the mine neutralization device; 4-seismic sensor; 5 - a device for delaying the transfer of the fuse to the combat position; 6 - the lever for transferring the fuse to the combat position; 7 - fuse inclusion element; 8 - main charge; 9 - transitional charge; 10 - detonator; 11 - primer-igniter; 12 - overburden charge.
The French anti-bottom mine HPD is equipped with a fuse with magnetic and seismic sensors. The armor penetration of a mine from a distance of 0.5 m is 70 mm. The mine explodes when both sensors are triggered simultaneously. To drop the hull cover and the camouflage layer of soil in the HPD mine, an additional (overburden) charge was used. The mining of these mines is carried out with the help of a minelayer.
Much attention is paid to the development of anti-bottom mines for remote mining systems. In the United States, for example, spreadable anti-bottom mines have been created using artillery and aircraft mining systems (M70, M73 and BLU-91 / B mines). These mines are small in size and equipped with proximity fuses with magnetic sensors and anti-removal elements. M70 and M73 mines are components of the RAAMS artillery anti-tank mining system (for 155-mm howitzers). The cluster projectiles of this system contain nine M70 or M73 mines, which have shaped charges directed in opposite directions, which does not require special orientation on the ground surface. By design, these mines are the same and differ only in the period of self-destruction.
Table 4
The effectiveness of anti-track and anti-bottom mines
| Anti-track mine effectiveness | The effectiveness of the anti-bottom mine |
| The tank is devoid of mobility; | The tank is devoid of mobility and firepower; |
| - damaged caterpillar; | - punched bottom; |
| - damaged roller and suspension, | - the units inside the tank were significantly damaged as a result of a mine explosion and detonation of ammunition, |
| - the crew is shell-shocked, but partially combat-ready. | - the crew is completely disabled; |
| - firepower saved; | - repair (if at all possible) in the factory. |
| - repair in the field is possible |
The West German anti-bottom mine AT-2 is designed to build anti-tank barriers using ground, missile and aircraft mining systems. The mine has a warhead based on the principle of an impact core.
The comparative effectiveness of anti-track and anti-bottom mines is presented in Fig. 4 and in Table 4.
Anti-aircraft mines are designed to destroy tanks and armored vehicles at a distance of several tens of meters. These mines are effective when used to block roads and make barriers in forests and settlements. The striking element of anti-aircraft mines is an impact core or a cumulative anti-tank grenade fired from a guide tube.
The French and British armies are armed with the MAN F1 mine (Fig. 5), which has a warhead (armor penetration of 70 mm from a distance of 40 m) on the principle of an impact core. The body of the mine can be rotated in a vertical plane relative to a support consisting of two posts and a support ring. The fuse is activated by a 40-meter contact wire.
The American anti-aircraft mine M24 consists of an 88.9-mm grenade (from the M29 anti-tank rifle), a guide pipe, a fuse with a contact sensor made in the form of a tape, a power source and connecting wires. The guide pipe acts as a container in which the mine is stored and transported. Place the unit at a distance of about 30 m from the road or passage. When a tank caterpillar hits the contact strip, the fuse circuit closes and the anti-tank grenade is fired. An improved model of this mine, the M66, has been developed. It differs from the M24 in that. that infrared and seismic sensors are used instead of a contact sensor. The mines are transferred to the combat position after the seismic sensor is triggered. It also includes an infrared target sensor. The grenade is fired as soon as the armored target crosses the emitter-receiver line.
Anti-tank minefields (ATMP) are installed primarily in tank-hazardous directions in front of the front, on the flanks and junctions of subunits, as well as in depth to cover artillery firing positions, command and observation posts and other objects. An anti-tank minefield usually has dimensions along the front of 200 ... 300 m or more, in depth - 60 ... 120 m or more. Mines are installed in three to four rows with a distance between rows of 20 ... 40 m and between mines in a row - 4 ... 6 m for anti-tracked and 9 ... 12 m for anti-bottom mines. The consumption of mines per 1 km of the minefield is 550 ... 750 anti-track or 300 ... 400 anti-bottom mines. On especially important areas, PTMG1 can be installed with an increased consumption of mines: up to 1000 or more anti-track mines or 500 or more anti-bottom mines. Such minefields are commonly referred to as high efficiency minefields.
Fig.5. The layout of the anti-aircraft mine MAN F1:
1-charge; 2 - copper lining; 3 - support ring; 4 - detonator cap; 5 - fuse; 6 - power supply; 7 - transitional charge; 8 - detonator.
Fig.4. Comparative effectiveness of the destructive action of anti-line and anti-caterpillar mines:
1 - zone of action of the anti-bottom mine;
2 - zone of action of an anti-track mine.
Table 5
Foreign anti-aircraft mines
| Mine | Country of manufacture | Weight, kg | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | diameter | height | |||
| M24, M66 | USA | 10,8 | 0,9 | 89 | 609 | steel |
| MAH F1 | France | 12,0 | 6,5 | 185 | 270 | steel |
Anti-personnel mines vary in design and are mainly of the high-explosive or fragmentation type. The main characteristics of some samples of domestic anti-personnel mines are presented in Table 6. The name MON-50 means that this mine has a fragmentation-directed action. These mines are in service with various countries. Usually, the plastic cases of such mines are made in the form of a curved prism, in which a plastic explosive charge with a large number of fragments is placed. For ease of installation on the ground, there are hinged legs at the bottom of the mine body. The most common way to set the mine in action is to use a regular trip fuse, which is triggered when the target touches the tensioned wire. When a mine explodes, a flat beam of fragments is formed. Directional fragmentation mines are designed to destroy personnel moving in deployed combat formations.
The PMN index means that this mine is an anti-personnel push action. The device of the PMN anti-personnel mine is shown in Fig.6.
Currently, bouncing fragmentation anti-personnel mines are widely used. The operation of such a mine occurs when a walking person touches a tension wire or when pressure is applied to special conductors connected by an explosive chain. As a result of this, an expelling powder charge is ignited, with the help of which a mine is thrown to the height of the chest of a walking person, where an explosion occurs and people in this zone are hit by fragments.
Anti-personnel minefields (APMP) are placed in front of the forward edge and, as a rule, in front of anti-tank minefields in order to cover them. They can be from high-explosive mines, fragmentation mines, as well as a combination of high-explosive and fragmentation mines. PPMP, depending on their purpose, is installed with a length along the front from 30 to 300 m or more, in depth - 10 ... 50 m or more. The number of rows in a minefield is usually two to four, the distance between rows is 5 m or more, between mines in a row is not less than 1 m for high-explosive mines and one or two continuous destruction radii for fragmentation mines. The consumption of mines per 1 km of the minefield is accepted: high-explosive - 2000 ... 3000 pieces; fragmentation - 100 ... 300 pcs. In areas where infantry advances in large masses, PPMPs of increased efficiency can be installed - with double or triple consumption of mines.
Table 6
Main characteristics of anti-personnel mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | BB type | Dimensions mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x x width) | height | |||
| MON-50 | 2,0 | 0.7 | PVV-5A | 225x153 | 54 | plastic |
| MOH-90 | 12,4 | 6.5 | PVV-5A | 343x202 | 153 | plastic |
| MON-100 | 7,5 | 2.0 | T | 236 | 83 | steel |
| 7.0 | 1,5 | A-50 | ||||
| MON-200 | 30,0 | 12.0 | T | 434 | 131 | steel |
| 28,7 | 10,7 | A-50 | ||||
| PMN | 0.58 | 0,21 | T | 100 | 56 | plastic |
| LMN-2 | 0.95 | 0.4 | TG-40 | 122 | 54 | plastic |
Fig.6. Anti-personnel mine PMN:
a) - general view; b) - cut; 1 - body; 2 - shield; 3 - cap; 4 - wire or tape; 5 - stock; 6 - spring; 7 - split ring; 8 - drummer; 9 - mainspring; 10 - thrust sleeve; 11 - safety check; 12 – metal element; 13 - explosive charge; 14 - fuse MD-9; 15 - plug; 16 - cap; 17 - gasket; 18 - metal frame; 19 - string.
Table 7
The main characteristics of anti-amphibious mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | BB type | Dimensions mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x x width) | height | |||
| PDM-1M | 18,0 | 10,0 | T | 380 | 143 | steel |
| PDM-2 | 21,0 | 15.0 | T | 380 | 342 | steel |
| PDM-3Ya | 34,0 | 15.0 | T | 650 | steel | |
| YRM | 12,1 | 3.0 | T | 275 | 34V | steel |
Table 8
The main characteristics of special mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | BB type | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x x width) | height | |||
| ZhDM-6 | 24.2 | 14,0 | 1 | 250 | 230 | steel |
| ADM-7 | 24,2 | 14,0 | T | 215 | 265 | steel |
| ADM-8 | 24,2 | 14,0 | T | 220 | 252 | steel |
| MPM | 0.74 | 0,3 | TG-50 | 148x72 | 46 | plastic |
| SPM | 2,35 | 0,93 | MS | 248x114 | 72 | steel |
| BPM | 7,14 | 2,6 | T | 292 | 110 | steel |
| BPM | 7,44 | 2.9 | TGA-16 | 292 | 110 | steel |
Fig.7. Mina PDM-2 on a low stand:
1 - rod; 2 - check; 3 - fuse; 4 - housing with an explosive charge; 5 – lock nut; 6 - bopt; 7 - flange; 8 - upper beam; 9 - lower beam; 10 - steel sheet; 11 - washer; 12 - latch; 13 - handle; 14 - roller.
Fig.8. Mine body PDM-2:
1 - body; 2 - central neck; 3-glass; 4 - intermediate detonator; 5 - side neck; 6 - nipple; 7 - charge; 8 - gaskets; 9 - plugs.
Fig.9. Charge S3-3L:
a) - general view; b) - cut; 1 - body; 2 - explosive charge; 3 - intermediate detonators; 4 - ignition socket for the detonator cap; 5 - socket for a special fuse; 6 - plugs; 7 - handle; 8 - rings for binding the charge.
1 - body; 2 - cumulative lining; 3 - explosive charge; 4 - intermediate detonator; 5 - seal nest; 6 - handle; 7 - retractable legs; 8 - cork.
Fig.10. Charge S3-6M:
1 - capron shell; 2 – polyethylene sheath; 3 – plastic explosive charge; 4 - intermediate detonators; 5 - rubber couplings; 6 - metal clips; 7 - socket for a detonator cap; 8 - socket for a special fuse; 9 - plugs; 10 - union nut; 11 - rings for binding the charge.
At present, the engineering troops of developed countries have nuclear mines with a TNT equivalent from 2 to 1000 tons.
Assessing the effectiveness of nuclear mines, foreign experts believe that they can be used as a multi-purpose weapon against advancing enemy forces. It is believed that the explosion of nuclear mines located in special concrete or soil wells creates zones of destruction and contamination that are capable of dismembering the battle formations of enemy troops, directing its advance into areas advantageous for inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on it. An important direction in the use of nuclear mines is considered to be the strengthening of mine-explosive barriers in tank-hazardous areas. The protective effect of nuclear mines is due to the creation, as a result of explosions, of craters, blockages, zones of destruction and contamination, which are a serious obstacle to the movement of troops.
The crater from a nuclear mine explosion is a formidable obstacle, since its large size, steep slopes and rapid filling with water greatly impede the movement of not only vehicles, but also tanks.
The size of the craters will depend on the TNT equivalent of nuclear mines, the depth of their laying and the methods of detonation. When a mine explodes on the surface of the earth with a power of 1.2 kt, a funnel is formed with a diameter of 27 m and a depth of 6.4 m; the same charge, detonated at a depth of 5 m, forms a funnel with a diameter of 79 m and a depth of up to 16 m, and at a depth of 20 m - with a diameter of 89 m and a depth of 27.5 m. The protective effect of a nuclear mine explosion is enhanced by radioactive fallout over a large area.
Anti-amphibious mines are used to mine water lines in areas of possible amphibious landing in order to destroy amphibious amphibious vehicles and combat vehicles. The main characteristics of these mines are presented in Table 7, the distinguishing feature of which is their use in a submerged position.
The device of anti-amphibious mines and their main components are shown on the example of the PDM-2 mine in Fig. 7, 8.
For mining railway tracks (ZhDM-6), highways (ADM-7, ADM-8) and other specific tasks, special mines are used (Table 8). Mines MPM, SPM, BIM have the property of "sticking" (with the help of a magnet or adhesive material) and have a quasi-cumulative lining for the formation of significant holes in obstacles.
To make passages in anti-tank and anti-mine fields, elongated demining charges are used (Table 9). They are advanced manually or mechanized, or launched into a minefield with the help of jet engines. Therefore, explosive charges are placed in metal pipes or in flexible fabric or plastic sleeves (hoses). Charges UZ-1, UZ-2, UZ-Z and UZ-ZR are metal pipes in which pressed pieces of TNT are placed. The UZ-67 charge consists of a sleeve (material - nylon-based fabric), in which TNT blocks are strung on a flexible hose with explosives of the A-IX-1 type. Charges UZP-72 and UZP-77 are based on a flexible rope with wound layers of plastic charge from PVV-7, placed in a sleeve made of special fabric.
Table 9
Main characteristics of elongated demining charges
| Mine | Weight, kg | BB type | Dimensions | mm | Housing material | |
| general | explosive charge | (length x x width) | height | |||
| UZ-1 | 5,3 | 2,88 | T | 53 | 1200 | steel |
| UZ-2 | 10,24 | 5,33 | T | 53 | 2000 | steel |
| UZ-Z | 43 | 8 kg / p. m. | T | 53 | 1950 | steel |
| UZ-ZR | 43 | T | 53 | 1950 | steel | |
| UZ-67 | 55.5 | 41,6 | T+A-XI -1 | 80 | 10 500 | steel |
| UZP-72 | 47,7 | 41.2 | PVV-7 | 80 | 10 500 | steel |
| UZL-77 | 47,7 | 41.2 | PVV-7 | 80 | 10 500 | steel |
Note: p.m. - linear meter.
Table 10
Main characteristics of concentrated charges
| Mine | Weight, kg | BB type | Dimensions | mm | Housing material | |
| general | explosive charge | (length x x width) | height | |||
| SZ-1 | 1,4 | 1,0 | T | 65x116 | 126 | steel |
| NW-W | 3.7 | 3.0 | T | 65x171 | 337 | steel |
| NW-FOR | 3,/ | 2,8 | T | 98x142 | 200 | steel |
| SZ-6 | 7,3 | 5.9 | T | 98x142 | 395 | steel |
| sz-vm | 6,9 | 6.0 | PVV-5A | 82 | 1200 | the cloth |
| SZ-1P | 1,5 | L.b | PVV-5A | 45 | 600 | the cloth |
| SZ-4P | 4,2 | 4,2 | PVV-5A | 45 | 2000 | the cloth |
Table 11
Main characteristics of shaped charges
| Mine | Weight, kg | BB type | Dimensions mm | Material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x x width) | hull height | |||
| KZ-1 | 14,47 | 9.0 | TG-40 | 350 | 570 | steel |
| KZ-2 | 14,8 | 9,0 | TG-40 | 350 | 650 | steel |
| KZ-4 | 63,0 | 49,0 | TG-50 | 410 | 440 | steppe |
| KZ-5 | 12.5 | 8,5 | TG-40 | 215 | 280 | steel |
| KZ-6 | 3,0 | 1,8 | TG-40 | 112 | 292 | steel |
| KZ-7 | 6,5 | 4,2 | TG-40 | 162 | 272 | steel |
| KZU | 18,0 | 12,0 | TG-50 | 195x225 | 500 | steel |
| KPC | 1,0 | 0,4 | TG-50 | 52x160 | 200 | steel |
| 0,56 | 0,185 | TG-40 | 76x70 | 1507 | steel | |
| KZU-1 | 0,0 | 032 | TG-40 | 85x105 | 160 | steel |
Table 12
Characteristics of TNT checkers
Table 13
Characteristics of checkers made of plastic explosives
Table 14
Characteristics of detonating cords
Fig.12. Cumulative charge KZU-2:
a) - longitudinal section; b) - cross section; 1 - foam insert; 2 - explosive charge (TG-40); 3 - body; 4 - plug; 5 - gasket; 6 - bushing; 7 - gasket; 8- glass; 9 - checker BB A-XI-1; 10 - cap; 11 - ring; 12 - latch; 13 - strap; 14 - bracket; 15 - leaf spring; 16 - magnet; 17 - cumulative lining; 18 - clamp.
Fig.13. KZU-2 charge installation diagrams (the arrow indicates the installation location of the electric detonator or fuse)
To carry out demolition work in emergency situations, for example, when it is necessary to make a homemade mine in the shortest possible time, concentrated charges are used (Table 10). Charges SZ-ZA (Fig. 9), SZ-6, SZ-6M (Fig. 10) can be used for blasting under water. It should be noted that SZ-ZA, SZ-6 and SZ-6M charges can be successfully used in underwater blasting.
Shaped charges (Table 11) are used to punch or cut through thick metal slabs during the destruction of armored and reinforced concrete defensive structures.
The design and elements of the shaped charges KZ-2, KZU-2 are shown in Fig. 11-13.
In engineering troops, for demolition work, TNT and plastic explosives are used in the form of checkers, the main characteristics of which are presented in Table. 12.13.
Detonating cords are widely used to transfer an explosive impulse during explosions in engineering troops (Table 14).
Of all the munitions in service with the Russian army, engineering munitions are remarkable in that they are dual-use munitions, i.e. can be used in blasting in the national economy to solve specific problems in the mining, metallurgical and oil industries. For this reason, funding is not required for their disposal. Engineering munitions that have reached the end of their service life should be transferred to civilian organizations conducting explosive work (for example, in the mining industry). By now, millions of tons of so-called scrubs have accumulated at metallurgical plants, which are large-sized multi-ton objects with a significant iron content. Due to the crisis state of our metallurgical industry, these scrubs can serve as a good source of raw materials. But for obvious reasons, such scrubs cannot be transported and loaded into blast furnaces; they need to be split. In this case, engineering ammunition is an indispensable tool for solving this problem. At the same time, the technology for cutting such a scrub is as follows. By detonating a shaped charge (KZ-1, KZ-2, KZ-4), a crater (significant in depth and diameter) is created in the scrub, which is filled with explosives and blasted. As a result of these activities, the scrub is destroyed into parts that can be transported and loaded into a blast furnace. This is just one of thousands of examples of the use of engineering ammunition in the national economy.
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From the book From Austerlitz to Paris. Roads of defeat and victory author Goncharenko Oleg GennadievichRussian engineering troops in the Patriotic War of 1812 At the beginning of the war, Russian engineering troops consisted of two pioneer regiments of three battalions. Each battalion consisted of one miner and three pioneer companies. Due to the large dispersion of engineering
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From the book Special Forces. firearms training course author Komarov Konstantin EduardovichAppendix No. 4 Basic Ammunition “A little theory before choosing the right ammunition. Calibers are measured in millimeters or fractions of an inch. An inch is equal to 25.4 mm. In Russia and most other countries, calibers are measured in millimeters. In the UK, caliber is measured in thousandths.
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From the book Tank "Sherman" by Ford RogerBulldozer Tanks and Armored Engineering Vehicles Perhaps the simplest vehicle developed from the Sherman was an armored bulldozer capable of clearing roads under fire, filling craters, and so on. The first proposals for the development of such a machine
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TM-72 - anti-tank mine. Developed in the USSR, put into service in 1973. TM-72 anti-tank anti-bottom mine. An explosion occurs when the projection of a tank (BMP, BMD, armored personnel carrier, car) hits a mine, its magnetic field acts on the reacting device of the fuse. The defeat of vehicles is inflicted by penetrating the bottom with a cumulative jet during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment when the tank or some other vehicle is above the mine. The mine was a flat, rounded metal box. An explosive charge was placed inside the box and a fuse was installed on top. The mine is not intended for installation by means of mechanization.
The MVN-80 fuse is designed to equip anti-tank mines of the TM-62 series and TM-72 mines and ensures their detonation under the entire projection of moving targets.
Basic performance characteristics
Type……………………......................................... ............Non-contact-contact magnetic action
Fuse mass……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1.3 kg
Diameter………………………………………………................................128.5 mm
Height…………………………………………………...........................97 mm
Type of long-range cocking mechanism…………………...........hydromechanical
Long-range cocking time……………………………..............20…400 s
The force of the fuse shear cover…………..........30…100 kgf
Combat work time………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30 days.
Temperature range of application………………..........from –30 to +50 degrees. FROM
Current source……………………......................................element 154 PMC-U - 48 hours (KBU - 1.5 hours)
Kit contents
Fuse………………………………………………………………......................... ..............one
Current source…………………………………………………………….…........................ ............one
Fuse with black cover for installation from a helicopter………......................1
Universal key……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .......1/24
The key for screwing the fuse into a mine…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Device
On top of the fuse are: fuse 3 with a pin 4, a socket for a power source, closed by a lid 2, a handle 5 for switching the fuse from the transport position to the combat position and vice versa. Two types of fuses are used in the fuse: with a black cover - for setting mines from a helicopter, and with a red cover - for setting mines with a minelayer and manually. The fuse with a red cover has a thread 4 m long for remote start of the long-range cocking mechanism (hydromechanical).
The fuse is triggered by a change in the Earth's magnetic field caused by a target passing over the mine (tank, car, etc.).
Forbidden
1. Move near the fuse, transferred to the combat position, ferromagnetic objects, including small ones (weapon, shovel, steel probe, safety pin, etc.).
2. Move fuses brought into firing position.
3. Install mines with a fuse closer than 200 m from power lines, electrified railways, radio and radar stations.
4. Use fuses for mining, in which the height of the protrusion of the fuse is greater than the depth of the fork of the key for manually breaking the fuse cover.
5. Install the power source in the fuse, transferred to the combat position, without a fuse or with a blown fuse.
6. Unscrew the fuse from the fuse equipped with a current source.
 |
To screw the fuse into a mine, the same key is used as for the MVCh-62 fuse.
A universal key is used to replace the fuse.
Neutralization
Search and removal of mines installed with the MVN-80 fuse are allowed only with the help of the PUV-80 device.
It is forbidden:
- search for mines with probes;
Remove a mine that has visible mechanical damage to the fuse;
Remove the mine if the signal from the fuse is not heard by the control device or the proximity sensor of the fuse target is not turned off by a signal from the control device;
Move to the transport position the transfer handle of the fuse that has not been turned off by the control device.
To search and remove mines, you must:
Prepare the control device for operation;
Turn on the device and, moving in the required direction, search for mines;
Having found a mine with a fuse by a characteristic signal in the head phones, give a signal to turn off the fuse (the signal in the phones should disappear), remove the camouflage layer of soil and, supporting the fuse from displacement with your hand, move the fuse transfer handle to the transport position and fix it with a pin;
Remove the mine from the ground.
Mines whose fuses are not turned off by the control device or are not transferred to the transport position are destroyed by overhead charges.
- Purpose, main performance characteristics, general arrangement, procedure for installing and neutralizing the TM-83 anti-tank mine in a stand-alone version.
(Figure 1.29) consists of an incompletely armed mine and a fuse.
Figure 1.29 - Mine TM-83: 1 - explosive charge; 2 - lining; 3 - bracket handle;
4 - bracket; 5 - fastening handle; 6 - nest under the fuse
The fuse includes an ODC optical target sensor, a SDC seismic target sensor with a device for its installation, a safety-actuator (PIM), a locking mechanism (MZ), an MZU control panel, and an MD-5M fuse.
The ODC optical target sensor (Figure 1.30) provides an electrical signal to the safety-actuating mechanism when the tank crosses the aiming line. A lens and an electronic unit are installed in the plastic cylindrical housing of the optical target sensor. 
On the cover of the housing there are upper and lower terminals for connecting wires, an LED indicator for checking the health of the ODC, a socket for a current source, closed with a plug. On the side of the housing there is a rod that serves to install the ODC in the bushing of the mine housing. At the end of the rod there is a washer for fixing the ODC in the bushing. The protrusion on the side surface of the rod ensures oriented placement of the ODC in the housing sleeve.
To protect against precipitation and dust, the lens is covered with a protective film. On the cover of the housing there is a contour of the current source, showing its position in the socket.
The seismic target sensor SDC (Figure 1.31) ensures the closure of the electrical circuit between the ODC and the safety-actuator when the target (tank) approaches the mine installation site. It has a cylindrical aluminum case, which contains a geophone, an electronic unit and a current source. 
The seismic receiver is used to convert seismic signals caused by ground vibrations into electrical ones. The electronic unit provides amplification and time-frequency processing of the signals coming from the seismic receiver. On the side of the housing, two wires with lugs are brought out to connect the SDC to the ODC and the safety-actuator. A metal tag is fixed on the wire connected to the ODC. At the bottom of the case there is a threaded hole for mounting the column and a socket for a power source. The device for installing the SDC includes a tip, a column and a bushing. The tip is designed to be driven into the ground. Column - for fastening the SDC to the tip. Sleeve - to protect the shank of the tip or column when they are driven into the ground.
The safety-actuating mechanism is designed to actuate the MD-5M fuse when a signal is received from the ODC and to ensure the safety of the mine installation. PIM has a rectangular aluminum case, which contains a striker, an electric igniter, a filter to protect the electric igniter from pickup currents on the output wires, safety contacts, a hydromechanical temporary mechanism with a rod and a contact washer. In the transport position, the rod is sunk to the lowest position, the safety contacts are open, the lower end of the rod enters the striker channel, preventing its movement to the fuse. In this position, the stem is held by a cover that rotates on the axis and is held by a pin. In the lower part of the body there is a socket for screwing in the fuse.
The wires are designed to include the PIM in the electrical circuit of the fuse. When the checks are removed, the rod is released, which, under the action of the spring and as the rubber flows, rises up, freeing the drummer channel. The contact washer closes the safety contacts and connects the electric igniter to the electrical circuit of the fuse, the PIM is transferred to the firing position.
The locking mechanism is designed for remote reusable closing or opening of the electric circuit of the fuse using the MZU control panel. A remote switch (relay) and a block with radio elements are located in the plastic cylindrical case of the MZ. At one end of the case there are two terminals for connecting wires from the SDC and PIM, from the other end there are wires of the control cable, at the end of which there is a socket for connecting the MZ to the plug of the MZU console.
The MZU control panel is designed for repeated switching on and off of the MZ, as well as for checking its condition.
The fuse MD-5M is designed to initiate an additional detonator when it is pierced with a sting of the PIM striker.
After removing the PIM checks and turning on the MZ using the MZU remote control (for a controlled installation option), after the long-range cocking time (1–30 min), the mine is transferred to the combat position.
When the tank approaches the mine installation site, the ground vibration is perceived by the SDC seismic receiver, the seismic signals are converted into electrical ones.
The SDC electronic unit amplifies these signals, performs their time-frequency processing, and closes the circuit between the optical target sensor (ODS) and PIM.
When the tank crosses the line of aiming mines, the ODC lens concentrates the energy of infrared radiation emitted by the tank on the receiving area of the pyroelectric module
Preface.
More than once or twice over the past twenty or thirty years, our mass media, especially television, have hysterically informed the broad masses about the “criminally negligent attitude of the military towards ammunition”, about “another deadly find”, about those discovered in the forest (at a shooting range, an abandoned military campus, at the site of the exercise), etc. etc. shells, rockets, mines. Very willingly and in detail, television shows these “terrible finds”, interviews excited inhabitants, stigmatizes “criminals in uniform”, demands an investigation of “flagrant bungling” and severe punishment of those responsible. By the way, for some reason, former students (mostly from Moscow) who have received a minimum of military training in military departments, but who consider themselves major experts in military affairs, are especially excited.
And every time, my eye habitually fixes with boredom the white stripes on the shells of the mines, the distinct inscriptions “inert”, the black color of the “unexploded” shells. All these finds are no more dangerous than an old harrow, or, say, a laptop (faulty).
From the author. In general, having looked at the lands belonging to the Armed Forces for their purposes in the nineties, Russian businessmen, and even ordinary citizens, launched an active campaign to seize from the Ministry of Defense “the huge territories of incredibly large military training grounds unjustifiably occupied by the military department.” Have achieved. We have achieved a lot. Especially during the reign of Marshal Taburetkin. What people just don’t understand or don’t want to understand is that the lands where the military has been shooting, throwing bombs, blowing up for many decades, are littered with an indefinable amount of unexploded ordnance and will never (NEVER) become safe.
And this is inevitable. This is just as inevitable as what a person always leaves behind in any kind of his activity.
Year after year, grenades, shells, bombs will crawl out of the ground in gardening partnerships, in the places of construction of cottages, as if from the underworld. And the kids will find them in the polygon forests and berry fields. With how many lives people will pay for their stupidity, only God knows.
In this article, the author wants to try to teach non-military people to distinguish training, completely harmless engineering ammunition from really dangerous combat mines, charges, fuses. Maybe then someone will not have to, leaving an exciting mushroom picking or throwing a rake, grabbing their children in an armful, rush to the phone to notify the authorities about the find. Or vice versa, you don’t have to put your life in mortal danger, bringing home a small elegant gray shell with black letters (it’s a sin to hide, it happens that the shell doesn’t fly where it’s supposed to, and the valiant army happens to lose entire rockets).
End of preface.
Painting of engineering ammunition.
Engineer mines and other engineering ammunition may have any color that is considered appropriate for a given product. Engineering munitions, in contrast to artillery, aviation and navy munitions, do not have a specially established identification coloration.
Typically, anti-tank mines are painted green, which ranges from dark green to olive green. However, there are mines painted in various shades of gray-yellow, beige. Usually these are mines intended for export to Africa, the Middle East.
Anti-personnel mines are distinguished by a variety of colors and it is impossible to say anything definite here.
TNT sticks are usually wrapped in waxed paper in red, grey, grey-blue, green and other similar colors.
Industrial demolition charges are usually painted olive green or light gray (globular).
Fuzes, detonators usually have the color of bare metal (copper, brass, aluminum, steel), since they are usually not painted at all.
The most significant thing is that it is impossible to distinguish combat, training and practical (imitation) engineer ammunition from each other by color. And therefore, it is impossible to distinguish a dangerous find from a completely harmless one by color.
It is possible to distinguish between combat and training (inert), training and simulation engineering ammunition only by marking.
Marking of engineering ammunition.
Capsule detonators, electric detonators, fuses.
* Combat (i.e. dangerous in terms of explosion) markings, as a rule, do not have.
* Training (inert) - white stripe;
*Practical (imitation) - red stripe.
Explosive training aids are filled with inert materials similar to combat materials in color, density and consistency and are completely safe to handle.
Practical fuses are intended for initiation of practical imitation explosive charges, min. When triggered, they give out a flash of flame from which the pyrotechnic composition of a practical engineering ammunition lights up. That, in turn, imitates an explosion with a flash of flame or smoke with colored smoke.
It is impossible to suffer much from them, but it is possible to get injured.
From the author. In general, according to safety regulations, all types of engineering ammunition should be treated as combat. And this is not only in order to accustom trainees to unconditionally correct actions. In the author's practice, there was a case when in the OZM-3 training mine (there was a white strip on the body, as it should be), the expelling powder charge turned out to be real. In the classroom, he worked and planted a mine. Thankfully, no one was hurt. But this mine came from the factory. Someone's negligence could lead to serious consequences.
And further. You just want to turn these beautiful shiny silver or golden tubes in your hands, sort them out, play with them, children often take them in their mouths. The result of the explosion of such a product in the hands is three severed fingers and a gouged eye, sometimes both (standard!).
The fuses are small.
These include fuses of the MUV type (MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4), VPF, PV-42, VZD-3M, VZD-1M and the like. They do not contain any explosive materials. Therefore, they may not have any designations, letters, numbers or colored stripes. Or, on the case, the code (designation) of the product can be embossed or squeezed out.
On the cases of products, the markings defined by Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering ammunition. Book one." Marking can be embossed (extruded) or applied with black paint.
The marking contains:
*upper line - code (product designation)*
*lower line is a group of three characters separated by a dash. The first group of characters (number, letter combination, symbol) means a code indicating the manufacturer. The second group of numbers is the batch number of the products. the third group of numbers is the year of manufacture.
From the author. The manufacturer's code is most often a group of two or three digits. But it's not a factory number. Sometimes there is a combination of letters or even a conventional sign (usually two or three intertwined rings). The manufacturer code changes periodically.
So trying to find out by the cipher where the fuse was made is a completely pointless exercise. This can only be done by people working in the GRAU who have the appropriate tables in their safes.
No colored stripes or rings are applied to such fuses.
Fuses and explosive mechanisms.
These are rather large products, which, as a rule, have initiating, and often high explosives, inside.
They are marked with the markings specified in Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering Ammunition. Book one." Marking is applied with black paint. Less often knocked out (squeezed out in metal).
The marking contains:
*upper line - code (product designation)
*the second line is a group of three characters separated by a dash. The first group of characters (number, letter combination, symbol) means a code indicating the manufacturer. The second group of numbers is the batch number of the products. the third group of numbers is the year of manufacture.
*the third line is the cipher of the explosive in the fuse. If structurally (!) the fuse does not contain initiating and / or blasting explosives, then the third line in the marking is missing.
This does not apply to training fuses, on which either a white stripe or the inscription “inert” is required in the third line.
In the photo on the right: Training (inert) fuse for the TM-62 mine.
*U-MVCh-62 - means the code of the product (training fuse type MVCh-62)
*42-M - means the manufacturer's code
*30 - indicates that the fuse from the batch number 30
*90 - indicates that the fuse was released in 1990
*a white stripe in place of the BB code indicates that this fuse is inert and does not contain any explosive materials.
In some cases, if the fuse has an individual number, then its number is given above the line indicating the product code.
In the picture on the left: VZMU-S fuse. The number 199 is visible above the product code. This is the individual number of the fuse.
In some cases, most often in relation to training and practical fuses, additional explanatory inscriptions may be applied in the marking (“inert”, “inert”, “”practical”, “practical”, etc.).
In the picture on the left, examples of the designation of the manufacturer's code.
From the author. Such hieroglyphic ciphers of the manufacturer began to appear in the seventies and I must say that not from a great mind. After all, for the most part, in practical work, a sapper only needs to know the code (designation) of the product itself and what kind of explosive it is equipped with. All other data is needed only by investigators in case of incidents related to the theft of engineering ammunition or accidents (explosions). Well, what is it like for an investigator to ask the SMI or GRAU about who made this or that product? If there are numbers and letters, then everything is easy and simple to transfer by any means and through any communication channels, to fix on paper. But how to display this hieroglyph, say, in the protocol of the inspection of the scene?
Engineering mines.
Marking, defined by Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering Ammunition. Book one."
Marking is applied on light surfaces with black, and on dark surfaces with white resistant paint. The place of marking is not strictly regulated. Usually this is the side or top surface. Rarely, but there is a marking applied to the lower surface.
Marking includes:
Line 1 - individual item number (if assigned).
Line 2 - code (designation) of the product.
Line 3 - three groups of characters separated by a dash:
- the third group of characters - the year of manufacture of this batch of ammunition
Line 4 - the code of the explosive of the main charge.
In the picture on the right: an example of marking an anti-tank mine:
*TM-62P - product code, i.e. This is an anti-tank mine of the TM-62P brand.
*ZP - manufacturer's code.
*53 – batch number min.
*68 - year of manufacture of the batch of min.
*white stripe in place of the BB code - the mine is filled with inert material instead of explosives.
The most widely used explosive codes are:
| TNT | T |
| RDX | G or A-IX-I |
| A mixture of TNT with RDX, 50% each | TG-50 |
| A mixture of 30% TNT and 70% RDX | TG-30 |
| A mixture of TNT, RDX and aluminum | TGA |
| marine mix | MS |
| Plastic Explosive (Plastite-4) | PVV-4 |
| Tetryl | tetra |
| Pentrite (ten) | TN |
| Ammonite with 50% TNT | A-50 |
| Ammonite with 20% TNT | A-80 |
| inert substance | t strip thickness 7-10 mm. |
| inert substance | INERT |
| Simulant (flash, smoke) | t strip thickness 7-10 mm. |
In the picture on the right: an example of the marking of a POM-2R anti-personnel mine.
On the bodies of inert mines, a white strip in place of the BB code can be supplemented or replaced by the inscription “INERT”, “INERT,”. The same inscription can be duplicated on other mine surfaces.
In addition to the prescribed markings, there may be different letters, numbers, signs in various places on the mine body. These are the technological marks of the manufacturer (quality control stamp, workshop number, shift number, rejection stamp, foreman's mark, warehouse marks, packer's marks, etc.). Their number, location is not regulated in any way, and these marks are needed only by the plant at the time of manufacture.
Explosive charges of industrial manufacture.
The marking is completely similar to the marking of engineering mines and is subject to the same rules.
In the picture on the right: an example of marking a concentrated charge of industrial production SZ-3A.
It should be noted that the above-described marking rules for engineering ammunition are not strictly observed by the industry. Readers familiar with them firsthand must have encountered numerous deviations from the prescribed rules. For example, the marking can be squeezed out on the body, can be scattered in different places (code on one side, BB code on the other, and the line of the batch, plant and year in general from the bottom. Also, the marking can be duplicated on two surfaces of the ammunition.
capping.
For cardboard boxes in which small-sized products (blasting caps, electric detonators, fuses, fuses) are placed, there are no strict marking rules. As a rule, marking in typographical font on paper labels pasted on the box.
The label usually contains:
*Code (designation) of products in the box.
*Number of items in a box.
*Batch number.
*Year or date of manufacture.
*Name or stamp of the packer,
* Surname or stamp of the controller (technical control department.
In the photo on the right: Examples of marking cardboard closures for small products.
Larger engineer ammunition is usually packed in wooden boxes, usually painted dark green, less often unpainted. On the side end wall is applied with black paint, the marking is applied with black or white paint, depending on which color is more distinguishable against the coloring background.
Mandatory markings for ammunition boxes:
* the top row is the code of products and their number in the box,
* 2 row - three groups of characters separated by a dash:
- the first group of characters - the code of the manufacturer,
- the second group of characters - the number of the ammunition batch,
- the third group of characters is the year of manufacture of this batch.
* 3rd row - code of explosives used in ammunition,
*4 row - gross weight of the box.
On boxes with training (inert) ammunition, a white stripe 15 mm wide and 100 mm long is applied.
On boxes with practical (imitation ammunition) a red stripe 15 mm wide and 100 mm long is applied.
If the box contains products of different names, then the marking is applied for each name, and the marking for each name is done in the bottom line.
In addition to the mandatory military marking, boxes may have markings determined by departmental rules and regulations. for example, signs of the category of explosion and fire hazard, transport capacity, special marks such as “When transporting by plane, pierce with an awl here”, “Afraid of dampness”, “Do not tilt”, “Flammable cargo”.
Literature
1. Guide to demolition work. Start approved. eng. Troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense 27.07.67. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
2. Manual on military engineering for the Soviet Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
3. Engineering ammunition. Book one. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1976
4. B.V. Varenyshev and others. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1982
5. B.S. Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of engineering troops. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1989