How to determine the strength of nervous processes. Features of dog training, taking into account the type of higher nervous activity. Level of mobility of nervous processes

Mobility of nervous processes

The mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition is expressed in how quickly in the cells of the cerebral cortex the process of excitation is replaced by the process of inhibition and vice versa. In the laboratories of Academician I.P. Pavlov, there are a number of indicators by which one can judge the degree of mobility of nervous processes. We present some of them.

1. The mobility of nervous processes can be determined by the rapid replacement of a differentiating (inhibitory) stimulus with a positive one. For example, a dog is given an inhibitory conditioned reflex stimulus for 30 seconds, and then after 1-2 seconds a positive conditioned reflex stimulus is given. Dogs with good mobility may experience reduced salivation during the first seconds of its action, and then normal food salivation will begin. Nerve cells will quickly free themselves from inhibition, which has developed as a result of the action of an inhibitory stimulus. In dogs with poor mobility of nervous processes, in which nerve cells are difficult to free themselves from inhibition, there will be a significant decrease in positive conditioned reflex salivation; the remaining inhibition will interfere with the normal alimentary conditioned reflex. In dogs with poor mobility of nervous processes, such a collision of a positive reflex with a negative one can even lead to a prolonged disruption of the dog's nervous activity, to the development of a painful state of the animal's nervous system.

2. An indicator of the mobility of nervous processes is the rate of conversion of a positive conditioned reflex into a negative one and vice versa. A dog with a well-developed positive conditioned reflex and differentiation is started to be fed to a previously unfed, differentiating stimulus, and the stimulus, to which the dog was previously systematically fed, is now left without food. Dogs with good mobility of nervous processes quickly (in 10-15 combinations) "remake" stimuli, i.e. they begin to give a positive reaction to the previous differentiation and not show a food reaction to the previous positive conditioned reflex stimulus. Dogs with poor mobility of nervous processes require 100-150 or even more combinations.

Dogs with poor mobility of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition) by Academician I.P. Pavlov were called phlegmatic. Dogs of a strong type with good mobility and balance in the processes of excitation and inhibition are sanguine. Thus, Academician I.P. Pavlov identified four types of higher nervous activity in dogs (Table 1).

Table 1. Types of higher nervous activity of dogs (classification)

1. Excitable, unrestrained type (cholerics) with a strong process of excitation, but with a weak process of inhibition.

2. Balanced, mobile (Saying "mobile" or "inactive", they mean, of course, not the mobility of the dog, but the mobility of nervous processes) type (sanguine). These are dogs with a strong process of excitation and inhibition and their good mobility.

3. Inert, sedentary type (phlegmatic) with strong processes of excitation and inhibition, but with poor mobility.

4. Weak type (melancholic), in which the process of excitation is weak, i.e. low limit of the efficiency of nerve cells. Too strong irritants cause prohibitive inhibition in these dogs.

It must be remembered that a large number of dogs have a non-pronounced type of higher nervous activity, which is, as it were, on the border between individual, pronounced typological properties of the nervous system.

This chapter discusses the main methods for assessing the types of nervous activity that were used in the laboratories of Academician I.P. Pavlova. Determining the type of dog's nervous system is not an easy task. Unfortunately, among cynologists sweeping assessments of the types of nervous activity in dogs are common. An assessment of the type is given only on the basis of a superficial observation of the behavior of the dog. For example, dogs exhibiting a passive-defensive reaction are all classified as a weak type, vicious dogs as choleric, and so on. Such a technique in evaluating the types of higher nervous activity can only give an incorrect orientation in the approach to dog training.

Introduction

The subject of my control work reveals the basic concepts of higher nervous activity, its typology. It is known that higher nervous activity is provided by the cerebral cortex. This means that our memory, speech, attention, thinking and many other types of mental processes directly depend on the correct functioning of the cortex, its adequate perception and analysis of all kinds of stimuli.

Nervous processes occurring in the cortex have certain properties (strength, ratio, mobility), which form the individual characteristics of higher nervous activity, and therefore emphasize the individuality of each person.

The typology of higher nervous activity indicates the peculiar way in which the individual perceives the world around him.

1. The main properties of nervous processes that determine behavior

Long-term study of conditioned reflexes allowed Pavlov to distinguish three main properties of nervous processes that determine the individual characteristics of animal behavior, their temperaments. The first property is the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, which characterizes the performance of cortical cells. This property is determined by the limiting strength of stimulation, to which positive and negative conditioned reflexes can be formed. Some dogs easily form conditioned reflexes to both weak and strong stimuli. For other dogs, strong stimuli (a sharp bell or a ratchet) turn out to be excessive and cause transcendental inhibition at the corresponding point, easily radiating throughout the entire cortex. In such dogs, conditioned reflexes are formed only to weak or medium strength stimuli.

The second property is the ratio, or balance, of the forces of the processes of excitation and inhibition, in other words, their balance. In some dogs, both positive and negative conditioned reflexes are equally easily formed, while in others, the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition is not the same. If the process of excitation prevails over the process of inhibition, then along with the rapid formation of positive conditioned reflexes, there is difficulty in developing differentiations, especially subtle ones; already existing differentiations are easily disinhibited. In such excitable dogs, an overstrain of the inhibitory process leads to the disappearance of all previously developed differentiations. If, on the contrary, the process of excitation turns out to be weaker than the process of inhibition, then the dog in its behavior approaches those in whom strong stimuli cause general cortical inhibition. The third property is the mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition, i.e. the speed with which they can replace each other. In some dogs, the resulting excitation or inhibition is, as it were, a stagnant character, slowly changing to the opposite process. The transformation of a positive reflex into a negative one, and a negative one into a positive one, is difficult for them. A quick change of positive and negative stimuli can sometimes even lead to disruption of cortical activity. in other dogs, on the contrary, cortical cells easily cope with the task that requires a rapid change in the processes of excitation and inhibition; in experiment it is not difficult to achieve a mutual alteration of positive and negative reflections. This property acquires an essential, decisive value when the processes of excitation and inhibition are sufficiently strong and balanced, and recedes into the background when both processes or one of them are weak.

2. Types of higher nervous activity

Individual features of the higher nervous activity of dogs are extremely diverse, since gradations of strength, balance and mobility of nervous processes can be very different. Pavlov managed to identify four main types - one weak and three strong (additional No. 1). Dogs, whose cortical cells have sufficient strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, Pavlov divides into unbalanced and balanced, and the latter, in turn, into animals with a mobile and inert nature of cortical processes. Ultimately, Pavlov distinguishes the following types of higher nervous activity according to the above signs: weak; unbalanced; living, or mobile; calm or inert. The weak type is characterized by a very low physiological lability of the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex, and, consequently, by the ease of their transition into a state of inhibition under the influence of incoming impulses. Excessive inhibition of cells determines the low limit of their performance. Animals with a weak type of higher nervous activity are cowardly; in response to the action of strong or unusual stimuli, they often give a passive-defensive reaction. Animals with an unbalanced type of higher nervous activity have sufficient strength of nervous processes and, at the same time, a clear predominance of excitation over inhibition. Excitation of cortical cells can reach great strength and easily radiate through the cortex, overcoming inhibition, which leads to a violation of the normal ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Such dogs are overly excitable, aggressive, unrestrained in their aggression and difficult to educate (train) due to the easily occurring disruption of inhibitory processes, in particular differentiations. The living or mobile type is characterized by great mobility of nervous processes and, at the same time, their sufficient strength and balance. Well-defined phenomena of positive and negative induction prevent excessive irradiation of nervous processes and ensure the speed and ease of transition from one process to another. To maintain an active state, cortical cells need an influx of a large number of afferent impulses, without which their excitability decreases, and inhibition develops, which easily radiates through the cortex. Animals with a lively type of higher nervous activity are mobile, sociable, easily orientated in a new environment, react vividly to each new stimulus, without showing excessive aggression; in a monotonous, monotonous environment, they easily fall asleep. A characteristic feature of a calm or inert type is low mobility, stagnation of nervous processes with sufficient strength and balance. The process of excitation or inhibition that has arisen in the cortical cell persists for some time, without showing a tendency to rapid and significant irradiation. Animals with a calm type of higher nervous activity are unsociable, react poorly to new stimuli, as if ignoring everything that is happening around them. The above classification of types is a scheme that reflects reality only in some approximation. In life, you can observe various variations of these types. The described types of higher nervous activity can also be found in humans. Pavlov rightfully draws an analogy between these types and temperaments, once described by Hippocrates: a melancholic temperament corresponds to a weak type, choleric to an unbalanced one, sanguine to a lively one, and phlegmatic to a calm one.

3. Analytical and synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex

The mechanisms of higher nervous activity in higher animals and humans are associated with the activity of a number of brain regions. The main role in these mechanisms belongs to the cerebral cortex (IP Pavlov). It has been experimentally shown that in the higher representatives of the animal world, after complete surgical removal of the cortex, the higher nervous activity deteriorates sharply. They lose the ability to subtly adapt to the external environment and exist independently in it. In humans, the cerebral cortex acts as a "manager and distributor" of all vital functions (IP Pavlov). This is due to the fact that in the course of phylogenetic development, the process of corticalization of functions occurs. It is expressed in the ever greater subordination of the body's somatic and vegetative functions to the regulatory influences of the cerebral cortex. In the case of the death of nerve cells in a significant part of the human cerebral cortex, it turns out to be unviable and quickly dies with a noticeable violation of the homeostasis of the most important autonomic functions. A feature of the cerebral cortex is its ability to distinguish individual elements from the mass of incoming signals, to distinguish them from each other, i.e. she has the ability to analyze. Of all the perceived signals, the animal selects only those that are directly related to a particular function of the organism: to obtaining food, maintaining the integrity of the organism, reproduction, and so on. in response to these stimuli, impulses are transmitted to the corresponding effector organs (motor or secretory). The analysis and synthesis of stimuli in the simplest form can also be carried out by the peripheral sections of the analyzers - receptors. Since the receptors are specialized in the perception of certain stimuli, therefore, they produce their qualitative separation, i.e. analysis of certain signals from the external environment. With a complex structure of the receptor apparatus, for example, the organ of hearing, sounds of unequal pitch can differ in its structural elements. Along with this, a complex perception of sounds is also produced, which leads to their synthesis into a single whole. The analysis and synthesis carried out by the peripheral ends of the analyzers are called elementary analysis and synthesis. But excitation from the receptors also comes to the central cortical ends of the analyzers, where more complex forms of analysis and synthesis take place. Here, excitation in the process of formation of a conditioned reflex comes into contact with numerous foci of excitation in other areas of the cortex, which contributes to the unification of numerous stimuli into a single complex, and also makes it possible to distinguish elementary stimuli more subtly. The analysis and synthesis carried out by the cortical ends of the analyzers are called higher analysis and synthesis. The basis of the analytical activity of the cortex is the process of inhibition, which limits the irradiation of excitation. As a result of the analysis of perceived stimuli, their differentiation is possible. In the environment, the biological significance of its individual elements with others is constantly changing. In this regard, the relationship between analysis and synthesis is constantly changing in the cerebral cortex. Both processes are constantly interconnected, and therefore they are considered as a single analytical-synthetic process, a single analytical-synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex.

4. Signaling systems of reality

In 6935, Pavlov wrote about the "extraordinary increase in the mechanisms of nervous activity" that occurred in the developing animal world in the process of becoming a person. In an animal, afferent impulses signal phenomena and events that directly affect the body's receptors. Such a direct signal system of reality is also inherent in man. However, there is another, specially ours, human signaling system of reality. A person "appeared, developed and greatly improved signals of the second degree, the signals of these primary signals - in the form of words, pronounced, audible and visible" (Pavlov). Thus, a double signaling of reality is inherent in man: 1. A system of direct signals of reality common with animals; 2. A special system of mediated, speech signals. Speech signals underlie a special principle, a special form of reflection of reality. They can not only replace direct signals, but also generalize them, single out and abstract individual features and qualities of objects and phenomena, establish their connections and mutual dependence, as well as the processes of their formation and change. It is this system of signals that determines the most important features of a person's higher nervous activity and makes possible "specially human, higher thinking" (Pavlov), leading to an unlimited orientation in the surrounding world, to the development of science and its practical reflection - technology. A remarkable feature of the second signaling system is the speed of formation of conditioned connections: it is enough for a person to hear something or read something in a book once for new conditioned connections to appear in the cerebral cortex. Sometimes they are so strong that they remain for many years without needing reinforcement. The second signal system, associated in its development with mental activity, each person has features that depend on individual life experience, and is not inherited. An illustration of this is the case when children grow up among animals and are deprived of the influence of human society. Such people have a sharp decrease in intelligence and the absence of the possibility of developing abstract abstract thinking. Many people ask the question: do the mind, speech, the human psyche develop if the child grows up in isolation from human society? Nature herself answered this question. Such children were physically strong, ran fast on all fours, saw and heard well, but were devoid of intelligence. "In 1920, in India, Dr. Sing discovered two girls in a wolf den along with a brood of wolf cubs. One of them looked to be 7-8 years old, the other was 2 years old. The girls were sent to an orphanage. At first they walked and ran only on all fours, and only at night, and during the day they slept, huddled in a corner and huddled together like puppies.The younger girl soon died, and the eldest, she was named Kamala, lived for about 10 years.All these years, Sing kept a detailed diary of observation of Kamala " She walked on all fours for a long time, leaning on her hands and feet. She drank lacquer, and ate meat only from the floor, did not take it from her hands. When they approached her while eating, she bared her teeth like a wolf and growled. Kamala saw well in the dark and was afraid of strong light and fire.During the day she slept, squatting in the corner, facing the wall.She tore off her clothes and even threw off the blanket in cold weather.After 2 years, Kamala learned to stand, but poorly.After 6 years, she began to walk, but still ran on all fours . Within 4 years, she learned only 6 words, and after 7 years - 45 words. Subsequently, Kamala's lexicon expanded to 100 words. By this time, she fell in love with the company of people, ceased to be afraid of the light, learned to eat with her hands and drink from a glass. Having reached about 17 years of age, Kamala, in terms of mental development, resembled a 4-year-old child "(Kuznetsov O.N., Lebedev V.I. "Psychology and psychopathy of loneliness" 1972). There are cases when children were deliberately isolated from the team "Growing up, they were no different from children who grew up among animals. "About 350 years ago, the Indian padishah Akbar argued with his court sages, who claimed that every child would speak the language of his parents, even if no one would teach him this. Akbar doubted the validity of this opinion and conducted an experiment worthy of the cruelty of the eastern feudal lords of the Middle Ages. Small children of various nationalities were seized and placed one at a time in separate rooms. The children were served by silent servants. For 7 years of this "experiment" the children have never heard a human voice. When, after 7 years, people entered them, instead of human speech, they heard incoherent screams, howling screams, meowing "(Kuznetsov O.N., Lebedev V.I. "Psychology and psychopathy of loneliness" 1972)

These examples show that the process of human mental development depends on learning from early childhood. A child isolated from human society does not develop a second signaling system. The influence of human society on the formation of the mental sphere of the child is very important for proper education. The more adequate stimuli the child receives, the better abstract thinking and consciousness develop. This is better perceived in childhood, when a certain morphological restructuring of the nervous system occurs, which has huge hereditary reserves. Isolation from the social environment of an adult also causes well-known functional disorders, mental illness.

5. Particular types of higher nervous activity of a person

A person can think about various objects without reproducing their real image. However, when thinking about an object, for example, a lemon, it is good to imagine its appearance, smell and taste. In this case, the cortical process will affect the primary signaling activity more strongly, and as a result, such a concrete idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe lemon may arise that salivation will immediately appear. If the process of thinking is more abstract, without reproducing real images, then such a reaction does not occur. In individual people, thinking can proceed with varying degrees of participation of the primary signal activity, although in all cases the secondary signal activity, of course, retains the leading role. This gave Pavlov reason to distinguish between types of higher nervous activity, not only common to animals and humans, but also specific to humans. He distinguished three types of people, which were designated as “artistic”, “thinking” and “average”. of people. The artistic type is characterized by the brightness of images that arise as a result of direct impact, live impressions, and emotions. The thinking type is characterized by the predominance of abstractions, logical constructions, and theorizing. It must be emphasized that attributing a person to an artistic type does not mean a weakness of intellectual activity, a lack of intelligence. We are talking here about the relative predominance of the figurative components of the psyche over the mental ones. In general, the second signal system in a person prevails over the first, and this predominance is absolute, since the role of language and thinking in people's activities is decisive and the processes of reflection by a person of the world are mediated by his thoughts expressed verbally. Therefore, with the absolute predominance of the first signal system, we meet only in dreams, with their violent emotionality and chaotic imagery, which is in no way ordered and not regulated by thinking.

What does the relative predominance of one of the signaling systems mean? If we express the absolute predominance of the second signal system mathematically, denoting it C2, and the first signal system through C1, then the dependence would have the following form C2>C1.

The relative predominance of the first signaling system over the second can be designated C2>C1 + m (where m are those structural features of the emotional and figurative comprehension of the world that distinguish representatives of this type). In turn, the mental type of a person can be designated as follows: C2 + n > C1 (where n is the structural features of an abstracting attitude to the world that distinguish representatives of this type from the rest). These mathematical relationships make it possible to see that the relative dominance of one system over another should not be confused with absolute dominance.

6. The appearance of the first conditioned reflexes

The higher manifestations of nervous activity are based on the formation of conditioned connections that ensure the flow of positive and negative conditioned reflexes. Without conditional connections there is no higher nervous activity. its appearance in the process of ontogenesis should be attributed to the moment of the formation of the first conditioned reflexes. In a premature baby, food and defensive conditioned reflexes can be formed at that period of his life, when he should not have been born yet. This indicates that a few weeks before birth, the cortical cells are morphologically mature enough to display their specific function. However, during the period of intrauterine development, the environment surrounding the fetal body is extremely stable, and therefore there are no conditions that are necessary for the manifestation of a specific cortical function. These conditions appear from the moment of birth, when various new stimuli begin to act on the body, which, repeatedly combined with the action of unconditioned stimuli, can acquire a signal value. However, the first conditioned reflexes are formed slowly and at first they are characterized by low resistance, which can be explained by a pronounced irradiation of excitation and inhibition. By the beginning of the second month of life, alimentary and defensive conditioned reflexes become stronger and are formed to stimulate any receptors; it is possible to develop rough differentiations, i.e. to stimuli that are significantly different from each other. In the process of the emergence of more and more new positive and negative conditioned reflexes, the rate of their formation and consolidation increases. However, in individual children, the rate of formation of reflexes to various stimuli varies greatly. These individual features primarily depend on previously formed conditioned reflexes. The child more easily and quickly distinguishes those stimuli that played a large role in his previous life, in other words, took a greater part in the formation of the available fund of conditioned connections. Consequently, new positive and negative conditioned reflexes are developed the faster and easier, the more similar (or similar) reflexes were formed earlier. This is one of the regularities in the development of higher nervous activity, which underlies its qualitative age-related features. In children 3-4 months old, some conditioned reflexes (in particular, food and defensive ones) appear after several combinations; at the same time, both the strength and subtlety of differentiation begin to increase. By this time, the conditioned reflex activity of the cerebral cortex becomes much more complicated. A sufficient number of previously formed connections to simple stimuli makes it possible to develop not only positive, but also negative conditioned reflexes to more complex, for example complex, stimuli. The simplest unconditioned orienting reflexes are present in children already in the first days after birth. Conditioned orienting reflexes appear much later, usually from the third or fourth month of life. In the future, they are formed very easily and begin to play a significant role in the behavior of the child. The most important conditioned stimulus that causes an orienting reflex is sound speech, signaling the presence of a person.

7. Development of speech

From the middle of the first year of life, the child develops conditioned reflexes to speech stimuli. He begins to react to the words spoken by others, which turn into signals of various unconditioned, and later conditioned stimuli. Gradually words become signals of certain actions, phenomena and relations between them. Due to the imitative reflex, pronounced already in the first months of life, the child begins to repeat the mimic movements of those around him and the sounds of their speech. The first speech noises appear - pharyngeal laryngeal, palatine, labial, etc., which then gradually differentiate, leading to the formation of phonemes, i.e. speech sounds. Each sound uttered by a child evokes afferent impulses in him both from the organ of hearing (he hears the word he utters) and from the organs of speech (vocal cords, tongue and the entire speech apparatus). These impulses, reaching the cortex, become signals that acquire the most important significance in the establishment of conditioned speech connections. The child's speech begins from the moment when the phonemes uttered by him or their combinations acquire the meaning of conditioned stimuli, becoming the same signals of direct stimuli as the words uttered by others. By the end of the first and the beginning of the second year of life, the child, often without having yet formed the pronunciation of individual words, begins to combine two and then three words in his speech reactions, thus forming the first simple combinations of words. The child learns ready-made speech stereotypes, soon making up new combinations of words. Mastering the grammar of the language, the rules for combining words into sentences begins very early, already in the second year of life. By the end of his vocabulary of children's speech reaches 200-400 words. In the future, the development of children's speech, i.e. giving the language a harmonious, grammatically correct and meaningful character, to a large extent depends on the correct construction of the speech of others.

8. The role of Sechenov and Pavlov in the development of the doctrine of higher nervous activity

I. P. Pavlov (1849-1936) I. M. Sechenov (1849-1936)

The first attempt to analyze mental activity as the physiological work of the higher part of the brain was made by Sechenov. In his remarkable article "Reflexes of the Brain" (1863) and a number of subsequent works, he proved with great skill that the external manifestation of brain activity always "reduced finally to a single phenomenon - muscle movement" and that all manifestations of human mental activity are based on reflexes. . The phenomena of inhibition discovered by Sechenov in the central nervous system served as the basis for distinguishing between cases with intensification and delay (inhibition) of reflex reactions of the brain. He considered the states of passion, affect as an intensification of a motor reaction, and he imagined an unexpressed thought as an unfinished reflex, the last link of which, i.e. movement, slowed down. Sechenov repeatedly emphasized that "the first cause of any human action lies outside it" and that "under the same internal and external conditions of a person, his activity should be the same." In other words, Sechenov recognized the determinism of all acts of conscious life. In his works, he gave a deeply materialistic physiological interpretation of human mental activity, thereby laying the foundation for the future experimental physiology of the brain. I. Sechenov's studies on the reflex nature of the psyche were developed by I. Pavlov (1849-1936) in his theory of higher nervous activity. The theory of reflex activity is based on three basic principles of scientific research: 1. Determinism - the causal relationship of any action. 2. Analysis and synthesis - decomposition of the whole into parts and then compiling a new whole from elements. 3. Structurality. In his research, I. Pavlov proved that the large hemispheres of the brain are of great importance in the life of the whole organism. The cerebral cortex, together with the nearest subcortical centers, carries out complex analytical and synthetic activities. Complex temporary nervous connections are formed in it, with the help of which the relations between the organism and the external environment, as well as the activity of the organism itself, are regulated. This activity of the cerebral hemispheres I. Pavlov calls the higher nervous activity. There are two types of reflexes: conditional and unconditional. Unconditioned reflexes are innate, they are inherited and are characterized by great constancy. Any unconditioned reflex, as an inborn one, appears immediately at the first application of the corresponding stimulus, if the central nervous system has reached the necessary degree of maturity. Conditioned reflexes are acquired throughout life, are not inherited and are much less constant. Conditioned reflexes do not appear immediately: they are developed gradually, under certain conditions. This is due to the fact that the unconditioned reflex flows through ready-made reflex arcs, and for the implementation of the conditioned reflex, it is necessary that new connections between nerve cells, called conditioned connections, be established in the cortex, and thereby a new, previously non-existing reflex arc closes. Unconditioned reflexes can be considered as specific, i.e. characteristic for all representatives of a given species, and conditional - as individual, i.e. acquired by an individual during its lifetime.

Output

The higher nervous activity of a person is reflex in nature. The main qualitative feature of the functions of the higher part of the human brain is consciousness as the highest stage in the development of the psyche. Both man and animal in their mental activity reflect the phenomena of the surrounding world. However, a person, reflecting the world in his mind, generalizes the observed phenomena, establishes the laws of their course. This gives a person the opportunity to subordinate nature to himself and in the process of labor activity to remake the world. Conscious thinking, which determines the main qualitative difference between the human brain and the brain of any animal, is manifested in speech activity. in this respect, it is as comprehensive as any other, not going in this respect in any quantitative and qualitative comparison with the conditioned stimuli of an animal. Nervous processes occurring in the body have three main properties: strength, ratio and mobility. They determine the individual characteristics of human behavior, his temperament. Based on this, four types of higher nervous activity are distinguished. This classification reflects reality only in some approximation. In life, one can observe various variations of these types, since the weakness and imbalance of the nervous system can be expressed in varying degrees.

Literature

Anokhin P.K. Essays on the physiology of functional systems. - M .: Medicine, 1975

Batuev A. V. Higher nervous activity. - M.: Higher. school, 1991

Kostyuk P.G. Physiology of the central nervous system. - K .: Higher. school, 1971

Nebylitsin VD Basic properties of the human nervous system. - M.: Enlightenment, 1966

Plakhtiy P.D. Physiology of people. - Kamyanets-Podilsky: Osvita, 2000

Starushenko L.I. Anatomy and physiology of a person. - K .: Health, 2003

Tkachuk V. G., Khapko V. B. Anatomy and evolution of the nervous system: Brief lecture notes. - 2nd ed. stereotype. - K.: MAUP, 2003

Knowing the typological features of the NS of students, the teacher can use methods in relation to them that facilitate their learning activities in order to obtain the greatest effect of training and education.

When assessing the strength of nervous processes, three types are distinguished: strong, medium and weak. When assessing the mobility of nervous processes, high, medium and low mobility are distinguished. When assessing balance, balanced and unbalanced nervous processes are distinguished (with a predominance of excitation or inhibition).

Depending on properties strengths-weaknesses NS students behave differently in different moments of educational activity, especially in difficult, tense situations (test, answer at the blackboard, etc.). Students with weak NS during hard work in the classroom or in the classroom quickly get tired, lose their ability to work, begin to make mistakes, slowly learn the material. The "weak" prefer to choose a job where unexpected situations that require some restructuring rarely occur, they do not like to work in a time deficit, and so on. In order to avoid possible failures, they try to complete tasks as accurately as possible, double-check their work many times.

Students with strong NS behave differently in these situations. They can work without much stress for a long time, they are not afraid of responsible, hard work, even if it needs to be done in a limited period of time. The correctness of their answers depends on what pace of work the teacher sets; they are not embarrassed by unexpected questions, frequent switching of attention, restless environment. As a rule, these students are less sensitive to the teacher's remarks and assessments. In difficult, tense situations, they are less likely to get lost, worry less, show greater confidence in themselves, in their knowledge, and capabilities.

Under the power of nervous processes, I.P. Pavlov understood the working capacity of nerve cells, their ability to endure strong stress without falling into a state of inhibition (limiting inhibition). The strength of nervous processes depends on the stock of reactive, or functional, substance in the nerve cells. Depending on the strength of the nervous processes, the nervous system can be strong or weak. A strong nervous system is characterized by a great strength of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition; the latter is due to the large stock of reactive substance in the nerve cells.

A weak nervous system is associated with a small supply of reactive substance in nerve cells; it is characterized by weakness of the main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. A strong nervous system is able to endure great tension, but a weak one cannot endure such tension.

The strength of the nervous system is a property of the nervous system, reflecting the limit of the efficiency of the cells of the cerebral cortex, i.e. their ability to withstand, without going into a braking state, either a very strong or long-acting (though not strong) impact.

The strength of nervous processes is characterized by the working capacity, endurance of the nervous system and means its ability to endure prolonged or short-term, but very strong excitation or inhibition. Weakness of nervous processes - the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation or inhibition. Under their action, nerve cells quite quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. However, a weak nervous system is highly sensitive.

For temperament, the strength of mental processes is indicative. At the same time, not only their absolute strength at one moment or another is essential, but also how much it remains constant, i.e. degree of dynamic stableaboutsti.
With significant stability, the strength of reactions in each individual case depends on the changing conditions in which a person finds himself and is adequate to them: a stronger external irritation causes a stronger reaction, a weaker irritation causes a weaker reaction. In individuals with greater instability, on the contrary, a strong irritation can - depending on the very volatile state of the personality - cause either a very strong or a very weak reaction; in the same way, the slightest irritation can sometimes cause a very strong reaction; a very significant event, fraught with the most serious consequences, can leave a person indifferent, and in another case, an insignificant occasion will give a violent outbreak: the reaction in this sense is not at all adequate to the stimulus.

The power of nervous processes- the ability to generate an adequate response to a strong and superstrong stimulus. Strength - the ability of nerve cells to maintain normal performance with a significant voltage of excitatory and inhibitory processes. It is based on the expression in processes and inhibition. Nervous processes are subdivided (according to strength) into strong (predominance of excitatory processes in the central nervous system) and weak (predominance of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system). It is believed that persons with stronger n. from. more resilient and stress resistant.

Balance of nervous processes– balance of excitation and inhibition processes. Balance means the same expression of nervous processes. People with more balanced n. from. characterized by more balanced behavior

Strong nervous processes (according to balance) are divided into:

• balanced (the process of excitation is balanced by inhibitory processes);
• unbalanced (a sharp predominance of excitation processes, they are not compensated by inhibition - “unrestrained type”).

Mobility of nervous processes– the ability to quickly change the processes of excitation and inhibition. Mobility n. from. expressed in the ability to quickly move from one process to another. Persons with more mobile n. from. differ in flexibility of behavior, quickly adapt to new conditions.

Strong balanced nervous processes (according to mobility) are divided into:

• mobile (excitation and inhibition easily replace each other)
• motionless (inert: processes change with difficulty).

In the future, in connection with new research methods S. n. pages, especially in the works of B. M. Teplov, V. D. Nebylitsin and their students, were significantly refined as the structure of the main S. n. N of page, and their neurophysiological maintenance. In addition, several new properties have become known.

Dynamism– the ability of brain structures to quickly generate excitatory and inhibitory processes in the course of the formation of conditioned reactions. This property underlies learning.

Lability expressed in the rate of occurrence and termination of nervous processes. More "labile" people, for example, perform motor acts much faster per unit of time.

Activation characterizes the individual level of the activation reaction of the processes of excitation and inhibition, which is the basis of mnemonic abilities.

In the studies of V. S. Merlin and his collaborators, numerous connections were established between the properties of the nervous system and the properties of temperament. Practically there was not a single property of temperament that would not be associated with some property of the nervous system. At the same time, the same property of temperament can be associated both with a separate property of the nervous system, and with several. Thus, each property of temperament is dependent on several properties of the nervous system.

The combination of properties of the nervous system determines not only one or another type of temperament. Relationships between individual properties of the nervous system and personality properties have been established.

Thus, the strength of the excitatory process is the basis of working capacity, endurance, courage, courage, courage, ability to overcome difficulties, independence, activity, perseverance, energy, initiative, determination, ardor, risk-taking.

The strength of the inhibitory process underlies caution, self-control, patience, secrecy, restraint, composure.

Unbalance due to the predominance of excitation over inhibition causes excitability, risk-taking, vehemence, intolerance, the predominance of perseverance over compliance. Action is inherent in such a person than waiting and patience.

Unbalance due to the predominance of inhibition over excitation causes caution, restraint and restraint in behavior, excitement and risk are excluded. In the first place, calmness and caution.

The balance (balance) of inhibition and excitation implies moderation, proportionality of activity, degree.

The mobility of the excitatory process is associated with the ability to quickly interrupt the work begun, stop halfway, quickly calm down. At the same time, it is difficult to develop perseverance in activity.

The mobility of the inhibitory process is associated with the speed of speech reactions, liveliness of facial expressions, sociability, initiative, responsiveness, dexterity, and endurance. It is difficult for such a person to be secretive, attached and constant.

Often there is a significant discrepancy between the results of measuring the properties of n. from. in different analyzers. This phenomenon was called by Nebylitsyn the partiality of properties n. pp., which differ in different brain structures, are called "private", and representing "superanalyzer" characteristics - "general". Initially, "general" properties were associated with the functioning of the anterior (frontal) parts of the brain.

Currently properties n. from. can be represented as a hierarchy of levels:

• elementary (properties of individual neurons);
• complex (properties of various brain structures);
• general cerebral (systemic) properties (i.e. properties of the whole brain).

Elementary properties n. from: are manifested in the features of the integration of nervous processes in individual elements of n. from. (neurons) are components of higher-order properties. (V. M. Rusalov.)

Complex-structural properties n. from: features of the integration of nervous processes in individual brain structures (hemispheres, frontal regions, analyzers, subcortical structures, etc.). The majority of S. n determined by traditional methods. from. (or private properties) belongs to this category. They determine, first of all, special abilities and individual personality traits.

General (system) properties n. from: represent the most fundamental functional characteristics of the integration of neural processes throughout the brain. They determine individual differences in general personality characteristics, such as temperament and general.

The level of excitation processes

• High - a strong response to excitation,; no signs of extreme inhibition are found, a direct correlation with high tapping test scores: quick involvement in work, workability and achievement of high productivity; low fatigue; high performance and endurance.
• Low - weak and belated reaction to excitation, prohibitive inhibition is quickly achieved, up to stupor, failure to work; low scores on the tapping test; slow: inclusion in work, workability and low labor productivity; high fatigue; low performance and endurance

Level of braking processes

• High - strong nervous processes from the side of inhibition; excitement, stimuli are easily extinguished; quick response to simple sensory cues, good response; high self-control, composure, vigilance, composure in behavioral reactions.
• Low - weakness of inhibition processes, impulsiveness in response to stimulus, weak self-control in behavioral reactions, certain disinhibition, laxity, undemanding and self-indulgence; slow or belated response to simple signals; bad reaction, uneven reaction, inadequate reactions, tendency to hysteria.

Level of mobility of nervous processes

• High - the ease of switching nervous processes from excitation to inhibition and vice versa; rapid transition from one type of activity to another; quick switching, decisiveness, courage in behavioral reactions.
• Low - typical for people who tend to work according to a stereotype, who do not like quick and unexpected changes in their activities, who are inert, who, as a rule, show a low ability to switch to new types of work and successfully master a new profession; not suitable for fast changing conditions.

Shift in the balance of nervous processes towards excitation

With a significant shift in the balance of nervous processes towards excitation, unbalanced behavior, strong short-term emotional experiences, unstable mood, weak patience, aggressive behavior, overestimation of one’s abilities, good adaptation to the new, riskiness, strong desire for the goal with full dedication, fighting attitude towards danger without special calculation, poor noise immunity.

Shift in the balance of nervous processes towards inhibition

With a significant shift in the balance of nervous processes towards inhibition, balanced behavior, a stable mood, weak emotional experiences, good patience, restraint, composure, an unflappable attitude towards danger, a real assessment of one's abilities, and good noise immunity are likely.

Accounting and temperament of the interlocutor during the conversation.

With a strong, unbalanced, ultra-fast type (choleric), the conversation is built and conducted according to a clear structure of stages. They exclude factors that contribute to an aggravation in a conversation, a sharp tone, questions and information that are unpleasant for the interlocutor.

With a strong, balanced, mobile type of GNI (sanguine) - the conversation should be carried out according to the same plan, but preferably with. Sudden transitions from one topic to another are acceptable. He easily perceives a conversation that is not entirely logical, he can be ignited in a vivid way, with a good comparison, and captivated by an interesting idea.

With a strong, balanced, inert type of GNA (phlegmatic) - according to a plan in which the essence of the conversation is consistently and thoroughly stated.

With a weak type of HNA (melancholic) - according to the plan, from which everything that can lead him into excitement, into a state of panic, etc. is excluded.

If the type of GNI and temperament are not known in advance, then the conversation plan is drawn up without “hard” connections between successive items, which allows it to be adjusted during the conversation, as the type of GNI and the temperament of the interlocutor are determined.

A strong, balanced, mobile type of GNI (sanguine) and a strong, unbalanced, ultra-fast type of GNI (choleric), being in a difficult situation, will quickly find a way out of it. A strong, balanced, inert type of GND (phlegmatic) will be at an impasse, and a weak type of GND (melancholic) will be in a panic.