What verbs are called transitive? What is a transitive and intransitive verb? Definition, signs, differences

Write the verbs in a column, determine their type, find, if possible, a species pair, if not, explain the reason.

Guessing game

cut - cut

Characterize – two-species

Hearing is one-species, does not strive for change.

To appear - to appear

Run - one-species, verb. movement

Applaud – single-species, multiple times

Take - take

To know - to know

News - one-species, verb. movement

Talk - say

All verbs of the Russian language in relation to the object (subject) of action are divided into 2 groups: transitive and intransitive. Transitivity - intransitivity is related to the meaning of the verb itself.

In the language, some verbs denote an action aimed at an object, which at the same time changes (paint the house) or arises as a result of this action (write a letter), such verbs are called transitional.

Possibility or impossibility of asking a verb a question whom? What?– method of determining transitivity/intransitivity.

The object to which the action is directed is direct object action, it is expressed by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: Old man caught seine fish.

The object of action in transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case:

1) when designating part of an object ( drink tea),

2) if there is a negation of the verb ( don't buy milk).

Morphological characteristics Verbs have no transitivity, with the exception of a group of verbs like whiten - turn white, blacken - turn black and verbs with a prefix obes- (obes-): depopulate - depopulate, bleed - bleed. In these pairs the verbs end in – it are transitive, and verbs in -there are– intransitive.

Transitive verbs are:

1) verbs denoting actions that create something: build, draw, construct;

2) verbs denoting actions that destroy something: break, demolish, destroy;

3) verbs of perception: see, hear, feel.

When determining the transitivity/intransitivity of a verb, it is necessary to establish indicators of transitivity. In a sentence, the indicator of transitivity is the direct object - a noun or pronoun in V.p. without pretext or in R.p. – when denying or expressing a part of the whole, as well as equivalents of V.p.

1) The sentence lacks a direct object, but it can be restored from the context or situation: They probably have bread. Buy they have, okay?

2) The verb has inf-v, which can be replaced by V.p. without preposition: I love sleep in attics(K. Paust).

3) The verb does not have a direct object, but there is subordinate clause, which can be replaced by V.p. without preposition: Natasha saw that steam locomotives run on rails.

4) There is no V. or R.p with the verb. direct object, but there are stable combinations (D.p. with By, quantitative combinations), which can be replaced by V.p. without preposition: Now I'd like a hot cutlet eat. Let's more details- I'll collect everything(I. Vasilenko).

5) With a verb there is a substantivized unchangeable word, which is replaced by V.p. without preposition: I bet you feel good".

In all of the above cases, the verb in the sentence does not have a direct object, but you can ask a question about it whom? What?, so it's transitional.

Not transitive verbs - these are verbs that denote an action that is not capable of moving to a direct object, therefore they are not combined with nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: turn blue, walk, be sad, rush.

Intransitive verbs are:

1) verbs of being, existence: to be, to exist, to be;

2) verbs of motion: walk, swim, ride;

3) verbs of physical and mental state: stand, get sick, get angry;

4) verbs of type of activity, occupation: teach, carpenter;

5) verbs denoting behavior: to be brave, to be young;

6) verbs of auditory and visual perception: knock, sparkle.

Intransitivity can be formally expressed or unexpressed. The affix serves as an indicator of intransitivity -sya: rejoice, gather. But verbs without - can also be intransitive. Xia:dream, work.

Verbs with the suffix –sya (-s) are called returnable, they constitute a special type of intransitive verbs (cf.: wash the baby - transitive verb, wash – intransitive). Thanks to the addition of the affix -sya verb wash became intransitive and received an additional semantic connotation - myself.

Difficult cases of determining the transitivity / intransitivity of verbs

1. When determining transitivity/intransitivity, you need to take into account the meaning in which the verb is used in a sentence: there are cases when in one meaning it is transitive, in another it is intransitive.

Finally everything fell silent.

Everything can be lost, everything that has been collected over centuries, everything can shut up, threatening reprisals... And only human memory cannot be concreted and destroyed!(S. Mikhalkov).

2. When analyzing V.p. a direct object must be delimited from the V.p. with adverbial meaning: Village residents light fires all night long (K. Paust.). The soul must work and day and night, and day and night (N. Zabolotsky).

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we're talking about about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young birch leaves have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd comes there every spring fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals.

Verbs are independent parts of speech that denote the action of a subject. They, like any part of speech, have constant features, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how the word is changed. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of a verb, how to determine the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb, what methods to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is aimed at an object, “transitions” to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

Words with transitive verbs can also appear in genitive case in two cases:

• When denoting a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (easy to replace with the accusative case - drink milk).
• If the verb has a negation: fail to complete the task (it’s also easy to replace it with the accusative case: fail to complete the task).

Difficulties may arise when determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We propose an algorithm for how this can be done.

Algorithm for determining verb transitivity

1. We find the verb. Let's see if there are words in the sentence to which we can ask questions in the accusative case (who? what?), such words are called direct objects. If questions are asked and the words do not have a preposition, then these are transitive verbs. We remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: “I read (what?) a book.”; "I saw (who?) him."
2. If the verb does not have a direct object, then we still ask questions in the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a permanent feature. This means that it will be characteristic of a transitive verb even without an object. For example: He said (what?) - we can easily find the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) them." BUT: “Hurry (who? what?)” - the word is not chosen, the verb is intransitive. “Laugh (who? what?)” is also intransitive.
3. If the object of the verb is in the genitive case, does not have a preposition and denotes part of the whole, or if the verb has a negation, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: “Drink (what?) water.”; "Don't write (what?) letters."

Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, having the suffixes “-sya”, “-sya”, are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but “returns” to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided

Verbs of the Russian language are transitional And intransitive. General value transitivity/intransitivity characterized relation of action to object (S – V – O).

Transitional are called verbs that can have a direct object as a complement (i.e., they denote an action directed at an object). Indicator transitivity serves accusative direct object or genitive case with certain meanings.

Meaning transitivity- an internal property of a verb, it is included in its semantics(implicitly presented). Wed: pour, meet, chop and so on. (whom? or What?). This action necessarily presupposes the presence of a direct object.

Genitive The direct object has two meanings:

• 1) how part of the whole: drink (what?) waterat(V.p.) – drink (what?) waters(R. p.) (= “drink only part of the water, not all the water”);
• 2) when verbs with negation: does not read (neither) newspapers, (nor) books(R.p.) etc. (cf. reads (what?) books, newspapers(V.p.) – doesn't read (what?) - Not - neg. particles. + neither– will strengthen, particles, with negation (and without neither)).

Intransitive verbs denote an action that is confined to the subject and does not go directly to the object: growing, sitting and so on. Indicator intransitivity is absence of direct object with a verb (i.e. if the verb does not allow questions of the accusative case (who? what?), then it is intransitive).

Phenomenon transitivity/intransitivity– reflection lexical (semantic) specifics of the verb. Intransitive verbs mean actions sufficient for information, so they can be used absolutely, out of connection with some other word, without a spreading complement. Transitional verbs are called actions that do not exhaust information, For example: the child asks... (what?), the student listens... (what?). Therefore, transitive verbs cannot be used absolutely, but need extenders, direct objects: the child asks... (what?) a toy, a pencil(compare with the infinitive - eat, drink etc.) etc.; student listens to... (what?) lecture, message, report and etc.

Transitivity/intransitivity is not marked (cf. verbs read– transitional and sleep– intransitive). However meaning of intransitivity can be marked with postfix(intransitive formant). If you attach a postfix to any verb -sya, it will be intransitive returnable.

Transitive verbs are not marked in any way, and intransitive verbs are either marked or not marked. Wed: took it, read it(not marked) – transitional; tookXia(marked), slept(not marked) – intransitive.

Usually formal indicators There is no transitivity/intransitivity, but there is a group of verbs in which transitivity/intransitivity is distinguished by suffix:

• – verbs with suffixes -icha- or -nicha-, -stvova-, -well- (carpenternothingugh, buoystvovayeah, that's a good ideaWelluh, morgueWellt etc.) are intransitive;
• – verbs with suffix -And- may be transitional ( prosAndt, rankAndt) ,
• – verbs with suffix -A- can be either transitional ( kissesAt, startAt), and intransitive ( chromiumAt, moanAt and etc.).

Let's compare verbs with suffixes -e-/-i-: verbs with meaning state Always intransitive (blacket, whiteet(= “to oneself”)), and verbs with the meaning “to perform an action on someone” are transitional (synAndt... (What? – underwear), whiteAndugh... (what! – walls)). In the same relation with suffixes -e-/-i- there are verbs formed in the prefix-suffix way: bleedingAndt(+ V. p.) – bleedinget(= "yourself"). Likewise: weaken - weaken the squad(I.p.) – exhaustedel(continuous) – exhaustedAndthere is an enemy(V. p. - transition).

There are the following ways to define verbs by the property of transitivity/intransitivity, indicating the basis for the definition:

• 1) transition, since there is an accusative case of the direct object;
• 2) transition, since there is a genitive hope of the direct object in negation;
• 3) transition, since there is a genitive case of a part of the whole;
• 4) transition, since the verb has an infinitive, which is replaced by the accusative or genitive of the direct object;
• 5) transition, since the verb has a dative with a preposition By, replaced by an accusative of a direct object;
• 6) transition, since the verb has an unchangeable nominal form (or an unchangeable quantitative combination), which is replaced by the accusative of the direct object.

Grammar The differences between transitive and intransitive verbs are as follows.

• 1. Everything returnable verbs are intransitive (quarrel, meet and etc.). Reflexive verbs can be formed from transitional And intransitive. It is very important to learn how to define the postfix function -xia :
  • a) he can change grammatical form words, i.e. be a means of forming collateral values;
  • b) joining a verb, it forms a word with a new lexical meaning;
  • c) can attach to a verb meaning of impersonality(For example: it's getting dark);
  • d) without postfix -xia verb not used(word formation).

Wed. pleaseXia(formative meaning – please

• (transition) + -xia(uninterrupted)), agreeXia(word-forming meaning – without -xia not used). Likewise: stopXia(form.), persuadeXia(form.), bring closerXia(form.), likeXia(words) turn whiteXia(form.), meetXia(form.), uniteXia(form.), be proudXia(words).
• 2. Only from transitional verbs can be formed passive participles (read – chitaNNoh, readeaty; decide – decideenneth and so on.).

There is no sharp boundary between transitive and intransitive verbs. Many transitional verbs can be used in not a transitive meaning. Wed: He singssong(transitive, since there is a direct object in the form of the accusative case without a preposition) – He's great sings(the verb is used in an intransitive meaning, since there is no direct object in the expressive sentence). Likewise: Boy reading a book – The boy is reading. But if intransitive verbs are formed from transitive verbs ( meet – meetXia, wash – washXia etc.), then intransitive verbs cannot become transitive.

• Historically postfix -xia was an indicator of the transitivity of the corresponding verb, but by joining the verb, it eliminated the placement of the accusative case with this verb. With some verbs, the accusative case is possible (usually instead of the genitive), but this does not make the verb transitive.

The indicator that we want to present in the article is one of the most difficult to understand verbal differences in the Russian language. Therefore, we will try to analyze it in many ways. What is a transitive and intransitive verb is the main topic of our material. Let's start by defining the basic concept.

What is transitivity?

In this context, transitivity is one of the grammatical features of verbs, which reflects the ability of the latter to attach direct objects. In other words, it is she who indicates the ability to control nouns without a preposition. Those that denote an active object - a person, an animal, inanimate object and so on.

From here the transitional and intransitive aspect verb. Let's take a closer look at each group.

Transitive verbs

We begin to determine what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Let's look at the first category.

A transitive verb denotes an action or attitude that is aimed at a specific object, passes to it. Main sign- such verbs control an unprepositional noun, a pronoun, in the accusative case. But this is not an absolute rule.

If the verb form is negative, then the noun or pronoun will be in the genitive case. This state of affairs is also typical for the case when the verb does not control the entire object, but only part of it.

Transitive verbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -i- and a prefix: green, whiten and so on.

To make it clearer what an intransitive and transitive verb is, let's look at examples of the latter:

• Invite relatives.
• Experience joy.
• Read a newspaper.
• Get paid.
• Drink some juice.

Features of transitive verbs

Speaking about transitive and intransitive verbs, the rules for their definition, we note that it is from the former that passive participles can be formed.

Let's look at the lexical features. In this regard, transitive verbs have the following meanings:

• Creation, change, destruction of something, material and intangible, movement ( write a book, repaint a wall, break a contract).
• Sensory perception ( hear footsteps, see the world, feel the cold).
• Impact on something that does not lead to a change in this object ( thank your mother, scold your student, pet your puppy).
• Expressing your emotional attitude, feeling or perception ( hate betrayal, love the Motherland, prefer fruits).

Intransitive verbs

We continue to find out what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Logically, we will include in the second group what is not included in the first.

An intransitive verb denotes any action that does not transfer to the object and does not need the latter at all. Hence, it does not combine with accusative case nouns without a preposition.

Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:

• Sit on the chair.
• Go to the shop.
• Live with you.
• Enjoy the new day.

Features of intransitive verbs

In lexical terms, intransitive verbs can have the following meaning:

• Narrative of the psyche, physical condition, position in space ( lie down on the couch, feel homesick, get a sore throat).
• Existence, movement ( walk the road, be yourself, show up at the office).
• Description of any activity, property of a person, object ( teach at school, lounge around in the garden).
• The appearance, change of any qualities, the formation of a certain characteristic ( turn red to the ears, lose weight).

Intransitive verbs are also distinguished by the following:

• Many have the suffixes -sya, -sya ( meet, get carried away, catch fire).
• They are also characterized by the suffixes -icha-, -nicha-, -e- ( to become weak, to be greedy, to be capricious).
• A considerable part of them are returnable (