Moral self-regulation. Self-regulation processes. Personal and moral choice. See the meaning of Moral Self-Regulation in other dictionaries

Human reaction time

the time from the start of the signal to the body's response. It is divided into 3 phases: the transit time of nerve impulses from the receptor (See. Receptors) to the cerebral cortex; the time required to process nerve impulses and organize a response in the central nervous system; the body's response time. V. r. h depends on the modality of the stimulus, in other words, on the type of stimulus signal, intensity of the stimulus, training, disposition to perceive the signal, age and gender, complexity of the reaction (simple or selective). V. r. h. to discrete independent stimuli varies widely. For a simple reaction, the average V. r. h. in the most favorable cases, not less than 0.15 sec(visual image recognition not less than 0.4 sec). V. r. hours - one of the most important factors professional selection; is of decisive importance in determining the psychophysiological capabilities of a person to perform the work of an operator, pilot, astronaut, driver, etc.

Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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Books

• Psychology of a person on an airplane, Z. Geratewohl. The book examines the problems of pilot psychology in the light of the development of aviation, the processes of perception and reaction in flight, as well as flight-related forms of human reactions and behavior. Book…

STUDY OF GENETIC MARKERS IN THE REALIZATION OF THE SPEED OF HUMAN RESPONSE TO VISUAL STIRITUTES

Smirnova Anastasia

class 10 "M", MAOU OC Gornostay, RF, Novosibirsk

Voronina Elena Nikolaevna

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. biol. Sciences, Junior Researcher LF IHBFM SORAN, RF, Novosibirsk

Ilyina Maria Vladimirovna

scientific supervisor, biology teacher, MAOU OC Gornostay, Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

The article is devoted to the study of human reaction speed and the genes that influence it. A study was conducted on the presence of the MSTN and ACTN3 genes, and their effect on the speed of human reaction when using visual stimuli was studied. Based on the study undertaken, it was concluded that the reaction rate does not depend on the genotypes of the MSTN and ACTN3 genes.

1. Introduction

Reaction speed is one of the main qualities of any living organism. At the same time, it is very important that the response to external irritating factors is immediate, since among them there can be not just dangerous, but even fatal ones. In humans, the average reaction time to a visual signal is 0.1-0.3 seconds.

The speed of a person’s reaction is determined by the functioning of the nervous system. When a person reacts to a very strong irritation that is life-threatening, for example, when he withdraws his hand from a hot stove, a simple reflex is carried out in which the brain is not involved. From the receptor, the signal travels along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord and then directly to the muscle, passing through only three nerve cells - the sensory neuron, the interneuron in spinal cord and motor neuron. Velocity of nerve impulse along processes nerve cells here - several tens of meters/sec. The determining factor is the time of synaptic transmission - about 0.1 sec. It should be noted that we first withdraw our hand and then feel pain. This is due to the fact that the signal from pain receptors to the brain travels along a different type of nerve fibers (there are three types in total nerve fibers, differing in the mechanism of impulse transmission) with a lower speed of 0.5-2 meters/sec.

If we're talking about about a person’s reaction to a brick flying at him, then here is also a reflex reaction: the eye transmits a signal about rapid movement not only to the parts of the brain where they are processed (and we understand: “a brick is flying”), but also along special nerve pathways - to muscles, which provides a quick avoidance reaction, such as jumping away.

Speed ​​reaction.

Thus, the implementation of the visual signal for muscle movement occurs through the following stages:

1. the occurrence of excitation in the receptor (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) involved in the perception of the signal;

2. transmission of excitation to the central nervous system;

3. transfer of signal information along nerve pathways, its analysis and formation of a response signal;

4. conducting a response signal from the central nervous system to the muscle;

5. muscle excitation.

What affects the speed of the reaction?

The speed and speed of movements depends on:

1. the state of the central nervous system and the human neuromuscular system;

2. characteristics of muscle tissue (from the ratio of fast and slow fibers);

3. muscle strength;

4. the ability of muscles to quickly move from a tense state to a relaxed one;

5. energy reserves in the muscle (adenosine triphosphoric acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - CTP);

6. degree of mobility in joints;

7. coordination of movements during high-speed work;

8. age and gender;

9. the speed at which the brain receives a signal from the receptor and transmits it to the muscles

Genetic studies (twin method, comparison of speed capabilities of parents and children, long-term observations of changes in speed indicators in the same children) indicate that motor abilities significantly depend on genotype factors. According to scientific research, the speed of a simple reaction is approximately 60-88% determined by heredity.

Target:

Search for genetic markers of the implementation of the speed of human reaction to visual stimuli

Tasks:

Mastering testing methods and genetic research techniques

Reaction speed testing.

Collection of samples for DNA extraction.

DNA extraction

Determination of polymorphic gene variants.

2. Progress

2.1 Testing reaction speed.

We tested 56 people on the website http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime to determine the speed of their reaction to visual stimuli. The essence of the program is that a person must press the mouse button at the moment the screen color changes. For each person tested, 5 measurements were taken and the average reaction time was recorded. All measurements were carried out in the morning (everyone was under equal conditions). As a result, 16 people from 8th grade, 17 people from 9th grade, and 23 people from 10th grade were examined.

The largest number of people had a reaction speed around 265 ms (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Reaction speed of the examined participants. Blue dots the values ​​expected at normal distribution(R<0,001)

In 8th grade, the average reaction speed is 338 ms, in 9th grade - 276 ms, in 10th grade - 232 ms.

Figure 2. Dependence of reaction speed on training class

From Figure 2 we see that as the class increases, the reaction speed increases (less time is spent on the response, the person reacts faster). When statistically processing the results, it was found that the probability that the results are random is less than 0.1% (p<0,001). Следовательно, выявленная нами зависимость увеличения скорости реакции тестируемых людей с возрастанием класса не случайно, а закономерно.

Figure 3. Statistical assessment of the dependence of reaction speed on training class

2.2 Collection of samples for DNA extraction.

All students who completed the reaction speed test had their buccal epithelium collected using cotton swabs. They were then placed in 1.5 ml tubes containing 250 µl of Lysis Solution A1 and vortexed. The tubes were heated for 5 minutes at a temperature of 65 °C and mixed again using a vortex until the material was completely dissolved. Then the rods were removed, and 20 μl of sorbent resuspended by vortex was added. The contents of the tube were mixed by vortex and left in the rack for 2 minutes to sediment the sorbent. The suspension was mixed again and stood for 7-9 minutes. Next, the sorbent was precipitated in a microcentrifuge for 30 s, the supernatant was collected, 400 μl of washing solution a2 was added to each tube, and mixed by vortex until the sorbent was completely resuspended. Then it was precipitated on a Microspin for 30 s and the supernatant was collected. The washing procedure with solution a2 was repeated again, and the supernatant was carefully selected. In a similar way, the sediment was washed with 70% ethyl alcohol once, the supernatant was carefully selected, and the sorbent sediment was dried with the lids of the test tubes open in a thermostat at 56 °C. Next, 100 μl of elution buffer a3 was added, the sorbent was carefully resuspended, and placed in a thermostat at 56˚C for 10 minutes. The suspension was sedimented in a microcentrifuge at 13,000 rpm for 2 minutes. The supernatant contains purified DNA, the sample is ready for PCR.

2.3 Determination of polymorphic gene variants.

DNA samples of 5 μl were placed in 0.2 ml tubes. A mixture of primers was added to the DNA to determine nucleotide substitutions in the ACTN and MSTN genes. Next, Taq-DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and polymerase buffer were added to the tubes, and the mixture was placed in a cycler for PCR. The principle of determining a nucleotide substitution consists of repeated copying of a DNA section containing a nucleotide substitution and the interaction of this section with labeled probes. One of the probes is complementary to a nucleotide sequence with a “normal” letter, and the other is complementary to a “mutant” one. As a result, on the graph we see the glow of one of the probes if a person has only one letter (homozygote) or both probes in the case of a heterozygote (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. Graph of fluorescence accumulation by genotype G / A gene MSTN

Thus, we typed all collected DNA samples (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Fluorescence accumulation graphs for all studied samples (a. ACTN , b. MSTN )

Unfortunately, not all samples could be typed. The genotyping results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Research results for collected samples

The MSTN gene encodes the protein myostatin (also known as growth and differentiation factor 8), a protein that inhibits the growth and differentiation of muscle tissue. Animal studies show that blocking the action of myostatin results in a significant increase in lean muscle mass with virtually no fat tissue. The studied nucleotide substitution G->A leads to the premature appearance of a stop codon at position 313 of the protein and thus reduces the amount of myostatin, which leads to an increase in muscle mass and improves speed performance.

The ACTN3 gene is characteristic of type 2 (fast twitch) muscle fibers of skeletal muscles. The ACTN3 gene contains a polymorphism, R577X, which results in the replacement of arginine (C allele) at position 577 with a stop codon (T allele). The presence of this mutation results in muscles that do not contain the a-actinin-3 protein. However, muscle pathology is not observed in such people, since a-actinin-2 compensates for its absence in the Z-discs of muscle fibers. At the same time, the presence of the 577R allele, indicating the presence of the a-actinin-3 protein in skeletal muscles, gives individuals an advantage in the manifestation of speed-strength physical qualities.

In our study, no statistically significant dependence of the reaction rate on genotypes was revealed (Fig. 6) - for the ACTN gene, the level of agreement between the results in different groups was 97%, for MSTN - 80%.

Figure 6. Dependence of the reaction rate on genotypes (a. ACTN , b. MSTN )

This may be due to the fact that some of the samples were not genotyped. It is also possible that the implementation of the speed of a person's reaction to visual stimuli depends on other genes.

3. Results

· DNA samples were collected.

· The reaction speed of the test subjects was determined.

· We have shown that reaction speed increases (less time is spent responding) with increasing class.

· The genotypes of the ACTN and MSTN genes were determined for some of the tested subjects.

· No statistically significant dependence of the reaction rate on genotypes was found.

4. Conclusion

We studied genetic markers of the speed of human reaction to visual stimuli. It was found that the reaction speed increases (reaction time decreases) with increasing class and does not depend on the genotypes of the ACTN and MSTN genes.

Future plans

Complete the determination of genotypes for all samples for the ACTN and MSTN genes. Conduct research on other genetic markers (affecting the speed of nerve signal transmission).

Bibliography:

1.Sapin M.R., Nikityuk D.B. Human anatomy. In 3 volumes. M. 1998. T. 3.

2. Human physiology / Ed. R. Schmidt and G. Tevs. M.: Mir, 1996, vol. 1.