Zaripova Ruzil. "Paper airplane - child's play and scientific research." Research paper: "Fly, my plane ... What are the conditions for long-term planning of a paper airplane

Palkin Mikhail Lvovich

• Paper airplanes are a well-known paper craft that almost everyone can do. Or he knew how to do it before, but forgot a little. No problem! After all, you can fold the plane within a few seconds by tearing a sheet out of an ordinary school notebook.
• One of the main problems of a paper airplane is the short flight time. Therefore, I want to know whether the duration of the flight depends on its shape. Then it will be possible to advise classmates to make such an aircraft that will break all records.

Object of study

Paper planes of different shapes.

Subject of study

The duration of the flight of paper planes of various shapes.

Hypothesis

• If you change the shape of a paper plane, you can increase the duration of its flight.

Target

• Determine the paper airplane model with the longest flight duration.

Tasks

• Find out what forms of paper airplane exist.
• Fold paper planes according to various patterns.
• Determine whether the duration of the flight depends on its shape.

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Slides captions:

Research work of a member of the scientific society "Umka" MOU "Lyceum No. 8 of Novoaltaysk" Palkin Mikhail Lvovich Scientific adviser Hovsepyan Gohar Matevosovna

Topic: "My paper plane takes off!" (dependence of the duration of the flight of a paper plane on its shape)

Relevance of the chosen topic Paper planes are a well-known paper craft that almost everyone can do. Or he knew how to do it before, but forgot a little. No problem! After all, you can fold the plane within a few seconds by tearing a sheet out of an ordinary school notebook. One of the main problems of a paper airplane is the short flight time. Therefore, I want to know whether the duration of the flight depends on its shape. Then it will be possible to advise classmates to make such an aircraft that will break all records.

The object of the study is paper planes of various shapes. The subject of the study is the duration of the flight of paper planes of various shapes.

Hypothesis If you change the shape of a paper plane, you can increase the duration of its flight. Objective To determine the paper airplane model with the longest flight duration. Objectives Find out what forms of a paper airplane exist. Fold paper planes according to various patterns. Determine whether the duration of the flight depends on its shape.

Methods: Observation. Experiment. Generalization. Research plan: Selecting a topic - May 2011 Formulating a hypothesis, goals and objectives - May 2011 Studying the material - June - August 2011 Conducting experiments - June-August 2011 Analysis of the results - September-November 2011

There are many ways to fold paper to make an airplane. Some options are quite complex, and some are simple. For some, it is better to use soft thin paper, and for some, on the contrary, it is more dense. The paper is malleable and at the same time has sufficient rigidity, retains a given shape, making it easy to make airplanes out of it. Consider a simple version of a paper airplane, which is known to everyone.

The plane, which many call the "fly". Rolls up easily, flies fast and far. Of course, to learn how to run it correctly, you have to practice a little. Below a series of sequential drawings will show you how to make a paper airplane. Watch and try to do it!

First, fold a sheet of paper exactly in half, then bend one of its corners. Now it is not difficult to bend the other side in the same way. Bend as shown in the picture.

We bend the corners to the center, leaving a small distance between them. We bend the corner, thereby fixing the corners of the figure.

Let's bend the figure in half Let's bend the "wings", aligning the bottom of the figure on both sides Well, now you know how to make an origami plane out of paper.

There are other options for assembling a flying model aircraft.

Having folded a paper airplane, you can color it with colored pencils, stick identification marks.

Here's what happened to me.

To find out whether the duration of the flight of an aircraft depends on its shape, let's try to run different models in turn and compare their flight. Checked, flies great! Sometimes when starting, it can fly "nose down", but this is fixable! Just slightly bend the tips of the wings up. Typically, the flight of such an airplane consists of a quick soar up and dive down.

Some airplanes fly in a straight line, while others follow a winding path. Aircraft for the longest flights have a large wingspan. Dart-shaped planes - they are just as narrow and long - fly at a faster speed. Such models fly faster and more stable, they are easier to launch.

My discoveries: 1. My first discovery was that it really flies. Not randomly and crookedly, like an ordinary school toy, but straight, fast and far. 2. The second discovery is that folding a paper airplane is not as easy as it seems. Actions must be confident and precise, the folds must be perfectly straight. 3 . Launching outdoors is different from indoor flying (the wind either hinders or helps it fly). 4 . The main discovery is that the duration of the flight significantly depends on the design of the aircraft.

Material used: www.stranaorigami.ru www.iz-bumagi.com www.mykler.ru www.origami-paper.ru Thank you for your attention!

How to make a paper airplane - 13 DIY paper airplane models

Detailed schemes for making a variety of paper planes: from the simplest "school" airplanes to technically modified models.

standard model

Model "Glider"

Model "Advanced glider"

Model "Scat"

Model "Canaries"

Model "Delta"

Model "Shuttle"

Model "Invisible"

Model "Taran"

Hawkeye Model

Model "Tower"

Model "Needle"

Model "Kite"

Interesting Facts

In 1989, Andy Chipling founded the Paper Aircraft Association, and in 2006 the first paper airplane flying championship was held. Competitions are held in three disciplines: the longest distance, the longest planning and aerobatics.

Numerous attempts to increase the time the paper airplane stays in the air from time to time lead to the taking of the next barriers in this sport. Ken Blackburn held the world record for 13 years (1983-1996) and got it again on October 8, 1998, by throwing a paper plane indoors so that it stayed in the air for 27.6 seconds. This result was confirmed by representatives of the Guinness Book of Records and CNN reporters. The paper airplane used by Blackburn can be classified as a glider.

Incredible Facts

Many of us have seen, or maybe made, paper airplanes and launched them, watching them soar in the air.

Have you ever wondered who was the first to create a paper plane and why?

Today, paper planes are made not only by children, but also by serious aircraft manufacturing companies - engineers and designers.

How, when and for what paper airplanes were used and are still used, you can find out here.

Some historical facts related to paper aircraft

* The first paper airplane was created about 2,000 years ago. It is believed that the first who came up with the idea of ​​making paper airplanes were the Chinese, who were also fond of creating flying kites from papyrus.

* The Montgolfier brothers, Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne, also decided to use paper for flying. It was they who invented the balloon and used paper for this. It happened in the 18th century.

* Leonardo da Vinci wrote about using paper to create ornithopter (aircraft) models.

* In the early 20th century, aircraft magazines used images of paper airplanes to explain the principles of aerodynamics.

See also: How to make a paper airplane

* In their quest to build the first human-carrying aircraft, the Wright brothers used paper planes and wings in wind tunnels.

* In the 1930s, the English artist and engineer Wallis Rigby designed his first paper airplane. This idea seemed interesting to several publishers, who began to cooperate with him and publish his paper models, which were quite easy to assemble. It is worth noting that Rigby tried to make not just interesting models, but also flying ones.

* Also in the early 1930s, Jack Northrop of the Lockheed Corporation used several paper models of airplanes and wings for testing purposes. This was done before the creation of real large aircraft.

* During World War II, many governments restricted the use of materials such as plastic, metal and wood as they were considered strategically important. Paper has become commonplace and very popular in the toy industry. This is what made paper modeling popular.

* In the USSR, paper modeling was also very popular. In 1959, P. L. Anokhin's book "Paper Flying Models" was published. As a result, this book became very popular among modellers for many years. In it, one could learn about the history of aircraft construction, as well as paper modeling. All paper models were original, for example, one could find a flying paper model of the Yak aircraft.

Unusual facts about paper plane models

*According to the Paper Aircraft Association, an EVA-launched paper airplane will not fly, it will glide in a straight line. If a paper airplane does not collide with some object, it can soar forever in space.

* The most expensive paper plane was used in the space shuttle during the next flight into space. The cost of the fuel used to get the plane into space on the shuttle alone is enough to call this paper plane the most expensive.

* The largest wingspan of a paper airplane is 12.22 cm. An airplane with such wings could fly almost 35 meters before hitting the wall. Such an aircraft was made by a group of students from the Faculty of Aviation and Rocket Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute in Delft, the Netherlands.

The launch was carried out in 1995, when the aircraft was launched inside the building from a platform 3 meters high. According to the rules, the plane had to fly about 15 meters. If not for the limited space, he would have flown much farther.

* Scientists, engineers and students use paper airplanes to study aerodynamics. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sent a paper airplane into space on the Space Shuttle.

* Paper planes can be made in various shapes. According to record holder Ken Blackburn, airplanes made in the shape of an "X," a hoop or a futuristic spaceship can fly just like simple paper airplanes if done right.

* NASA specialists together with astronauts held a master class for schoolchildrenin the hangar of his research center in 1992. Together they built large paper planes with a wingspan of up to 9 meters.

* The smallest paper origami airplane was created under a microscope by Mr. Naito from Japan. He folded an airplane from a sheet of paper measuring 2.9 square meters. millimeter. Once made, the airplane was placed on the tip of a sewing needle.

* The longest flight of a paper plane took place on December 19, 2010, and it was launched by the Japanese Takuo Toda, who is the head of the Japan Origami Airplane Association. The flight duration of his model, launched in the city of Fukuyama, Hiroshima Prefecture, was 29.2 seconds.

How to make a Takuo Toda airplane

Robot assembles a paper plane

transcript

1 Research work Theme of the work Ideal paper airplane Completed by: Prokhorov Vitaly Andreevich, 8th grade student of the Smelovskaya secondary school Supervisor: Prokhorova Tatyana Vasilievna teacher of history and social studies of the Smelovskaya secondary school 2016

2 Contents Introduction The ideal airplane Components of success Newton's second law when launching an airplane Forces acting on an airplane in flight About the wing Launching an airplane Testing airplanes Models of airplanes Testing for flight range and glide time Model of an ideal airplane To summarize: a theoretical model Own model and its testing Conclusions List Appendix 1. Scheme of the impact of forces on an airplane in flight Appendix 2. Drag Appendix 3. Wing extension Appendix 4. Wing sweep Appendix 5. Mean aerodynamic chord of the wing (MAC) Appendix 6. Wing shape Appendix 7. Air circulation around the wing Appendix 8 Airplane Launch Angle Appendix 9. Airplane Models for the Experiment

3 Introduction Paper airplane (airplane) is a toy airplane made of paper. It is probably the most common form of aerogami, a branch of origami (the Japanese art of paper folding). In Japanese, such an aircraft is called 紙飛行機 (kami hikoki; kami=paper, hikoki=airplane). Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. It was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, founder of the Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas on real airplanes. And the Red Bull Paper Wings paper plane launching competitions are held at the world level. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends were engaged in the creation of paper models, in 1989 he founded the Paper Aircraft Association. It was he who wrote the set of rules for launching paper planes, which are used by specialists from the Guinness Book of Records and which have become the official installations of the world championship. Origami, and then aerogami, has long been my passion. I've built various paper airplane models, but some of them flew great, while others fell right off the bat. Why does this happen, how to make a model of an ideal airplane (flying for a long time and far)? Combining my passion with knowledge of physics, I began my research. The purpose of the study: by applying the laws of physics, to create a model of an ideal airplane. Tasks: 1. To study the basic laws of physics that affect the flight of an airplane. 2. Derive the rules for creating the perfect airplane. 3

4 3. Examine the already created models of airplanes for proximity to the theoretical model of an ideal airplane. 4. Create your own model of an airplane that is close to the theoretical model of an ideal airplane. 1. Ideal airplane 1.1. Components of success First, let's deal with the question of how to make a good paper plane. You see, the main function of an airplane is the ability to fly. How to make an aircraft with the best performance. To do this, we first turn to observations: 1. An airplane flies faster and longer, the stronger the throw, except when something (most often a fluttering piece of paper in the nose or dangling lowered wings) creates resistance and slows down the forward progress of the airplane. . 2. No matter how hard we try to throw a sheet of paper, we will not be able to throw it as far as a small pebble having the same weight. 3. For a paper airplane, long wings are useless, short wings are more effective. Heavy airplanes don't fly far 4. Another key factor to take into account is the angle at which the airplane is moving forward. Turning to the laws of physics, we find the causes of the observed phenomena: 1. Flights of paper planes obey Newton's second law: the force (in this case, lift) is equal to the rate of change of momentum. 2. It's all about drag, a combination of air resistance and turbulence. The air resistance caused by its viscosity is proportional to the cross-sectional area of ​​the frontal part of the aircraft, 4

5 in other words, depends on how big the nose of the aircraft is when viewed from the front. Turbulence is the result of the action of eddying air currents that form around the aircraft. It is proportional to the surface area of ​​the aircraft, the streamlined shape significantly reduces it. 3. The large wings of the paper airplane sag and cannot resist the bending effect of the lifting force, making the airplane heavier and increasing drag. Excess weight prevents the aircraft from flying far, and this weight is usually created by the wings, with the greatest lift occurring in the region of the wing closest to the centerline of the aircraft. Therefore, the wings must be very short. 4. On launch, the air must strike the underside of the wings and be deflected downward to provide adequate lift to the aircraft. If the aircraft is not at an angle to the direction of travel and its nose is not up, there is no lift. Below we will consider the basic physical laws that affect the airplane, in more detail Newton's second law when the airplane is launched. We know that the speed of a body changes under the influence of a force applied to it. If several forces act on the body, then the resultant of these forces is found, that is, a certain total total force that has a certain direction and numerical value. In fact, all cases of application of various forces at a particular moment in time can be reduced to the action of one resultant force. Therefore, in order to find how the speed of the body has changed, we need to know what force acts on the body. Depending on the magnitude and direction of the force, the body will receive one or another acceleration. This is clearly visible when the plane is launched. When we acted on the plane with a small force, it did not accelerate very much. When is power 5

6 impact increased, then the airplane acquired a much greater acceleration. That is, acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force. The greater the impact force, the greater the acceleration acquires the body. The mass of the body is also directly related to the acceleration acquired by the body as a result of the force. In this case, the mass of the body is inversely proportional to the resulting acceleration. The larger the mass, the smaller the acceleration will be. Based on the foregoing, we come to the conclusion that when the airplane is launched, it obeys Newton's second law, which is expressed by the formula: a \u003d F / m, where a is acceleration, F is the force of impact, m is the mass of the body. The definition of the second law is as follows: the acceleration acquired by a body as a result of an impact on it is directly proportional to the force or resultant of the forces of this impact and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Thus, initially the airplane obeys Newton's second law and the flight range also depends on the given initial force and mass of the airplane. Therefore, the first rules for creating an ideal airplane follow from it: the airplane must be light, initially give the airplane a large force Forces acting on the airplane in flight. When an airplane flies, it is affected by many forces due to the presence of air, but all of them can be represented in the form of four main forces: gravity, lift, the force set at launch, and the force of air resistance (drag) (see Appendix 1). The force of gravity always remains constant. Lift counteracts the aircraft's weight and can be more or less than weight, depending on the amount of energy expended in propulsion. The force set at launch is counteracted by the force of air resistance (otherwise drag). 6

7 In straight and level flight, these forces are mutually balanced: the force set at launch is equal to the force of air resistance, the lift force is equal to the weight of the aircraft. With no other ratio of these four basic forces, straight and level flight is impossible. Any change in any of these forces will affect the way the aircraft flies. If the lift generated by the wings is greater than the force of gravity, then the airplane rises. Conversely, a decrease in lift against gravity causes the aircraft to descend, i.e., loss of altitude and its fall. If the balance of forces is not maintained, then the aircraft will curve the flight path in the direction of the prevailing force. Let us dwell in more detail on drag, as one of the important factors in aerodynamics. Frontal resistance is the force that prevents the movement of bodies in liquids and gases. Frontal resistance consists of two types of forces: forces of tangential (tangential) friction directed along the surface of the body, and pressure forces directed towards the surface (Appendix 2). The drag force is always directed against the velocity vector of the body in the medium and, together with the lifting force, is a component of the total aerodynamic force. The drag force is usually represented as the sum of two components: drag at zero lift (harmful drag) and inductive drag. Harmful resistance occurs as a result of the impact of the high-speed air pressure on the structural elements of the aircraft (all protruding parts of the aircraft create harmful resistance when moving through the air). In addition, at the junction of the wing and the “body” of the aircraft, as well as at the tail, airflow turbulences occur, which also give harmful resistance. Harmful 7

8 drag increases as the square of the aircraft's acceleration (if you double the speed, the harmful drag increases by a factor of four). In modern aviation, high-speed aircraft, despite the sharp edges of the wings and the super-streamlined shape, experience significant heating of the skin when they overcome the drag force with the power of their engines (for example, the world's fastest high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft SR-71 Black Bird is protected by a special heat-resistant coating). The second component of drag, inductive drag, is a by-product of lift. It occurs when air flows from an area of ​​high pressure in front of the wing into a rarefied medium behind the wing. The special effect of inductive resistance is noticeable at low flight speeds, which is observed in paper airplanes (A good example of this phenomenon can be seen in real aircraft during landing approach. The aircraft lifts its nose during landing approach, the engines begin to hum more increasing thrust). Inductive drag, similar to harmful drag, is in the ratio of one to two with the acceleration of the aircraft. And now a little about turbulence. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Encyclopedia "Aviation" gives a definition: "Turbulence is the random formation of non-linear fractal waves with increasing speed in a liquid or gaseous medium." In our own words, this is a physical property of the atmosphere, in which pressure, temperature, wind direction and speed are constantly changing. Because of this, air masses become heterogeneous in composition and density. And when flying, our airplane can get into descending (“nailed” to the ground) or ascending (better for us, because they lift the airplane from the ground) air currents, and these flows can also move randomly, twist (then the airplane flies unpredictably, twists and turns). 8

9 So, we deduce from what has been said the necessary qualities of creating an ideal airplane in flight: An ideal airplane should be long and narrow, tapering towards the nose and tail like an arrow, with a relatively small surface area for its weight. An airplane with these characteristics flies a greater distance. If the paper is folded so that the underside of the airplane is flat and level, lift will act on it as it descends and increase its range. As noted above, lift occurs when air hits the bottom surface of an aircraft that flies with its nose slightly raised on the wing. Wingspan is the distance between planes parallel to the plane of symmetry of the wing and touching its extreme points. The wing span is an important geometric characteristic of an aircraft that affects its aerodynamic and flight performance, and is also one of the main overall dimensions of an aircraft. Wing extension - the ratio of the wing span to its average aerodynamic chord (Appendix 3). For a non-rectangular wing, aspect ratio = (square of span)/area. This can be understood if we take a rectangular wing as a basis, the formula will be simpler: aspect ratio = span / chord. Those. if the wing has a span of 10 meters, and the chord = 1 meter, then the elongation will be = 10. The greater the elongation, the less the inductive drag of the wing associated with the flow of air from the lower surface of the wing to the upper one through the tip with the formation of end vortices. In the first approximation, we can assume that the characteristic size of such a vortex is equal to the chord - and with an increase in the span, the vortex becomes smaller and smaller compared to the wing span. nine

10 Naturally, the lower the inductive resistance, the lower the total resistance of the system, the higher the aerodynamic quality. Naturally, there is a temptation to make the elongation as large as possible. And here the problems begin: along with the use of high aspect ratios, we have to increase the strength and rigidity of the wing, which entails a disproportionate increase in the mass of the wing. From the point of view of aerodynamics, the most advantageous will be such a wing, which has the ability to create as much lift as possible with as little drag as possible. To assess the aerodynamic perfection of the wing, the concept of the aerodynamic quality of the wing is introduced. The aerodynamic quality of a wing is the ratio of the lift to the drag force of the wing. The best in terms of aerodynamics is an elliptical shape, but such a wing is difficult to manufacture, so it is rarely used. A rectangular wing is less aerodynamically advantageous, but much easier to manufacture. The trapezoidal wing is better in terms of aerodynamic characteristics than a rectangular one, but is somewhat more difficult to manufacture. Swept and triangular wings in terms of aerodynamics at low speeds are inferior to trapezoidal and rectangular (such wings are used on aircraft flying at transonic and supersonic speeds). The elliptical wing in plan has the highest aerodynamic quality - the minimum possible resistance with maximum lift. Unfortunately, a wing of this form is not often used due to the complexity of the design (an example of the use of a wing of this type is the English Spitfire fighter) (Appendix 6). Wing sweep angle of wing deviation from the normal to the axis of symmetry of the aircraft, projected onto the base plane of the aircraft. In this case, the direction to the tail is considered positive (Appendix 4). There are 10

11 sweep along the leading edge of the wing, along the trailing edge and along the quarter chord line. Reverse sweep wing (KOS) wing with negative sweep (examples of aircraft models with reverse sweep: Su-47 Berkut, Czechoslovak glider LET L-13) . Wing loading is the ratio of an aircraft's weight to its bearing surface area. It is expressed in kg/m² (for models - g/dm²). The lower the load, the lower the speed required to fly. The mean aerodynamic chord of the wing (MAC) is a straight line segment connecting the two most distant points of the profile from each other. For a wing rectangular in plan, the MAR is equal to the chord of the wing (Appendix 5). Knowing the value and position of the MAR on the aircraft and taking it as a baseline, the position of the center of gravity of the aircraft is determined relative to it, which is measured in % of the MAR length. The distance from the center of gravity to the beginning of the MAR, expressed as a percentage of its length, is called the center of gravity of the aircraft. It is easier to find out the center of gravity of a paper airplane: take a needle and thread; pierce the plane with a needle and let it hang on a thread. The point at which the aircraft will balance with perfectly flat wings is the center of gravity. And a little more about the wing profile is the shape of the wing in cross section. The wing profile has the strongest influence on all aerodynamic characteristics of the wing. There are quite a few types of profiles, because the curvature of the upper and lower surfaces is different for different types, as well as the thickness of the profile itself (Appendix 6). The classic is when the bottom is close to the plane, and the top is convex according to a certain law. This is the so-called asymmetrical profile, but there are also symmetrical ones, when the top and bottom have the same curvature. The development of airfoils has been carried out almost since the beginning of the history of aviation, and it is being carried out now (in Russia, TsAGI Central Aerohydrodynamic 11

12 Institute named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky, in the USA such functions are performed by the Langley Research Center (a division of NASA)). Let's draw conclusions from the above said about the wing of an airplane: A traditional airplane has long narrow wings closer to the middle, the main part, balanced by small horizontal wings closer to the tail. The paper lacks the strength for such complex designs, bending and creasing easily, especially during the launch process. This means that paper wings lose aerodynamic characteristics and create drag. Traditionally designed airplanes are streamlined and fairly strong, their delta wings give a stable glide, but they are relatively large, create excessive drag and can lose rigidity. These difficulties are surmountable: Smaller and stronger lifting surfaces in the form of delta wings are made of two or more layers of folded paper, they retain their shape better during high-speed launches. The wings can be folded so that a slight bulge is formed on the upper surface, increasing the lift force, as on the wing of a real aircraft (Appendix 7). The solidly built design has a mass that increases starting torque, but without a significant increase in drag. If we move the deltoid wings forward and balance the lift with a long, flat V-shaped aircraft body closer to the tail, which prevents lateral movements (deviations) in flight, the most valuable characteristics of a paper airplane can be combined in one design. 1.5 Airplane launch 12

13 Let's start with the basics. Never hold your paper plane by the trailing edge of the wing (tail). Since the paper bends a lot, which is very bad for aerodynamics, any careful fit will be compromised. The aircraft is best held by the thickest set of paper layers near the nose. Usually this point is close to the center of gravity of the aircraft. To send the aircraft to the maximum distance, you need to throw it forward and upward as much as possible at an angle of 45 degrees (along a parabola), which was confirmed by our experiment with launching at different angles to the surface (Appendix 8). This is because during launch, the air must hit the underside of the wings and be deflected downward, providing adequate lift to the aircraft. If the aircraft is not at an angle to the direction of travel and its nose is not up, there is no lift. The aircraft tends to have most of the weight rearward, which means the rear is down, the nose is up and lift is guaranteed. It balances the plane, allowing it to fly (unless the lift is too high, causing the plane to bounce up and down violently). In time-of-flight competitions, you should throw the plane to the maximum height so that it glides down longer. In general, the techniques for launching aerobatic aircraft are as diverse as their designs. And so is the technique for launching the perfect plane: A proper grip must be strong enough to hold the plane, but not so strong as to deform it. The folded paper ledge on the bottom surface under the airplane's nose can be used as a launch holder. When launching, keep the airplane at a 45 degree angle to its maximum height. 2.Testing airplanes 13

14 2.1. Airplane models In order to confirm (or refute, if they are wrong for paper airplanes), we selected 10 airplane models with different characteristics: sweep, wingspan, structure density, additional stabilizers. And of course we took the classic airplane model to also explore the choice of many generations (Appendix 9) 2.2. Flight range and gliding time test. fourteen

15 Model name Flight range (m) Duration of flight (metronome beats) Features at launch Pros Cons 1. Twisted Gliding Too flying Poor handling Flat bottom large wings Large Does not plan turbulence 2. Twisted Gliding Wings wide Tail Poor Unstable in flight Turbulence steerable 3. Dive Narrow nose Turbulence Hunter Twisting Flat bottom Weight of the bow Narrow body part 4. Gliding Flat bottom Big wings Guinness Glider Flying in an arc Bow shape Narrow body Long Arc flight gliding 5. Flying narrower wings Wide body straight, in Flight stabilizers No beetle end-of-flight arcing abruptly changes Abrupt change in flight path 6. Flying straight Flat bottom Wide body Traditional good Small wings No planing arcing 15

16 7. Dive Narrowed wings Heavy nose Flying in front Large wings, straight Narrow body shifted back Dive-bomber Arched (due to flaps on the wing) Structural density 8. Scout Flying along Small body Wide wings straight Gliding Small size in length Arched Dense construction 9. White swan Flying in a narrow body in a straight line Stable Narrow wings in a flat bottom flight Dense construction Balanced 10. Stealth Flying in an arcuate line Glides Changes trajectory Axis of the wings is narrowed back No arcuateness Wide wings Large body Not a dense structure Flight duration (from largest to smallest): Glider Guinness and Traditional, Beetle, White Swan Flight length (from largest to smallest): White Swan, Beetle and traditional, Scout. The leaders in two categories came out: the White Swan and the Beetle. To study these models and, combining them with theoretical conclusions, take them as a basis for a model of an ideal airplane. 3. Model of an ideal airplane 3.1 To summarize: theoretical model 16

17 1. the airplane should be light, 2. initially give the airplane great strength, 3. long and narrow, tapering towards the nose and tail like an arrow, with a relatively small surface area for its weight, 4. the bottom surface of the airplane is flat and horizontal, 5 . small and stronger lifting surfaces in the form of delta wings, 6. fold the wings so that a slight bulge forms on the upper surface, 7. move the wings forward and balance the lift with the long flat body of the aircraft, having a V-shape towards the tail, 8. solidly built design, 9. the grip must be strong enough and by the ledge on the bottom surface, 10. launch at a 45 degree angle and to the maximum height. 11. Using the data, we made sketches of the ideal airplane: 1. Side view 2. Bottom view 3. Front view Having sketched the ideal airplane, I turned to the history of aviation to see if my conclusions coincided with aircraft designers. And I found a prototype aircraft with a delta wing developed after the Second World War: the Convair XF-92 - point interceptor (1945). And confirmation of the correctness of the conclusions is that it became the starting point for a new generation of aircraft. 17

18 Own model and its test. Model name Flight range (m) Flight duration (metronome beats) ID Features at launch Pros (proximity to the ideal airplane) Cons (deviations from the ideal airplane) Flies 80% 20% straight (perfection (for further Control Plans there is no limit) improvements) With a sharp headwind, it “rises” at 90 0 and turns around. My model is made on the basis of the models used in the practical part, the most similar to the “white swan”. But at the same time, I made a number of significant changes: a large delta shape of the wing, a bend in the wing (like in the “scout” and the like), the hull was reduced, and additional structural rigidity was given to the hull. It cannot be said that I am completely satisfied with my model. I would like to reduce the lower case, leaving the same density of construction. Wings can be given greater delta. Think about the tail. But it cannot be otherwise, there is time ahead for further study and creativity. This is exactly what professional aircraft designers do, you can learn a lot from them. What I will do in my hobby. 17

19 Conclusions As a result of the study, we got acquainted with the basic laws of aerodynamics that affect the airplane. Based on this, the rules were deduced, the optimal combination of which contribute to the creation of an ideal airplane. To test the theoretical conclusions in practice, we put together models of paper planes of various folding complexity, range and flight duration. During the experiment, a table was compiled, where the manifested shortcomings of the models were compared with theoretical conclusions. Comparing the data of theory and experiment, I created a model of my ideal airplane. It still needs to be improved, bringing it closer to perfection! eighteen

20 References 1. Encyclopedia "Aviation" / site Academician %D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1% 82%D1%8C 2. Collins J. Paper planes / J. Collins: per. from English. P. Mironova. Moscow: Mani, Ivanov and Ferber, 2014. 160c Babintsev V. Aerodynamics for dummies and scientists / portal Proza.ru 4. Babintsev V. Einstein and lifting force, or Why does a snake need a tail / portal Proza.ru 5. Arzhanikov N.S., Sadekova G.S., Aerodynamics of aircraft 6. Models and methods of aerodynamics / 7. Ushakov V.A., Krasilshchikov P.P., Volkov A.K., Grzhegorzhevsky A.N., Atlas of aerodynamic characteristics of wing profiles / 8. Aircraft aerodynamics / 9. Movement of bodies in air / email zhur. Aerodynamics in nature and technology. Brief information on aerodynamics How do paper airplanes fly? / Interesting. Interesting and cool science Mr. Chernyshev S. Why does an airplane fly? S. Chernyshev, director of TsAGI. Journal "Science and Life", 11, 2008 / VVS SGV 4th VA VGK - forum of units and garrisons "Aviation and airfield equipment" - Aviation for "dummies" 19

21 12. Gorbunov Al. Aerodynamics for "dummies" / Gorbunov Al., Mr. Road in the clouds / jour. Planet July, 2013 Milestones in aviation: a prototype aircraft with a delta wing 20

22 Appendix 1. Scheme of the impact of forces on the airplane in flight. Lift force Acceleration given at launch Gravity Force Drag Appendix 2. Drag. Obstacle flow and shape Shape resistance Viscous friction resistance 0% 100% ~10% ~90% ~90% ~10% 100% 0% 21

23 Appendix 3. Wing extension. Appendix 4. Wing sweep. 22

24 Appendix 5. Mean aerodynamic wing chord (MAC). Annex 6. The shape of the wing. Cross section Plan 23

25 Appendix 7. Air circulation around the wing A vortex is formed at the sharp edge of the wing profile. When a vortex is formed, air circulation around the wing occurs. The vortex is carried away by the flow, and the streamlines smoothly flow around the profile; they are condensed over the wing Appendix 8. Plane launch angle 24

26 Appendix 9. Models of airplanes for the experiment Model from paper payment order 1 Name payment order 6 Model from paper Name Fruit bat Traditional 2 7 Tail Dive pilot 3 8 Hunter Scout 4 9 Guinness glider White swan 5 10 Stealth beetle 26

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In order to make a paper airplane, you will need a rectangular paper sheet, which can be either white or colored. If desired, you can use notebook, xerox, newsprint or any other paper that is available.

It is better to choose the density of the base for the future aircraft closer to the average so that it flies far and at the same time it is not too difficult to fold it (on too thick paper it is usually difficult to fix the folds and they turn out uneven).

We add the simplest figure of an airplane

It is better for novice origami lovers to start with the simplest airplane model familiar to everyone since childhood:

For those who failed to fold the plane according to the instructions, here is a video tutorial:

If you got tired of this option at school and you want to expand your paper aircraft building skills, we will tell you how to step by step perform two simple variations of the previous model.

long-haul aircraft

Step by step photo instruction

1. Fold a rectangular sheet of paper in half along the larger side. We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet. We turn the resulting corner with a “valley”, that is, towards ourselves.

1. We bend the corners of the resulting rectangle to the middle so that a small triangle peeks out in the middle of the sheet.

1. We bend a small triangle up - it will fix the wings of the future aircraft.

1. We fold the figure along the axis of symmetry, given that the small triangle should remain outside.

1. We bend the wings from both sides to the base.

1. We set both wings of the aircraft at an angle of 90 degrees to fly far.

1. Thus, without spending a lot of time, we get a far-flying airplane!

Folding scheme

1. Fold a paper rectangular sheet along its larger side in half.

1. We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet.

1. We wrap the "valley" corners along the dotted line. In the origami technique, a “valley” is the fold of a section of a sheet along a certain line in the direction “towards you”.

1. We add the resulting figure along the axis of symmetry so that the corners are outside. Be sure to make sure that the contours of both halves of the future airplane match. It depends on how it will fly in the future.

1. We bend the wings on both sides of the aircraft, as shown in the figure.

1. Make sure the angle between the airplane's wing and its fuselage is 90 degrees.

1. It turned out such a fast plane!

How to make the plane fly far?

Do you want to learn how to properly launch a paper plane that you just made with your own hands? Then carefully read the rules of its management:

If all the rules are followed, but the model still does not fly as you would like, try improving it as follows:

1. If the aircraft constantly strives to soar sharply upwards, and then, making a dead loop, abruptly goes down, crashing its nose into the ground, it needs an upgrade in the form of an increase in the density (weight) of the nose. This can be done by slightly bending the nose of the paper model inward, as shown in the picture, or by attaching a paper clip from below to it.
2. If during the flight the model does not fly straight, as it should, but to the side, equip it with a rudder by bending part of the wing along the line shown in the figure.
3. If an airplane goes into a tailspin, it urgently needs a tail. Armed with scissors, make it a quick and functional upgrade.
4. But if the model falls sideways during the tests, most likely the reason for the failure is the lack of stabilizers. To add them to the design, it is enough to bend the wings of the aircraft along the edges along the lines indicated by the dotted lines.

We also bring to your attention a video instruction for the manufacture and testing of an interesting model of an aircraft that can not only fly far, but also fly incredibly long:

Now that you are confident in your abilities and have already got your hands on folding and launching simple airplanes, we offer instructions that will tell you how to make a paper airplane of a more complex model.

F-117 Stealth Plane ("Nighthawk")

bomber aircraft

Execution scheme

1. Take a rectangular piece of paper. We fold the upper part of the rectangle into a double triangle: to do this, we bend the upper right corner of the rectangle so that its upper side coincides with the left side.
2. Then, by analogy, we bend the left corner, combining the upper part of the rectangle with its right side.
3. Through the intersection point of the obtained lines, we perform a fold, which in the end should be parallel to the smaller side of the rectangle.
4. Along this line, we fold the resulting side triangles inward. You should get the figure shown in Figure 2. We outline a line in the middle of the sheet in the lower part, by analogy with Figure 1.

1. We denote a line parallel to the base of the triangle.

1. We turn the figure over to the back side and bend the corner towards ourselves. You should get the following paper design:

1. Again we shift the figure to the other side and bend the two corners up, after bending the upper part in half.

1. Turn the figure back and bend the corner up.

1. We fold the left and right corners, circled in the figure, in accordance with picture 7. Such a scheme will allow us to achieve the correct bending of the corner.

1. We bend the corner away from ourselves and fold the figure along the middle line.

1. We bring the edges inward, again fold the figure in half, and then on ourselves.

1. In the end, you will get such a paper toy - a bomber plane!

Bomber SU-35

Fighter "Pointed Hawk"

Step-by-step execution scheme

1. We take a piece of rectangular paper, bend it in half along the larger side and outline the middle.

1. We bend in the direction "towards ourselves" two corners of the rectangle.

1. We bend the corners of the figure along the dotted line.

1. We fold the figure across so that the acute angle is in the middle of the opposite side.

1. We turn the resulting figure on the reverse side and form two folds, as shown in the figure. It is very important that the folds are not folded to the midline, but at a slight angle to it.

1. We bend the resulting corner towards ourselves and at the same time turn the corner forward, which after all the manipulations will be on the back of the layout. You should get a shape, as shown in the figure below.

1. We bend the figure in half from ourselves.

1. We lower the wings of the airplane along the dotted line.

1. We bend the ends of the wings a little to get the so-called winglets. Then we spread the wings so that they form a right angle with the fuselage.

The paper fighter is ready!

Fighter Planing Hawk

Manufacturing instructions:

1. We take a rectangular piece of paper and outline the middle, folding it in half along the larger side.

1. We bend inward to the middle the two upper corners of the rectangle.

1. We turn the sheet over to the back side and bend the folds in the direction "towards ourselves" to the center line. It is very important that the upper corners do not bend. It should look like this figure.

1. We turn the upper part of the square diagonally towards us.

1. We fold the resulting figure in half.

1. We outline the fold as shown in the figure.

1. We refuel inside the rectangular part of the fuselage of the future airplane.

1. We bend the wings down along the dotted line at a right angle.

1. It turned out such a paper airplane! It remains to be seen how it flies.

Fighter F-15 Eagle

Aircraft "Concorde"

Following the given photo and video instructions, you can make a paper airplane with your own hands in a few minutes, playing with which will become a pleasant and entertaining pastime for you and your children!