Morphological norms of the exam. Morphological norms of the Russian language. So let's revisit the theory.
1. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
to BOTH shoes
by the fifth of MARCH
SEVEN Hundred twenty
along COASTS
behind HIM
2. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
hussar epaulette
RIP GROUPS
happy WEDDINGS
a few eggplants
the sweetest
3. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
NINE HUNDRED pages
more beautiful
in 150 grams
Abkhaz TOWERS
church domes
150
4. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
fast boats
looked more GENTLE
pair of herons
songs ARABOV
authors of MANUALS
5. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
TWO CITY notebooks
BOTH students
PUT on the table
Golden domes
scarlet lamps
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly
famous PROFESSORS
over 200 participants
BOTH hands
more beautiful
don't WAVING your hands
PROFESSOR
7. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
their ADDRESSES
sweet pomegranates
SAW TEETH
FIVE cubs
the life of the MONGOLS
8. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
LIE on the floor
THEIR dreams
no BOOTS
traditions of the Tatars
small TREES
9. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
HARDER than stone
scarlet cherries
suddenly STUMBLED
EIGHT Hundred years
no GOLF
stumbled
10. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
Get well soon
BAKE a pie
BOTH tables
leaves swaying
famous CONSTRUCTORS
11. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
SEVENTH rubles
new shoes
famous PROFESSORS
BOTH sisters
a few KILOGRAMS
PROFESSOR
12. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly
according to the timetable
pair of socks
DRIED in the wind
five KILOGRAMS
about 150 meters
13. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly
SEVENTH soldiers
SOLDIER company
a pair of JEANS
we RIDE
a dozen GUN
14. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly
ten TOMATOES
sing more BEAUTIFUL
in TWO HUNDRED meters
LIE on the floor
DRESS THE CHILD
15. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
on BOTH sides
pack of MACARON
no TWO Hundred rubles
STRENGTHEN after illness
they WAVING
16. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
thin tentacles
FOUR HUNDRED pages
more SOFT
old beliefs
RINSE your mouth
This task tests the ability to evaluate speech in terms of compliance with basic morphological norms of the Russian literary language. The most common errors in the formation of the form:
1) comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives;
2) collective numerals;
3) whole and fractional numbers;
4) genitive case of numerals;
5) nominative and genitive plural of nouns;
6) indirect cases of personal pronouns of the 3rd person after a preposition, etc.
So let's revisit the theory.
|
Error type |
Rules and correct options |
|
1. Formation of forms of various degrees of comparison of adjectives |
The most intelligent less prettier, the most most talented etc. |
|
|
This table shows the correct formation of the degrees of comparison of the adjective light coloured . If the adjective is in a compound comparative or superlative degree, then it remains in its initial form (except for cases with the word “all” (smarter, prettier, more talented, etc.). Correct option: most smart; less beautiful; most talented. Note! It is forbidden to mix simple and composite forms of degrees of comparison! |
||
2. Formation of forms of numerals |
||
|
a) difficult |
Not six hundreds rubles, about four hundred books, etc. |
When declining, complex numbers change both parts (four hundred(R.p.), four hundred(D.p.), four hundred(T.p.), oh four hundred(P.p.). Correct option: no six hundredrubles, about four hundred books |
|
b) composite |
three thousand five stami eight tenths of the family |
When declining compound numbers, it changes every word (three thousand seven hundred fifty two(D.p.), five thousand eight hundred fifty six(T.p)). Correct option: three thousand five stami eight ten seven |
|
c) fractional |
four fifth |
When declining fractional numbers change all words, while the numerator changes as the corresponding integer, and the denominator as a plural adjective (three(what?) seventh ; five(what?) ninth ). Correct option: four fifth |
|
d) numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred |
One and a half glasses, one and a half hundred friends |
Numerals one and a half (female - one and a half) and a hundred and fifty in Im. and Win.p. have the indicated form, and in all other cases - the form one and a half and one and a half (one and a half cups(I.p.), one and a half cups(R.p.), one and a half hundred centners(I.p.), one and a half hundred centners(T.p.)). Correct option: One and a half glasses, one and a half friends |
|
e) numerals forty, ninety, one hundred |
ninety notebooks; about forty events; to stams books |
Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred when declining, they have only two forms: Im.p. and Win.p. - forty, ninety, one hundred, other cases - forty, ninety, one hundred. Correct option: ninety notebooks; about forty events: to a hundred books |
|
f) collective numbers two, three, four, five, six, seven |
Two girls, seven women, three cats |
These numerals are used only: a) with nouns denoting persons masculine and common gender: three brothers, two orphans; b) with nouns that have the form only plural: three days, two scissors; c) with nouns guys, people, children, face (in the meaning of "man"): five suspicious persons, three guys; d) with personal pronouns we you they: they are three, you are five; e) with the names of paired items: two socks, mittens, skis; f) with the names of baby animals: two rabbits, four hedgehogs. |
|
g) collective numerals both-both |
TO both old ladies both boys |
Note! Collective numbers can't match with nouns denoting females and adult animals! Correct option: Two girls, seven women, three cats numeral both (both, both, both) used only with masculine nouns (both sons, on both houses), and the numeral both (both, both, both)- only with nouns female (both friends, on both tracks). Correct option: to both old ladies, both boys |
|
H) Formation of verb forms |
Lay in the bag, go hurry up, i win his |
Remember: a) forms of the imperative mood of verbs: b) verb put used only without prefix; c) root verbs -lie-- only with a prefix (put, lay out, etc.) d) the forms of the 1st person singular of the present (future simple) tense of verbs are not used to win, to convince, to find oneself, to be weird etc. When necessary, expressions are used: I can find myself, I can convince etc. Correct option: Polozki in the bag, go hurry up I can win his |
4) Formation of forms of pronouns |
in the middle his, inside them, closer her, theirs fate |
a) to personal pronouns of the 3rd person ( he, she, it, they) the initial H is added, if they come after simple prepositions without, in, for, before, for, from, to, with, at and others: without Him, with Her or after adverbial prepositions around, in front of, near, past, opposite, about, in the middle, after, behind etc., ruling the genitive case: around Them, behind Him; b) after adverbial prepositions contrary to, according to, contrary to, towards, respectively, like, inside, etc. initial H is not added: in spite of him, towards her; c) after forms of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs of the pronoun 3rd person used without initial H: older than him, better than her. Note! Possessive pronoun them has only this form! THEIR - this is a mistake! Correct option: in the middle him inside them, closer her, them fate |
5) Formation of noun forms |
||
|
Variants of case endings |
||
|
a) Exist. m.r. 2nd sk. |
Two boots, several Romanians, platoon soldiers, five amps , beautiful towels |
Ex. m.r. 2nd sk. with a basis on a hard consonant in Rod.p. plural have null ending, if they mean: 1) pair items: mittens - mittens (but: socks - socks); 2) nationality (if the stem ends with H or R): Armenians- Armenians, Bulgarians - Bulgarians(but: Kalmyks, Kirghiz, Tajiks, Tungus, Uzbeks, Yakuts); 3) military units: (squad) partisan, hussar, soldier ( but: miners, sappers); 4) some units of measurement: (several) amp, watt, volt, grain(but: grams, kilograms); 5) as well as nouns f.r. on -nya and on - tse: tower - towers, fable - fables; saucers, mirror, blankets, towels ( but: swamps, hooves, laces, logs). Correct option: Two boot, several Romanian, platoon soldier, five ampere, beautiful towels |
|
Young engineerA |
Ending -s(s) used: a) in borrowed nouns on -er(-er): drivers; b) from borrowed neosouls. and shower. noun on the -tor, -sor: reducers, designers, inspectors (but: directors, professors). Correct option: Young engineers |
|
|
Piece cheese |
Ending -y (-y) used: a) in real entities. when referring to quantity: a glass of tea, a spoonful of sugar ( but: tea plantations, sugar reserves); b) in abstract and collective entities. combined with words many, few: many noise, few people. Correct option: Piece cheese |
|
|
Five Orange, delicious apples |
Nouns denoting the name of vegetables and fruits, mainly in the form R.p., pl. have an ending -ov: lemons, eggplant but: apples) Correct option: Five oranges, delicious apples |
|
|
Nouns on the -e in the form R.p., pl. have an ending -ii: drug - drugs uy, outback - outback uy ( but: dresses, mouths, lower reaches, upper reaches) |
||
Let's analyze the task
1. Specify an example with an error in the formation of the word form:
1) in thirty notebooks
2) the brightest light
3) they want
4) kind people
In the first example - a numeral and a noun. There is no violation of agreement: both words are used in the prepositional case correctly. In the second case - the comparative degree of an adjective and a noun. Both words are coordinated in the phrase (active case). The form of the comparative degree is created correctly: from the adjective "bright" with the help of the suffix -aysh-. The third answer is an unproductive verb with alternation. There's an error here! Correct form - want. In the last example, an adjective and a noun in the genitive plural form. The form of the noun is correct. The phrase agreed is plural, genitive case. The correct answer is 3.
Task number 6 tests your knowledge of the lexical norms of the Russian language. For the correct execution of this paragraph, you will receive one point.
The task itself can be formulated in several ways:
1) Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding superfluous word. Write out this word.
2) Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, replacing misused word. Write down the chosen word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Note! You need to either EXCLUDE the word or REPLACE it.
What violations of the lexical norm can be found in this task? (We are talking about SPEECH MISTAKES that are deliberately made in this task.)
Violation of lexical compatibility.
For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the features lexical compatibility, that is, their ability to connect with each other. Involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common speech error. For example, a similar error can be heard in the speech of sports commentators: Although in these competitions our favorite skaters defeated, the spectators greet them standing (but: they win, they are defeated).
Some words are often used in speech in the wrong combinations:
meeting called
increase attention
give importance
broaden your horizons
Speech redundancy.
Speech redundancy is verbosity. Verbosity can manifest itself in various forms, for example, take the form of pleonasm.
1) PLEONASM(from Greek pleonasmos - excess) called the use in speech of words close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words:
main point
everyday routine
dark darkness
Often pleonasms appear when synonyms are combined:
courageous and bold
only
nevertheless, however
for example
2) A variety of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY(from the Greek tauto - the same, logos - the word). Tautology can occur when repeating words with the same root:
tell a story
multiply many times
ask a question
resume again
as well as when combining a foreign language and duplicating its meaning:
memorable souvenirs
debuted for the first time
Let's look at some spelling mistakes.
WHISPER QUIETLY.
The word "whisper" contains the meaning of "to say very softly", so the word "quietly" in this example is superfluous. The word "quiet" is superfluous.
PATRIOT OF HIS COUNTRY.
A patriot is “a person who is ready for sacrifices and deeds in the name of the interests of his homeland”, therefore the combination of "one's homeland" is superfluous.
IT MADE A COZY IMPRESSION.
You can make a “pleasant” impression, but not a “cozy” one. Replace the word "comfortable" with the word "pleasant".
Let's do task number 6.
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding superfluous word. Write out this word.
The new shoes were a little too big for her.
In this example, the word "a little" is redundant. In the adjective “large”, the suffix -ovate- indicates the incompleteness of the feature, that is, the shoes are ‘slightly larger than necessary’. At the same time, the word "a little" means - "to an insignificant extent, slightly". This meaning intersects with the meaning of the word "large". Therefore, we exclude the word "a little".
reference Information
There are many morphological forms in Russian inflected words. Fortunately, most of them are acquired by children in early childhood and do not cause problems in preparing for the exam. But there are forms in the formation and use of which both children and adults make mistakes. Below is a list of such morphological forms.
Error forms. Remember the list examples.
Noun
Plural formation:
Words on Y - I:
engineers, designers, officers, lecturers, trainers, accountants, instructors, editors, locksmiths, drivers;
vectors, winds, reprimands, jumpers, sweaters, contracts, containers, players, policies, spotlights, warehouses;
ages, choices, ports, handwriting, creams, cakes
Words starting with A - Z:
director, doctor, inspector, professor, cook, watchman, paramedic, tenor, coachman;
districts, warrants, bills, boats, vacations, heaps, bells, bodies, domes, districts, passports, cellars, varieties, farms, poplars, stacks, stamps, anchors
Formation of genitive plural forms:
1.Formation and change of forms of compound numbers:
in the year one thousand and five, two sevenths, by three fifths, in two thousand and eleven,
eighty (eighty), eight hundred (eight hundred), five hundred, three thousand six hundred and fifty seven
2.Declension of complex and compound numbers:
two hundred rubles, five hundred rubles, four hundred rubles, about five hundred kilometers, three hundred pages, no six hundred rubles, about five hundred books
words: forty, ninety, one hundred.
I.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
R.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
D.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
V.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
etc. forty, ninety, one hundred (in rubles)
P.p. (o) forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty. When declining, both parts change in them:
I.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
R.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
D.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
V.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
etc. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
P.p. (o) fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
Pay attention to the declension of numbers: five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred. When declining, both parts change in them:
I.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
R.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
D.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
V.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
etc. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
P.p. (about) five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (roubles)
Pay attention to the declension of numbers one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred, in which errors are often made:
I.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
R.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
D.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
V.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
etc. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
P.p. (o) one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
Pay attention to declination compound cardinal numbers: each word changes in them:
I.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
R.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
D.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
V.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
etc. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
P.p. (about) two thousand fourteen (rubles)
Pay attention to declination compound ordinal numbers: only the last word is changed in them:
I.p. two thousand fourteenth (year)
R.p. two thousand and fourteen
D.p. two thousand and fourteen
V.p. two thousand fourteenth (year)
etc. two thousand and fourteen
P.p. (c) two thousand and fourteen (year)
3. The use of collective nouns:
two brothers, three puppies, to both brothers, to both girlfriends, two glasses, two sledges, two of us, three, six of them.
Since the topic causes a lot of problems, remember the cases when it is correct to use collective numbers, in a list:
1. With nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four guys.
2.
With nouns children, people: three children, four people.
3. With nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
4. With nouns that have only plural form. hours: five days.
5. With nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two points, two skis.
6. With pronouns: two of us, five of them.
4. Use of numerals both, both:
numeral both used only with nouns f.r.: both girls, both sides, both books.
With nouns m. and cf. R. the form is used both: both brothers, both friends, both windows.
Wrong: both paths, to both paths, both stars.
Right: both paths, to both paths, both stars.
Pronoun
Form formation:
Wrong: was carried away by her, with her; theirs; in the midst of him (her), among them; how many books, how many students.
Right: was carried away by her - T.p., she has - R.p.; them; in the middle * of him (her), among * them; how many books, how many students
*In the middle, among- suggestions. If you say: from them, from them, say: among them. After prepositions in personal pronouns he she They letter appears in oblique cases n.
Verb
1. Education of personal forms:
Verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, outshine, dare, vacuum and some others do not have a form of 1 person singular. h.
It is a mistake: I will win, I will run, I will win, I will convince, I will run away, I will convince, I will find myself, I am a miracle, a stranger, a stranger.
Correct: do not use these verbs in the form of 1 l., singular.
Wrong: let's try, ride, climb, burn, bake, protect, guard, rinse, wave, want (the wrong inflection model was used, vernacular).
Right: let's try, ride, climb, burn, bake, save, guard, rinse, wave, want.
2. Formation of return forms:
Wrong: met, wanted, said hello, sorry (colloquial).
Right: met, wanted to say hello(after vowels -sya, but -ss), sorry (the use of the reflexive form with this verb is a gross mistake).
3. Formation of imperative mood forms:
Wrong: go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, wave, part, lay down, lay down, lie, lie down, run, climb, buy, lie down (wrong inflection model used, vernacular).
Right: go (with a prefix), wave, drive away, lay down, buy, lie down.
Pay attention to the formation of imperative forms of erroneous verbs, which are often found in KIMs:
Lie down - (you) lie down, (you) lie down
Ride - (you) go, (you) go
Ride - (you) ride, (you) ride
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Climb - (you) climb, (you) climb
Run - (you) run, (you) run
4. Formation of past tense forms:
Wrong: froze, got stronger, dried out, dried out, got wet, got wet, and others like that.
Right: frozen, strengthened, withered, dried up, dried up, wet, wet.
Participle
Participle formation:
Wrong: rinsing, waving, wanting (using the wrong inflection model); doing, writing, taking an interest (present participles are not formed from perfective verbs).
Right: rinsing, waving, wanting; do not try to form present participles from perfective verbs.
gerund
Formation of gerunds:
Erroneous: looking in my direction, stacking up, driving (incorrect use of formation models: gerunds with the suffix -я- cannot be formed from the verbs CB).
Right: looking in my direction or looking in my direction, folding in a pile(excl.: stable combination folded arms), having gone.