Beet-beet mining fly. Miner fly Beet miner control measures

Do not want to meet aphids, flea, bug, weevil, mining moth or fly on beets? Then, read the rules for beet pest control. Proper preparation and processing of the plant will also avoid the appearance of diseases such as root beetle, cercosporosis, phomosis, peronosporosis and dry rot of root crops!

Pests

Aphids are polyphagous. In addition to beets, it damages beans, fava beans, less often eggplants, potatoes, carrots, parsnips and many other cultivated and wild plants.

Adult aphids are about 2 mm long, black, with a greenish tint. Winged individuals are shiny, wingless - matte. Eggs are black and shiny.

During the summer, the aphid develops in 10-12 generations. Eggs hibernate on thin twigs of jasmine, viburnum, euonymus. In the spring, larvae hatch from eggs. They suck the juice from the leaves of the plants on which they hatch. The larvae develop into wingless viviparous females. Aphids of three or four generations live on shrubs. When the leaves of shrubs begin to coarsen, winged ones appear among the wingless aphids. Winged female settlers fly to beets, beans, carrots and other plants. Here, female settlers give birth to larvae, forming new colonies of aphids. Several more generations of aphids pass on beets. The development of one generation in summer is completed in 8-9 days. The number of aphids on beets is growing rapidly. In autumn, winged females and males appear among aphids. In September, after mating, winged females fly to jasmine, euonymus, viburnum, where they lay wintering eggs.

Aphids live on the underside of beet leaves. From sucking aphids, the leaves curl lengthwise, dry out, plants lag behind in growth, and the weight of the root crop decreases. On beet seed plants, aphids suck juice from leaves, stems, and flowers. Severely infected shoots wither and do not produce seeds.

Control measures.

1. Destruction of weeds as breeding grounds for aphids.
2. Implementation of agrotechnical measures that accelerate the growth and development of beets.
3. Spraying beets with karbofos or tobacco infusion as soon as aphids appear on it, but no later than 30 days before harvesting the root crops.

Southern beet flea

Damages beets, sorrel, lives on weeds.

Beetles are black with a greenish or bluish tint, jumping, 1.5-2 mm long. Bases of antennae of beetles, tibiae and tarsus are yellow-brown; at the apex of tibiae of middle and hind legs there is an indentation by which the species is distinguished from other flea beetles. Larva 1.5-2 mm long, white.

The beetles hibernate under plant remains on the soil surface in kitchen gardens, on roadsides, on the edge of forest belts. In the spring, the beetles leave their wintering grounds early. First, they feed on the swan, mari, amaranth, then fly over to the beet seedlings. They eat away the parenchyma of the cotyledons and leaves, eat the growing point. Damaged seedlings die or lag behind in development. Beet seedlings of late sowing are damaged by the flea more than when sowing early. Mass death of damaged seedlings is observed in dry years, when plants are weakened and their growth is slowed down.

In May, the females lay their eggs in the topsoil near the plants. The egg stage lasts 10-14 days.

The larvae live in the soil, feeding on small roots. The development of the larva lasts about a month. They pupate in June in the soil at a depth of up to 5 cm. Soon, beetles emerge from the pupae, which feed on beet leaves, and with the onset of cold weather, they climb under the remains of plants for wintering.

Control measures.

1. Creating good conditions for rapid seedling growth: thorough soil preparation, early sowing, moisture supply, fertilization, etc.
2. Mowing weeds in areas adjacent to the garden.
3. Spraying seedlings in the phase of 1-2 leaves and later with karbofos.
4. Removal of vegetable residues from the garden after harvesting root crops.

Polyphagous, in addition to beets, it damages carrots, soybeans, sunflowers and other cultivated and wild plants.

The bug is 3-5 mm long, yellow-brown in color, has two black spots on its pronotum, and a wedge-shaped black spot on its forewings. Egg 0.95 mm long, yellowish, slightly curved. The larva is green, with a black spot on the abdomen and two black dots on the scutellum.

The bug develops in three generations. The eggs hibernate in the stems of alfalfa, sainfoin, quinoa, amaranth, etc. In April, larvae hatch from the eggs. Adult bugs appear at the end of May, they scatter, populating cultivated plants. Females lay their eggs in the petioles of leaves, in the stems of beets and other plants. The egg stage lasts 10-15 days.

Larvae and adult bugs pierce the tissues of the leaves, suck out the juice from them. Damaged leaves shrivel and wilt. Damaged shoots of seed plants are bent, dry out, the seed yield is reduced.

Control measures. Mowing and burning weeds in autumn in areas adjacent to vegetable gardens in order to destroy wintering eggs. Collection and burning of plant residues after harvesting. Deep digging of the soil in autumn.

Spraying beets during the growing season with sumi-alpha, fury or kinmix.

Butterfly 5 mm long. Its front wings are gray-brown, with dark spots. The hindwings are light grey, with a fringe of long hairs. The egg is oval, pearly white, 0.5 mm long. The caterpillar is light green, with a light head and a dark spot on the thoracic shield. On the body of the caterpillar - tubercles with bristles. The length of an adult caterpillar is up to 12 mm.

The moth develops in four generations per year. Pupae and caterpillars overwinter in the soil, in post-harvest residues, in unharvested root crops, and sometimes in root crops placed in storage. Butterflies appear in April-May. During the day, they sit under shelters on the soil, at the base of the leaves. Butterflies fly after sunset and early in the morning. Females lay eggs in groups of 2-5 on beet leaves, on petioles, on the neck of the root.

Caterpillars first skeletonize young, not yet unfolded leaves, then penetrate into the petioles of the leaves, turning passages into them. ‘Damaged leaves curl, blacken. From the dead leaves, the caterpillars pass into healthy ones. As a result of damage, the bundle of central leaves turns into a black decaying lump, braided with a rare cobweb.

Moth caterpillars of summer and autumn generations damage mainly the upper part of the root crop. Damaged root crops become lethargic, lose their consumer qualities. They are also unsuitable for planting on seeds, they easily rot. On beet seed plants, caterpillars damage leaves and flower-bearing stems, on which mines gnaw under the skin, gnaw buds and immature seeds.

After harvesting the beets, many caterpillars remain in the petioles of the leaves, continuing their development. Warm weather with rain and dew is favorable for caterpillars. Hot and dry weather is unfavorable for caterpillars.

Control measures.

1. Fast and thorough cleaning and destruction of post-harvest residues. Deep digging of the soil in 10-15 days after harvesting. At the same time, the pupae that remain in the soil for wintering die.
2. Spraying plants during the growing season with karbofos. If necessary, spraying is repeated.

beet leaf miner

The fly is gray, with a dark longitudinal stripe on the abdomen. The larva is yellowish, up to 7 mm long. The anterior end of the larva is pointed, the posterior end, with fleshy dentate processes, is expanded.

The fly develops in two generations per year. The larvae overwinter in a false cocoon in the soil. Flies fly out in May. They lay eggs in rows of 5-6 pieces on the lower surface of the leaves of beets, spinach, henbane, dope. The larvae that hatch after 2-5 days penetrate the leaf, gnaw through it passages (mines). The mines are narrow at first, then gradually widen and end in a bubble-like cavity. Severely damaged leaves turn yellow and dry.

In the leaf, the larva develops for 2-3 weeks. Having reached the age limit, it goes into the soil to pupate. A small part of the larvae pupate in mines. Flies of the second generation fly in July - August.

Control measures. Destruction of weeds (quinoa, mari, dope). With a high number of fly larvae, spraying plants with karbofos.

Beetle 12-16 mm long, brownish-gray. Rostrum short, with longitudinal carina and lateral grooves. On the elytra one oblique, intermittent black stripe. The larva is white, fleshy, legless, arcuately curved.

The weevil develops in one generation per year. The beetles hibernate in the soil at a depth of 10-30 cm. The beetles appear on the soil surface in April. Some of the beetles do not leave their wintering grounds, but at rest (diapause) remain in the soil until the next spring. At first, the beetles feed on quinoa, amaranth, and other weeds. On the beet they crawl or fly with the advent of its seedlings. Beetles gnaw on cotyledons, young leaves, stems. Damaged seedlings die. Later, the beetles eat the leaves from the edges, the petioles and the top of the root crop.

In May, the beetles lay their eggs in the topsoil. The larvae feed on the roots of beets and weeds, snacking on them. The larvae gnaw holes in the roots. Plants with damaged roots are stunted, tied, the root crop becomes ugly, inferior in weight to normal. With good plant care and sufficient soil moisture, the negative effect of larval damage on plant growth and development is reduced. In July-August the larvae pupate. Soon beetles hatch from pupae. Beetles remain in the soil to winter.

Control measures. Creation of favorable conditions for the friendly emergence of seedlings, accelerated growth and development of them. Manual collection of beetles. Destruction of amaranth, quinoa in the garden and adjacent lands.

With a significant number of weevils - spraying seedlings and young plants with karbofos.

Diseases

root eater

Disease of seedlings and seedlings of beets. The causative agents of the disease are several types of fungi. Some of them live in the soil, others are transmitted through seeds. Some fungi infect the underground part of the seedlings, others - aboveground.

The disease manifests itself in the form of brown spots and stripes on the root and lower part of the stem. Affected areas become thinner, blacken, rot. Seedlings stop growing and die. With the appearance of three or four leaves, the plants acquire resistance to the root beetle, a new infection does not occur, and the surviving diseased plants continue to develop and produce a reduced yield of often ugly root crops.

Seedlings that are weakened due to poor seed quality, lack of nutrients and air in the soil, the presence of soil crust, low temperature, lack or excess of soil moisture, and deep seed placement during sowing are more likely to fall ill.

Control measures. The alternation of cultures. Creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of seedlings: good tillage, fertilization, moderate watering, destruction of the soil crust, timely breakthrough, etc. Sowing beets in the pre-winter period or early spring. Sowing seeds of larger fractions with high germination and vigor of germination. Destruction of weeds.

Cercosporosis (leaf spot)

The fungus infects beet leaves. On young leaves - spots are small, light brown, with a dark border. On blossoming leaves - spots 2-3 mm in size or more, with a red-brown border. On old leaves, the spots of diseased tissue are even larger - up to 1 cm with a fuzzy border. The disease also develops on the petioles of the leaves and on the stems of the testes in the form of oblong spots. Severely damaged leaves (usually starting from the bottom) dry out prematurely.

Warm, humid weather favors infection and development of the fungus. After rains, a grayish-white coating is formed on the spots of diseased tissue, consisting of conidiophores and spores of the fungus. Spores, once on a wet leaf, germinate. The spore seedling enters the leaf tissue through the stomata.

Control measures. The alternation of crops, the removal of new beet crops from the places of last year's growth. Spraying beets with 1% Bordeaux liquid at the first sign of the onset of the disease. In wet years, spraying is repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 10-12 days. The introduction of potash fertilizers increases the resistance of plants to the disease. Cleaning and deep burying of tops after harvesting beets: on the remains of tops embedded in the soil to a depth of less than 10 cm, the fungus does not die. Digging the soil after harvest.

fomoz

The fungus infects the leaves and roots of beets. On the leaves, mainly the lower ones, rounded light brown or yellowish spots of large size appear, with concentric circles. The affected tissue is covered with small, like dots, black pycnidia. In the form of black pycnidia, the disease also manifests itself on the seminal glomeruli. Seedlings from infected seeds become ill with root beetles.

Leaf spotting has almost no effect on the yield of root crops. But it, nevertheless, is a source of infection during storage of root crops.

Phomosis of root crops can be detected when they are cut. The affected root tissue is colored black, its texture is hard and juicy. It can form voids with a whitish coating of mycelium on the walls. Under the conditions of storage of root crops, other fungi and bacteria join the causative agent of phomosis, and then the mycelium plaque turns black, pink, green or another color. This disease of beet roots during storage, caused by a complex of fungi and bacteria, is known as clamp rot. Root crops affected by phomosis, planted on seeds, do not give plants, they die.

Control measures. Sowing with healthy seeds collected from intact plants. Selection for planting healthy root crops on seeds. Avoid wounding root crops during harvesting (fungi and bacteria penetrate into the root crop through wounds). Creating favorable conditions for the growth of beets.

Destruction of plant residues when harvesting beet root crops and seedlings. Deep digging of the soil in autumn with careful incorporation of plant remains.

Downy mildew (downy mildew)

Dangerous beet disease. It spreads strongly in wet years in May-June. With the onset of the summer heat, the development of the disease stops, but can resume when it rains in the fall.

The fungus infects the young organs of the plant: in beets of the first year - the central leaves of the rosette, in the testes - young leaves, tops of peduncles, flowers and seeds. Diseased leaves turn pale, curl down, thicken, become brittle. On the underside of diseased leaves, a gray-purple coating of conidiophores with conidia (spores) appears. The tops of flower-bearing shoots are bent, lag behind in growth and die off or give few seeds, besides defective ones.

The fungus is spread by conidia, which are carried by the wind from diseased plants. The fungus overwinters on plant debris, on seeds, in the tops of root crops left on seeds.

Control measures. Sowing with healthy seeds collected from uncharged testicles. Removal (if possible) of testicles from crops of the first year. The introduction of potash and phosphorus fertilizers, which increase the resistance of plants to the disease. Spraying plants with 1% Bordeaux liquid when the first signs of the disease appear. In wet weather, spraying can be repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 6-8 days. In dry years, the need for repeated spraying either disappears, or the interval between them increases to 12-13 days.

Destruction of diseased plants on the testes as signs of the disease appear. Collection and destruction of plant residues after harvesting.

Rejection of diseased root crops when laying for storage. Deep digging of the soil after harvest.

powdery mildew

The disease manifests itself in the second half of summer and autumn. A white cobweb coating of the fungus covers the surface of the leaves from the upper and lower sides. The fungus grows quickly, covering the entire leaf. Many spores form on the mycelium, which are carried by the wind and infect healthy plants. The focus of the disease is increasing. Diseased leaves die off. In autumn, fruiting bodies are formed on the mycelium, similar to black dots. On the testes, the fungus affects all above-ground organs. Diseased plants give a low yield of root crops that are not resistant to diseases during storage. On the affected testes, the yield of seeds and their quality are reduced.

The fungus survives on the remains of damaged plants. Seed transmission of the disease is possible.

Control measures. Rotation of crops on the site. Application of fertilizers. Spraying plants with colloidal sulfur (20 g per 10 liters of water).

Thorough cleaning and destruction of crop residues after harvesting roots and seeds. Deep digging of the soil in autumn.

Dry rot of root crops (heart rot)

The disease is usually observed in the second half of summer. In plants, the youngest leaves of the rosette wither and dry. Later, they become covered with spots, older leaves wither and dry. Tops of shoots and testicles get sick and dry out.

Gray spots of dry rot appear on root crops. Over time, the disease covers the entire root crop.

Control measures. Top dressing with boron at the first signs of the manifestation of the disease.

Today we will try to understand the very important issue of beet pests and methods of dealing with them. It should be noted that insects harm table beet during all periods of its growth. So, what are the main beet pests? Beet fleas and beet weevils can be safely attributed to the most harmful insects for beet crops. During all three summer months, beet tops are damaged by scoop caterpillars, beet shieldworm, beet fly larvae and beet miner moth. And beet weevil larvae and root aphids harm the roots of table beets. Let us dwell in more detail on some insects that adversely affect the seedlings of table beets.

beet weevil

Beet weevil - Bothynoderes punctiventris

This beet pest lives everywhere. The beet weevil is a beetle that has a gray-brown color. Its length is 12-16 mm. During the summer, one generation of weevils appears. The beet weevil bites beet sprouts, and with a large invasion of beetles, beet seedlings may die. These beetles are dangerous to beet seedlings until 2-3 pairs of true leaves appear. The females then lay their eggs in the soil. One female beet weevil can lay 60 to 100 eggs. The larvae appear within 7-10 days. Beet weevil larvae feed on beet fruits. In the affected plants, the tops wither, and the fruits lose their marketable qualities. This leads to a significant reduction in yield. The period of development from the stage of the larva to the adult lasts 60-70 days.

Fighting methods:

• timely sowing of table beets;
• plant nutrition is required;
• high-quality processing of row spacing;
• use only treated seeds for sowing.

beet aphid

beet aphid – Aphis fabae

The second name is bean, or euonymus, aphid. This type of insect is polyphagous. Aphids infect beets, legumes, greens (particularly spinach), rarely carrots and even potatoes. This beet pest lives in most areas of the northern hemisphere with a temperate and warm climate.

beet aphid- This is an insect 1.7-2.7 mm long, with a body color from black to dark green. In the spring, from the eggs laid by the female in the fall, larvae appear, which, in turn, quickly grow and begin to produce their offspring. Beet aphids reproduce at lightning speed. During the summer, up to 15 generations of aphids appear. This beet pest lives on the underside of the beet tops and on the testicles. The aphid damaged in the process of vital activity twists, the root crop lags behind in development and, as a result, the yield decreases.

Fighting methods:

• timely disposal of weeds;
• breeding useful entomofauna
• use of organophosphate insecticides.

It feeds on beet aphids. Therefore, a large number of this beneficial insect will have a beneficial effect on protecting your garden.

beet fleas

Usually, two types of fleas can damage beets:

• Common beet flea - Chaetocnema concinna
• Southern beet flea Chaetocnema breviuscula

These types of fleas are very similar to each other. On the site, fleas appear in early spring. Since spring, the bugs live on weeds for the time being, and only later they move to beet sprouts.

beet fleas- These are tiny (1.5-2.3 mm long) jumping bugs of a dark green color. This beet pest first spoils the tops, gnaws out the soft part of the leaf and leaves the lower skin intact, then small holes appear in this place. Affected seedlings will die with a high degree of probability. Female beet flea beetles lay their eggs directly on the ground near plants. The eggs are light yellow in color and oval in shape. After two to three weeks, larvae 1.5-2.2 mm long emerge from the eggs. They are white in color and have a yellow head. The new generation of fleas first live and feed on seedlings and adult plants, and go to winter under the remains of plants in the top layer of soil.

Fighting methods:

• use only pickled beetroot seeds;
• carefully get rid of weeds;
• apply a set of agricultural practices to obtain high-quality seedlings.

beet fly

beet fly - Pegomyia hyoscyami

It is one of the most common beet pests. If you notice that the tops of the beets are drying out, you need to carefully inspect the inside of the leaves for transparent, caterpillar-like larvae. This beet pest is a member of the real fly family.

The length of the beet fly is 6-8 mm. The body of the beet fly has a gray color. The beet fly is widely found wherever beets are grown. The insect severely injures all types of beets, especially in areas with high humidity.

During the summer, 2-4 generations appear. The female beet fly lays its eggs mainly on the underside of the leaves. On average, there are 40 to 100 eggs in a clutch.

Beet fly egg-laying photo

Fighting methods:

• careful disposal of weeds;
• during weeding, it is necessary to remove infected leaves;
• in autumn, deep digging of the earth.

Beet shield-bearer

Beet shield-bearer – Cassida nebulosa

The second name is beet bug. This beet pest is a beetle from the leaf beetle family. This type of insect is rightfully considered one of the main pests of beets. Adults are found between April and May. The beet bug is distributed throughout Europe and Asia, except for high-mountainous and desert regions, wherever beets are grown.

beet bug- This is a beetle, reaching a length of 6 - 7 mm. Body color options: rusty-brown or greenish with black irregularly speckled. The female beet shieldworm generally lays about 200 eggs, which she covers with secretions that quickly harden. Within a week, yellow-green larvae appear from the eggs, then they become pupae and beetles appear from the pupae for 8-12 days. On average, two generations of beet shieldworm appear during the summer. Both beetles and larvae harm beets. Beetles eat sprouts and young plants, and the larvae feed only on the lower surface of the leaves, while the upper skin of the leaf is left intact.

Fighting methods:

• timely disposal of weeds in the beet garden.

Beet root aphid

Beet root aphid - Pemphigus fuscicornis

Beet root aphid- an insect that belongs to the suborder of aphids and is dangerous for beet crops. The size of this variety of beet pests is only 2.3-2.5 mm. The root aphid lives everywhere, wherever beets are grown. During the period April - September, the beet root aphid produces from 10 to 12 generations.

Fighting methods:

• timely detection of foci of beet root aphid;
• organize new beds away from the affected;
• destruction of weeds, especially haze;
• compliance with crop rotation rules;
• treatment of lesions and edges of beet beds with insecticides.

Beet Miner Moth

Beet miner moth - Scrobipalpa ocellatella

Smooth dead eater- an insect especially dangerous for beet seedlings. This beetle is 9-12 mm long, black in color with red hairs. The smooth dead-eater gets out of the wintering grounds and feeds primarily on wild plants, and only then on cultivated ones. It affects beets, potatoes and all varieties of cabbage. During the period of active development, the female smooth dead beetle lays eggs in the upper layer of soil. Each adult female smooth dead beetle is able to lay an average of about 100 eggs. The eggs of the smooth dead beetle are white in color and oval in shape. Usually beetle larvae appear in 7-10 days. The larva of the smooth dead beetle is black in color and about 16 mm long. The appearance of the larvae becomes noticeable not so much because of their appearance, but because of the holes that the larvae make in the beet leaves. The larvae infest for 1.5-2 weeks, then they descend into the ground and pupate, and in the second half of the summer beetles of the second generation appear.

Fighting methods:

• loosening row spacing;
• getting rid of weeds.

Systematic position: order Diptera, family Mining flies (Agromyzidae).

Distribution area: everywhere, the zone of increased harmfulness covers the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions (Protection of Plants.., 2003).

Morphology: Imago 6-8 mm long, light gray body, red-brown compound eyes; on the lateral side of the abdomen there are dark spots, often merging into an uneven stripe. The egg is elongated-oval, 0.8 mm long. The larvae are yellowish in color, worm-like, with a reduced head capsule, and a pair of spiracles at the widened posterior end. Their length does not exceed 7 mm.

Biology: False cocoons of the pest overwinter in the upper layers of the soil. Flies emerging in spring additionally feed on flowering weeds. After mating, the female lays 1-2 eggs on the underside of young beet leaves or several eggs in a row on the leaves of more developed plants. The fertility of the pest is on average 100 eggs. The embryonic period lasts, as a rule, 4-5 days. The hatched larvae mine the leaf, eating cavities in the parenchyma of the leaf blade. On the surface of the sheet, mines look like dirty yellow swollen spots. Such damage is most dangerous for young plants: they often cause the death of seedlings. Feeding of larvae in the later phases of beet development leads to a decrease in the mass of root crops.

Larva develops no more than 3 weeks, after which it leaves for pupation in the soil. After another 2 weeks, adults of a new generation fly out. Depending on the climatic zone, the pest develops in one to three generations. Pseudo-coons of the latest generation remain in the soil for the winter.

Figure 3– Developmental phases of the sugar beet leaf miner

1- Defeat seedlings

2- Damaged sheet

3- Part of the damaged sheet

5- Larva

3 Features of the relationship of phytophages with host plants

3.1 Damaged crops

1. Rape beetle damages rapeseed, mustard, seed plants of cabbage, radish and many other plants of the cabbage family.

2. cruciferous fleas damage all vegetable, oilseeds and fodder cabbage crops.

3. beet fly damages beets and spinach, development can take place on several types of wild-growing haze and nightshade.

3.2 Nature of field settlement and damage to plants

About 50 types of pests have been noted on rapeseed crops, which can significantly reduce the yield or cause the death of crops. The most dangerous pests everywhere are cruciferous fleas, rapeseed flower beetle, secretive bobs, rapeseed sawfly, cabbage moth, cabbage aphid, turnip white and cabbage scoop.

Settling crops and plantations of cabbage plants rapeseed flower beetle occurs, as a rule, at the beginning of their budding phase. As buds appear on rapeseed, the pest colonizes them. During this period, beetles, feeding on buds, can damage them in dry conditions. However, the main harm is caused somewhat later by the larvae. Females lay 2-5 (up to 10) eggs in an unblown bud. After 5 ... 10 days, larvae emerge from the eggs, which feed on pollen. Buds damaged by the pest fall off. With a number of three or more larvae per flower, a significant decrease in yield occurs (Wikipedia, http://ru.wikipedia.org).

Rape is damaged by 6 species cruciferous fleas. They feed only on cabbage plants: first on weeds, and with the advent of seedlings or seedlings of cultivated plants, they are settled. The harmfulness of cruciferous fleas depends on the temperature conditions of the year. With a mass appearance on seedlings in dry hot weather, beetles can completely destroy rapeseed crops within 3-4 days. The main type of damage is ulceration. (Wikipedia, http://ru.wikipedia.org). Beetles gnaw round holes in the cotyledon leaves and can damage the growth point. A damaged young plant may die or be significantly stunted. It damages more often those areas that are located near last year's rapeseed fields or where there are favorable conditions for the preservation of beetles during the summer. Those areas that are sown first are most affected. Further spread is fast.

Fly lays eggs on the underside of the leaves of beets, spinach, quinoa. After 3–6 days, larvae emerge from the testicles, which damage the tissues of the leaves, eating (mining) the flesh under the skin. In damaged areas, the skin lags behind and swells with a bubble, then dies off (Kolos LLC, http://www.agro-him.mpi.ru). Their damage is most dangerous for young plants, the fly often causes the death of seedlings. The nutrition of larvae in the later phases of beet development leads to a decrease in the mass of root crops (Bei-Bienko G.Ya., 1998).

Table 1 - Pest characteristics

table 2 – Phenological calendar of pest development

Mining fly Mining flies (lat. Agromyzidae) are a whole family of Diptera insects. Their larvae cause great harm to cultivated plants, gnawing through the leaves (or other parts of the plant) passages. Since in the old days the word "mine" meant digging, the insects living inside the plants were called miners. In Russia, there are about 100 species of mining flies, which are agricultural pests. Description of the insect These are small flies with a wide abdomen, short legs and transparent wings. They are usually painted in a uniform brownish color. They are armed with a proboscis, with which they make punctures in the tissues of the plant in order to suck out the juice of the plant or lay eggs at the puncture site. The larvae of mining flies, having left the egg, bite into the tissue of the plant and eat through passages of various shapes there. These moves are called mines. The larvae are very small, their length is only 1-3 mm. Larval development lasts 8-14 days, and the entire life cycle of mining flies usually takes only three to five weeks! In some species, pupation occurs directly in the leaf, while in others it occurs in the soil. The danger is not only the larvae. Adult flies also cause damage to plants, as they make punctures and feed on plant juices.

Species Mining flies are distinguished by a rather high food specialization, that is, the larvae of different species feed on certain tissues of specific plant species. In most species of miner flies, the larvae eat leaves, but there are species whose larvae feed on fruits, roots, inflorescences, or bulbs. For example, bulb fly larvae damage garlic and onion bulbs, which become soft and rot. Beet-beet Flies cause great harm. Their larvae feed on the leaves of beets, spinach, and other nightshade species. In addition, they can eat wild haze and nightshade. Adults reach 6-8 mm in length. The flies lay their eggs on the underside of the leaf. Several eggs are laid at a time; in her life, one female can lay up to 100 eggs. After four or five days, fly larvae emerge from the eggs, which make moves in the leaf (in other words, mine them). On the surface of the leaf, these mines are visible as dirty yellow swellings. Having settled on young beet plants, the larvae of mining flies often lead to the death of seedlings. At later stages of development, infection with mining flies leads to a decrease in the mass of root crops. Under favorable conditions, three generations of beet flies can change over the summer. Flies pupate in the ground, and in the ground they winter in the form of pupae (fly pupae are also called false cocoons).

Nightshade So-called nightshade miners are tiny flies only 2-2.5 mm long. These insects damage cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage, lettuce, parsley, celery and gourds. Females of the first generation lay their eggs in cotyledons or young leaves. Larvae that appear in early spring sometimes cause the death of young plants. When flies lay their eggs on leaves, it is noticeable by yellow puncture marks. Hatching larvae form clearly visible passages, or mines, in the leaves. Inside the mines, a dark trail of larval excrement can be seen. About three weeks after birth, the larva gnaws its way out, falls to the ground, burrows into the soil and forms a chrysalis there, from which an adult fly emerges a few days later. Having bred in large numbers, the miners retard the growth of plants, and the affected leaves dry up and fall off. But even a small number of miners reduces the productivity of crops.

that fly lays its eggs in a leaf plate, in my case cucumbers were attacked. Then a larva hatches from the egg and begins to crack the leaves with appetite, leaving such beautiful passages. The artist, you know... I would have strangled the reptile) And then a new fly hatches from the larva and the process repeats. At the end of the movement of the larva, a yellow dot is visible - a pupa lived there, from which a new fly hatched.

Pegomyia betae Curtis. Belongs to the flower family ( Anthomyiidae). Distributed in all beet-growing regions of the European part of the USSR, more numerous in the western forest-steppe of Ukraine. Damages beets, spinach, can develop on mari, quinoa, belladonna, dope.

Adults 6–8 mm long, ash gray; meso-dorsum and abdomen light brown; on the abdomen there is a longitudinal dark stripe; the head is semicircular, with reddish eyes. Larva 7–8 mm long, white, legless. The larvae and puparia overwinter in the soil at a depth of 3–10 cm, usually in beet fields. The emergence of flies begins at the end of April - the first decade of May. Flies feed on the nectar of flowers and, with the appearance of 2-3 pairs of leaves in beets, lay eggs on their lower surface. Fertility - 40–100 eggs. Embryonic development lasts from 2 to 14 days. Hatching larvae mine leaves, causing them to wilt. , , which reduces the weight and safety of root crops. Develop 7-22 days. They pupate in the soil, rarely inside the leaves. After 14–18 days, the flies of the summer generation fly out. The development cycle is completed in 34–46 days. During the year, 2-4 generations develop. The larvae of flies of the autumn generation go into the soil, where they form puparia.

Protection measures: agricultural practices that improve the conditions for the growth and development of plants; treatment of crops with insecticides in the presence of 3–4 larvae per 1 plant.

All terms for

Mallow moth - Pexicopia malvella Hbn. Butterfly of the notched-winged moth family ( Gelechiidae). Distributed in the European part of the USSR, in Ukraine, ...

A position in which a taxon of a higher rank includes only one subordinate taxon of a lower rank. For example, a genus that includes only one species.