National idea for Kazakhstan: concise, simple, understandable and emotional. National idea and Kazakhstan. A common fate, where there were both joyful and tragic moments, unites Kazakhstanis The national idea is a light and a beacon in the development of society

More than a hundred nationalities, united by one history and one future, live in peace and harmony under the roof of Kazakhstan. “We, the people of Kazakhstan, are one people! And our common destiny is our Mangilik El, our worthy and great Kazakhstan! “Mangilik el” is the national idea of ​​our all-Kazakhstan home, the dream of our ancestors,” President Nursultan Nazarbayev said in his annual message to the people of Kazakhstan. Most likely, every Kazakhstani understands that we will be able to achieve our goal, to enter the top 30 most developed countries of the world, only by joining the efforts of each citizen. Such ambitious tasks are up to us, says the representative of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan Leo Shik, who shared his opinion on the national idea with our readers.

- Leo Bogdanovich, what do you think, is the unity of the people of Kazakhstan already a reality or are we still striving for this?

I believe that Kazakhstan is our common home. Thanks to the wise policy of the Head of State, all conditions have been created in our country for a peaceful and friendly life in interethnic and interfaith harmony. A lot has been done for the unity of Kazakhstanis in the republic. Most importantly, I believe that the Constitution begins with the words "We, the people of Kazakhstan." And this circumstance already speaks of the unity of all citizens. The main document of our state declares the main principle - equality before the law. Not a single inhabitant of the republic is infringed, they have the right to use all the benefits provided.

- Since we are talking about the Constitution, do you think that the interests of representatives of various nationalities are fully respected?

Probably, only in Kazakhstan a unique instrument for regulating interethnic relations has been created, which had no analogues in the world before. I am talking about the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. This organization includes representatives of all nationalities and ethnic groups inhabiting the expanses of modern Kazakhstan.

As practice shows, the Assembly has become a truly functional body. Just think: in the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, nine deputies are appointed from among its representatives! Undoubtedly, they take into account the interests of Kazakhstanis of different nationalities at the legislative level. This circumstance just speaks of the unity of the people.

The Assembly found its development in the creation of houses of friendship, which were approved by our President. I can say that there are nine friendship houses in East Kazakhstan, uniting representatives of 105 nationalities. In addition, schools have been created for the revival of national cultures and languages. In them, those who wish to study Kazakh, their native language, and English. In the message "Kazakhstan's way - 2050: common goal, common interests, common future" the Head of State once again focused on this issue. So much is being done in Kazakhstan compared to other states. The results of such work are peace and inter-ethnic harmony.

At the initiative of our president, representatives of all world confessions gathered at one table. In my opinion, it is a great achievement to bring all of them under one roof. Religion, as you know, plays a big role in people's lives, it is in the soul of every person.

- The head of state spoke about the need to adopt the Patriot Act. Leo Bogdanovich, what does the independence of Kazakhstan mean to you?

The independence of Kazakhstan is a centuries-old dream of the people inhabiting a vast territory, and those people who came under the roof of the state-forming nation - the Kazakhs. Hospitable Kazakhstan has become our home.

The independence of our state allows us to fully realize ourselves in life, to become people, professionals. We have the opportunity to develop our age-old culture, learn our languages, observe our traditions. Therefore, independence is dear not only to the indigenous population, but also to all representatives of the united people of Kazakhstan. Sovereignty allows us all to carry out long-term planning together, make plans for seven five-year plans ahead and join the ranks of the most developed countries in the world. Independence guarantees us the achievement of all our goals.

- Last year in Kazakhstan a lot was said about history. As the president said in his message to the people, we are united by a common destiny and past. Leo Bogdanovich, do you feel the common destiny and its unifying influence?

As for the commonality of history, I can speak from my personal experience. The fate of my ethnic group - the Germans - was tragic in its own way. After we were evicted to Kazakhstan, this land accepted us as its own. I received education and recognition here, I was able to realize myself in life. A lot of things connect us with Kazakhstan, we went through all the hard times together. The Kazakhs extended a helping hand to us. In turn, people of other nationalities have made a huge contribution to the development and formation of modern Kazakhstan. We have built and are building our future together. Together we went through and survived the years of the Great Patriotic War, we defended Moscow.

Subsequently, the history of the general rise of the national economy passed. Kazakhstan virgin lands were raised by all peoples. Visitors from other regions of the USSR subsequently stayed here and devoted their lives to serving and working on the Kazakh land. And now the question is being raised of how to raise agriculture by intensive methods with the introduction of all the latest achievements. We need to reconsider our views on life, there must be creators in society, and not people who are trying to live easily and leave nothing for posterity. They don’t paint a cloudless paradise for us, but they tell us that we need to achieve everything in stages and only with our own work.

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Nurkanova Bakytzhan Zhambyrbaevna

History and geography teacher

KSU "Secondary school No. 2 of the city of Taiynsha"

Topic: National idea « Mangilik el » as a vector for the development of Kazakhstani society.

1. In the Address to the people of Kazakhstan dated January 17, 2014 "Kazakhstan's path -2050: common goal, common interests, common future", President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev proposed to develop and adopt the Patriot Act "Mangilik El".

"Mangilik El" is the national idea of ​​our all-Kazakhstan home, the dream of our ancestors. Over 22 years of sovereign development, the main values ​​have been created that unite all Kazakhstanis and form the foundation of the future of our country. They are not taken from sky-high theories. These values ​​are the experience of the Kazakhstani Way, which has stood the test of time,” the Head of State said.

This year 2016 is marked by an important event - the 25th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All the achievements made over the years are the merit of the peaceful people of Kazakhstan, who, thanks to the far-sighted policy of ours, ate bass-Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, created a single country - peace-loving, aspiring to a brighter future. The national idea should unite our aspirations, worldviews, spiritual values, nationwide priority areas of the economy..

Time has shown that the most reasonable way is to combine the interests of all citizens of the country, regardless of their ethnicity. The transition of the country to the civil state of society, the formation of a single people in Kazakhstan becomes the core of the national idea.

Any national idea is a capacious, but at the same time extremely concise formula, from which the basic ideological concept is deployed, which determines the life of the state, society, citizens in the long term. The following features of the national idea are generally accepted. It must: have a visual image - a symbol and be based on ideology; belong to the ancestors through history, legends, legends; be beneficial to the individual, society, and authorities; not contain deliberate unrealizability and lies; be brief; be understandable to the child.

All this is embodied in the idea of ​​"Mangilik El".

The idea of ​​"Mangilik El" -it is national unity, peace and harmony in our society. Secondly, it is a secular society and high spirituality. It is economic growth based on industrialization and innovation. This is the Society of General Labor., a common history, culture and language, this is national security and the global participation of our country in solving global and regional problems. Thanks to these values, we have always won, strengthened our country, and multiplied our great successes. In these state-forming, national values ​​lies the ideological basis of the New Kazakhstan Patriotism.

Scientific, cultural figures, the intelligentsia of our country consider and create various directions in the implementation of the national idea "Mangilik El". And I think the main direction is modern education.

From 2017, guaranteed free technical education for young people will be provided in the country, and a system of dual technical and vocational education is being developed. In addition, the priority of trilingualism, that is, the study of Kazakh, English and Russian, was confirmed. As the Leader of the Nation emphasized, secondary schools should catch up in terms of teaching level to Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools.

The education of the modern rising generation depends largely on the social structure of the state. A lot is being done in our country for the benefit of tomorrow's future.

The modern school has more technology - computers, interactive whiteboards, the Internet, multimedia classes, which has a positive effect on the quality of lessons and various events, gives positive changes in the process of teaching the subject.

Another innovation in education is that attention is being paid to small schools, resource centers are being created, and a lot of work is being done on pre-profile and profile education of students. A student from a rural area, coming to a city school, can pull up those subjects in which he had difficulty before.

Our country is fighting for the right to be a competitive state, therefore, international research is carried out in schoolsTIMSS, PISA, PIRLSand other tests of schoolchildren. The natural-mathematical, reading and functional literacy of schoolchildren is checked. Based on the results of international research, a national report is being compiled, as a result of which changes for the better are coming in our schools. I believe that such independent assessments of ZUN will give a real picture of modern education in the country, and will help raise the level of education of our younger generation.

The modern pedagogical community of Kazakhstan is undergoing major reforms in course preparation. Learning using Cambridge technology gives the teacher a new attitude - the worldview changes, the consciousness of what a teacher and student should be like. Teachers are trained at 1 advanced, 2 basic and 3 basic levels. New technologies in teaching and educating children give a great boost to the teacher in his teaching practice. The integration of the seven modules into pedagogical work is the main goal of the courses.

The efforts of the administration and the teaching staff are aimed at creating conditions for the development of the child as a free, responsible and creative person based on the variability of programs, textbooks, training courses, the use of innovative technologies, the individualization of the educational process, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle. The main attention is paid to improving the qualifications of teachers and the quality education of schoolchildren. This is also facilitated by work in various forms to improve the pedagogical skills of teachers, the development of practical skills and abilities of students in the classroom and in interest associations, the participation of children and adults in seminars, conferences, the organization of the exchange of experience, certification of teaching staff and school graduates.

A steady trend has been established in the personnel policy of the school, aimed at the formation of a professional teacher, a creative personality.

A positive attitude of teachers to continuous psychological and pedagogical education and self-education has been formed

In the context of the transition to 12-year education, the dissemination of innovative pedagogical experience has acquired a new quality and is considered as one of the possible forms of teacher training..

Tomorrow's school is the school of the future. I think that such a school is Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, where gifted and talented children have the honor to study, who can get further higher education anywhere in the world. It is gratifying that such schools are opening in all regions of our country.

2 .I believe that the idea of ​​"Mangilik El" can be seen in the education and upbringing of the younger generation, starting with preschool education.

Specifically within the curriculum:

At the lessons of the natural-mathematical cycle, various types of work in mathematics are used - text tasks, where the text contains patriotic content,

At the informatics lesson, students are faced with data on the population by regions of Kazakhstan, and texts about Astana are used in practical classes.

In geography lessons, demographic data on the size and ethnic composition of the population for each region of Kazakhstan are often used. There is also historical data on the population.

At the lessons of mathematics, knowledge of the world in the primary grades, children learn from vivid examples of the friendship of the peoples of Kazakhstan, the tasks contain a text about our homeland, the capital, national rituals, customs, traditions of different ethnic groups.

The lessons of the humanitarian cycle - the Kazakh language and literature, the Russian language and English, the history of Kazakhstan - reflect peaceful cooperation, patriotism, good neighborliness of representatives of different nationalities and ethnic groups.

"Kazakh halқy Assambleyasy", "bir astynda Shanyrak", "Birlik foams Yntymak Eli", "Ұltaralyқ kelіsіm" - Kazakh tili sabaғynda өte kөp taқyryptar zhasөspөrіmderdі tatulyқ foams yntymaқtastyққa tәrbieleydі.Zhoғary synyptarda Kazakh tili sabaғynda yes "Mәngіlіk eat-til mәngіlіk ideyasy" , "Tauelsizdik tolgauy", "Nұrly dol" siyaқty taқyryptar okylyp ötedі. Various olympiads, competitions of district, regional and republican significance reflect intercultural and interethnic ties: Abai and Pushkin readings, Makhambet readings, "Zharkyn bolashak", where our children annually take active participation, take prizes.

Extra-curricular activities are aimed at fostering tolerance, mutual understanding, respect for national traditions and customs of the peoples of Kazakhstan.

High school students actively participate in district debate tournaments, where moral principles are the main topics.

Understanding and mutual assistance between ethnic groups, religions in our country has grown into strong friendship, unity of a single people, mutual respect. This is evidenced by the festive new date - the Day of Gratitude, which is celebrated on the day of the creation of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan - March 1.

May 1 - the Day of Unity of the Peoples of Kazakhstan is held annually at the school very solemnly, the guys represent many nationalities - the concert program includes songs in different languages. Nauryz meiramy rallied all the nationalities of our country, every year you can see representatives of various ethnic groups on the stage.

All valuesupbringing of the youngergenerations - respect, friendship, tolerance, love and mutual assistance, readinessHelp starts with the family.It is becoming a good tradition to hold events dedicated to Family Day within the walls of the school - these are round tables with parents and children.

3. In the "Plan of the Nation - 100 steps for the implementation of five institutional reforms", 85 and 89 steps are devoted to the idea of ​​Mangilik El in the form of a task to create a draft of a patriotic act and the task of introducing the values ​​of Mangilik El into the current school education curricula.

Teachers should play an important role in the implementation of the Mangilik El program announced by the President, and teachers of the social and humanitarian cycle are primarily responsible for promoting the national idea among the younger generation. The new 2015-2016 academic year in all institutions of secondary education of the republic began with the Day of Knowledge, where a peace lesson was held on the topic "Values ​​of Mangilik el",

This event contributes to the formation of citizenship and patriotism among students, fostering a sense of love for their homeland, respect for its history and culture, respect for the nature of the native land, pride in the achievements of modern Kazakhstan.

In modern conditions, the civic-patriotic education of students is of particular importance, the role of educational organizations in the education of young citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan is increasing.

To this end, school history teachers hold debate tournaments among high school students. In the lessons of geography and an optional course of local history, children are instilled with love for the motherland, a sense of responsibility for the future of their native land.

Class teachers spend class hours dedicated to the events of our country:

Independence Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Victory Day.

20th anniversary of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

20th anniversary of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan;

Holding the International Exhibition "EXPO-2017".

When conducting extra-curricular activities, I consider it productive to apply new teaching technologies and active forms of learning studied in the courses of the third (basic) level of the Advanced Training Program for Pedagogical Workers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the developers of which are AEO Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools and the Department of Education of the University of Cambridge.

Thus, all events organized for the implementation of the Mangilik El program will be aimed at forming an educated person with developed leadership qualities, ready to independently make decisions in a situation of choice, capable of cooperation and intercultural interaction, having a sense of responsibility for the fate of the country, actively participating in achievement of the main goal of the Strategy "Kazakhstan's way - 2050: common goal, common interests, common future".

The national idea "Mangilik el" is a vector of development of Kazakhstani society, which should guide a modern teacher.

Its foundation must be laid in the school. As part of the implementation of this idea, it is necessary to purposefully conduct upbringing and educational work at school. The study of subjects should be aimed at the formation of spiritual and moral qualities and patriotic feelings, the civic responsibility of students, the development of national identity and tolerance, the strengthening of secular values ​​and the formation of a conscious rejection of the idea of ​​terrorism and extremism by young people, the ability to communicate in a multi-ethnic Kazakhstan.

Pedagogical efforts should be aimed at raising a creative and talented person who loves his family and friends, his people, his homeland, a real citizen of his country. To achieve efficiency, it is necessary not only to give knowledge and skills that contribute to the formation of appropriate ideals, principles and worldviews, but also to develop the necessary personal qualities, the spiritual world of children and young people, so that they become worthy citizens of their country.

To be a citizen and patriot of one's Motherland means to have an active civic position, competently exercise one's rights, honestly and conscientiously fulfill one's duties. To be hardworking to maintain a decent standard of living and take care of those who need your help and protection, to feel your responsibility and involvement in the past, present and future of your country.

It is noteworthy that in the conclusion of the message, the President addressed the younger generation. They were told the following words: “I especially appeal to our youth. This Strategy is for you. You participate in its implementation and you reap the fruits of its success. Get involved in the work, everyone at their workplace. Don't be indifferent. Create the destiny of the country together with all the people!

References:

Teacher's Guide "Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools", 2012

Republican essay contest "Constructivist education: present and prospects". Essay "Education: yesterday, today, tomorrow"

Message to the people of Kazakhstan dated January 17, 2014 "Kazakhstan's path -2050: common goal, common interests, common future"

4. (website )

The article is published within the \"Internet-PDS\" club

The issue of the national idea that unites all the peoples of Kazakhstan is now the most relevant of all the issues of the current moment. We are now at a turning point in history. Either our peoples will disperse in different directions, and, unfortunately, the process is now going in this direction, and we will be doomed to degradation, or we will be able to develop an idea that will help us combine the best that is in our cultures and create a dynamically developing society.

We have two ways, but for people who consider themselves democrats, the first is clearly not acceptable. It is safe to say that no democracy can be built in a divided society. The principle of “Divide and Conquer” has not become obsolete since the time of Rome, and at the last elections in Pavlodar we saw how the authorities skillfully use it. In order for the right candidate, a Russian, to pass, the second candidate of the same nationality dropped out of the race so as not to take away votes from the favorite. It's far from a secret that many people vote for a candidate on a national basis, not paying attention to the election program.

And since this is beneficial to someone, it means that such a delimitation will continue to be artificially maintained and skillfully used.

What kind of national idea do we need? What should we push away from? There is probably some dialectic in this, but in order to unite with someone, you need to separate from someone. You have to be aware of your uniqueness. Perhaps that is why at the root of all the national ideas of other countries is precisely national self-consciousness, which at times turns into nationalism or chauvinism. But for us this path is impossible, because this is the very first dead-end path.

The national idea should be distinguished by the fact that it should reach the heart of any ordinary person, it should be accessible in understanding and, moreover, accessible to sensory perception. It should cause pride in a person, involvement in something big, involvement in a common cause. It must be in demand in everyday life so that a person can make decisions based on it and be aware that others are guided by it.

Probably the most indicative in this respect is the national idea of ​​the Japanese: “Japanese are one family”. And it should be noted that this is not just a statement stating a fact, nothing of the kind. Japan is a very fragmented society with a rigid hierarchy, where there are many competing clans and people are far from equal in everyday life. But this national idea has borne fruit for them. Unfortunately, or maybe not unfortunately, we will not be able to copy this idea from the Japanese. We in Kazakhstan are representatives of different cultures, different mentality, different religions, and we will not be able to feel like a single family, at least to the extent that is needed.

Based on this, it is necessary to look for a national idea not in the field of statements “Let's build a democratic state” by Rashid Nugmanov, or “The New Constitution is the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan” by Kazhegeldin, or “Let's unite the Kazakhs (Russians)!” some radicals.

It does not touch the soul, it does not cause pride, which means that these are not those ideas.

But if there is a need, why is it that none of our intelligentsia in Kazakhstan, of those people whom we know and respect, over these ten years has put forward such an idea that unites us and has not even tried to do it?

It seems to me that there is a further explanation for this. The Kazakh intelligentsia for many decades, and perhaps centuries, nurtured and cherished the idea of ​​self-determination of the Kazakh people, the creation of the Kazakh state. And when this finally happened, it turned out that not only Kazakhs, but also people of other nationalities, moreover, of a different, European culture, remained in the same territory, in the same country, and it seems that they are not going to leave. And the Kazakh intelligentsia is just now at a loss. The inertia of a cherished dream does not allow it to be quickly rebuilt taking into account the new reality, and internal honesty and nobility do not allow further use of national guidelines.

As for the Russian intelligentsia, the same nobility does not allow them to take the initiative in this matter. And such a “noble” expectation was clearly delayed.

Fortunately, I do not belong to the “noble” creative intelligentsia and I believe: what is indecent for Zeus is permissible for a bull.

What can we get hooked on? What makes us different from the rest of the world?

There is only one, familiar to us, but essential feature. We are the only country in the world where not only people of different nationalities live together, not separated by federal borders, but, moreover, of different cultures, European and Asian. And most importantly, they have been living in peace and harmony for many years.

We can safely say that it was in Kazakhstan that two world great cultures created by mankind converged. Great! But those who have reached the limit in their own development!

European culture, built on individualism, having a rapid development in technology and science, has lost the traditions of its ancestors and is rapidly degrading, turning into a society of insatiable consumption and satisfaction of base needs. The most revealing is the well-known fact of child molestation by Catholic priests, and this is not one example that could be attributed to mental illness, but dozens. What could be more eloquent than this fact?!

Asian culture, built on collectivism, has retained its traditions, but is prone to stagnation in development. We see this clearly in the example of our southern neighbors, who are rapidly returning to the feudal past. But the most telling fact is not them, but Japan. Yes, it is Japan, which we were so fond of setting as an example, that does not fit into the new world, where not collective ant work is required, but individualism, enhanced by the power of modern computer technology. Has anyone heard of Japanese software? Did not hear? You won't hear for a long time. A favorite Japanese proverb is "A nail that sticks high will be hammered in to the very head." What is the individual creativity of a programmer here, if they discuss every issue for hours. But software is not the main indicator. For five years now, there has been a huge state budget deficit, rising unemployment, and the collapse of the lifetime employment system.

And the reason for these problems lies in the principles underlying these cultures. individualism and collectivism. Two largely contradictory properties. So contradictory that it is impossible for one nation to possess them in large quantities at the same time. It is difficult even to imagine one person to be a bright individualist and a bright collectivist. Although in each of our people can find both, but in different proportions.

What use can we derive from these contradictory properties of our cultures, what national idea can be derived from this? What should we do based on it?

Let's take it as an axiom that for any action, you must first make a decision.

“First there was a word!” And to make a decision, you need to go through two stages. The first is the stage of forming ideas, the second is the stage of choosing one of them.

What's going on with the collectivists? There are smart people out there who can generate an idea, but remember the saying about that sticking out nail. There will always be those who will beat him, no matter what. The authority of the elders always prevails, although their experience may not be applicable in our ever-changing world. And the elders always want to stay in the world that is familiar to them.

What happens to individualists? There are always a lot of ideas and heated debates. Only they will never choose one of the many. They will argue until they are hoarse about trifles, but everyone will have their own opinion. Everyone will go their own way, and society is not able to solve its problems. Drug addiction, crime. A bleak picture.

It's bad there, and it's bad here.

But a very interesting process is emerging in the zone where decisions are made by representatives of different cultures, with their equal participation. Firstly, it becomes possible for representatives of each of the cultures to express any ideas. After all, there are many individualists who support this process, otherwise they will not be allowed to speak out. But there are also collectivists who are ready to cast aside claims on insignificant trifles and unite around one of the ideas, and they create a center of crystallization.

But the most remarkable thing is that in general there are no people who are absolute individualists and collectivists. Collectivism can be measured by the number of people whose opinion is enough to overcome their ambitions. For one, it's two people, for another, ten. But, probably, there is no one who would hold on to trifles, if a hundred people would be united: Remember “Wave your hand to mom!”, although, however, this is no longer essential for making a decision.

And in our case, due to the small group, the process begins to go! Those whose barrier is less than the number of members in a group of like-minded people are connected to it. And as the group grows, there are fewer and fewer dissenters!

For this, of course, two facts are needed: equality and mutual understanding, but after all, a problem that others cannot solve can be solved, real progress can be achieved in the development of society. And if all this is supplemented by the fact that, due to the mutual enrichment of cultures, due to mutual example, we can both preserve our cultures and develop them without falling into the abyss of a society of unrestrained consumption, we have something that can become our common national idea.

And it is only here in Kazakhstan. Are you proud of it? Do you feel the urge to act on this idea? If yes, then this is what you need.

I will try to briefly formulate this national idea, although I think it needs more polishing.

"We, the people of Kazakhstan, have a unique opportunity to use the resources of two great cultures, Asian and European, and through their interaction to achieve great progress in the development of society."

The national idea is today one of the most discussed topics in Kazakhstani society. For a number of years, it does not leave the pages of newspapers and magazines, becomes the subject of television and radio programs, and is analyzed by the scientific community at scientific conferences and discussion clubs.

The national, or the term “nationwide”, which we use in a certain sense, is a set of orientations, values ​​and ideals of a worldview nature aimed at consolidating the people of Kazakhstan, sustainable socio-economic development of society, strengthening the security and independence of the state. One of the main questions in developing the problem of the national idea is how it can be formed, or, it is said, found. Obviously, it cannot be simply invented. Its components are contained in the depths of national self-consciousness, reflecting the picture of national existence, it finds its expression in philosophy, history, science, poetry, literature, music, painting, dance, art, language.

The relevance and priority of research and development of a national idea is determined by the fact that it is a system-forming beginning of the consolidation of Kazakhstani society, the formation of an adequate level of national identity of the citizens of the country, the spiritual foundation for the rise of public consciousness and culture, the basis for the progressive socio-economic development of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization.

It should be said that the above definition of the national idea lies in line with the concept called "nation-building" (nation-building), the meaning of which is the formation of a single nation from a society that is multi-ethnic in composition. Not everyone, however, approves of the concept of nation-building. Many political scientists and politicians believe that building a single nation in a multi-ethnic society is impossible, since the ethnic identity of people will always prevail over their identity with the state and with representatives of other ethnic groups.

In their opinion, there is only one nation in Kazakhstan, which is the Kazakhs, while all other peoples living in the republic are diasporas. Therefore, the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan is nothing but the national idea of ​​the Kazakhs, or the Kazakh national idea. The national idea should become the basis for the revival of the Kazakhs as a nation. As a result of this approach, the indigenous ethnic group received in public opinion, and then in science, the name of the titular nation. In the literature on the national question, this approach is called "ethno-cultural understanding of the nation." This name follows from the fact that the elites of the indigenous ethnic group, speaking on its behalf as defenders of the interests of the people, put ethnic culture, primarily language, at the forefront. At the same time, they assign a special role to the state, which must protect the culture of the indigenous ethnic group from the influence of other cultures and at the same time elevate it to the status of the foundation of the culture of a multinational society.

Fundamentally different positions are taken by those who believe that the national idea cannot be the idea of ​​only one people, in a multi-ethnic state. In Kazakhstan, the national idea should be essentially a national idea aimed at uniting all citizens of the country, regardless of their ethnicity, into a single nation based on the commonality of their Kazakh citizenship. This approach is called in modern ethnopolitology a civil nation.

Today in Kazakhstan, these two approaches to understanding the national idea are dominant. Supporters of the Kazakh national idea have their allies almost completely, which is quite natural among the Kazakhs themselves. Advocates of a different approach to the national idea are, as a rule, representatives of non-indigenous ethnic groups, although there are many Kazakhs among its adherents.

Adherents of the Kazakh national idea defend the special position of the Kazakhs among all the nationalities of Kazakhstan, give priority to the interests of one, but the main, from their point of view, ethnic group. In contrast, supporters of the civil national idea believe that the national idea should reflect the interests of all ethnic groups in Kazakhstan. From their point of view, the national idea should be based not on the priority of one, even the largest, indigenous ethnic group, but on the equality of all of them as components of a single co-citizenship of Kazakhstan. The opposition of the two approaches to the national idea, titular and civil, gives rise to an ideological conflict of their adherents. It should be noted that such a contradiction is typical not only for Kazakhstan, it is faced today by most post-Soviet societies, where the population is distinguished by ethnic heterogeneity. Moreover, the contradiction between the ethno-cultural and civil understanding of the national idea and the nation is characteristic of many states of the modern world.

In almost all newly independent states, the task is to nationally consolidate the multi-ethnic population into a single community, united by a high level of identity. In many states, various contradictions persist between the largest ethnic group (a group of the largest ethnic groups) and other, smaller ethnic groups. The governments of most modern states with a multi-ethnic composition of the population face a fundamental question: how to solve the real contradiction between the civil and ethno-cultural understanding of the nation and the national idea?

As the real practice of nation-building in various states of the modern world shows, the principle of "both - and", and not "either - or" dominates in resolving this contradiction. Therefore, we are talking about the fact that in the development of a national idea of ​​Kazakhstan, it is necessary to use both concepts of the nation - civil and ethno-cultural, and not rely on only one of them, discarding the other.

How is the contradiction of these concepts resolved in Kazakhstan? This way is the formation of a single people as a civil community around the Kazakh ethnic group, which is the title for Kazakhstan. One of the greatest contemporary ethno-political scientists and theorists of the nation, Anthony Smith, calls this method of building a nation one of the most widespread in the world, the model of the "dominant ethnos".

In Kazakhstan, the absence of a mature civil society is associated with the heavy legacy of the country's totalitarian past, which has a negative impact, including on the processes of nation-building. Here we also see the reasons why Kazakhstani society, considered (mentally, of course) autonomously, in isolation from the state, cannot still propose and develop a nationwide idea that would become the basis of civic national identity.

In a situation where civil society has not matured to such a level as to become the leading social force in the process of forming a civil nation in Kazakhstan, the role of the leading subject of nation building is assumed by the state. It is the state that, with its national policy, purely practically, as they say, by touch, without sufficient theoretical justification from the scientific community, is trying to realize the model of a civil, Kazakh nation based on the state-forming Kazakh ethnic group. Thus, the state is trying to resolve the contradiction between the civil and ethno-cultural concepts of the nation in Kazakhstan on the basis of the "and - and" principle.

Not only national policy, but also economic, social, cultural, educational and all other types of public relations management in Kazakhstan are determined by the state with little participation of non-state institutions as representatives of the emerging civil society. The state regulates interethnic relations and processes in its national policy on the basis of the legal framework, including the Constitution of Kazakhstan, and the relevant bodies and institutions functioning at the level of both central, regional and local authorities. At the same time, compromises between the interests of the Kazakh part of the population and other ethnic groups of Kazakhstan play a significant role in the national policy of the state.

Thus, in the national sphere of Kazakhstan, we have the following configuration of the main actors. At the extreme poles are, on the one hand, the Kazakh elites, who adhere to the ideology of the titular understanding of the nation, and on the other hand, the Russian-speaking elites with the ideology of the civil understanding of the nation. At the center of this disposition is the state, which, through its national policy, is trying to bring together and reconcile extremes, seeks to prevent confrontation of ideologies so that the conflict of values ​​does not grow into a conflict of interests and actions dangerous to society.

From the standpoint of institutional analysis of the problem of the national idea in Kazakhstan, it is of interest not only to study the disposition of the main actors of the national sphere of Kazakhstan and their ideologies, but also the resources at their disposal. Of course, in Kazakhstan, like in any other country, the state has the greatest resources for activities in the national sphere. If we keep in mind that civil society in the republic is at an early stage of its development, then there is no doubt that the importance of the state for regulating relations in the national sphere is growing significantly.

If we talk about other factors of the national sphere - ethnic elites, then the resources at their disposal, primarily material ones, are small. Perhaps the most important of these is the support of the ethnic groups on behalf of which they act. If it is strong, it contributes to the ethnic mobilization of the masses, which is a serious challenge for the state, which seeks to maintain political stability in society. Today, the level of ethnic mobilization of the masses in Kazakhstani society is low. In other words, ethnic elites do not currently have a broad and stable social base in society.

Thus, in Kazakhstan, as a multi-ethnic society, there is an objective need for the existence and implementation of both the titular, ethno-cultural concept of the nation, and the civil concept. Ignoring any of them will have detrimental consequences for the overall situation in the national sphere.

In this regard, we would like to point out the most important, from our point of view, needs and interests of society and the state in strengthening both the civic national identity and the ethno-cultural identity of the Kazakhs.

In the first case, these interests and needs are seen by us as follows.

Firstly, the inclusion of the idea of ​​a civil nation in the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan contributes to the internal security and stability of society. The formation of a civil nation as an inter-ethnic community of people will help smooth out contradictions and conflicts of interests and values ​​of ethnic groups.

Secondly, the formation of a civil nation in Kazakhstan will have the most positive impact on the identity of all Kazakhstanis, regardless of their ethnicity, with their native country - the Republic of Kazakhstan. The united people of Kazakhstan will become a real embodiment of the slogan "Kazakhstan is our common home". Kazakhstani patriotism, high morale will become real attributes of a civil nation, a real social and political force. President Nursultan Nazarbayev emphasized at the XII session of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan: "We must be a united and cohesive nation, a nation that will be integrated by common values, with a harmonious linguistic environment, a nation that looks to the future, not the past."

Thirdly, an important result of the formation of a civil nation in Kazakhstan should be a mature civil society. The civil nation and civil society are closely linked and cannot exist without each other.

Speaking about the need to include the ethno-cultural concept of the nation in the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan, we point out the following reasons.

Firstly, if we are talking about the model of nation-building of a single Kazakh people around the state-forming ethnic group - the Kazakhs, then it is natural to assume their special place in the structure of the civil nation. This, of course, is about such an inclusion of the ethno-cultural concept into the composition of the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan, which would be largely compatible with the civil concept of the nation, and not exclude one another.

Secondly, it is necessary to keep in mind the nature of the people being formed in our country. The point is that the people of Kazakhstan are not, by the way of their formation, an emigrant nation, like the one that exists in America (both North and South), Australia and some other regions of the world. The nation in Kazakhstan has distinct ethnic and historical roots, which are associated primarily with the Kazakhs. This ethno-historical aspect of the formation of the Kazakh people should undoubtedly find its place in the national idea.

Thirdly, the ethno-cultural aspect is of great importance in terms of the methodology for developing the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan. The very concept of nation-building implies a constructivist approach to research and development of the national idea. In other words, the elite forms a national identity and, consequently, a nation from the multi-ethnic composition of the population on behalf of which it acts. In our opinion, neither the civic concept of the nation nor the constructivist approach should be absolutized.

Thus, the inclusion of an ethno-cultural component in the structure of the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan is of fundamental importance for substantiating its historical and cultural continuity. It is, if we turn to Smith, about such a reconstruction of the traditional culture of the Kazakhs, so that certain of its elements and symbols can organically fit into modern culture.

Summing up our work, we would like to note that the search and development of a national idea is a difficult problem for any people. It is a product of creativity of society, elites and the state. For Kazakhstan, the synthesis of civil and ethno-cultural concepts of the nation and the national idea is of fundamental importance. We are confident that it is on this path that we will acquire the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan.

Abdumalik NYSANBAYEV, Rustem KADYRZHANOV

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ASTANA. KAZINFORM - In his Address to the people of Kazakhstan on January 17, 2014 "Kazakhstan's path - 2050: Common goal, common interests, common future" Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev outlined and substantiated a completely new concept in national history - "Mangilik El". Essentially, this

the national idea and state ideology of our state, which is based not only on the centuries-old dream of our people, but also on the specific results of the development of Kazakhstan over the years of independence.

In a conversation with our correspondent, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Janylzhan Dzhunusova speaks about the peculiarities of the national idea of ​​Kazakhstan.

Janylzhan Khasymovna, why exactly at this stage of the development of our country did a clearly formulated national idea become necessary?

The fact is that in the context of globalization, the competitiveness of a multi-ethnic state largely depends on the integrating role of the national idea, the country's entry into the world by 2050. the thirty most developed states of the world. In a globalizing world, the national idea is especially necessary, since it is precisely this idea that is capable of consolidating ethnic groups and a country.

For us now it is important to understand what is the peculiarity of the national idea for this or that country, and what kind of national idea Kazakhstan needs. According to some Russian political scientists, “small countries, especially those that have emerged recently, may not articulate their national idea, national ideology. In most cases, it is the same and transparent. And it comes down to a simple formula: we want to live modestly, but well.” But this formula is not sufficient for Kazakhstan.

- How did the process of forming a national idea in our country begin?

This process in Kazakhstan began from the moment of gaining independence. The emerging civil society actively participated in the discussions along with the state. In the early years of independence, Kazakhstan followed the Anglo-Saxon model of development, aiming for rapid change. Market reforms were carried out in the republic in a short time, and appropriate legislation was created. In its 20 years of independence, according to the World Bank, Kazakhstan has become an upper-middle-income country. GDP per 1 inhabitant of the country grew from $700 to $12,000. None of the countries that are called "Asian tigers" has achieved such results in 20 years. Today, the republic is a leader among the CIS countries in the development of processes of transformation of the economy and society.

However, being a Eurasian country with its own history, we cannot but experience various influences, remain outside the central problem of modern history - the relationship between two fundamental civilizations: traditional and liberal.

The collapse of the USSR gave a powerful impetus to the development of the ideas of Turkism in the 1990s. For the majority of Turkish society, primarily for secular circles, this idea means the realization of the long-cultivated expectations of Turkic unity on the basis of the cultural, spiritual, historical closeness of the Turks to other Turkic peoples. But gradually, both sides came to understand that, although there is the possibility of very close cooperation, a political union with the Turkic republics of Central Asia is impossible. There are both geographical and politico-sociological reasons for this. After the Soviet experience, few of the Central Asian states will want to acquire a new "big brother".

The basis of the state ideology is the Constitution. In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1995, Kazakhstan asserts itself as a democratic, secular, legal and social state, the highest values ​​of which are a person, his rights and freedoms. The fundamental principles of the activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan are: public consent and political stability; economic development for the benefit of all the people; Kazakh patriotism; solution of the most important issues of state life by democratic methods.

The strategic documents of subsequent years consider possible options for the model of the future structure of Kazakhstan and the values ​​necessary for the state ideology. Thus, in the Strategy "Kazakhstan - 2030", adopted in 1997, it is emphasized: "We are a Eurasian country with its own history and its own future. Therefore, our model will not be similar to anyone else's. It will absorb the achievements of different civilizations.”

A decade later, with changing economic, political, geostrategic trends, the goal is changing. The task is to proclaim as a national idea the entry of the Republic of Kazakhstan into the ranks of the 50 most competitive countries in the world. The ideologemes of competitiveness, competitiveness and victory are being actively introduced into the public consciousness.

In the new political conditions, the Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan, adopted in 2010, became an important document. The principles of national unity put forward in the Doctrine also formed the basis for the formation of the national idea of ​​our state. These principles are: "One country - one destiny"; "Different origins - equal opportunities"; "Development of the National Spirit".

To develop a national idea, it was necessary to consolidate society not along ethnic lines, the nation should not be understood as an ethnic group. We cannot copy the experience of any country, based on the specifics of population formation. The Kazakh national idea should take into account and rely on multi-ethnicity, while not forgetting that ethnicity continues to play an important role. Time has shown that the most reasonable way is to combine the interests of all citizens of the country, regardless of their ethnicity. The transition of the country to the civil state of society, the formation of a single people in Kazakhstan becomes the core of the national idea.

- What is the basis of the national idea of ​​our “common Kazakhstan home”, as the Head of State put it?

The President himself spoke very well about this in his new Message: “We, the people of Kazakhstan, are one people! And our common destiny is our Mangilik El, our worthy and great Kazakhstan! "Mangilik El" is the national idea of ​​our all-Kazakhstan home, the dream of our ancestors. Over 22 years of sovereign development, the main values ​​have been created that unite all Kazakhstanis and form the foundation of the future of our country. They are not taken from sky-high theories. These values ​​are the experience of the Kazakhstan Way that has stood the test of time. Firstly, this is the Independence of Kazakhstan and Astana. Secondly, national unity, peace and harmony in our society. Thirdly, it is a secular society and high spirituality. Fourth, economic growth based on industrialization and innovation. Fifth, it is the Society of General Labor. At sixth, common history, culture and language. Seventh, it is national security and the global participation of our country in solving global and regional problems.

Any national idea is a capacious, but at the same time extremely concise formula, from which the basic ideological concept is deployed, which determines the life of the state, society, citizens in the long term. There are ideas in history that can unite a nation, for example, “The Celestial Empire is the center of the world”, “Japanese are one family”, “Jews chosen by God”, “For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland”, “Britain is the mistress of the seas”, “American dream”, “Society of Equal Opportunities”, “Freedom, Equality, Fraternity”.

The following features of the national idea are generally accepted. It must: have a visual image-symbol and be based on ideology; belong to the ancestors through history, legends, legends; be beneficial to the individual, society, and authorities; not contain deliberate unrealizability and lies; be brief; be understandable to the child.

All this is embodied in the idea of ​​"Mangilik El". The national idea of ​​Kazakhstan has become the fruit of the collective efforts of the state, the scientific community and civil society, reflecting reality, not speculative constructions. It has absorbed the mentality of modern Kazakhstanis, a symbiosis of ethnic and religious, liberal-democratic components. She embodied the individuality of the country, its strengths and the best qualities of the people of Kazakhstan. At the same time, it is built on real values, on the national heritage. This is the idea that mobilizes both the nation and its individual representative, creates a certain “picture of the world”, gives a feeling of psychological comfort and security. Its viability is determined by the correspondence of the interests of the state to the vector of development of the world community.