Education is the only way of individual development of a person. Mental development and training. Human learning and development
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
UNIVERSITY OF MOSCOW
Department of Psychology
Course work
"Theories of Emotions"
Checked:
teacher of psychology department
police Major
Anikeeva N.V. Completed:
cadet of the 123rd training platoon
faculty of training psychologists
private police
cadet Muravieva D. D.
Moscow 2014
Introduction
Chapter 1 Theories of Emotion
"common sense" theory
The James-Lange theory of emotions (physiological manifestations are the cause of emotional sensations)
Darwin's theory
Cannon's theory
Simonov's theory
Herbart's theory
Chapter 2
Emotion switching function
The reinforcing function of emotions.
Chapter 3
General concept of lies
Lie failures.
Facial expressions of deceit
Conclusion
Application No. 1
Application №2
Introduction
“Human emotions are human states that are a combination of both physiological changes and mental ones” - I would give this definition to this concept, since any emotion is caused by an external factor affecting human physiology, this entails a variety of human states. A more scientific definition can be formulated as follows: emotions are ancient, developed as a result of the evolution of the human condition, peculiar forms of reflection of the surrounding world. Emotions are a process aimed at meeting actual needs.
Disclosure of the theme of the theory of emotions is a very exciting process that allows, in addition to getting to know completely different points of view on the process of forming emotions, and to understand which of the theories that exist today is the most relevant and whether you accept it. Human emotions are actually the object of this course work.
The relevance of this course work lies in the fact that it is possible to study not only specific theories, but also some data about their creators, as well as the functions of emotions. It is possible to follow the process of formation of one theory and its replacement by another, more modernized and relevant for modern society.
The subject of the course work is the theory of emotions of various authors, the functions of emotions, physiological changes caused by the emotional state. Each of the authors I have reviewed offers its own absolutely unique theory of emotions, which gives its own explanation on the causes of emotions, their types (emotions) and the features of their manifestation. The authors of emotional theories are actively searching for patterns between the emotion that has arisen and physiological changes in the body. However, many researchers come to the logical conclusion that completely different emotions can correspond to the same physiological changes, starting with such phenomena as trembling and rapid breathing with the release of adrenaline into the blood as a response to intense joy or, on the contrary, fear.
As for the functions of emotions, in my term paper I singled out those that, in my opinion, are the most striking: reinforcing, switching and replacing. The reinforcing function says that a positive experience is reinforced by a positive emotion and becomes more stable, the opposite process develops as a result of accompanying the action with negative emotions, when the experience is no longer fixed in memory, this process is inhibited. The switching function characterizes as a process of minimizing a negative or maximizing a positive emotion. Replacement function - a function associated with the autonomic nervous system (hormonal regulation of the reaction to a particular stimulus).
In a separate chapter, I considered the topic of lies. On the example of Paul Ekman's book "The Theory of Lies", it was possible to reveal the concept of a lie, its main characteristics, the features of its manifestation in various people, and in particular in liars. In addition, emphasis was placed on the facial expressions of lies. In particular, the experiments of scientists on the reactions of people to manifestations of lies, their ability to expose and identify it were considered. It is worth noting that basically the process of detecting lies this minute, right at the moment, as a rule, does not manifest itself in people. We tend to be delusional and perceive emotions that are more obvious and convincing, which is what the lie seems to us. A person is able to hide emotions behind the so-called fleeting expressions that only professionals or very attentive people can recognize. The author on this topic also demonstrates some experiments carried out with certain individuals and thus proves a rare opportunity to correctly recognize the human psyche. Also, based on the book, I found out that a person has certain muscles on his face that he is not able to control, which is the reason why a person cannot completely hide his condition.
Thus, it is possible to sum up before getting acquainted with this work. Emotions are a wide spectrum of human response to manifestations of the world around. The diversity of emotions is the reason why emotions have been studied for many years and do not lose their relevance in science.
Chapter 1 Theories of Emotion
"common sense" theory
A logical at first glance theory, but subsequently refuted by another theory of James - Lange, speaks of the accompaniment of any emotional state by physiological changes. Whether it is fear or calmness, hatred or joy, a person will feel the changes taking place with his body. A calm state will be accompanied by a moderate heartbeat, breathing, normal pressure. Hatred, on the contrary, will cause the opposite of the above symptoms, approximately similar to those that fear will also cause.
Seeing a lion while walking in the forest, a person will experience a feeling of fear. The manifestation of this emotion will entail such manifestations as trembling, rapid pulse, respiratory failure, pressure surge. In addition, fear will provoke a desire to escape from danger by flight. In addition to these changes, there will be such a physiological change as the release of adrenaline into the blood, which will lead to an increase in the working capacity and endurance of the body, for example, when overcoming obstacles and long distances when running.
That is, the formula of this theory is as follows:
Emotion à Physiological changes
The James-Lange theory of emotions (physiological manifestations are the cause of emotional sensations)
Emotions are one of the most underdeveloped areas of psychology. Non-subordination to any laws of logic is the reason for the impossibility of classifying them, describing them, dividing them into species.
The external changes that accompany emotions were first noticed by James and Lange. Both scientists rejected the previous understanding of the process of emotions, based on various reactions occurring in the body. They identified three main points in understanding emotions:
A - perception of an object;
B - the feeling caused by this;
C - bodily expressions of this feeling.
James put forward the following theory - if the usual scheme of feelings establishes the sequence ABC, then James believes it is more consistent with another formula - DIA:
perception - facial expressions - feeling.
Usually they say: we cry because we are upset, we hit because we are irritated, we tremble because we are afraid. But James argues that it would be more correct to say: we are upset because we cry, we are irritated because we hit, we are scared because we are trembling. (James, 1912)
Every feeling, when carefully considered, has its own individual, physiological expression. Such feelings as, for example, joy, anger, complacency, fear, that is, strong in their manifestation, can be determined by a person's facial expressions.
This fact can be explained as follows - having artificially caused this or that feeling, it will immediately manifest itself in the real felt. For example, waking up in the morning, take the mood of a melancholic and you will feel longing in the evening.
This fact is also proved by the reverse regularity. For example, if you suppress the feeling of devastation, insecurity, disappointment in the world around you, give your face a happy look, see positive aspects in what is happening, the melancholic will gradually move away from the feeling of eternal disharmony and, like a sanguine person, will learn to experience comfort, positive and joy.
The physiological changes accompanying emotions according to James and Lange are divided into three groups:
1.Mimic changes (eyes, mouth, body);
2.Somatic changes (heartbeat, breathing);
3.Secretory changes (sweat, tears, perspiration).
James Emotion Chart:
Irritant (external or internal) àFeeling (of emotion)
Feelings or emotions do not arise by themselves. Every feeling is preceded by an irritant, a cause. What makes us happy or sad is the irritant.
The subjectivism of emotions lies in the fact that a person experiencing it, and a person looking at the manifestation of a certain feeling, perceive it in completely different ways. The viewer perceives the bodily manifestations of emotions, and the person himself perceives the feelings caused by emotions.
From this theory, one can draw the contradictory conclusion that physiological changes lead to the emergence of emotion. But I can only partly agree with this fact. Of course, by hurting a person by hitting him, we will initially cause physiological changes in the form of a sensation of this pain, and only after the emotion in the form of crying. But the given example in the theory of common sense about meeting with a lion says otherwise. Initially, a person will experience an emotional state in the form of fear, and only after trembling, dry mouth, etc.
Theory of mimic (feedback) communication
emotion lies facial expressions theory
The facial feedback theory is a modern version of James and Lange's theory of emotions. The author of this theory is Sylvan Tomkins.
The theory is that not only feelings cause an involuntary reaction, but also arbitrary facial expressions cause a manifestation of emotions - feedback. Trying to portray this or that emotion, a person unconsciously begins to experience it. Tomkins says that the feedback from external facial expressions is transformed into sensations and awareness of emotions. Sylvin Tomkins called mimic complexes one of the important components of emotional components.
However, often the external manifestation of facial expressions does not affect the consciousness of a person, does not cause emotions. Also, the predominant emotion inhibits the action of another less intense one. For example, interest induces active activity in a person, preventing such feelings as pessimism and passivity from manifesting.
Thus, one can disagree with this theory, but only partially, since it cannot be argued that artificially evoked emotions still will not enter the consciousness and will not become a real state of a person.
Darwin's theory
Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals explained the relationship between the organism and emotions. Observing the behavior, emotional state of man and anthropoid apes, Darwin noticed their clear similarity. Darwin's theory of emotions is otherwise called evolutionary. According to this theory, emotions are vital mechanisms for the existence of an organism. This fact is explained by the fact that a person experiencing a state of anger blushes, breathes often and deeply, his heartbeat quickens, and all these manifestations cause muscular work, which is necessary in a fight. The fact is that an enraged primitive man experienced this state exclusively through an outburst of energy (a fight). Darwin also associated sweaty hands with the peculiarities of the reaction of human ancestors in a stressful situation: sweaty palms contributed to a better grip on tree branches.
Thus, Darwin showed the inseparability of the development of man and his ancestors (great apes), namely, he revealed the original root cause of the emergence of certain emotions. Darwin said that human emotions, which became partially under his control, were originally available to his ancestors only at the level of reflexes.
Cannon's theory
According to WaltonKennon's theory, emotions directly depend on the physiological state of a person. Thanks to numerous experiments, studies of the brain, scientists have put forward a hypothesis about the role of the hypothalamus in the formation of emotions. The hypothalamus, scientists believed, is the functional center of emotions.
Cannon experiment.
The experiment of the scientist was to refute the theory of James - Lange, based on the physiological explanation of emotions. Let me remind you that initially, according to the James-Lange theory, some physiological change occurs (a person cries), because of which a person experiences a certain emotion (a feeling of sadness). First, he argued that physiological changes caused by different emotions can be similar. Also, Cannon said that emotions appear faster than physiological manifestations. Thirdly, by artificially inducing certain physiological changes, he proved that they rarely cause corresponding emotional shifts.
The next experiment was to refute the James-Lange theory about the effect of adrenaline on the human condition. According to their theory (James-Lange), when adrenaline is released into the blood, a person feels fear and great excitement. But the effect of this hormone is known to virtually everyone. In case of danger, adrenaline helps to keep the body in a state of readiness to act, for example, when overcoming a high wall while escaping from a dog. Cannon experimentally proved the inconsistency of their theory. He, introducing adrenaline to certain people, proved that, apart from a slight feeling of excitement, adrenaline does not cause anything.
Cannon's doctrine of the thalamus or the visual tubercle.
WaltonKennon, having proved the errors of the James-Lange theory about the physiological fundamental principle of emotion, created his own theory, which is accepted and used today. He discovered the emotional zone in the brain - the thalamus. Its main function is to distribute information from the sense organs. Kennon built his experiment on observing a subject with an undamaged thalamus (reactions were normal) and with a damaged thalamus (reactions deviated from the norm). Thus, Cannon concluded that emotion is the result of the work of the brain. Emotions - the connection of the thalamus with the cerebral cortex and internal organs. (APPENDIX #1)
Simonov's theory
According to Simonov's theory, a lack of information or an overabundance of it leads to dissatisfaction of needs and, as a result, the appearance of emotions. The reason for negative emotions is the lack of complete information to meet their own needs. That is, when a situation of danger arises, negative emotions arise with a lack of information about the method of protection.
P. V. Simonov opposes the theory of Western psychologists that living organisms seek to reduce the number of their needs in order to obtain more positive emotions.
Need-information theory by P. V. Simonov
The theory of emotions again proposed by Simonov, which states that emotion is a derivative of the brain and is associated with the satisfaction of needs. That is, emotions are considered as the body's reaction to information deficit. Emotions, according to this theory, are divided into negative and positive. Positive ones help to reduce the information deficit. Negative, on the contrary, this deficit is not eliminated, but aggravated, increased. For the first time, it is in Simonov's theory that emotions acquire a positive character.
This theory can be presented as follows:
E \u003d fP (In - Is)
Where E is an emotion, P is the quality of an actual need, Ying is information about the means necessary to satisfy emotions, Is is information about the means that the subject has at the moment.
From this formula follows the conclusion that the means of satisfaction in conjunction with the need lead to the emergence of emotions.
Herbart's theory
Herbart's theory is otherwise called intellectualistic. Herbart's theory is based on the ideas of a person, on which the emotional state of a person depends. The delay in a person's ideas from his development leads to the formation of negative emotions, and vice versa, the correspondence of ideas and development leads to the manifestation of positive ones. So, for example, a small child sincerely does not understand and is offended by his parents, who for some reason do not allow him to eat a lot of sweets, which indicates a delay in the development of his ideas compared to adults around him. An example of the coincidence of development and ideas can be teenagers who quickly and without much difficulty master new technologies (computer technology).
Herbart's teaching was spread in Germany, but at the present time it does not have numerous followers.
Chapter 2
Emotion switching function
The switching function of emotions lies in the fact that emotion is a state, the basis of which is the desire to minimize or maximize a certain state. The subject tries to maximize positive emotions, as they indicate the approach of satisfaction of needs. Negative ones, on the contrary, should be minimized, since they do not satisfy human needs.
The switching function of emotions is manifested both in conditioned reflexes and innate ones. That is, the needs are satisfied not only consciously, but also on the subconscious. For example, intuition about approaching the goal is explained by a premonition, which subsequently leads to an analysis of the situation. Also, the switching function is that the most achievable goal, although less important, becomes a priority.
Also, this theory can be revealed in the following example. A person, being on a desert island, switches his social needs (in communication, cultural development and leisure, education, etc.) to natural ones (in food, clothing, housing). The state of success - failure in various situations encourage a person to switch from a less successful action to a more promising one.
The reinforcing function of emotions
This function is manifested in the fact that behavior accompanied by a positive emotion is fixed faster and is more stable. Behavior is fixed according to the principle of a mechanism-conditioned reflex, where the main reinforcement is a positive emotion, and non-reinforcement is an emotion with a negative sign.
For example, a child with a clear ability to dance will enjoy attending classes without the motivation to truant. At the same time, if a child who does not have a clear talent for drawing is forcibly sent by the parents to the Skillful Hands school circle, then they are unlikely to get the expected result.
This function of emotions has an important rule - positive motivation leads to action. Only in this case it is possible to achieve the desired result.
Compensatory (replacing) function of emotions
Emotions have an impact on systems that affect behavior, contribute to the process of fixing individual moments (sounds, signals, etc.) in memory. A visually replacing function is reflected in the vegetative functions of the body. During an emotional upsurge, there is an increase in heart rate, respiration, an increase in pressure, and activation of hormones. This fact is explained by the fact that at a certain moment it is not known how much energy will be needed, therefore it is better to go for unnecessary energy costs, which will be more predictable in any situation. One of the important properties of the replacement function is the ability of the object to respond to a wide range of stimuli with the same reaction.
An example for this theory is a person's reaction to fear and good news. The processes that occur in the body at such moments are approximately the same: rapid pulse, pressure, wet palms, shortness of breath. And despite the fact that joy and fear are completely opposite to each other, they are identical both in the way they manifest, and in the quantity and quality of auxiliary processes in the body.
Chapter 3
General concept of lies
When I was writing my term paper, special attention was paid to the actual topic - lies. In preparing this material, I read Paul Ekman's book "The Psychology of Lies". The author of this publication considers the topic of lies in its various manifestations, namely: signs of lies, behavior at the moments of lies, false feelings, fear of exposure, etc. I was mainly interested in manifestations of lies (facial expressions, gestures, consequences of lies).
The peculiarity of this book lies in the fact that the author talks about the peculiarities of human behavior on the examples of real historical figures, literary heroes and his contemporaries.
Paul Ekman defines a lie (deception) as the intentional act of misleading someone without warning. The author defines a lie with the following formula:
Where Y is the default, I is a distortion and, accordingly, L is a lie. Thus, the Default in conjunction with the Distortion generates Falsehood.
One of the historical figures that the author considers is Richard Nixon. The President of the United States said that hiding the truth is a lie. As for his very tenure as head of state, Nixon said that lying is necessary to keep his post.
Paul Ekman, speaking about the appearance of a person, noted that it does not always betray the real state of people. Thus, a person with the appearance of a deceiver is not necessarily a liar. Conversely, people with a neutral appearance can pose a real "danger". For example, a praying mantis that becomes like a blade of grass due to its instincts is no more lying than a high-browed person with supposedly incredible intelligence and quick wits.
The failures of lies
Not always a liar is able to adequately assess the situation, that is, evaluate his opponent and find the correct and logical approach to him. Not every "victim" is influenced and does not perceive false information. (APPENDIX #2)
This "stubbornness" is primarily due to the fact that the liar is not always convincing in his statements and thus does not inspire confidence. In particular, a person, due to his restlessness, as a rule, is not able to create an image of a self-confident personality, which again will not allow him to lead his own line of persuasion. Another reason for unsuccessful lies is unforeseen changing circumstances. And in this situation, only a person who keeps the situation under control, that is, a liar who previously had to get out of such situations, will be able to orient. Paul Ekman gives the following example for this verdict: Fred Bazhart (adviser to President Nixon), who testified at the trial about gaps in the audio recordings of the meeting of the President with a certain person, first referred to a malfunction of the device, which actually caused the selective recording, then to the lack of space on film. Thus, the author demonstrates the influence of the environment on a person.
In order, for example, to avoid the influence of the situation on the result of the liar's activity, he needs to have a realistic story that he can use at any moment. A liar with a more harmful hand has many such stories, because, due to his inexperience, he does not have the ability to formulate them momentarily. The professional liar works in exactly the opposite direction. He can reproduce an absolutely non-existent situation and everyone around him will believe in its veracity, and if necessary, the liar will invariably repeat it.
Beginning "crooks", unlike experienced ones, face another problem that prevents the translation of lies into reality. Surging feelings - this is another of the most important reasons that interferes with the impact on others. Emotions that take precedence over the mind, as a rule, do not allow you to hide many of their manifestations (embarrassment, fear, confusion, etc.). But, when an emotion manifests itself slowly, without sudden shifts, it is easier for a liar (as well as the most ordinary person) to cope with its manifestations and, accordingly, control their emotions.
Facial expressions of deceit
The face of a person is a very unusual object of manifestation of emotions. On the one hand, it is the most obvious indicator of the internal state of a person, on the other hand, the most unpredictable, since in fact everyone knows how to hide certain emotions behind a mimic mask.
Our feelings are most invariably manifested in facial expressions if it is involuntary, but the ability to control this process forces others to take a lie for the truth.
A feature of human facial expressions is the ability to convey such subtleties of emotions that defy verbal description:
.Absolutely any emotion (fear or calmness, sadness or joy, surprise, etc.) corresponds to its facial expression;
.Quite often, a person experiences several emotions at the same time (joy and excitement), which are not opposite to each other and appear together;
.Emotions can be mutually suppressed, since the manifestation of one is much more intense than the other.
The book describes an interesting experiment: two students were given tasks so that one of them would tell the truth about a certain fact, and the other would lie. When disinterested persons were included in the experiment, who were supposed to determine which of the girls was not lying, a larger percentage of the invitees pointed to the girl, whose main task was to mislead them. From this experience, the following conclusion was made - deceitful facial expressions are somehow more convincing than truthful ones, which misleads others.
The facial expressions of a lie are extremely diverse for one of the reasons that a person can lie using a variety of techniques: whether it is sadness that hides absolute indifference, joy that masks sadness, or calmness that hides fear. But, the main feature of this disguise of emotions is that one way or another, the hidden feeling still manifests itself. The author calls such manifestations microexpressions. This fact became clear after the following experiment: the subjects were shown a recording in which a person tried to hide his confusion with joy. At first glance, it seemed to none of those present that this person was hiding something, but after slow-motion viewing, they were still able to identify manifestations of the hidden emotion, but it was so short-lived that it was unrealistic to notice it in normal viewing mode.
The next problem that a liar faces is the problem of the inability to control certain facial muscles, which in turn are responsible for emotions. This fact could be attributed to the previously reviewed material on the failures of lies, but since this topic is connected specifically with facial expressions, it is the right place for it. And again, we get acquainted with the experience when people were asked to depict certain emotions, which, as it turned out, not everything can be portrayed, but this was prevented by the fact that not all muscles are controlled by a person. The subjects most easily managed to portray surprise or anger, other emotions looked artificial and forced.
Paul Ekman did not pass by judicial practice. He considered the question of how a person reacts to accusations in two cases: when he is guilty and innocent. The following fact was found out: in both cases, manifestations of excitement are observed, and what is no less interesting, in the case when a person is innocent, the excitement manifests itself more strongly. How, then, based on the observation of the emotional state, to understand the rightness of a person? In this situation, a polygraph (lie detector) comes to the rescue, without which even a professional will not be able to verify the truth of a person’s testimony.
Facial expressions are a very bright side of human emotions. Based on the features of its manifestation, in fact, everyone can say what exactly a person feels at the moment. But you should not be sure that facial expressions will convey all aspects of the human condition with absolute accuracy.
Conclusion
Summarizing the above, we can draw the following conclusion: knowledge about the characteristics of human emotions is formed over a relatively long period (approximately from the middle of the 19th century to the present), and it cannot be argued that their study has ended, on the contrary, it continues today. Of course, there are certain discoveries made years earlier and used today as officially recognized and relevant today (Kennon's Theory). The rest of the discoveries, already considered in a historical context and at one time refuted by other more modernized theories, are not useless and wasted, on the contrary, they gave impetus to the revision of previously known facts, their rethinking and the creation of new theories. So, the James-Lange theory, which said that physiological manifestations are ahead of emotions, was transformed into the following Cannon theory, which is accepted and used to this day, says that emotions are the cause of physiological changes in the body.
A huge amount of literature in the form of scientific articles, training programs, books was created and continues to be actively published today, which makes it possible to realize the relevance of studying the emotional characteristics of a person.
An important aspect of the study of emotions is the practical reinforcement of knowledge, so it is necessary to conduct experiments to accurately assert a particular fact. Many authors think about this need, in particular Paul Ekman, whose book presents many experiments related specifically to the topic of human emotions.
Do not forget the fact that emotions are the result of evolution (Ch. Darwin's Theory), so do not confuse human emotions with animal instincts, although many scientists who disagree with this fact are active in scientific work to prove their case.
Theories of emotions of various scientists allow us to take a diverse look at the topic of human emotions: what are the causes of their manifestations, what physiological reactions correspond to them. Of course, this paper considers the smallest number of works by scientists who have devoted their works to human emotions, but even considering the above, one can form an accurate understanding of this topic.
Bibliography
1.Paul Ekman. The psychology of lies. - M: Peter, 2010;
.J. Gross' approach to the study of emotional regulation: examples of cross-cultural studies / A. A. Pankratova//Question of Psychology - 2014 - No. 1 - p.147 - 156;
.Izard K. E. Human emotions edited by L. Ya. Gozman, M. S. Egorova. - M: MGU Publishing House, Moscow, 2005.
.Golovin S. Yu. Dictionary of practical psychologist, Minsk - M: Harvest, 1998;
.Izard K. E. Psychology of emotions. - M: Peter, 2006;
.Rozhina LN The development of the emotional world of personality. - M: Minsk, 1999;
.Marishchuk V.M. The role of emotions in the accumulation of negative experience and the forms of its actualization//Psychology, 2008
8.<#"justify">13.#"justify">App #1
Causes of unsuccessful lies and ways to solve them.
Application №2
Some facts about scientists
James William (1842 - 1910) American philosopher and psychologist. He studied medicine, but refused a medical career. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University. 1892 - founded the laboratory of applied psychology in the USA. 1884 - creation of the theory of emotions.
Carl Lange (1834 - 1900) Danish physician and philosopher. He created the peripheral theory of emotions - the vasomotor theory of emotions.
Sylvan Tomkins (1911) - psychologist. Descendant of Russian immigrants. Describe primary emotions. Described the theory of mimic feedback.
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) - English naturalist, developed the theory of the origin of species through natural selection. Around 1872 he published his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945), physiologist. He developed the theory of self-regulation of the body - homeostasis. 1884 - developed his theory of emotions.
Simonov Pavel Vasilyevich (1926 - 2002) - psychophysiologist, psychologist. Doctor of Medical Sciences. 1964 - information theory of emotions.
Heinrich Johann Friedrich (1776 - 1841) - German psychologist. He was the first to try to build psychology as a systematized science.
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22. Basic theories of emotions.
mental reflection in the form of a biased experience of the relationship of phenomena and situations to needs
a mental state associated with the needs and motives of the individual and expressed in the form of differential experiences.
human reactions to the impact of internal and external stimuli that have a pronounced subjective coloring.
are situational in nature and express an assessment by the individual of a certain situation related to the satisfaction of human needs at the moment.
act as internal motivations for activity.
In the emotional sphere, groups of emotional experience are distinguished: affects, mood, feelings.
Affect- a strong, violent, but relatively short-term emotional reaction to an external stimulus that completely captures the human psyche (rage, anger, horror, etc.). They have a violent nature.
Mood- prolonged excitement of the soul. They have a calm nature.
Feelings (higher emotions) - psychological states that are manifested by socially conditioned experiences that express a long-term and stable emotional attitude of a person to real and imaginary objects. They are also secondary emotions, since they were formed as a kind of generalization of the corresponding simple emotions. Feelings are always objective: 1) moral (moral and ethical). 2) intellectual, practical.
Functions E.
Evaluation of the meaning of the stimulus.
Mobilization. Adrenaline in the blood during fear increases the ability to escape.
Next-forming. The child burned himself, cried, remembered.
Motivation and maintenance of activity.
Spare resource for solving problems, compensate for the information deficit
Communication.
The evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin.
Emotions and the expressive actions that accompany them are vestiges of instinctive movements. Emotions are a positive evolutionary acquisition. Emotions appeared in the process of evolution of living beings as vital adaptive mechanisms that contribute to the adaptation of the organism to the conditions and situations of its life. According to Darwin, bodily changes accompanying various emotional states, in particular those associated with the corresponding emotions of movement, are nothing but the rudiments of the body's real adaptive reactions.
Example
An angry person blushes, breathes heavily and clenches his fists because in his primitive history, any anger led people to a fight, and it required energetic muscle contractions and, therefore, increased breathing and blood circulation, providing muscle work. He explained the sweating of the hands during fear by the fact that in ape-like human ancestors this reaction in case of danger made it easier to grasp the branches of trees.
The peripheral theory of James - Lange (1880-1890).
Emotions are the sum of organic sensations caused by bodily changes. First happens peripheral a functional change in the internal organs, and then emotion appears. Scheme: external event - perception of a stimulus - bodily reactions of the body => the emergence of emotions. “A person is sad, because. He is crying".
The American psychologist W. James (1884) put forward a "peripheral" theory of emotions based on the fact that emotions are associated with certain physiological reactions. Crying, trembling, laughter are the sources of emotions. The person is sad, because He is crying. According to James, the emergence of emotions is due to changes caused by external influences in the voluntary motor sphere, the sphere of involuntary acts of cardiac, vascular, and secretory activity. The totality of sensations associated with these changes is an emotional experience. “We are afraid because we tremble.”
Regardless of W. James, the Danish pathologist K. G. Lange published a work in 1895 in which he expressed similar thoughts. But if for James organic changes were reduced to visceral (internal organs), then for the second they were predominantly vasomotor (vasomotor). Lange reduced his theory to the following scheme:
Weakening of motor innervation + vasoconstriction = sadness.
Increased motor innervation + spasms of organic muscles + expansion of blood vessels = joy.
The James-Lange theory was an attempt to turn emotions into an object accessible to natural study. BUT by linking emotions exclusively with bodily changes, she transferred them to the category of phenomena that are not related to needs and motives, deprived emotions of their adaptive meaning, regulating functions.
Criticism by physiologists (Ch.S. Sherrington, W. Kennon and others) is based on data obtained in experiments with animals: the same peripheral changes occur with a variety of emotions, as well as in states not associated with emotions.
"Associative" theory of emotions by W. Wundt.
Emotions are internal changes characterized by the direct influence of feelings on the flow of ideas. Wundt considers "bodily" reactions only as a consequence of feelings. According to Wundt, facial expressions arose initially in connection with elementary sensations, as a reflection of the emotional tone of sensations; higher, more complex feelings (emotions) developed later. However, when some emotion arises in the mind of a person, it always causes by association the lower feeling or sensation corresponding to it, close in content. It is what causes those mimic movements that correspond to the emotional tone of sensations.
Example: facial expressions of contempt (pushing the lower lip forward) is similar to the movement when a person spits out something unpleasant that has fallen into his mouth.
Emotions are the external correlate of internal experiences. Emotions are associated with changes in the physiological state of the body. They differ in the following characteristics:
Express the relation of the subject to the object;
They differ in polarity (+/-);
In complex feelings they form a contradictory unity.
Emotions have 3 poles (the variety of three dimensions):
Pleasure / displeasure;
Excitation/sedation;
Voltage/discharge (resolution).
The Cannon-Bard Theory.
The reactions of the body are not distinct enough to be associated with a particular emotion. Parallelism of emotions and physiological manifestations. Emotions and bodily sensations arise simultaneously as a result of external stimuli acting on the individual.
Physiologist W. Cannon (1927) conducted experimental studies on the study of emotions with the exclusion of all physiological manifestations. When the nerve pathways between the internal organs and the cerebral cortex were cut, the subjective experience was still preserved. Research conducted by Cannon revealed two patterns:
1. physiological changes that occur with different emotions are very similar to each other and do not reflect their qualitative originality;
2. These physiological changes unfold slowly, while emotional experiences occur quickly, that is, they precede the physiological reaction.
He also showed that artificially induced physiological changes that are characteristic of certain strong emotions do not always cause the expected emotional behavior.
According to Cannon, the stages of the emergence of emotions: the action of the stimulus - the excitation of the thalamus - the development of emotions - the occurrence of physiological changes.
In later studies, P. Bard (1934) supplemented Cannon's ideas and showed that emotional experiences and the physiological changes that accompany them occur almost simultaneously.
Psychoanalytic theory of emotions.
3. Freud's psychoanalytic theory of emotions included peculiar views on the development of affect, the theory of drives. Z. Freud essentially identified both affect and attraction with motivation. The mechanism of the emergence of emotions: a perceptual image perceived from the outside causes an unconscious process during which an unconscious mobilization of instinctive energy (libidinal energy) occurs; if it cannot find application for itself in the external activity of a person (in the case when the attraction is tabooed by the culture existing in a given society), it looks for other channels of discharge in the form of involuntary activity. Different types of such activity are "emotional expression" and "emotional experience". They can appear simultaneously, alternately, or even independently of each other. Freud and his followers considered only negative emotions arising from conflicting drives.
The theory of cognitive dissonance L. Festinger.
Emotions arise as a result of the confirmation of expectations and the embodiment of cognitive representations, i.e. when the actual results of the activity are consistent with the plans. Subjectively, the state of cognitive dissonance is usually experienced by a person as discomfort, and he seeks to get rid of it as soon as possible. The way out of the state of cognitive dissonance can be twofold: either change cognitive expectations and plans in such a way that they correspond to the actual result obtained, or try to get a new result that would be consistent with previous expectations. Festinger says that dissonance can arise in situations where a person becomes an eyewitness to some unpredictable events or when he learns new information. According to Festinger, positive emotions arise only when there is no cognitive dissonance between the outcome of the situation and how this outcome was presented in the mind of the individual, and negative or negative emotions arise if there is cognitive dissonance.
The theory of differential emotions K. Izard.
This name is due to the focus on individual emotions, which are understood as different emotional-motivational processes (10 fundamental emotions: anger - rage, fear - horror, pleasure - joy, etc.). You can experience dyads and triads of emotions (interest - pleasure - surprise). BUT at any given time, only one dominant emotion can be experienced.
Two-factor theory by Stanley Schechter (circa 1960).
Emotion as a combination of two components, physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of this arousal. According to the theory, "the products of the cognitive process are used to interpret the meaning of physiological responses to external events." Experiment: “4 groups of students took an exam. Previously, these students were experimented with, in which 2 groups were examined under conditions of hostility, and the other two - under conditions of friendly relations. On the exam, one of each pair of groups received an injection of adrenaline and the other received a control injection of saline. The students made a report about their experiences. As expected, the first group experienced mainly negative emotions, and the second one is positive. Adrenaline enhanced both positive and negative emotions. Whatever physiological state the injection caused, its sign was determined by the setting - the social environment of the students, and not by the injected substance. Emotion, on the one hand, determines the energy component of consciousness, and on the other hand, its quality is determined by the interaction of the content of consciousness and a possible program of action. The two-factor theory indirectly separates the problem of the strength and sign of an emotion from its qualitative content.
Cognitive theory of emotions M. Arnold - R. Lazarus .
For M. Arnold, an intuitive assessment of an object acts as a cognitive determinant of emotions. Emotion, like action, follows this assessment. “First I see something, then I imagine that this “something” is dangerous - and as soon as I imagine it, I am scared and run”: we are afraid because we think we are being threatened.
In the concept of R. Lazarus, the central idea is about the cognitive determination of emotions. Cognitive mediation is a necessary condition for the emergence of emotions.
The central concept of the concept of Lazarus is "threat" - the assessment of the situation based on the anticipation of a collision with harm is assessed with the help of cognitive processes. Each individual emotion is associated with a different assessment inherent in it. The same situation evokes different assessments in different people and, as a result, different emotional reactions.
The emergence of emotions is influenced by cognitive, psychological, behavioral components.
Biological theory of emotionsP.K. Anokhina.
In the process of evolution, emotions have improved as well as muscles, vision and hearing. The system of emotions in a person is most developed, since along with biological needs, he has physiological needs. Leading emotions with a negative sign signal the body about deviations in its internal environment ( hunger, thirst), which activates the corresponding program of action. The completion of purposeful actions is accompanied by a positive emotional background. Leading emotions are involved in the formation of a functional system, determining the direction of behavior, goal setting. Situational emotions that arise when evaluating individual stages of an action make it possible to correct behavior and achieve the goal.
Need-information theory of emotionsP. V. Simonova.
Develops an idea P. K. Anokhina that the quality of emotion must be considered from the standpoint of the effectiveness of behavior. All the sensory diversity of emotions comes down to the ability to quickly assess the possibility or impossibility of actively acting, that is, it is indirectly tied to the activating system of the brain. Emotion is a mechanism that compensates for the lack of information. The measure of experiencing emotions depends on: the significance of the need and the difference between the information necessary to satisfy it (IN) and the available information (ID). This difference reflects the subjective probability of achieving the goal. The discrepancy between the actual and the desired situation. IN less than ID - negative emotions.
Motivational theories of emotion.
Emotion is a mental process, a specific product of the brain that reflects reality.
Leontiev.
The theory of emotions is based on activity. Behavior, general activity is motivated and directed by a motive. An activity consists of a series of certain actions that correspond to a goal. The goal is always conscious, such a unit of activity as an action occurs only in a person, the goal is that which represents the result of the action. A motive is an object of need. Emotion arises as an assessment of the discrepancy between goal and motive. Emotion allows you to evaluate the approach to the subject of need with the help of a certain action.
disorganization theories.
These theories are based on the observation that a person who is under the influence of emotions works in a disorganized manner. Emotional behavior is defeat behavior. Emotional response occurs when a person cannot accept a course of action.
Let us note right away that there are no purely psychological theories of emotions that do not affect their physiological basis. This is not accidental, since emotion as a psychological phenomenon is difficult to separate from the physiological processes occurring in the body.
Researchers have repeatedly made attempts to link physiological changes in the body with specific emotions and show that different emotions are accompanied by different complexes of organic signs. Therefore, the first theories of emotions are devoted to the study of their physiological basis.
Evolutionary theory of emotions
In 1872, C. Darwin published the book Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, in which he showed that in the outward expression of different emotional states there is much in common between anthropoids and blind children. Darwin proved that the evolutionary principle is applicable not only to the biological, but also to the psychological and behavioral development of the living, that there is no impassable abyss between the behavior of an animal and a person.
According to evolutionary theory, emotions appeared in the process of evolution of living beings as important adaptive mechanisms that contribute to the adaptation of the organism to life situations. The bodily movements accompanying various emotional states, according to Darwin, are the rudiments of the real adaptive reactions of the organism.
Organic theory of emotions
Darwin's ideas were accepted and developed in the theory of W. James and K. Lange. James believed that certain physical states, called organic manifestations of emotions, are characteristic of different emotions. Tears are an organic manifestation of the emotion of grief, laughter is an organic manifestation of the emotion of joy. According to the James-Lange theory, it is organic changes that are the root causes of emotions. Being reflected in the brain through a feedback system, they generate an emotional experience of the corresponding modality. First, under the influence of external stimuli, changes in the body, characteristic of emotions, occur, and only then - as a result of them - does the emotion itself arise. Thus, we are happy because we laugh, we are sad because we cry.
Psychoorganic theory of emotions
A number of counterarguments to the James-Lange theory were proposed by W. Cannon. He noted the fact that the bodily changes that accompany different emotional states are very similar to each other. Their diversity is not enough to explain the qualitative differences in the highest emotional experiences of a person. Secondly, the internal organs, with changes in the states of which James and Lange associated the emergence of emotional states, are rather insensitive structures that very slowly come into a state of excitation. Emotions usually arise and develop quite quickly. In addition, the artificial cessation of organic signals (for example, from the lacrimal gland) to the brain does not stop emotions.
Cannon's provisions were developed by P. Bard, who showed that in fact both bodily changes and the emotional experiences associated with them occur almost simultaneously. More recent research has found brain structures associated with emotions. They were the hypothalamus and the limbic system. In experiments on animals, it was found that electrical effects on these structures can control emotional states, such as anger, fear (J. Delgado).
Activation psychological theory of emotions
The further development of theories of emotions took place under the influence of electrophysiological studies of the brain. This is how the Lindsay-Hebb activation theory arose. According to this theory, emotional states are determined by the influence of the reticular formation of the brain stem. The activation theory is based on the following main provisions:
- Emotions arise as a result of the so-called "activation complex" associated with the activity of the reticular formation.
- The work of the reticular formation determines the dynamic parameters of emotions: their strength, duration, variability, etc.
Following the psychological theories of emotions that explain the relationship between emotional and organic processes, theories have appeared that describe the influence of emotions on the psyche and human behavior. The effectiveness of activity, as it turned out, depends on the nature and intensity of emotional experience, which was experimentally proven by Hebb. To achieve the highest result in activity, both too weak and very strong emotional arousal are undesirable. For each person there is an optimum of emotional excitability, which ensures maximum efficiency in work.
Human emotions depend not only on organic processes, but also on cognitive factors. In this regard, new concepts have been proposed that explain human emotions by the dynamic features of cognitive processes.
Theory of cognitive dissonance
One of the first such theories was L. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. According to it, a person has a positive emotional experience when his expectations are confirmed (that is, when the real results of the activity correspond to the intended cognitive representations, or, what is the same, are in consonance). Negative emotions arise when there is a discrepancy or dissonance between the expected and actual results of the activity.
In modern psychology, the theory of cognitive dissonance is used to explain human social behavior. According to this theory, emotions are considered as the main motive for actions. The underlying cognitive factors are given a much greater role in determining human behavior than organic changes.
Cognitive-physiological theory of emotions
S. Schechter showed that in addition to perceived stimuli, a significant role in the emergence of emotional processes is played by memory (a person's past experience) and a person's motivation (his assessment of the situation from the point of view of his actual needs).
This theory of emotions is confirmed by the influence of verbal instructions on human experiences, as well as additional emotional information in the form of other people's experiences.
In one experiment, people were given a physiologically neutral solution as a "medicine" accompanied by various instructions. In one case, they were told that this "medicine" would cause them a state of euphoria, in the other - a state of anger. After a while, the subjects were asked how they felt. It turned out that their emotional experiences corresponded to what was expected from the instructions given to them.
It was also shown that the nature of a person's emotional experiences depends on how the situation that has arisen is experienced by people nearby. This means that emotional states can be transmitted from person to person. At the same time, in a person (unlike animals), the quality of communicated emotional experiences depends on a personal attitude towards the person with whom the person empathizes.
The biological theory of emotions (P.K. Anokhin) postulates: positive
emotions arise in connection with the achievement of a successful result and
lyayut behavioral act leading to this result. Negative
emotions inhibit unsuccessful behavioral acts and direct the body to
search for new adaptive actions.
The information theory of emotions (P.V. Simonov) states: "Emotion is
reflection by the brain of the strength of need and probable cognitive outcomes
tata, which are expressed in three forms of thinking.
Forms of thinking are: 1) judgment; 2) inference; 3) pony
tie. The patterns of relationships between these forms of thinking are studied
teas logic. By studying the forms of thinking, logic is abstracted from the concrete
content of thoughts contained in these forms, it establishes the general
laws and principles for achieving the truth of the knowledge that is derived
from other reliable knowledge. Psychology is the study of patterns
creative thinking leading to new cognitive results,
to the discovery of new knowledge.
According to the predominant content, mental activity subsection
lyatsya on: 1) practical; 2) artistic and 3) scientific.
The structural unit of practical thinking is action, and
communicative unit signal.
In artistic thinking, the structural unit is the image, and
communicative unit symbol. In scientific thinking, respectively
concept and sign.
Mental activity can be carried out through various
ny operating procedures.
Algorithmic thinking is carried out in accordance with the
a fixed sequence of elementary operations necessary for the
solving problems of this class.
Heuristic thinking creative solution of non-standard problems.
Discursive thinking (rational) thinking, wearing a rational
character, based on a system of inference, having a follower
a number of logical links, each of which is determined by the previous
and determines the next link. Discursive thinking leads to
inference knowledge.
In the historical development of thinking and in the development of the thinking of the child
three successive stages of thinking are distinguished: 1) visually
effective (sensory-motor); 2) visual; 3) abstract
rhetic.
Being carried out according to general laws, the thinking of different people differs in
individual features: the degree of independence, criticality,
consistency, flexibility, depth and speed, various ratios
analysis and synthesis analytical or synthetic thinking in
dividend.
General patterns of thinking
Thinking is the continuous interaction of the thinking subject with
object of knowledge. This interaction is always carried out in order to
solution of some problem, it is based on analysis and synthesis and
results in a new generalization. Thus, it can be considered
that problematicity, analysis, synthesis and generalization are common psycho
logical patterns of thought.
Problematic thinking. Thinking always arises in connection with a decision
any problem, and the problem itself arises from the problem situation.
A problem situation is one in which a person
meets with something new, incomprehensible from the point of view of existing knowledge
ny. This situation is characterized by the emergence of a certain cognition
barrier, difficulties to be overcome as a result of
tata thinking. In problem situations, there are always such goals, for
the achievement of which the available means, methods and knowledge is
not enough.
When meeting with the facts of crime, the investigator usually faces
with a problem situation. Initially, he has at his disposal
just a few facts that prompt the search, but are missing
accurate for crime detection.
A problem is a special kind of question for which there is no answer.
lives in our experience and knowledge and therefore requires appropriate practice
tic and theoretical actions. The problem focuses our
mania for lack or lack of knowledge (this is knowledge about the unknown
research institutes).
The problem is the awareness of the need for new knowledge. Not any
mental activity is the solution to the problem. For example, solving
task in a way known to us, we carry out a mental activity
ness, but we do not solve problems. Cognition, the discovery of new, as yet unknown
known aspects of the object is always carried out through relationships, mutually
connections in which these properties are manifested.
Thinking is the knowledge of that which is not given directly, but is found
given in a certain relation to what is given.
Interaction of analysis and synthesis. Every act of thinking, every thought
The casting operation is based on analysis and synthesis. As you know, the basic
principle of higher nervous activity is the principle of analysis and
synthesis. Thinking as a function of the brain is also based on this principle.
All stages of the thought process are based on analysis and synthesis.
Any search for an answer to any question requires both analysis and synthesis in
their various connections (derived from analysis and synthesis by mental
operations are abstraction and generalization).
Analysis highlighting those aspects of the object that are essential for re
solution of this problem; is the identification of the structure of the object under study, its
structures, dismemberment of a complex phenomenon into simple elements, separation
essential from non-essential.
Analysis gives an answer to the question: which part of the whole has a certain
signs. For example, when analyzing the traces of a crime, the investigator
selects only those of them that are of evidentiary value.
The results of the analysis are combined, synthesized.
Synthesis - the union of elements, parts, sides based on the
niya essential in a certain respect links between them.
The main mechanism of thinking, its general pattern is
analysis through synthesis: highlighting new properties in an object (analysis)
is realized through its correlation (synthesis) with other objects. In pro
in the process of thinking, the object of cognition is constantly included in all new connections
and because of this, it appears in ever new qualities, which are fixed in
new concepts; from the object, thus, as it were, everything is scooped out
new content; he seems to turn every time with his other
side, it reveals all the new properties.
Analysis and synthesis, mutually passing into each other, provide uninterrupted
the jerky movement of thought towards a deeper and deeper knowledge of the essence
phenomena. The process of cognition begins with the primary synthesis of perception
undivided whole (phenomena, situations). Further, based on the analysis
secondary synthesis is carried out. New knowledge about this
scrap, and this cognized whole again acts as a basis for further
deep analysis, etc.
Analysis is the isolation of such properties (sides) of an object that have
essential for the subsequent synthesis, generalization. Wherein
such patterns of thinking as the selectivity of the elect are manifested
solid isolation of one-plane sides of an object and reflexivity
control over the course of the thought process (the reasoning of a person with
self), self-report of thinking to itself. When analyzing the development
ongoing events, a special kind of analytical thinking arises.
anticipation anticipation of the possible onset of new events
ty, anticipation of the possible results of certain actions. Method
the ability to imagine possible scenarios for the development of events, possible ways
solutions to the problem of divergent thinking.
Generalization of thinking. Thinking is carried out with the aim of knowing those
or other essential properties of the object, in order to obtain knowledge. Su
a natural property is always common to a given group of homogeneous
objects (but not every common property is essential). To the decision
We use generalized knowledge, general
regulations.
In the process of thinking, the individual is always considered as concrete.
general expression.
In this theory of emotions, emotions are considered as a biological product of evolution, an adaptive factor in the life of an animal. In this point of view, it can be seen that Anokhin relied on Darwin's theory. This theory tells us that when needs arise, negative emotions arise that mobilize the body to perform the tasks (in this case, to satisfy any need), when performing, a person experiences pleasure. If it fails, then forces are sent to search for other solutions.
Information theory of emotions by P. V. Simonova
Simonov put forward his original theory about the origin of emotions. He suggests that emotions arise as a result of a lack or excess of information that we need to satisfy a particular need. Emotional tension is described as a force in the need and lack of pragmatic information that is necessary for the fulfillment of a goal. He also introduces the formula (Figure 4)
where E - emotion; P - need; Ying - information necessary to meet the need; IS - information that the subject has at the time of the need.
Physiological structures of emotions
Having considered theories of the origins of emotions, let's move on to the consideration of the physiological structure of emotions. Jayme Peipetse managed to confirm the scientific discovery of the "circulation of emotional excitement" in the structures of the brain. Emotions according to the concept of Peipeci are associated with certain structures of the brain. He singled out the "Circle of Peipets", which sets the emotional state of our psyche and involves many interconnected brain structures in emotional reactions at the same time. The Peipets circle includes the following structures:
1. Hypothalamus
2. Anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus
3. Belt gyrus
4. Hippocampus
5. Mamillary nuclei of the hypothalamus
The limbic system is interconnected with the new cerebral cortex, with its frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, as well as the reticular formation of the brain stem. The temporal region is responsible for transmitting information from the visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex to the amygdala and hippocampus. The frontal region regulates the activity of the limbic cortex. The reticular formation increases the activity of ascending influences on the limbic system. It is through these connections that conscious control, the appearance and manifestation of emotions is carried out. Whatever the emotion experienced by a person, strong or barely expressed, it always causes physiological changes in his body, and these changes are sometimes so serious that they cannot be ignored.
Comparison of emotions and feelings
In this section, we will compare emotions and feelings. It is no secret that emotions and feelings are interconnected with each other, but it is still worth mentioning that these concepts have different meanings and they are not identified, as some scientists believe. To begin with, it is worth understanding the concept of terms.
Emotions, according to M.V. Gamezo, are a special class of mental phenomena that proceed in the form of experience and reflect a person's attitude to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of urgent needs.
Feelings, according to Gamezo M.V., are the most stable human experiences that arise when social needs are satisfied or not satisfied, such as love, pride, hatred, etc.
Exploring emotions and feelings and their relationships, scientists were divided into four groups:
1) Identify emotions and feelings
2) Consider emotions as one of the types of feelings
3) Define feelings as a generic concept that unites different types of emotions
The most clearly divided emotions, and feelings A.N. Leontiev, he gives emotions such a characteristic that they have a situational character, that is, they express an estimate of the current or future situation. Feeling is objective. Feelings are nothing but a stable emotional relationship. Leontiev also noted that emotions and feelings may not coincide and even contradict each other (for example, a person we love can cause us in certain situations a transient emotion of displeasure, and even anger)
V. A. Krutetsky (1980) adhered to the opinion of Leontev and believed that feelings are a more complex, permanent, established attitude of a person, a personality trait. And what distinguishes emotions is a simpler experience that we feel now.
R. S. Nemov in his works that emotions are not always recognized, and feelings are outwardly very noticeable. In my opinion, the situation is quite different; often a person cannot admit that he has a feeling, in contrast to emotions, which, as experiences, cannot be unaware. Nemov considers feelings and emotions to be personal formations that characterize a person socio-psychologically, thereby denying the biological nature of emotions.
Summing up about feelings and emotions, I propose to consider opinions, Ilna E.P. believes that feelings are expressed through certain emotions, depending on the situation in which the object to which this person feels is located. For example, during a session, parents worry about their child. On the day of the exam, parents will experience a sense of anxiety if they pass the exam, parents will experience joy, if they fail, disappointment and even anger. This example confirms that emotions and feelings are not the same. So we come to the conclusion that there is no direct correspondence between feelings and emotions, because the same emotion can express different feelings, and the same feeling can be expressed in different emotions. A person may not show emotions on the outside, thereby hiding his feelings.
Types of emotions
In Psychology, the following types and forms of emotions are distinguished:
By influence:
1) Sthenic increase vitality, active
2) Asthenic suppress vital activity, passive
By quality:
1)Positive
1.1) Joy
1.2) Pride
1.3) Trust
1.4) Tenderness
1.5) Love
1.6) Sympathy
1.7) Tranquility
1.8) Bliss
1.9) Glee
2) Negative
2.2) Sadness
2.4) Despair
2.5) Alarm
2.6) Pity
2.8) Hatred
3) Neutral (ambivalent)
3.1) Curiosity
3.2) Amazement
3.3) Indifference
3.4) Contemplation
3.5) Surprise
Emotions are also divided into:
1) Higher ones are associated with the satisfaction of social needs
2) The lower ones are associated with organic need
2.1) Homeostatic
2.2) Instinctive
Depending on the subjective value of B.I. Dodonov identifies the following types of emotions:
1) Altruistic - experiences that arise on the basis of the need for assistance, help to other people.
2) Communicative - arise on the basis of the need for communication: the desire to communicate, share thoughts and experiences, etc.
3) Glorious - associated with the need for self-affirmation, fame: the desire to win recognition, respect, a sense of narcissism.
4) Practical - determined by the success or failure of the activity, the difficulties of its implementation and completion.
5) Romantic - manifested in the desire for everything unusual, secret: the expectation of something unusual and very good.
6) Gnostic - associated with the need for congratulatory and spiritual harmony: the desire to know the essence of phenomena.
7) Aesthetic - associated with lyrical experiences: the need for beauty, a sense of grace.
8) Hedonic - associated with the satisfaction of the need for bodily and spiritual comfort: enjoyment of pleasant spiritual and physical sensations from knowledge.
9) Akizitive - arise in connection with the interest in accumulation, collecting.
10) Mobilization - come from the need to overcome danger, interest in the struggle.
From the list above, we can conclude that emotions are diverse, and each type affects us in its own way.
Functions of emotions
As you know, the main functions of emotions are aimed at ensuring that a person can understand another person without words, thanks to this he can better tune in to communication and cooperation. Such an exchange of information occurs with the help of facial expressions and gestures, in a word, this is non-verbal communication. Let us consider in more detail the main functions of emotions:
1) The function of motivation - this function gives emotions the opportunity to stimulate activity that is aimed at satisfying the need or, on the contrary, slow it down. Emotions direct and control human behavior depending on the situation. Different needs induce a variety of emotions in a person.
2) Trace-forming function - this function appears only in extreme situations.
3) Heuristic and anticipatory function - a certain manifestation of emotions is clarified due to the psychological mechanism, which is at the source of these manifestations of emotional states.
4) Synthesizing (anticipating) function - this function is aimed at iteration of manifesting emotions with cognitive processes that provide the possibility of a structured and holistic reflection of experience and irritation.
5) Expressive function - this function is responsible for the influence of the social environment on human communication.
From the point of view of physiology, the following functions of emotions can be distinguished:
The functions of a particular emotion can be analyzed at three levels.
1) Emotion performs a specific biological function, for example, it directs the flow of blood and energy resources from the smooth muscles of the internal organs to the muscles responsible for movement, as happens when a person experiences the emotion of anger.
2) Emotion has a motivating effect on the individual, organizing, directing and stimulating his perception, thinking and behavior.
3) Each of the emotions performs a social function. The signal aspect of the vital system of human interaction with other people consists of his emotional manifestations.
The functions of emotions are only positive, because otherwise they would not be fixed in our genotype. Undoubtedly, they can also affect our body negatively, but this happens only at high intensity and this refers to the role of emotions. To give an example, salt and vitamins in a moderate dose are useful, but if you use them in excess, a person can get poisoned. This is exactly what happens with emotions. When performing their functions, emotions do not “ask” whether they are useful or harmful for a person from his point of view.
Chapter 2 The Impact of Emotions