Why are ducklings bred by chicken? Innate and acquired behavioral programs - Knowledge Hypermarket. Brief characteristics of indo-ducks

Breeding musk ducks at home is a pleasant and profitable business. Muscovy ducks carry large quantity eggs, their meat is tastier than that of ordinary, Peking, ducks and less fatty. In addition, musk ducks can hatch not only their own eggs, but also chicken, goose, and turkey eggs.

Description of the breed

Indian ducks or musk ducks were domesticated by the most ancient Aztecs. The breed was brought to Africa, Europe, warm Australia, distant Asia, and of course to our country.

The bird got its name from the specific property of continuously secreting fat from its own fleshy growths on its head, as if with the smell of real musk. Other versions report that the name was derived from the word “Muisque” - the name of the almost forgotten Indians who lived in Colombia.

There is an opinion that these ducks were brought to Europe by the merchant system of Elizabeth I, the Moscow Company.

This type of duck was brought to the USSR in 1981 from the GDR, and again in 1988, but from France, where they are also called “Barbary ducks.”

Exterior Features

Indian women are extraordinary big birds with a short neck, wide chest, strong wings and short legs. They are easy to distinguish from other bird species. They have excellent vitality, a calm character, an unpretentious organism and are not susceptible to any types of diseases.

Muscovy duck is colored in dark, white, black, bronze-chocolate, brown, blue colors, which make it possible to distinguish it among large number waterfowl. You can find drakes of specific colors.

Some scientists think that mixed-colored ducks are produced when they are bred with a mixture of breeds. As many breeds as there are, there are as many potential crosses.

Main parameters

Weight. The musk drake weighs up to 6 kilograms, and the female weighs no more than 3.5 kilograms.

Meat. Indian ducks are famous for their huge amount of dietary red meat, the percentage of fat in it is small. The brisket is the most delicious part. The meat does not have the peculiar taste that is inherent in many waterfowl. Most often they are bred for slaughter - breeding for the extraction of tasty meat.

Eggs. The eggs are delicious, large in size, with a large yolk and high quality white. A duck can lay eggs almost every day.

Disadvantages and advantages

Ducks are characterized by the following advantages:

• Modesty to feed.
• Endurance.
• High performance drake.
• The ability to survive for a long time without a body of water.
• Not loud or pugnacious birds.
• Possession of the egg incubation instinct - the female sits on the eggs until the chicks hatch.

The disadvantages of the breed include:

• Impossibility of living in damp conditions.
• Intolerance of cramped conditions.
• Duration of growth.

Receiving an offspring of indo-ducks

Not all eggs are suitable for purchasing ducklings. They need to be fertilized and laid in the first days of laying. This can be checked through ovoscopy.

In addition, they must be:

• clean;
• 1st form;
• without visible flaws and defects;
• approximately the same weight.

Eggs that are considered suitable are selected within 2 weeks, folded separately and stored at a temperature of 11 ° C. At the same time, the eggs should lie on their sides.

Important. Ducklings hatch rather from earlier Muscovy duck eggs.

Broodstock

For propagation in the usual way (by a hen), prepare a separate queen cell, which will contain 3-4 peahens and a drake. Then build a nest by placing dried leaves, sawdust or hay in it.

Do not touch eggs set aside for hatching with your hands. Indian ducks are considered excellent hens, which is why when there are ten eggs in the nest, the female sits on the nest.

There should be water and food in the building so that the hen can eat from time to time. While heating the eggs, she constantly turns the eggs over and wets them with water.

Incubation

The duck should feel comfortable in the nesting box during laying and brooding. This means that the temperature should be between 18−20 °C. The masonry takes some time to form—usually 10 to 15 days. It usually contains 12-15 eggs. It is not typical for Muscovy ducks to incubate other people's clutches; they do not have such an instinct.

Muscovy ducks choose their own nest to hatch their chicks.

Among other things, a duck will not hatch eggs in a nest in which the number of eggs is less than ten. The brood bird should be chosen, it should be ready to incubate eggs and show this with its disposition. Such a duck prefers to stay in the nest for a long time, its reactions become delayed, and it begins to remove the fluff on its chest.

Important. Observe the behavior of female ducks to determine the best brood hen.

Having found such a female, you need to lay test eggs on her. If she sits on them and, after finishing her meal, returns to the nest, and does not go for a walk with the rest of the herd, she can be entrusted with such an important task. There is a practice of covering the bird in the nest, allowing it to leave the hen's place only twice a day - for feeding and watering. Then she herself gets used to this regime and does not abandon the nest when she wants. Chicks begin to be born after 32-35 days.

If you want to breed musk ducks naturally, you should prepare the so-called mother liquor. This is a separate room where three or four ducks and one drake should stay. Ducks should feel comfortable in the nesting box during brooding and laying.

In the queen cell, you need to prepare several secluded areas where the cover will stand out covered with sawdust or dry leaves. You should not touch the eggs, wash them or turn them over - the bird itself knows what to do.

During the brooding period, the duck will turn the eggs over from time to time and bring water in its beak in order to sprinkle them. At good conditions hatchability is approximately 90%.

Hatching in an incubator

In a pre-heated incubator to 38 degrees, place the most big eggs, after five hours - medium, after the same amount - small. Twice a day, the applied material is sprayed with a slightly pink color. warm composition potassium permanganate for cooling and accelerating metabolism. Wet eggs are wiped with napkins, removing the hens instead. upper layer thick peel. To cool, you can simply open the lid for thirty minutes, as if the hen has gone to eat.
??? Egg turning occurs automatically or manually. With all this, in order to average the formation temperature, the clutch must be swapped, shifting the outer eggs to the center. The air temperature in the chamber is gradually reduced, revolutions are made by a specified degree, according to the table. Incubation of musk ducks does not stop for 32-35 days.

Then, the brood is placed in a brooder and nursed. The first ten days are especially important. Ducklings are introduced to food little by little. There is no need to be afraid of liquid droppings, this characteristic namely, indo-duck chicks.

When raising Muscovy ducks at home, you should not allow fledgling ducklings near liquids. They will get wet and drown.

To breed females from five months onwards, it is necessary, contrary to nature, to lengthen the daylight hours, little by little preparing them for egg-laying. By spring, the day should be 16 hours long. Then the productivity of females and their full fertilization will make it possible to obtain strong offspring of Muscovy ducks when reared at home.

When feeding young animals for meat, it is necessary to create conditions for rapid growth. It is commercially profitable to fatten for 13 weeks, or until the start of molting. When the bird sheds its feathers, weight gain stops. Of the herd, 60% of the drakes are guaranteed to have accumulated 3 kilograms of weight by 13 weeks. The remaining herd of females can be switched to winter housing and prepared for spring brood.

Caring for young animals

Young Muscovy ducks should be kept in a brooder with an infrared lamp. In the first week the lights are not turned off at all. This allows the chicks to not freeze or worry. From the second week you can start turning off the lights for an hour and little by little, with each week the “night” is continued for an hour until the regime becomes natural. Sawdust is laid on the floor for the ducklings, and several feeders and deep (for the entire duration of the beak) drinkers are placed in the brooder.

At first, the chicks do not know how to eat, and only grab what moves. To feed them, you need to cut a boiled egg and cut it onto the backs of the ducklings. Seeing the crumbs rolling down, they will take them. And by the 3rd day they will learn to distinguish food and eat it from the feeder. By this period, they can already be provided with cottage cheese, porridge with milk, chopped greens and grains. From the fifth day, meat waste and offal are introduced.

And after ten days of life, you can also provide boiled vegetables. From the tenth day, the chicks (if it is warm) can be allowed out for a walk, but not for long. And after a few weeks, it is better to divide the males and females. From now on, they are kept in the same way as mature individuals.

Conditions of detention and care

Below you can find out how to keep Muscovy ducks, including: arrangement suitable premises, feeding rules, as well as information about diseases.

Room

Since the domestic Muscovy duck comes out of the warm tropical climate, it is very important to create the proper conditions for it. In summer, birds can be kept in an unheated barn or even outside without any problems, but from October to the end of April, ducks need a warm room. Unlike ordinary ducks, guests from the North American continent simply do not know how to accumulate parenteral fat and are not equipped with the same warm down.

In order for the birds to feel normal, they need a major nesting box with good light and a hood. The Muscovy duck does not tolerate unnecessary drafts, dampness and sudden changes in temperature. It is also strongly recommended to isolate turkey ducks from other poultry and animals.

In summer, ducks need to be given the opportunity to walk in nature and sunbathe. Ducks themselves fly quite poorly, so there is no particular need for a high fence. It is necessary to cover the walking yard with chain-link mesh only if there is a risk of attack by predators - foxes, hawks, etc.

If there is a shortage free space For example, if you want to raise ducks in the private sector of the city, the birds can be placed in wooden or mesh cages, equipped in a couple of tiers. When keeping a Muscovy duck in one large room, auxiliary heating is not required, since the constant bedding (straw, sawdust) itself provides heat when reacting with duck droppings.

As for the equipment in the duck house, you will need the following objects:

• feed nurseries;
• drinking bowls (indo-ducks drink significantly more than chickens or ordinary ducks);
• Laying nests (make sure ducks can easily reach them);
• tree perches slightly raised above the ground (indo-ducks do not like to sit on the ground).

Feeding

Approximately 160-210 grams of feed per day are used to feed one Indian duck. This is not considered a large dose; compared to the portion of food that a Peking duck consumes, it eats much more, so raising a healthy bird of a different breed is not so expensive. It also, of course, depends on the appetite of the bird itself and the nutritional value of the feed.

Muscovy ducks need to be fed nutritiously and try to vary their food. In general, these ducks are not picky in their diet, but, like any other bird, they need variety.

They need to be fed different types grains: wheat, crushed barley, seeding, crushed corn. For the winter, be sure to stock up on various herbs: nettle, dandelion, woodlice and other herbs, silage. Of course, it will be useful to add vitamins to food, such as A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, Bc, H, C. Which are present in feed, premixes, and nutritional supplements. Rich in various vitamins, greens, grains, grass flour, fish oil, bran, yeast, peas, beans, beet greens, carrots and other herbs.

Duck diseases

Muscovy ducks have a fairly strong immune system, so that under good conditions, 95% of the flock survives until slaughter. Diseases that affect poultry manifest themselves in the loss of livestock, a decrease in egg production and a lag in the formation of young animals.

Young ducks are quite often susceptible to hepatitis, aspergillosis, and salmonellosis. In the same way, musky ducks can suffer from inflammation of the rectum and goiter diseases. TO food poisoning Poor quality food and spoiled food can let you down.

Brief characteristics of indo-ducks

Moose ducks are picky about the cleanliness of their keeping. Compared to Peking ducks, musk birds use significantly less feed, but their meat yield is much higher. This significantly increases the level of profitability of breeding. When raising poultry at home most plant foods can replace feed.

/ Chapter 13. Higher nervous activity. Behavior. Psyche Assignment: §54. Congenital and acquired behavior programs

Answer to Chapter 13. Higher nervous activity. Behavior. Psyche Assignment: §54. Congenital and acquired behavior programs
Ready homework (GD) Biology Kolesov, Mash 8th grade

Biology

8th grade

Publisher: Bustard

Year: 2007 - 2014

Question 1. Which forms of behavior can be classified as innate and which as acquired?

Congenital forms of behavior are unconditioned reflexes, reflexes that are inherited and ensure the body’s adaptation to constant environmental conditions. The simplest unconditioned reactions: sucking (food unconditioned reflex), blinking (defensive unconditioned reflex), reflex “what is it?” (approximate unconditioned reflex). More complex forms of innate behavior are instincts - chains of innate reflexes.

Acquired forms of behavior are the reactions of each person, with the help of which his body adapts to changing environmental influences. Such elementary reaction is a conditioned reflex. A stable chain of conditioned reflexes forms dynamic stereotype. A more complex form of acquired behavior is rational activity.

Question 2. What unconditioned reflexes did humans inherit from ape-like ancestors?

The unconditioned reflexes that man inherited from his ape-like ancestors are reflexes that contribute to the satisfaction of basic needs, i.e., continuation of life, as well as food, protective, and orientation reflexes.

Question 3. What is instinct?

Instinct (from Latin instinctus - urge) is a set of complex innate reactions (acts of behavior) of the body that arise in response to external or internal stimuli.

Question 4: Why do ducklings hatched by a hen follow her, just like chickens? What is the mechanism of this phenomenon?

Newborn animals, at the moment of maturation of their analyzers, record images in their memory, which they will subsequently focus on as significant objects. This property is called imprinting. This explains why ducklings bred by a hen follow her, just like chickens. After the ducklings hatched from the egg, they developed a visual analyzer and developed a following reflex. They capture the first moving object they encounter and follow it.

>> Congenital and acquired behavior programs

§ 54. Congenital and acquired behavior programs

1. How did they arise congenital forms behavior?
2. Why do people easily acquire language in childhood?
3. How does rational activity differ from conditioned reflex activity?
4. Why do results temporarily deteriorate during skill development?

Innate behavior programs are unconditioned reflexes, instincts.

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