Russian submarine fleet: prospects and expectations. Types of submarines of the USSR and Russian navies

A nuclear submarine is one of the most powerful weapons that exists today in the whole world. It is worth noting that submarines are one of the main components of the country's defense capability. In our today's review you can see 7 of the best and most effective such vessels.

1. Nuclear submarine - Shan

Shan is one of the most modern species nuclear submarines that are in service with the People's Republic of China. To date, 3 similar copies have already been constructed. The speed of such an underwater giant is 65 kilometers per hour. It is also worth noting that the ship is capable of sailing autonomously for 80 days.

2. Nuclear submarine - Rubis type, France

Rubis is one of the best types of French nuclear submarines, manufactured back in 1979. Travel speed of this court is 47 kilometers per hour. This specimen is capable of accommodating a crew of 57 people on board.

3. Nuclear submarine - Victor-3, USSR

Victor-3 is one of the best types of nuclear submarines that were manufactured in the USSR. In total, as many as 26 similar copies were constructed during production, but, unfortunately, this moment Only four are in operation. The speed of this vessel is approximately 57 kilometers per hour.

4. Nuclear submarines - “Pike-B”

Pike B is one of the best models of a nuclear submarine in the whole world, which is capable of autonomously sailing for a hundred days. A total of 15 such specimens have been constructed in the world, and only 9 of them are currently in operation. The speed is approximately 33 knots. The Pike is armed with four 660 mm and 533 mm torpedo tubes with a total ammunition capacity of 40 shells.

5. Nuclear Submarine - Virginia, United States of America

Virginia is one of the most capable types of nuclear submarines in service with the United States of America. There are only 7 similar specimens in the world. The speed of this model reaches 35 knots. Regarding weapons, this model has 4 torpedo tubes with ammunition of 26 torpedoes and 12 Tomahawk-type launchers.

6. Nuclear submarine - Astute class, UK

Astute is a type of one of the best and most powerful submarines made in Great Britain. In total, 7 similar copies were created in the world. The speed of this vessel is 29 knots. This model is armed with 6 bow torpedo tubes and has an ammunition capacity of 48 torpedoes.

7. Nuclear submarine type - Seawolf, United States of America

The Seawolf is one of the finest submarines in service with the United States of America. Over all the years of production, only 3 similar copies were constructed. The speed of this model is 35 knots. This vessel is armed with 8 660-caliber torpedo tubes and has an ammunition load of 50 shells.

And for the lovers naval ships, it will certainly be interesting to look at

Submarine fleet Our country has always represented a force that could not be ignored. After the collapse of the USSR, the program for the development of the submarine fleet in Russia known reasons slowed down. However, since the 2000s, such a breakthrough has been made in this regard that even many foreign experts were surprised by the changes taking place. At the same time, the Russian leadership is not going to stop there. We will not reveal all the secrets of modernization and the creation of new submarine projects; we will only talk about those Russian submarines that, according to our overseas partners, are the main threat to them.
"Pike-B"
The first place in this list is occupied by nuclear submarines of Project 971 “Shchuka-B” (aka “Akula” according to NATO classification). They belong to the third generation boats and began entering service with the fleet in 1984. The latest advanced modifications pose a particular danger. Multi-purpose "Pikes" are designed to intercept enemy submarines, protect their own and destroy other surface ships. In addition to eight torpedo tubes capable of firing torpedoes, missile-torpedoes, as well as installations for launching cruise missiles (including nuclear warheads), no less important “weapons” of the “Shark” are its stealth and low noise.
"Halibut" and "Varshavyanka"
The second and third positions are occupied by the sister submarines Halibut (Project 877) and Varshavyanka (Project 636). Both types are the quietest in their class; the Varshavyanka even received the nickname “Black Hole” in NATO. The designers initially (the main project was created in the 70s of the last century) were given the task of creating a submarine that should be guaranteed to emerge victorious in duel situation. That is, she had to detect and destroy the enemy submarine before it understood anything. And this task was completed. "Halibut" is armed with six torpedo tubes, and "Varshavyanka" (these submarines latest version today being built for the Black Sea Fleet) also has launchers for firing cruise missiles"Caliber". Both types of submarines are readily purchased abroad. Our Halibuts and Varshavyankas are already serving in Algeria, Vietnam, India, and China.
"Borey"
The Project 955 strategic submarine missile carrier Borei was also included in the list of storms of the seas. This is the first submarine entirely designed and built in post-Soviet Russia. The Borei is armed with ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads and torpedo tubes capable of firing an entire arsenal of weapons to destroy surface and underwater ships. The nuclear reactor provides the submarine with an underwater speed of up to 30 knots; it is capable of diving to a depth of 480 m and staying under water for 90 days. Three boats of this class are already in service with the Russian Navy and are capable of performing their assigned mission anywhere in the World Ocean. By 2020, the Russian Ministry of Defense plans to put eight more Boreevs into service.
"Ash"
Well, the latest nuclear submarine of Project 885 “Ash” closes the list of “thunderstorms from under the water”. This is the most modern and most expensive Russian nuclear-powered multi-purpose submarine of the fourth generation. The first ship "Severodvinsk" entered the Northern Fleet in 2014. Enough powerful weapons(homing torpedoes and cruise missiles with a firing range of up to 400 miles) allow the Yasen to hit targets underwater, on water and on land equally effectively.
The boat's hull is made of low-magnetic steel and covered with rubber, which makes it invisible to the enemy. The huge spherical antenna of the hydroacoustic complex, located in the bow of the submarine, allows sailors to hear the enemy ship long before it detects them. An underwater speed of 35 knots, the ability to dive to 600 m and stay under water for up to 100 days make the Yaseni a very powerful and modern weapon.

Submarine - sea thunderstorm
Steely eyes under a black cap

100 years ago, submarines proved their combat effectiveness, confidently occupying their niche in the field of naval weapons. It was the nuclear submarine missile carriers that were entrusted with the honorable role of “gravediggers of humanity.”
Due to the high complexity and high cost, nuclear submarines At first they were available only in the fleets of the USSR and the USA. After some time, they were joined by British and French nuclear submarines. Later, Chinese nuclear submarines appeared. The Indian Navy currently has nuclear submarines - the Indians use Russian technology, but at the same time are actively working on the project of their own nuclear submarine.

Like any technical system, submarines different projects have their own advantages and disadvantages. This is what the American educational channel Discovery tried to find out by ranking the best submarines. From my point of view, it is stupid and ignorant to directly compare submarines of different eras. Imagine the navigator of a German U-boat trying to determine, using a primitive gyrocompass, where the North is under this damn water, where to sail and what to do - the battery is almost empty, there is no connection with the shore, and enemy anti-submarine ships are on their tail. What does a German sailor have in common with a crew member of a modern nuclear submarine equipped with satellite communications and navigation systems? A nuclear-powered submarine can operate covertly in the depths for months sea ​​waters, and it can incinerate all living things on several continents. It is much more logical to compare only nuclear submarines based on the “Best Submarines” program.

A couple more words from the theory of submarines. Despite their excellent combat qualities, submarines are still too specific weapons, which in most cases are not capable of replacing surface ships. Submarines are powerless against aviation, and in the event local conflicts when, for example, it is necessary to support the landing force with fire, their strike potential against ground targets is vanishingly small. The main combat quality of a submarine is stealth; it is this parameter that is usually at the forefront when comparing submarines. Although an advantage often becomes a disadvantage - the submarine cannot announce its presence, because it is simply not visible. But these are minor things.

Much more serious is the fact that submarine forces operating separately from aviation and surface ships are becoming easy prey. German submarine aces initially made huge scores for themselves by destroying unarmed transports or attacking an unprepared enemy. With the advent of more or less serious counteraction, the effectiveness of Doenitz’s “wolf packs” sharply decreased, and when naval anti-submarine aviation came out to hunt, radars and new acoustic stations appeared, the Germans’ last chance of success melted away. During World War II, 783 German U-bots remained at the bottom of the Atlantic, and 32,000 submariners died!

The moral is this: submarines are excellent at their tasks, but using them to solve all the problems facing the Navy is pointless and ineffective. And now, I think it’s worth moving directly to the rating.

10th place – type “Virginia”

Fourth generation US Navy multipurpose nuclear submarines.
The lead ship entered service in 2004. There are currently 8 nuclear submarines in service; according to the plan, 22 more submarines should be built by 2030
At first glance, the characteristics of the world's most modern nuclear-powered ship evoke a deep sense of disappointment. Underwater speed is 25 knots, working depth is 250 meters. Well... you won’t surprise even Kriegsmarine submariners with such indicators. The armament does not shine either: 4 torpedo tubes and 12 vertical launch silos for launching Tomahawk cruise missiles. Ammunition - 26 torpedoes and 12 “Battle axes”. Not much. Among the special equipment, the boat is equipped with an airlock chamber for the exit of combat swimmers and uninhabited underwater vehicles.

But this project also has a number of strengths, making the Virginia submarine extremely dangerous underwater enemy. Complete secrecy is her motto! A system of insulated decks, cascading pneumatic shock absorption of equipment, new “silencing” hull coatings and a propeller enclosed in a fenestron (annular fairing) - all this ensures an extremely low noise level. The boat is practically undetectable against the background of ocean noise. General Electric's new S6E nuclear power plant allows the reactor to be recharged once every 30 years, which corresponds to the design life of the submarine.
“Virginia” is full of various “high-tech” systems and the most modern radio-electronic equipment. For the first time in world practice, instead of a traditional periscope, a telescopic mast is used on which a video camera, an infrared sensor and a laser rangefinder are installed. The image is transmitted to a monitor in a central control room via a fiber-optic cable. The solution is, of course, interesting.

But...no matter how hard American submariners try to admire their new boat, this is not at all what their dreams were about. 20 years ago, such a nuclear submarine in service with the US Navy would have caused a storm of indignation - America was preparing to build completely different submarines, with exorbitant characteristics and a very high cost. By these indicators, Virginia is just a compromise. Nevertheless, the boats of this project carry successful innovative solutions, have high combat potential and are designed for mass construction.

9th place – Typhoon

Heavy missile submarine cruiser strategic purpose project 941. Its body is as long as two football fields. The height is the size of a nine-story building. Underwater displacement – ​​48,000 tons. Crew - 160 people.
The largest underwater ship ever created by man. A dubious achievement in terms of combat effectiveness, but at the same time one cannot help but admire the size of this submarine. A total of 6 nuclear-powered missile submarines were built under Project 941.

Thanks to its cyclopean dimensions, the Typhoon was capable of breaking through ice up to 2.5 meters thick (!), which opened up the prospect of combat duty in the high Arctic latitudes for the Soviet submarine cruiser.
Another advantage of this incredible “underwater catamaran” is its extremely high survivability. Nineteen (!) hermetically sealed compartments made it possible to disperse and duplicate all the important systems of the ship. The Typhoon's reactors were placed in two independent compartments in different hulls of the submarine.
What? What different buildings are we talking about?

Anchor "Typhoon"

The Typhoon owed its immense size to the R-39 solid-fuel ballistic missile with a launch weight of 90 tons; there were 20 of them on board the nuclear submarine cruiser. The designers had to use unconventional layout solutions, as a result - this incredible “underwater catamaran” has two separate titanium durable housing(technically there are five of them!). At the same time, the mass of sea water contained in the light hull is 15,000 tons, for which the Typhoon received the ironic nickname “water carrier” in the navy. But he fulfilled his task of strategic nuclear deterrence 100%. Specialists from the Malachite Design Bureau said the best thing about this project: “a victory of technology over common sense.”

8th place – “Goldfish”

Records that were not reported by TASS. On December 18, 1970, the Northern Fleet nuclear submarine K-162, while submerged, set an absolute world speed record of 44.7 knots (82.78 km/h).

In the fall of 1971, during a long voyage to the Atlantic - all the way to the Brazilian Basin, she overtook the aircraft carrier Saratoga more than once - the US Navy group never managed to break away from her. The Soviet submarine, despite all attempts to evade, easily and naturally took an advantageous position for an attack in front of the amazed Americans.
In addition to excellent driving performance, the K-162 (since 1978 - K-222) had solid weapons. The main caliber was 10 Amethyst anti-ship missile launchers, there were also 4 torpedo tubes and 12 torpedoes.

Why was only one submarine built according to super-project 661 “Anchar”? There are several reasons for this:
Too much noise; at a speed of more than 35 knots, the K-162 created a monstrous roar. In the central post, the level of acoustic noise reached 100 decibels. This deprived the boat of stealth, and it was pointless to compete in speed with anti-submarine helicopters.

Another funny thing is that the titanium monster cost the USSR 240 million rubles (at the same time, American taxpayers paid 450 million dollars for the aircraft carrier Enterprise, in the 1960s they paid 60 kopecks for 1 dollar... so you do the math). Incredible, but true - the submarine cost almost as much as a giant nuclear-powered aircraft carrier with a displacement of 85,000 tons. No wonder K-162 was nicknamed “Goldfish”!

7th place – “Elusive Mike”

Another record holder from the ocean depths is the K-278 Komsomolets multipurpose nuclear submarine with a titanium hull. On August 4, 1985, she set an absolute record for diving depth among submarines - 1027 meters!
In fact, the best submarine of the USSR Navy was designed for an even greater depth - 1250 meters, while the record-breaking submarine could use its weapons at any depth; During test dives, K-278 successfully fired dummy torpedoes at a depth of 800 meters!

The only ship of Project 685 “Plavnik” was well armed and very dangerous - 6 bow torpedo tubes and 22 ammunition. The submarine's armament complex included strategic cruise missiles "Granat", high-speed underwater missiles "Shkval", anti-submarine missile-torpedoes "Vodopad" with nuclear warheads and homing electric torpedoes.
The amazing submarine became an insoluble mystery for the “probable enemy” Navy - at a depth of 1 kilometer, “Elusive Mike” was not detected by any acoustic, magnetic or other means.

Footage from the Mir deep-sea submersible, 1994

Well... I don’t want to mention it... this is the same submarine that died in a fire in the Norwegian Sea on April 7, 1989. K-278 sank at a depth of 1858 meters, part of the crew was rescued. The exact reasons for the death of the submarine have not yet been established; the Arctic reliably keeps its secrets.

6th place – “City Killers”

On November 15, 1960, the nuclear submarine George Washington with ballistic missiles on board went on combat patrol for the first time. The main task of the new submarine was to bring from the depths of the World Ocean nuclear missile strikes on important administrative centers, objects of military-economic potential and major cities with the aim of their complete destruction.

The ideas behind this ambitious project were:
- a ballistic missile launched from a submarine has a shorter flight time compared to a missile launched from a land base. This factor provides greater surprise and reduces the time during which the enemy can take countermeasures;
- a nuclear missile submarine has such great mobility compared to a conventional diesel boat that the enemy is unable to detect and hit it in time;
- if there are a certain number of nuclear missile-carrying submarines in positions in the World Ocean, the enemy will never determine from where he should expect an attack;

Within a year to “J. Washington" was joined by 4 more similar submarines. When reaching launch positions in the Norwegian and Mediterranean seas, each of them could launch 16 ballistic missiles"Polaris" A-1 at a range of 2200 km. The missiles were equipped with warheads with an explosive power of 600 kilotons and were launched from a depth of 20 meters. Frankly weak characteristics from the perspective of our days, but fifty years ago, strategic missile submarines of the J. Washington" made the whole world shudder.

5th place – Inimitable “Lyre”

Project 705(K) underwater interceptor. An elusive and merciless killer, created to hunt enemy submarines. The underwater speed is 41 knots, incredible, but the Lyra developed full speed within a minute from a stationary position. At full speed, circulation with a 180° turn was completed in 40 seconds. Such tricks made it possible to escape from an anti-submarine torpedo.
“Lyra” could move away from the pier in thirty minutes, pick up speed and disappear under water, dissolving in the depths of the World Ocean (a conventional nuclear submarine takes 2-3 hours to do this). So amazing characteristics- the result of special technical solutions used in the creation of this project.

Firstly, the specialists of the Malachite Design Bureau tried to reduce the size of the nuclear submarine to the limit, reducing the crew to a minimum and leaving only one reactor. The submarine, equipped with a comprehensive automated control system, was controlled by a crew of only 32 officers.
Secondly,… that’s right, titanium was used as a structural material. And, of course, the unusual boat required an unusual power plant - a reactor with a liquid metal coolant (LMC) - it was not water that was bubbling in the reactor circuits, but molten lead and bismuth. Actually, such a “unit” was only used on the Soviet submarine K-27, which did not go into production. Also, a liquid metal reactor was tested on the American nuclear submarine USS Seawolf (SSN-575), but after 4 years of operation it was dismantled and replaced with a conventional water-cooled reactor. Therefore, the Lyra became the world’s only series of nuclear submarines with a liquid metal reactor. Reactors of this type have an undeniable advantage - exceptional “receptivity” and high specific power.

At the same time, a reactor with liquid metal material poses an increased danger and requires special measures to comply with operating rules. In case of the slightest solidification, the coolant completely ceases to perform its functions, turning the reactor into nuclear bomb. Most of the boats with liquid metal reactors (including the experimental K-27) left the fleet due to bad stories that happened in the reactor compartment. So on April 8, 1982, during a combat cruise, 2 tons of liquid metal from the primary circuit of the reactor spilled onto the deck of the K-123 nuclear submarine. Elimination of the consequences of the accident took 9 years.

The base of Atomarine Project 705(K) was in Western Litsa. A special coastal complex was created there to service submarines of this type: a boiler room for supplying steam to the ships, and at the piers there was a floating barracks and a destroyer that supplied steam from their boilers. However, from a safety point of view, this turned out to be not enough - an ordinary accident on a heating main threatened to develop into a terrible radiation disaster. Therefore, the Lyras “warmed up” on their own, their reactors constantly operated at a minimally controlled power level. The boat could not be left unattended for a second. All this did not add popularity to the Liras among the inhabitants of the garrison.
All six of the worst horror stories from time to time Cold War were finally decommissioned in the 90s, putting an end to the development of nuclear submarines with liquid metal reactors. On both sides of the ocean they breathed a sigh of relief - the Lears were a formidable underwater enemy for the US Navy, but at the same time, the little ones were completely merciless towards their own crew and the personnel of the military base in Zapadnaya Litsa.

4th place – “Pike-B” vs. “Sea Wolf”

The best of the best. Soviet multi-purpose nuclear submarine project 971 “Pike-B” absorbed the most successful ideas of the legendary predecessor of Project 671RTMK and the titanium submarine Project 945 “Barracuda”.

The tough underwater warrior was not created for records. It was a well-thought-out, balanced project for a multi-purpose nuclear submarine that has virtually no weak points. Underwater speed - 30 knots. Working depth of immersion - 480 meters, maximum - 600. Armament - eight torpedo tubes, 40 units of ammunition in various combinations: Granat cruise missiles with nuclear warheads, anti-submarine missile torpedoes, Shkval underwater missiles, mines and deep-sea homing torpedoes UGST. Among other things, the Shchuka-B was armed with the most powerful 65-76 torpedoes of 650 mm caliber. Warhead– 450 kg, range – about 30 nautical miles. Speed ​​in search mode is 30 knots, at the moment of attack - 50...70 knots. The nuclear submarine could attack the enemy without entering the range of its anti-submarine weapons, and the latest radio-electronic and hydroacoustic equipment of the boat allowed sailors to control the space within a radius of tens of miles from the nuclear submarine.

In the 80s, an international scandal broke out - information was leaked to the press that the KGB, through fake “civilian”
customers purchased high-precision metalworking machines from Toshiba. Propellers manufactured according to new technology, significantly reduced the noise of Soviet nuclear submarines. America imposed sanctions against the greedy managers of the Toshiba company, but the job is done - the Shchuk-Bs have already gone to sea.
Currently, multi-purpose nuclear submarines Project 971 form the backbone of the Russian submarine fleet. In total, 14 Shchuk-Bs were built, another K-152 Nerpa was completed in an export modification, and on April 4, 2012, at the Visakhapatnam base, the boat was accepted into service with the Indian Navy. Several more hulls, which are in a high degree of readiness, were used in the construction of the Borei-class SSBN.

Stung by Soviet superiority, the Pentagon decided to take countermeasures without delay. In October 1989, a new type of submarine with the terrifying name “Seawolf” was laid down in the United States.
The Americans tried their best; the new nuclear submarine uses a revolutionary propulsion system - a water cannon. The distances between the boat's hull and the power plant mechanisms were increased, new shock absorbers and noise-absorbing coatings were used. The boat is practically undetectable when moving at 20 knots.

The armament complex is powerful and diverse: universal Mark-48 torpedoes, Tomahawk tactical cruise missiles, Harpoon anti-ship missiles, Captor anti-submarine mines. To launch them, eight 660 mm torpedo tubes are used, installed on the sides of the nuclear submarine. The bow of the boat is completely occupied by sonar, and 6 more passive hydroacoustic antennas are installed along the sides. The result is a real ocean bandit, capable of dealing with any enemy. That's just the price of the issue...4 billion dollars. A good submarine usually costs as much as an aircraft carrier.
30 “Sea Wolves” were supposed to become the mainstay of the American Navy in the future, but, due to the collapse of the USSR, only three boats were built. In return, the sailors received the Virginia with reduced characteristics (Remember, we talked about this?).

The Sea Wolf is certainly cool, but the Russian Navy has three times as many nuclear submarines, Project 971 Shchuka-B, which are almost as good as it in terms of characteristics.

3rd place – “Los Angeles” type

A series of 62 attack nuclear submarines of the US Navy. The Americans themselves like to call them “fast attack submarines,” which, in essence, means “submarine hunters.” The main tasks are to cover aircraft carrier groups and deployment areas of strategic submarine missile carriers, and fight enemy submarines. One of the few nuclear submarines with at least some combat experience - during Desert Storm, two Los Angeles were involved in strikes against ground targets.

Central post

What is the secret of their popularity? Los Angeles cars are known for their reliability and low level own noise. They are quite mobile (underwater speed up to 35 knots), have modest size and cost. The real workhorses of the fleet.

The boats are well armed - there are 4 torpedo tubes and 12 vertical launch silos for launching Tomahawks, the total ammunition load is 38 missiles and torpedoes. "Tomahawks", "Harpoons", "cunning" mines "Captor" - the standard set of American submarines. Some of the "Los Angeles" are equipped with a Dry Deck Shelter container for the work of underwater saboteurs.

Open missile silo covers

America is in no hurry to part with its proven submarines. Even with the new Virginias, many of the Los Angeles are undergoing modernization and will remain in service until at least 2030.

2nd place – Ohio type

The most advanced nuclear submarine missile carriers. With an underwater displacement of 18,700 tons, American designers
managed to “shove” 24 launch silos onto the Ohio for launching Trident ballistic missiles.

Otherwise, these are ordinary submarines, built in the best traditions of the American submarine fleet: 4 compartments, a single reactor, underwater speed of 20-25 knots, four torpedo tubes for self-defense. To increase the combat stability of the Ohio, emphasis was placed in two directions. Firstly, the developers have achieved a radical reduction in acoustic, magnetic, radiation and thermal fields. Secondly, combat stability The boat is provided with an extremely high secrecy regime - during combat patrols, the exact position of the SSBN is unknown even to the helmsmen; only a few senior officers of the submarine know the coordinates.

In connection with the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 4 of the 18 Ohio were reclassified as SSGNs (nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines). The Trident ballistic missiles were removed from the silos, and instead 154 tactical Tomahawks (7 in each) were placed in 22 missile silos. The two shafts closest to the wheelhouse have been converted into airlock chambers for combat swimmers. In addition, in addition to the main crew, the boat can accommodate 66 paratroopers.

Tomahawks

Surprisingly, Ohio, created 35 years ago, fully corresponds modern requirements, while their operational tension coefficient corresponds to 0.6. This means that the boats spend 2/3 of their time on combat patrols.
The US Navy command plans to completely withdraw the Ohio from combat personnel fleet no earlier than 2040. Sixty years in combat service? We'll see…

1st place – Nautilus

On January 17, 1955, a historic message was heard on the radio: “Underway on nuclear power!”

The submarine USS Nautilus (operational code SSN-571) entered world history, as the first real submarine, which will forever hold first place. I apologize for the involuntary pun, but all its diesel predecessors were not, in fact, submarines. They were "diving" boats, spending the lion's share of their time on the surface. The dive was considered a tactical maneuver, and the time spent under water was limited to a few days. At the same time, the mobility of the boat underwater was extremely limited.

Only the unquenchable flame of a nuclear reactor made it possible to completely disappear under water, providing the submarine with an inexhaustible source of energy. From now on, and despite all the restrictions of the ancient philosophers, a person could spend months at the bottom of the sea, creating his indomitable path to new achievements.

Even at the design stage, it became clear what prospects were opening up for ships with a nuclear power plant. In 1954, the Nautilus was launched, and the first tests began, instilling confidence in the sailors in their power over the forces of nature. The nuclear-powered submarine developed 23 knots while submerged and could maintain this speed indefinitely. Within reasonable limits, of course, one reactor charge was enough for 25,000 nautical miles. This figure means that the Nautilus's submerged cruising range was limited only by supplies of food, air and the endurance of the crew.

Having set its first record as a mere appearance, the Nautilus continued to amaze - on August 3, 1958, it became the first ship to reach North Pole. Inspired by the successes of nuclear energy, American sailors in 1959 completely abandoned the construction of diesel-electric submarines.

And then...and then naval everyday life began. The Nautilus turned out to be a lousy ship in terms of operation. The vibration of the turbines was such that already at 4 knots the sonar became useless. Concentrated loads and significant dimensions of the energy compartment required new layout solutions, while the mass of lead biological protection amounted to 740 tons (almost a quarter of the ship’s displacement!). We had to abandon a number of equipment provided for by the project.
“Nautilus” also became famous as a record holder for the number of emergency situations. These were mainly navigational errors (for example, the ramming of the aircraft carrier Essex in 1966 or an unsuccessful attempt to break through the Arctic ice during the conquest of the North Pole). There was also a mild fire - in 1958, the submarine burned for several hours.

Having served for a quarter of a century, the submarine ship was permanently laid up in the city of Groton, turning into a floating museum.
I wish everyone to live their lives as brightly as Nautilus did.

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IN Lately Citizens of our country are increasingly interested in the combat effectiveness of the Russian armed forces. Questions related to the army are asked on various Internet portals: “How many submarines and surface ships does Russia have?”, “How many tanks and missiles?” etc. Why did our people suddenly begin to show such interest, what was the reason?

Lyrical digression

Today it is no longer a secret to anyone that the President of the Russian Federation and his team have radically changed direction foreign policy our country. They are increasingly giving Western powers a thumbs down. Russia's policy is becoming more and more firm; it does not bend either to the United States or to European Union, nor under the IMF. Many Western politicians say that the “Russian Bear” has come out of hibernation and will soon make itself known in full voice. It is difficult to say what has changed in the minds of our president and those around him. Christians tend to say that the final battle of the Apocalypse is coming, and that Russia will become the savior of all humanity. Fans of Vedic teachings claim that the Night of Svarog has ended, the Dawn has come, that is, the time of lies and pretense has passed - the era of the warrior has arrived. We won’t say which of them is right and who is wrong; perhaps they are all right, and they are talking about the same thing, they just look at the world from their own bell tower. Let's return better to the government, which step by step strengthens our statehood and sovereignty. One of these programs was the reform of the Russian Armed Forces. In this article we will look at the state of our state’s submarine fleet, the prospects for its development, find out how many submarines Russia has and what their types are combat capabilities. After all, every person understands that strong politics Only the one who stands behind can lead great army.

to date?

Despite the economic crisis that befell our country in the 90s of the last century, and the emergence random people in the post of Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation already in the new century, striving with all their might to destroy the defense power of the state, the domestic fleet is still considered one of the largest in the world, with powerful potential for performing combat and reconnaissance missions. One of the main components of the Russian Navy is submarines. The question of how many submarines Russia has is of concern to many, but it is quite difficult to answer. First, let's look at the official statistics of the Ministry of Defense. According to materials presented to the public, the Russian Navy has 70 submarines. Of them:

• 14 nuclear-powered ships with ballistic missiles: 10 for the Northern Fleet (SF) and 4 for the Pacific Fleet (PF);
• 9 nuclear boats with cruise missiles: 4 for the Northern Fleet and 5 for the Pacific Fleet;
• 19 multi-purpose nuclear-powered ships: 14 for the Northern Fleet and 5 for the Pacific Fleet;
• 8 special-purpose nuclear submarines - all from the Northern Fleet;
• 1 special purpose - for the Northern Fleet.
• 19 diesel submarines: 2 at 2 at the Black Sea Fleet (Black Sea Fleet), 7 at the Northern Fleet, 8 at the Pacific Fleet.

Real numbers differ significantly from statistics

70 units of underwater equipment is quite impressive, but statistics are statistics, and real life- This is completely different. The above figures indicate that the fleet has 50 nuclear-powered ships of various projects in service, however, as it turned out, less than half of them are in a state of combat readiness. The rest of the nuclear-powered Russian Navy is either in reserve or awaiting repairs, and their return to service is very, very doubtful. In order not to be unfounded, let's look at the state of the submarine fleet in detail, so to speak, getting personal.

Most age group

The most “ancient” representatives of the Russian submarine fleet are four Project 667BDR boats. Today, two of them (K-223 and K-433) are in service, K-44 and K-129 are under repair. The likelihood of their return to service is negligible, because even those that are in use are planned to be written off when new boats arrive.

The most numerous class of submarines are multi-purpose projects. In total, the Navy has 19 units in five directions. The oldest of them are four boats 671RTMKK: K-388 and K-414 are in service, and K-138 and K-448 are under repair. The decommissioning of these submarines is scheduled for 2015.

The basis of the submarine fleet

The Navy has three of the largest boats in the world - 941 "Akula": TK-17 and TK-20 are put in reserve, and TK-208 is used for testing Bulava-type ballistic missiles. There are six Project 667BDRM submarines in the ranks of the Northern Fleet: K-18, K-51, K-114, K-117 and K-407 are in service, and K-407 should leave the repair docks this summer.

In addition, nine submarines of the Antey 949A project are in service with the Northern Fleet and Pacific Fleet, but only four of them (K-119, K-410, K-186 and K-456) have undergone scheduled repairs, and five are either in reserve. or under repair, and their prospects are very vague.

The basis of multi-purpose boats are the Shchuka-B ships of Project 971. There are eleven of them in the Russian Navy, five of them (K-154, K-157, K-317, K-335 and K-461) are on combat duty in part of the Northern Fleet, two - K-295 and K-331 - in the Pacific Fleet, and the rest are not in a combat-ready state, and their repair is a big question. Four more boats belong to projects 945 and 945A: “Barracuda” and “Condor”, respectively. These ships are distinguished by a heavy-duty titanium hull. Two of them - K-336 and K-534 - are serving as part of the Northern Fleet, and K-239 and K-276 are preparing for modernization and repair.

As you can see, the real number of Russian submarines is much less than presented in the report of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

The most modern submarines of Russia

Modern Russia - Project 955 Borei - entered the Navy only in 2013. Two of them, K-535 and K-550, are on combat duty somewhere in the waters of the world's oceans, K-551 is undergoing mandatory state tests, and another one is under construction. It is planned to release a series of eight submarines of this project.

The most modern submarine of our fleet is the Project 885 Yasen K-560. She joined the Navy on December 31, 2013. According to the plans of the Ministry of Defense, ten such nuclear-powered ships will be produced. As you can see, new Russian submarines continue to enter the Navy, so there is hope that in the coming years the situation will change dramatically, and for the better.

What awaits the Russian submarine fleet?

According to a statement by Russian Defense Minister S. Shoigu, the Navy will receive 24 new submarines by 2020. Similar ships of different projects and classes will help to update and raise the quality new level combat potential of the fleet. The Ministry of Defense has a clear plan for the development of the submarine navy over the coming decades. It is divided into three stages, each of which has its own goals and characteristics. The first period is already is full progress and will end in 2020, immediately after it the second will begin, which will end in 2030, and the last one will last from 2031 to 2050.

Despite the different plans for each of the stages, they all have common goal: updating the technical base of the Russian submarine fleet and bringing it to the level of world leaders. Let's look briefly at each period.

First stage

The main task is the construction of new nuclear-powered ships carrying strategic weapons. After all, old boats are already reaching the end of their service life and will soon need to be replaced. They are planned to be replaced by Project 955 and 955A submarines. As mentioned earlier, by 2020 it is planned to produce 8 boats of this class. Once commissioned, they will be able to simultaneously keep more than 200 R-30 Bulava class missiles on duty. In addition, the Navy command decided to abandon large quantity different types of projects and replace them with fourth-generation multi-purpose nuclear-powered ships “Yasen” of Project 885.

Second phase

For reasons of secrecy, the details of this period are not made public, it is only known that it is planned complete replacement of the outdated fleet with fourth-generation models and the creation of new fifth-generation projects.

Third stage

There is even less information about this period than about the second. We only know about the formation of new requirements for sixth generation submarines. It is possible that a modular assembly project for the submarine fleet will also be implemented, when, depending on the customer’s requirements, one or another module is installed, for example, with anti-ship missiles or ballistic missiles, etc. Depending on the task, the boat will be assembled like a construction kit "Lego."

Historical reference

Officially, the history of domestic construction of submarines dates back to the time of Peter the Great (1718). Then a carpenter from a village near Moscow, Efim Nikonov, submitted a petition to the Russian emperor, in which he proposed a project for the so-called “Hidden Vessel.” This was the first submarine in Russia. In 1724, tests of this creation were carried out on the Neva River, but they ended in failure, since the bottom of the vessel was damaged during descent, and the author of the project almost died and was saved only thanks to the personal participation of Peter himself. Nikonov was given the task of correcting the shortcomings, but with the death of the emperor, as often happens, the project was conveniently forgotten. First submarine enlisted in Russian fleet, appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century. A photo of the destroyer "Dolphin", which became the basis for subsequent domestic submarines, is presented below.

Conclusion

Today, Russian and US submarines are the backbone of the world's submarine fleet. To maintain its position, the domestic submarine fleet needs to be developed and modernized. And I would like to end this article with a quote Russian Emperor Alexandra III(1881-1894): “In the whole world we have only two faithful allies - our army and navy. “Everyone else will take up arms against us at the first opportunity.”