Correct punctuation of the sentence. How to do punctuation analysis The order of punctuation analysis of a complex sentence

Punctuation analysis of a sentence is quite easy to do if you know the scheme and master the basic rules of grammar. In essence, this language analysis is based on finding and explaining the use of certain punctuation marks using knowledge of syntax.

Parsing scheme

There are differences between the analysis of simple and complex sentences, but the algorithm of actions itself remains the same. To understand how to do punctuation parsing, you need to know in what order to do it.

1. Place numbers above all punctuation marks.
2. Explain the sign (punctogram) that stands at the end. It can be a period, an exclamation mark, or a question mark. The ellipsis is rarely used.
3. Analyze the presence of commas or dashes. If the sentence is complex, talk about the use of punctograms, which in total make up the construction.

How to parse correctly

When you have put down all the numbers, we proceed directly to the analysis. In order to correctly explain the use of a sign at the end of a sentence, you need to determine the purpose of the statement and its general emotional tone. A full stop is used to show a complete thought. Such a sentence is called a narrative sentence. If the goal is to ask a question, there will always be a question mark at the end, and if it is an order or an incentive to act, an exclamation mark is placed after the last word, and the sentence itself is called an incentive. If the thought is not finished or requires a long pause, put an ellipsis at the end.

We define the structure of the proposal. To explain the choice of signs in a complex statement, determine how many parts it consists of and how they are interconnected. The connection can be coordinating, subordinating, allied or non-union.

In simple sentences, we explain the functions that this or that sign performs. Commas or dashes can be inserted words or phrases, appeals, separate definitions and applications, as well as clarifying terms designed to attract the reader's attention.

Also, a comma separates homogeneous members. The direct speech of the author also requires commas and dashes.

At the end of the analysis, it is preferable to draw a diagram where the places where certain punctuation marks are placed will be graphically displayed.

Let us give an example of parsing a complex sentence. Based on it, you can analyze and simple.

Talk about the grammatical functions of signs.

Of course, (1) the modern Russian language differs from that (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (6)

• 6 - dot at the end of a declarative sentence with a complete thought.
• 2 - a comma between parts of a complex sentence and separates the subordinate part from the main one.
• 1 - A comma separates the introductory word from the rest of the sentence.
• 3, 4 - homogeneous members are separated by signs, in this case the subjects, which are connected without union.

As we can see, it is quite easy to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence, but for this you need to be able to analyze the structure of the construction and explain the use of punctuation marks from a grammatical point of view. Therefore, it is worth studying not only the rules of writing, but also being able to divide words in a sentence into members.

The role of punctuation in our written language cannot be underestimated. Thanks to it, thoughts are structured and separated from each other in sentences, the intonation and emotions of the author are transmitted, the text becomes clear and understandable to any reader. In oral speech, all this helps us to carry out intonations, pauses, facial expressions, but punctuation marks come to the aid of writing.

Features of punctuation parsing of a sentence

Punctuation marks in sentences perform a wide variety of functions: dividing, semantic, excretory. We define very important signs at the end of a sentence, because they help us complete a thought, show intonation (question marks, exclamation marks), and without them the whole story would be one continuous sentence.

How does punctuation parse a sentence:

• first, we define and explain the sign at the end of the sentence, which will help us determine the general intonation (ellipsis, period, exclamation or question marks, a whole combination of characters);
• then we turn to signs at the level of a complex sentence (signs between simple sentences - comma, dash, colon);
• Lastly, explain the signs in simple sentences.

For the convenience of punctuation parsing, it is recommended to number the punctuation marks for further explanation of their placement. If we learn how to properly punctuate with the help of punctuation parsing of a sentence, in the future we can always use them correctly and intuitively without hindrance. This will help us in the future to become literate people who know the rules of our powerful and diverse Russian language well.

Sentence parsing example

When I met a homeless cat on the street, (2) my heart, (3) which had not known sadness until that moment, (4) was filled with pity for him. (1)

1) A period is put at the end of the sentence, since the sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory and contains a complete thought.

2) A comma between simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate, separating the subordinate clause (“when I met a homeless cat on the street”) from the main (“my heart was filled with pity for him”);

3) Two commas (3.4), highlighting a separate circumstance, expressed by a participle turnover ("not knowing sadness until this moment").

Punctuation parsing of the sentence provides better assimilation of punctuation rules by schoolchildren. It is based on three consecutive actions, eventually leading to an explanation of the conditions for choosing one or another punctuation mark. For punctuation analysis, it is necessary to know the parts of speech, be able to find the grammatical basis and secondary members in the sentence, and also hear the intonation with which it is pronounced. Proper punctuation ensures the accuracy and clarity of the expression of thought.

Order of punctuation parsing
The main punctuation marks studied at school and used for punctuation analysis are: dot (it is from its Latin name “punctum” that the word “punctuation” came from), comma, semicolon, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, brackets, quotation marks and dots.

Punctuation analysis begins with determining the nature of the sentence, which can be either simple or complex. Then one or more punctuation rules are established that are valid in the sentence being parsed. Each of them is subject to separate selection. The result of punctuation parsing is a graphical scheme of the sentence.

How to punctuate a simple sentence?
A simple sentence in a diagram is indicated by square brackets followed by one of five punctuation marks: a period, a question mark, an exclamation point, an ellipsis, or a combination of a question mark and an exclamation mark.

The inside of the diagram shows a complication of a simple sentence. The grammatical basis is specified by default.

1. Homogeneous members of the proposal are depicted in the diagram in the form of circles, inside which the graphic designation of the member of the proposal is placed. All members of a sentence can be homogeneous: subjects (one straight line), predicates (two straight lines), additions (one dotted line), definitions (one wavy line) and circumstances (dashed line with a dot between the lines). Together with them, the diagram indicates the punctuation marks and conjunctions related to them (connective, adversative, comparative).
   Homogeneous members can be used in a sentence along with a generalizing word. In the diagram, it is indicated by a circle with a thick dot inside.
   
2. Introductory words and phrases are depicted in the form of five small crosses, on top of which the inscription “vv.sl.” is placed, where “sl.” denotes both "word" and "phrase". Above the introductory sentences, “vv.pr.” is written.
   
3. Appeals on the scheme are reproduced in the form of a wavy line with the inscription "o."
   
4. Interjections are written in the scheme with words (“alas”, “ah”, “Hurrah!”, etc.).
   
5. To explain the setting of a dash between the subject and the predicate above the graphic representation of the grammatical basis, the part of speech and its grammatical form are indicated: “n., I.p.”, “n. + noun", "indefinite f.gl.", "num.", "noun. + num." etc. The indicative words “this”, “here”, “means” are written in full on the diagram.
   The absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate should also be explained in the punctuation analysis of the sentence. In this case, it is enough to highlight the grammatical basis and the rules on the basis of which the dash is omitted: the presence of a negative particle “not” between the subject and the predicate or comparative conjunctions “like”, “as if”, “as if”.
   
6. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks and are divided into five categories:
   • Separate definitions are depicted on the diagram as a single wavy line inside two slashes "/ ~~~/".
     If a separate definition refers to a personal pronoun, then the latter is indicated on the diagram with an “x” sign, over which “l.m.” is written. All other parts of speech are indicated on the diagram with a simple "x".
     Above the definitions expressed by the participial turnover, the inscription “p.o.” is placed.
     Two or more separate definitions are highlighted in the scheme as homogeneous (wavy line in a circle). An arrow is drawn from the word being defined to them.
     Above separate definitions with concessive and causal meaning, “us.sign.” and "pw.zn", respectively. In the diagram, such definitions are depicted by two lines: the lower one is the circumstances, the upper one is the definitions.
     Agreed and inconsistent definitions on the diagram are separated from each other and signed as "agree", "disagree".
     
   • Detached applications are depicted in the diagram in the same way as standalone definitions. They can refer to a personal pronoun ("l.m."), a common noun ("common"), or a proper name ("own"). Separate applications with the union "how" are distinguished on the diagram by the bottom line of the circumstance and the top line - definitions, above which it is written "causal". or "quality value".
     
   • Separate additions are indicated on the diagram in the form of ordinary additions with the words “except”, “instead of”, “including”, “besides”, etc., related to them.
     
   • Isolated circumstances are depicted on the diagram as a single dotted line with dots enclosed in slashes. Above them, it is indicated how they are expressed: by a gerund (“d.”) or a participle turnover (“d.o.”). An arrow from the word being defined is drawn to isolated circumstances.
     Circumstances expressed by phraseological units are signed as "phraseological". They are not distinguished by punctuation marks in the letter.
     Above the circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are written (“despite”, “subject to”, etc.).
     
   • The clarifying members of the proposal are indicated on the diagram in the form of certain members of the proposal - definitions, circumstances, additions, etc. Each of them is asked a question, to which they answer: “when?”, “What?”, “What?” etc. In addition, the scheme indicates the unions related to them, explaining words and phrases.
     
7. Comparative turns are highlighted in the diagram in the same way as isolated circumstances. Above them is the inscription "comparison".
   

How to perform punctuation analysis of a complex sentence?
A complex sentence in the diagram is indicated as simple sentences depicted using square and round brackets.

1. In compound sentences outside square brackets, denoting simple sentences that are equal in relation to each other, together with punctuation marks, connecting and dividing unions are indicated. A common minor member or introductory word is also bracketed and underlined either as a circumstance with the inscription "general" or as an introductory word.
   The setting of a dash between simple sentences is explained by the inscriptions “result”, “res.sm.d.” (abrupt change of action), etc.
   
2. In complex sentences, the main simple sentence is indicated by square brackets, the dependent (subordinate) - by round brackets. When parsing punctuation, unions (“union”), allied (“allied words”) and demonstrative words (“indicative words”) are prescribed and indicated on the diagram. Allied words in the subordinate clause and demonstrative - in the main are underlined as certain members of the sentence.
   If there are several subordinate clauses, an index arrow is placed for each of them from the sentence to which they are subordinate.
   
3. In non-union sentences, conjunctions suitable for the situation are placed in parentheses above the punctuation marks connecting simple sentences.
   

How is direct speech formed in punctuation parsing?
In the diagram, direct speech is represented by the letters "P" (direct speech at the beginning of a sentence or being an independent sentence) and "p" (direct speech at the end of a sentence). The words of the author are denoted by the letters "A" and "a".
In writing and in punctuation analysis, respectively, there are several options for the design of direct speech:

1. Direct speech comes before the words of the author:
2. Direct speech comes after the words of the author:
   
3. Direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author:

   "P, - a, - p."

   "P-a. - P".

   "P? - but. - P".

   "P! - but. - P".

   
   

In this article, the basics of punctuation analysis of sentences were considered. We recommend supplementing your knowledge on this topic with the help of the book by O. Ushakova with the same name “Punctuation Analysis of a Sentence”. This small collection, written in an understandable, accessible form, provides a large number of examples of punctuation analysis of sentences of different levels of complexity.

How to do a punctuation analysis of a sentence in order to once and for all insure yourself against ridiculous mistakes while writing? If you remember the simple rules of the Russian language once and for all, you can not worry about your reputation as a competent copyist. How to do punctuation analysis, children learn in the fifth or sixth grade, but over time, the lessons are forgotten and you have to restore knowledge.

What is sentence punctuation?

In fact, the answer to this question lies in the very name of the term. This is the division of a sentence into certain segments, which are separated from each other by punctuation marks, as well as finding out exactly which punctuation marks are suitable in a particular case. This is a detailed analysis of all punctuation marks in a single sentence.

Correctly performing punctuation analysis of a sentence means not only correctly punctuating it, but also explaining why this sign is right here. In order not to get confused and do everything in order, you must follow a certain sequence of actions.

Action plan

Punctuation analysis of the sentence is done according to the following scheme:

Every student knows how to make a punctuation analysis of a sentence, but as they grow older, incoming information sometimes crowds out such elementary knowledge, and we forget about the simplest things. To restore past experience, try to parse punctuation using various examples of text. Thus, you can always be sure of your impeccable literacy.

Sentence punctuation scheme:

Sample punctuation analysis of a sentence:

[Ask, 1 ( which is more humble), 2 Pierre mounted the horse, 3 grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his twisted legs against the horse's stomach and, 5 feeling, 6 (that his glasses were falling off) 7 and (that he unable to take away hands from the mane and reins), 8 galloped after the general, 9 arousing the smiles of the staff, 10 who looked at him from the mound]. (L. Tolstoy)

Explanation of punctuation marks:

1) Period at the end of a sentence.

A period is placed at the end of the sentence, as it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.

2) Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.

This is a complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:

1 and 2 - commas highlight the subordinate clause inside the main one;

6 and 8 - commas highlight subordinate clauses inside the main one;

7 - no comma is put, because homogeneous clauses are connected by a single connecting union "and".

3) Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of the sentence.

Separation of circumstances and definitions:

3 and 4 - commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without union;

5 - a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;

9 - a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a participle;

10 - a comma separates a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover and standing after the word being defined.