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From a utopia, flying cars have become a reality. Today we can talk about 10 models of real cars that can take to the skies.
Overview
People have dreamed of flying for a long time. Thanks to this, the airplane was created more than 100 years ago. Then mankind got acquainted with helicopters and airplanes. But one could only dream of conquering hearts with their appearance and speed of flying cars from science fiction films.
For more than a hundred years, many companies have been working on their creation. Finally, we managed to get the process off the ground.
Flying AeroMobil
The Slovak company AeroMobil has been working since 1990 on the creation of a flying car. More than one prototype was created, a lot of tests were carried out. The vehicle was successfully tested in 2016. Observers of the flight said that the sight was impressive!
Finally, they started talking about its serial sale.
The flying car, according to the developers, runs on gasoline, feels great on highways. But, most importantly, a flying car is able to take to the air. All it needs to take off is 200 meters of flat pavement, 50 meters is enough for landing. It can land on any flat area if there is no track nearby.
What is known?
Filling
For the manufacture of the skeleton, steel and carbon fiber were used - a very light and durable modern material.
The flying car is simply crammed with modern devices:
- autopilot;
- perfect navigation,
- night flight system;
- rescue parachutes.
It takes 20 seconds to transform from a ground vehicle into an airplane.
Price
Little is known about her. But, it is clear that you will have to lay out a lot of money. According to rumors, this is at least 300 thousand euros. Indeed, a lot. With this money you can buy your own two-seater helicopter or a comfortable 5-seater aircraft.
Characteristics
The car that can fly is named AeroMobil 3.0. His Rotax 192 engine has a capacity of 100 "horses". Thanks to the power unit on the track, the maximum speed can reach 160 km / h, in the sky - 200. But, for take-off, you need to have 250 meters of a flat and free road, for landing you can limit yourself to 50 m.
As well as the technical parameters include:
- width, in cm - 2200;
- length, in cm - 600 meters;
- wingspan, cm - 8300;
- motor power - 100 hp;
- front drive. He pushes the front wheels and propeller;
- consumption - 16 l / h;
- Max flight range - 700 km;
- ground power reserve - 875 km;
- takeoff speed - 10 km / h.
Control
In order to be behind the wheel of a fantastic flying car, a driver's license alone is not enough. You will need to unlearn flight courses (or turn to a professional private pilot) in order to obtain a document giving the right to aerial piloting.
Folding fenders and wheels are made of super strong carbon fiber. The weight of the transformer without fuel and passenger weight is 450 kg. The flying Slovak car resembles the US Terrafugia Transition in size:
While the flying car is designed for 2 people, despite the size, worthy of a limousine. But, the company's plans are far-reaching, so "not far off" they plan to please with a 4-seater model.
Video
Video: AeroMobil 3 0 Official Video 1920×1080
Terrafugia Transition
A real car that can fly is a novelty of the current year. We can see an incredible means of transportation on land and air thanks to developing technologies.
Overview
It is a Boston drone TF-X four-seat sedan.
The developer equipped it with two electric motors and the same number of wings that can take two positions: horizontal - in preparation for takeoff and vertical - when moving on the ground. Thanks to the ability of the wings to fold, the unique airplane car fits easily in a regular garage. And he also has a 300-horsepower internal combustion engine.
Thanks to additional propellers and a tunnel fan in the tail, the flying car does not care where to land and where to take off. It doesn't have to have a runway at all.
Speed
Its maximum value reaches 320 km / h, and the distance covered by a flying machine is 800 km.
Control
It is automatic. Therefore, a pilot is not required. It is enough just to enter the appropriate item into the control system so that the transport starts moving in a given direction.
In an unusual situation, the driver of a flying miracle has the opportunity to make an emergency landing or stop.
Anyone who has a driver's license and has completed a pilot training course can ride a flying car and fly.
Price
The price of such a miracle transport, which will appear by 2025, will reach 279 thousand euros. But, in the future, it will decline and perhaps someday a flying car will become as common as a classic one.
Video
Video: The Terrafugia TF-X
Security
She gets the most attention. A flying car developer claims that flying an air car that can travel 1,000 km in the air in 3 hours is safer than driving on roads.
Other companies are also working on the creation of flying cars, an example of which is another hybrid of a car and an airplane.
Moller Skycar М400
Overview
What is not sold on the Internet. Here is the flying car - the creation of Moller International, already up for sale on eBay. Truth at an exorbitant price - 1 million dollars.
True, the potential buyer will not be able to take it into the air. Until the ban imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration of America is lifted.
The flying M400 Skycar was created by Professor Paul Moller, an employee of the University of Davis.
Today, the American company Athena Technologies and China are showing interest in his project, which wants to host production facilities for the production of such flying cars. Therefore, the developer's place has a chance to come true.
An investor has already been found who is ready to invest 80 million dollars in production. Thanks to the fortunate circumstances, preparations have already begun for the serial production of a car capable of flying.
The takeoff and landing of a flying car will be vertical, and this requires careful preparation. The transformer is designed for 4 passengers.
The maximum speed that a flying car will develop is very tempting - 610 km / h. But, it is unlikely that everyone will be able to buy it, since the price is expected to be half a million dollars.
Parameters
- number of seats - 4;
- takeoff - vertical;
- fuel - gasoline;
- consumption per 100 km - 8.5 liters;
- speed in the air - 610 (at an altitude of 6 km), 480 (8.8 km), 225 (at sea level);
- flight range - 1450 km;
- motor - 645 hp
Video
Video: M400X Demonstration flight
Pal-V
Overview
The flying car created by the Dutch is called the Pal-V. In the near future, anyone who has the right amount will be able to buy it.
A flying machine, with minimal risk to the user, can “soar” straight up from the path near the house and without it - from the runway of a small airfield. Of course, it is not intended to take off a flying car stuck in a traffic jam, since this is fraught with danger. A driver with a license to operate an aircraft, without which one cannot become the owner of a curiosity, will easily get, turning the steering wheel, to any place by air.
And, if necessary, after landing in the right place, you can get there, as in a regular car.
The novelty is a mixture of a gyroplane with folding blades on a main rotor, and a tricycle that is capable of tilting when cornering.
This flying car is distinguished from rare analogues by rear-wheel drive and permission (quite legal) to travel on highways. He has all the elements necessary for this.
In flight mode, all the power of the power plant is aimed at spinning the propeller of a flying car.
It is driven by a double propulsion system. Its power corresponds to 100 "horses" in "terrestrial conditions" and 200 - in the air.
Fuel
The flying machine runs on fuel:
- AI-95-98;
- aviation gasoline;
- a mixture of ethanol and gasoline in a ratio of 1:9.
In the incarnation of a car, the structure accelerates easily up to 160 km / h with an acceleration of up to hundreds of 9 seconds. The covered path is 1315 km, and the consumption per hundred is 7.6 liters.
Dimensions
For road driving, the structure has the following dimensions:
- length - 4 m;
- width - 2m;
- height - 1.7 m.
In flight mode:
- length - 6.1 m;
- width -2m;
- height - 3.2 m;
- screw diameter - 10.75 m.
By air, the Liberty is capable of flying up to 500 km. The figure will change depending on the load. But the tank will not be empty. There will remain a reserve, which is enough to soar 3.5 km up and accelerate to 180 km / h.
A flying car needs 180m of flat ground to take off and 30m to land. The average fuel consumption is 26 l/h.
Weight
An empty (without passengers and fuel) flying car weighs 664 kg, designed for two and luggage weighing 20 kg. To this add 100 liters of fuel. As a result, the maximum takeoff weight reaches 910 kg.
Who is interested?
The flying car is designed more for Europe and America, since the network of private airfields is well developed there. But, it is planned that 90 first copies will go to the USA for sale, 10 to Europe.
Price
In addition to the cost of the device, it includes the amount for the introductory course and the training conducted by the designer. The "net" price for Europeans is 499 thousand euros plus tax, for Americans - 599 thousand euros.
Later, a cheaper version was promised by the manufacturer. The cost of which lies in the range of 299-300 thousand euros.
Already today you can make pre-orders for this car and make deposits in the amount 10-25 thousand dollars. Deliveries are promised by the end of the year.
Video
Video: Pal-V Flying Car, World's First Flying Car Production Model
Parajet Sky Car
Overview
The idea of creating a flying car is not new. It took a lot of work to make it appear in real life. And now the flying car is already flying from London to African Tumbuktu. This is a Parajet SkyCar. Which takes 3 minutes to transform from a car into a plane.
Two big companies - Parajet International Ltd and Rage Motorsport Ltd made a deal, so it is quite possible that soon everyone will be able to purchase such a transformer.
True, it will cost a lot. The design itself will be made by the second company, and the first will deal with the details for the flights.
Chassis
The manufacturer gave the flying car a completely new chassis, which reduced the weight of the air car by 80 kilograms.
The car was also equipped with:
- rear parachute;
- increased legroom;
- three-cylinder Yamaha engine with gasoline injection.
Aircraft power is higher. Than the models occupying the top positions in the TOP-11 - 140 horsepower.
Speed
Acceleration to hundreds in ground conditions requires only 4.5 minutes. Speed is limited to 180 km/h. The path covered is 400 km.
In the air, the car, which was created using innovative technologies, flies at a speed of 110 km / h (in the future they promise 160), flying up to 300 km. Its take-off reach is 60 km/h, and the cruising altitude is 900 meters (maximum is 4500 m).
Video
Video: The Parajet SkyCar's First Flight
Maverick Sport
The flying machine, ranked 6th in the TOP-11 by I-TEC, is both a car and a paraglider. She doesn't need wings or anti-gravity technology.
The company decided to use parachutes for flights. Moreover, to do this precisely for being in the air, and not to use them, as in superfast cars, to help the braking system.
Differences
The main one is that, unlike analogues (albeit already at the stage of mass production), this air car is already on sale.
Design
In appearance, it resembles a golf cart, so it looks a little unusual. If you do not take into account the propeller and parachute, then this is an ordinary, albeit lightweight, car. But he flies!
Flight principle
It was borrowed from a motor paraglider. The flying car was equipped with a large steam engine and a “wing” parachute. Having released it during movement, the design, quickly picking up speed, soars up, driven along it thanks to the thrust that the screw in the rear provides.
Security
In order to protect themselves and road users from injury, the driver of an air car takes off and lands only on unloaded routes.
Video
Video: Flying Car — Maverick 2
kitty hawk
Fifth place in the TOP-11 was taken by an all-electric design with vertical take-off and landing - an electric car Kitty Hawk.
What is known about him?
According to the developers, it will take only a few minutes to confidently fly this machine. To do this, the flying car has joysticks, similar to those used in computer games.
Design
Outwardly, the prototype looks like a huge dragon, under the grid of which there are 8 rotors that lift it into the sky.
It is registered as an ultralight vehicle, so users do not need to issue a license to fly. They promise to present the airmobile already this year.
Price
There's no exact figure on how much you'll need to pay for the aircar, but those who pay the $100 three-year membership fee are promised priority in the queue and a $2,000 discount.
Video
Video: Introducing the Kitty Hawk Flyer
Airbus
The dream of people about overcoming long distances, which will not be hindered by annoying traffic jams, was decided to be realized by the German corporation Airobus.
In Geneva, the developers presented an aircraft that makes it possible to glide through the air over a highway clogged with traffic jams - a flying Airbus.
The hybrid is equipped with two modules - wheels for ground movement and propellers for air flight.
Operating principle
The passenger only needs to get into the car, designed for two, and indicate the destination. The drone will independently lay out a route in order to optimally quickly reach the specified place. He will decide how it is easier to do it - by air or by road.
On ordinary roads, it should appear in five years.
Video
Video: PopUp
surefly
On the third step of the TOP-11, a flying car made of carbon fiber is an octocopter designed for 2 passengers.
Description
It has 4 wings and 8 screws that are fixed from the bottom of the wings. Paired screws rotate in the opposite direction, which has a positive effect on the stability of the model.
The device is equipped with a gas engine capable of generating energy. Necessary to drive 8 electric motors.
In addition, the flying car has two lithium batteries that can, in the event of a motor failure, take over the function of spinning the propellers. For the final version, a parachute will be provided.
Characteristics
- The highest flight speed is 113 km / h;
- With a fully charged battery, the travel distance is 112 km;
- Permissible payload - 180 kg, i.e. is the weight of the pilot, passenger and cargo.
Price
The Workhorse plans for later models to use autonomous control, but for now it's a joystick controller. Those who wish should be ready for serial production by 2020. In the meantime, they have time to collect the required amount - 200 thousand dollars. This will be the price of the first samples.
Video
Video: SureFly personal octocopter revealed by the Workhorse Group
AeroMobil
Overview
This futuristic flying car of the Slovak company was presented in Vienna 4 years ago. After the presentation, the company received investments, the amount of which amounted to 3 million euros, and plunged headlong into work.
At the exhibition held in Monaco (April 20), the next generation transformer was presented. Developers make "hundreds of changes", improving its design and performance.
The Slovaks do not need to prove anything, because their offspring rides and flies perfectly.
Technical indicators
- The speed developed on the roads and in the air is 160 and 200 km / h, respectively;
- Mileage on the ground and in the sky - 875 and 700 km;
- The length of the car reaches almost six meters;
- Width in car and airplane mode - 2.2 m and almost 9;
- Tank volume - 90 liters;
- Fuel - gasoline;
- Acceleration to 100 km - 10 seconds;
- Takeoff - at 130 km / h.
Price
Pre-orders will begin to be accepted this year. And the announced price will be from 1,200,000 euros to 1,500,000 euros.
Video
Video: AeroMobil 3.0 — official video
The boxer "four", which the hybrid is equipped with, supplies energy to 2 electric motors.
He has a front-wheel drive, power in automotive mode - 110 hp. and 300 in aviation.
Salon
It fits two adults. Take-off weight (maximum) - up to 960 kg.
It takes 3 minutes to get the car into takeoff mode.
Security
Belts and airbags are responsible for it (on the ground). In the air, this issue is solved by integrated parachutes with automatic opening.
The Lilium Jet
Description
This model is the leader of TOP-11. An aircraft powered by electricity. It is equipped with 36 electric motors, thanks to which it is possible to reach sky-high speeds of 300 km/h. It is clear that transporting a person to the right place will not cause him any problems.
Its maximum load is limited to 200 kg, which corresponds in weight to the mass of two, large people or three with an average weight.
He does not need a runway, since landing and takeoff are carried out vertically.
Below is a diagram showing the cost of riding a Lilium Jet.
perspective
The developers received investments from the European Space Agency, which amounted to 10 million euros. Thanks to them, tests will continue and the release of this car will come closer, which will save you from standing in traffic jams.
Price
The car has already made its first flight. Due to the minimum requirements, its cost can be close to classic cars. The speed will be five times more - 300 km / h. In terms of noise level, it exceeds even an ordinary motorcycle. It consumes 90% less energy compared to conventional aircraft.
In the future, it is planned to increase the capacity.
Video
Video: Flying electric car Lilium Jet made the first test field
The idea that you can get rid of traffic jams by simply flying up is tempting. That is why every year there are more and more concepts of flying cars. And today we will consider the most interesting ideas and talk about whether there are chances for their implementation.
Born to crawl
The idea to combine an aircraft and a car appeared much earlier than one might think. The first attempt in history to create a "winged" car was made by an American Glen Curtis in 1916. The designer called his brainchild Curtis Autoplane. The bizarre device had three wings at once and vaguely resembled the triplanes used in the First World War. "Autoplan" could drive, but he was not destined to reach the sky: the maximum that he was capable of was short jumps. The idea of flying cars soon took hold of the powers that be. So, the American industrialist Henry Ford in the 20s allocated money for the Flying Flivver project, in which they wanted to create a "small cheap flying car." His story, alas, turned out to be sad: the very first test ended in disaster. The pilot is dead.
This did not deter the inventors, and over time, many other models of flying cars appeared. The first truly successful Arrowbile, designed by designer Waldo Waterman. The device made its first flight in 1937. The three-wheeled Strelobil was designed for two people. On the ground, he could accelerate to 110 km / h, and in the air - up to 200 km / h. While driving on the road, the huge wings were dismantled: without them, the Arrowbile was registered as a motorcycle. Despite the merits of the Strelobil, a total of five such machines were built, after which the project was closed, and the inventor was left out of work. Similarly, the fate of his followers was: their creations could both ride and fly, but they were not mass-produced.
Nowadays
In the 21st century, inventors have opportunities that designers of past years never dreamed of. This is partly why in recent years very promising models of flying cars have appeared. The greatest attention of the public among all of them attracts AeroMobil- the creation of the Slovak designer Stefan Klein. This is not surprising, because the company of the same name decided to launch a “winged” car on the market as early as 2017. The car has a bewitching futuristic appearance, although its main feature lies, of course, not in design, but in capabilities.
“AeroMobil can reach 160 km/h on the highway and 200 km/h in the sky. Regular motor gasoline is used as fuel: AeroMobil 3.0 spends 8 l / 100 km on the highway, and 15 liters in the sky. The cruising range on the highway is 875 km, and in the "airplane" mode, the device can overcome up to 700 km "
In the air, the car moves due to the screw, which is installed in the rear. AeroMobil has an autopilot, in addition, it was equipped with a special parachute system for rescue in an emergency. To make it convenient to move on the highway, the wings of the car fold. Of course, no one will take off from the usual road. To fly, you need to get to the runway and, of course, have a license to fly, in other words, you must be a pilot.
AeroMobil is far from the only flying car we can already see. Back in 2009, the American company Terrafugia launched its Terrafugia Transition aircraft into the sky. The original look of the car received folding wings, allowing you to put it in a regular garage. Transition can move freely in the air and on the ground. On the highway, the car is capable of developing 105 km / h, in the sky - 185 km / h. Terrafugia needs a runway longer than 500 meters to take off. The developers have been constantly improving their brainchild, and today several versions of Terrafugia Transition have been created. Buy such a car will be "only" for 279 thousand dollars.
Concepts of the future
We examined some models of modern flying cars. As you probably already noticed, they are united by one feature - such machines need a runway (or at least a flat section of the road). Of course, this sharply limits the range of their application. Therefore, now the already mentioned company Terrafugia is working on its new model. TF-X. This is a cross between a car and a tiltrotor. Unlike many other models of flying cars, the TF-X will not need airfields: the car will be able to take off and land vertically on a platform with a diameter of 30 m. The four-seat car received folding wings, each of which has an electric motor that drives the propellers. The machine also has a 300 hp internal combustion engine. from.
For all the futuristic nature of the project, it is also impossible to call TF-X a simple “flight of fancy”: obviously, its creators are determined to finish what they started. And more recently, the developer and founder of Google Larry Page invested $ 100 million in the creation of this car. So the project has every chance for development.
Another curious concept of a universal flying car was presented by an American startup Crossblade. His model sky cruiser is an amazing mixture of quadcopter, aircraft and car. In addition to folding wings, the car received four retractable supports, where modules with rotors are placed (each of them spins an 80-horsepower electric motor). These propellers are responsible for takeoff and landing, but horizontal flight is provided by two propellers in the tail section of the car.
SkyCruiser has one drawback - its size. The length of the flying car is an immodest 8.4 meters, and the width with spread wings is 9.5 m. So it will not be easy to park on such a car. But all this more than covers the capabilities of the SkyCruiser. The developers claim that he will be able to fly at a cruising speed of 500 km / h. This is much higher than the speeds of modern flying cars.
Among the concepts of flying cars, there are absolutely incredible creations. Here you can remember the concept Honda Fuzo, which has not only high performance (speed of about 350 miles per hour), but also compactness, as well as mind-blowing design. The wheels of the car in flight move into the body and act as turbines. The designer considered the round steering wheel a relic of the past - instead, the car received a joystick. The entire upper part of the car is transparent: apparently, this is necessary in order to enjoy beautiful views in flight.
Ordinary cars will go into oblivion?
But let's think about whether flying cars can replace ordinary cars. Or at least make them worthy of competition. With all the apparent advantages of flying machines, we can say with confidence - no. Of course, anything can happen in a hundred or two hundred years. But in the foreseeable future, the widespread distribution of "winged" cars is definitely not expected. Why? There are several reasons.
Price. When buying a car, it is often its value that is at the forefront. And in terms of price, a flying car will definitely not have a competitive advantage: even according to the most conservative estimates, it will cost no less than 200 thousand dollars. And this means that only a few will be able to buy such a car.
Ecology. When taking off, a “winged” car spends an incredible amount of fuel. So you certainly can’t call it green. In our time, when automakers are trying to make vehicles as green as possible, the idea of \u200b\u200ba “gluttonous” flying car looks like complete absurdity. Such machines will be able to become widespread only when the aircraft switch to other fuels that do not harm the environment.
Security. The car has never been considered a safe mode of transport. And if you "attach wings" to him, the threat to the life of the driver will only increase. To minimize such risks, drivers will need to be taught how to operate a flying car for many years. On the other hand, unmanned technologies may soon appear that will allow you to fly safely.
Infrastructure. To start using flying cars everywhere, it will be necessary to completely rebuild the infrastructure of cities. On the roofs of the house, at least, take-off and landing sites will have to appear, on which "winged" cars can be accommodated. And we will also need new services and departments responsible for the development of routes and compliance with flight rules.
In general, a flying car is not so much a car that can fly, but more of a plane that can travel on public roads. But does anyone need such a plane?
* Calculations use average data for Russia
Cider is one of the most popular low-alcohol tonic drinks, which is obtained by fermenting apple, less often pear or other fruit juice without the addition of yeast. For the preparation of cider, not ordinary apples are used, which are eaten, but special varieties with a low acid content and a high content of tannin. The strength of cider is from 1 to 8 vol. %. This drink has a golden or greenish color and a fresh pleasant apple smell.
Like wine, ciders are classified according to their sugar content, ranging from dry to sweet. Note that cider is one of the most popular low-alcohol tonic drinks in many countries of the world. He is especially loved in European countries (France, England, Germany, Spain). Cider fans claim that low-alcohol drinks made from cider varieties of apples improve digestion, have an anti-alcohol effect, as well as a therapeutic and preventive effect on the human body. The cider contains a high mass concentration of organic acids, phenolic substances, minerals (macro- and microelements) and vitamins, as well as a low volume particle of ethyl alcohol. All this determines its high therapeutic and prophylactic properties - diuretic, anti-gout, antirheumatic, anti-alcohol (as in hygienic table grape wines), and also removes radionuclides and heavy metals from the body.
The consumption of cider is constantly increasing. According to the Association of Producers of Cider and Fruit Wines, these drinks are most common in England (50 million decalitres per year), South Africa (14 million decalitres), France and Germany (12 million decalitres). However, cider is also in demand in Russia, although it is not as widespread here as it is abroad. Therefore, the cider business attracts the attention of investors: this drink is in high demand, and its producers can be counted on the fingers. Lack of competition, relatively small investments at the initial stage of work and high profitability are the main advantages of the cider business.
Raw material for cider production
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Experts say that you can always determine the country where it was made by the taste of cider. Indeed, different cider-producing countries have their own consumer preferences for their taste characteristics, which is manifested in various organoleptic properties (aroma, bouquet and taste of the drink) and indicators of the physical and chemical composition of drinks. For example, if we compare English, French, Spanish and German ciders, then the former, according to experts, are tart, dry, with moderate acidity, the latter are less acidic, and therefore more sweet, with medium astringency and a pronounced aroma of fresh apples, the third - more sweet and low-tart, and the fourth - also low-tart, but more sour.
As a rule, for the production of classic cider (as well as Calvados), special technical, so-called cider varieties of apples are used, which are cultivated directly for this purpose. These varieties have been bred over several centuries in countries where the classic drink is produced (England, France, Spain and Germany). Accordingly, the use of these specially bred varieties is one of the main factors in the formation of the quality of traditional ciders.
In terms of their organoleptic properties and chemical composition, cider varieties of apples differ significantly from table and dessert varieties, which are used for fresh consumption of fruits, first of all, by a long shelf life without deterioration in the structure of fruit tissue, dense and juicy pulp, high mass concentrations of phenolic substances. and sugars.
In our country, according to technological instructions from Soviet times, it is recommended to use apples of zoned varieties for the production of ciders, harvested at the stage of technical maturity with a titratable acidity of at least 7 g per cubic meter. dm. Preference is given to autumn-winter varieties. In particular, from the varieties of apples that grow on the territory of our country, you can use Borovinka, Antonovka, Doneshta, Grushovka, Umanskoye winter, Renet Paper for making cider. At the same time, apples should be sweet, juicy and always ripe. It is not forbidden (and even, on the contrary, recommended) to mix different varieties of apples, which gives the cider a more harmonious taste. There are four types of apple juice - fragrant, astringent, sour and neutral. Mixing these types of juices in various proportions gives the drink a special taste. Cider can be made not only from apples, but also from pears. Such cider is called "perry", prepared from the fermented juice of a pear with a high sugar content. Perry is especially popular in France, Spain and the UK.
Cider production technology
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The technological process of cider production involves several basic operations: collection, delivery to production, washing and grinding of apples, insisting (it is not required in all cases) and pressing the pulp, sulfitation and clarification of juice, its fermentation, settling, clarification and storage of the obtained cider materials, their processing to achieve stability and bottling (if necessary with saturation with carbon dioxide).
There are no uniform requirements either for the quality of finished ciders or for the methods of their production. Even among the traditional (classical) methods of producing cider, several schemes are known that differ from each other mainly in the features of apple processing. However, today, due to the intensification of the production of the drink, most manufacturers are trying to use modern equipment (crushers, presses, stainless steel tanks) and winemaking aids (enzyme preparations, pure yeast culture, substances for clarification and stabilization, etc.). Accordingly, if you want to make cider, then you cannot do without buying special equipment.
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One line allows you to carry out all the necessary operations: the acceptance of raw materials (washing, inspection), cutting and pressing, fermentation, settling, clarification and, as an additional option, bottling the drink into any container and package. On sale you can find both fully automated lines and equipment with minimal automation. The difference lies in the price and labor savings.
The technology of making cider consists of two main stages. At the first stage, all the ingredients are prepared, and at the second stage, blending, processing, saturation of the drink with carbon dioxide and bottling take place.
Although there are no standards for cider, there is still a classic technology for making this low-alcohol drink, which is used by most manufacturers. First, the apples are carefully sorted, rotten fruits are removed from the total mass. All these operations are carried out on special equipment - a sorting and inspection belt conveyor or a roller inspection conveyor. Then the apples are washed and rinsed in a unified washing machine. Through the elevator they get to the hammer or disc crusher.
After washing, the apples are placed in pallets (in the traditional version - in baskets) to drain excess moisture and then crushed. The resulting pulp is placed in closed containers without air access and insisted there from six hours to several days. After this time, the pulp is compressed in hydraulic pack-presses. The pomace after the press is filled with water and re-sent to the press for 6-12 hours. Freshly squeezed juice is defended for several days. Readiness is determined by the appearance of brown foam on the surface of the liquid - “caps”.
To speed up the process of cleaning the juice and improve it before settling, a so-called defecant is added to it (this is a waste of sugar production that is formed during the defecation of sugar juice). After that, the calcium salt of pectin acid begins to fall out, which is formed as a result of the hydrolysis of pectin substances under the influence of certain substances in the composition of apples or artificially introduced enzyme preparations. The fermentation process takes place in almost full barrels under hydraulic locks at a temperature of no more than 10-12°C. At the same time, a carbonic acid-rich under-ferment is obtained, which is called home-made cider. Such a drink is bottled for champagne under a cork, reinforced with a bridle, and stored in cold cellars. Bottle pasteurization can also be used to increase shelf life.
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Since the drink produced according to the above technology has a short shelf life, additional components are used in the industrial production of cider. In particular, vegetable tannin-containing raw materials to increase the content of phenolic substances in cider and add a little astringency to the taste of drinks (for example, finely ground oak wood and grape comb must be used).
There are two main ways to extend the shelf life of finished products. The first method is a cold sterile filling into champagne bottles with membrane filtration of the drink. The second method is bottle pasteurization. Apple juice is clarified when settling in stationary containers. Preliminary freshly squeezed juice is cooled on a tubular cooler and remains. Then the juice is removed from the sediment, passed through a fabric filter if necessary, and used to prepare the wort.
To increase the acidity and content of phenolic substances, up to 20% of wild apple juice is added to the prepared raw materials. Finally, the fermented cider material is removed from the yeast sediment and infused in the tank for 3-10 days. Store it in filled hermetically sealed containers. The finished blend is treated with clarifying agents, pasteurized and filtered on a plate or pre-wash filter. After cooling, the blend processed in this way is cooled, saturated with carbon dioxide in the acratophore and poured into new champagne bottles under the expedition cork and muselet.
Cider making requires special equipment. The direct juice production line with a total capacity of 150 l / h includes: a metal frame for installing a press and a crusher, a hydraulic press with a pressing force of up to 10 tons, a crusher-grinder of fruits, a basket-type press made of untreated oak, an electric motor (powered by a mains 220/380 V), pasteurizer, bag-in-box or glass container filler, pump and set of filters. The water supplied to the line must comply with the requirements of GOST 2874-73 "Drinking Water".
Cider production as a business: expenses and income
Please note: from March 1, 2013, the production of pear and apple cider, as well as mead, does not require a license, as for other alcoholic products. However, according to amendments to the Tax Code and the Law on State Regulation of the Production and Turnover of Ethyl Alcohol, Alcoholic and Alcohol-Containing Products, excise taxes are required for the manufacture of cider. Since 2014, the excise tax per liter of cider, poiret and mead has been 8 rubles, in 2015 it will be increased to 9 rubles.
It will take at least 2.5 million rubles to open a small cider production. The largest expense item is the purchase of equipment (from 1.5 million rubles). In addition, you will need to rent a room, draw up all the necessary documents for production, hire workers (at least two people to maintain the line), purchase raw materials and packaging materials (glass bottles, corks, etc.).
You can recoup the costs in 1.5 years. Cider is in demand among the population, and, according to analysts, in the near future we can expect the development of the industry for the production of this drink.
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In Russia, cider is a rare product, something like an exotic that everyone has heard of but never tried. It is extremely rare to buy it at retail outlets dominated by kvass and lemonade. And cider is also not often found on the shelves of supermarkets. Meanwhile, in the West, especially in France, this drink is very popular, and those who have their own apple orchards succeed in this business first of all.
Here, in Russia, unfortunately, one can often hear: “A lot of apples have been born, but, alas, there are few good ones, we eat them ourselves. The rest of the fruits are not marketable, they won’t take them to the store, and they won’t buy them at the bazaar, so they have to be buried in pits.”
These are the people who can try themselves in a new small business. Of course, one can hardly talk about creating their own "empire" of cider in the country of the victorious Slavic kvass, although what the hell is not joking. However, by “winning” just a local market, such as your hometown, you can get rich decently.
Note that for cider brewing, ideally, use ripe apples of zoned varieties. Meanwhile, as noted by European experts, it is best to use national varieties for this purpose. They say that what the Germans like, the British do not always like. In short, some peoples love a tart drink, others - low-alcohol and invigorating, and still others - sweet. If we talk about our favorite variety, then this is the juicy Antonovka. However, as the well-known proverb says, “there are no comrades for the taste and color.”
Recipe first
Of course, the first step in planning a cider brewing business is to anticipate how big the production will be, where it will initially be located, and how quickly sales will start? “Try to evaluate everything that you predict critically. Argue with yourself, - Vyacheslav Petrov, an expert on small business, advises. - In particular, ask yourself questions, what will you do if there is not enough raw material? Can you rely on your neighbors in the dacha cooperative? And, most importantly, why will people buy your cider? In France, by the way, they start with a recipe. The tastier the drink, the higher the chances of success.”
If so, then much depends on the apples that a potential businessman has. In other words, the taste of cider is a point of differentiation that will make the future company unique and attractive to customers. At the same time, we can safely assume that high-quality cider, brewed according to the classic recipe, will also be in demand. If only because in our country this drink is niche.
At the same time, it is necessary to minimize costs until the business begins to gain momentum. In other words, all thoughts about the future and even doubts are best summarized in a business plan and then strictly follow the plan.
A little about money and business difficulties
To get started, in addition to raw materials, you will need. For 250-300 thousand rubles, you can buy a domestic kit, which, as the producers promise, is capable of preparing about one thousand liters of cider per day. However, you can make an apple press yourself by purchasing everything else in parts.
It is easy to find dozens of drawings and tips in the search engine using a hydraulic car jack that creates a force of more than 3 tons. This approach will save up to 50%, although it increases the risks in the production process. The businessman will also have to think about bottling and flash pasteurization machines, as well as a good tasting room.
“All technological operations are clear and simple, - says technologist Anna Vasilyeva, - these are washing, grinding, pulp pressing, sulfitation, fermentation, clarification and saturation with carbon dioxide, if it is included in your plans. A businessman will need a clean and cool room equipped with water supply and sewerage. For my part, I would advise ready-made stainless steel appliances. By and large, there is nothing complicated in this matter.
In addition, “the best means of fighting“ for a place in the sun ”may be your own personal outlet. - Advise businessman Vasily Rukavitsyn. - From my own experience, I can say that it is unrealistically difficult for a beginner to break into supermarket shelves. It's easier to open a "cider cafe" or something like that." Rukavitsyn argues that two prerequisites are necessary for success in this business: this is your own apple orchard and guaranteed access to buyers, for example, when a friend owns shops or cafes.
As for money, the start will require at least 500 - 700 thousand rubles, which, at best, will pay off in 1.5 - 2 years. Of the "minuses" of cider production, it should also be noted the need to obtain excise taxes, the price of which is set by the state at the level of 9 rubles per liter. Finally, we repeat that the entrepreneur will have to face fierce competition from kvass and lemonade. But, if you have an apple orchard and apples that have to be scrapped, then why not try your hand at commercial cider making.