Section II. Youth as a special social group. Features of the social status of young people

The concept of "youth" as a definition of a socio-demographic group originates from the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. Prior to this, young people were not recognized as a special social group. Until the end of the XIX century. Youth problems were considered indirectly, through the problems of personality development, education of a citizen of a historically specific society, which found a scientific form of expression in philosophy, pedagogy, psychology of the Renaissance, Modern times, Western philosophy of the 17th - 18th centuries. Actualization of theoretical studies of youth, the creation of independent concepts of age occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. and was developed in the sociological theories of youth. Youth as a special social group was recognized on quite objective grounds, by which it is customary to understand those main aspects and relationships that determine the functioning, direction of change and development of all other aspects of this social education. The concepts of youth in the sociocultural aspect began to be developed in the 50s. 20th century such researchers as G. Shelsky, K. Mannheim, A. Tenbruk, S. Eisenstadt.

To date, in the circles of sociologists, the view of youth as a reference socio-demographic group has been established, the most important features of which most authors consider age characteristics and the associated features of the social status, as well as the socio-psychological qualities due to both, which allows us to speak of a multi-level analysis of youth as a social phenomenon. One of the researchers of the problems of the young generation, S. N. Ikonnikova, identified three levels of describing youth as a social phenomenon:

─ individual psychological - correlation with a specific person;

─ socio-psychological - description of the most essential properties, qualities, interests of individual groups;

─ sociological - a description of the place of youth in the system of material and spiritual production and consumption in the social structure of society.

Youth as a part of society is studied by various humanities. The discussion about the definition of youth, the criteria for separating them into an independent group has a long history. Scientists share different approaches to the subject of study - from the standpoint of sociology, psychology, physiology, demography, etc., as well as classification traditions that have formed within the framework of certain scientific schools.

Researchers Vishnevsky Yu. R., Kovaleva A. I., Lukov V. A. and others. The following are distinguished as the most typical approaches found in the scientific literature:

─ psychological: youth is the period of development of the human personality between "puberty" (puberty) and "maturity" (full maturity);

─ socio-psychological: youth is a certain age with its biological and psychological relationships, and as a result, all the features of the age class;

─ conflictological: youth is a difficult, stressful and extremely important period of life, a long conflict between the individual and society, a problematic stage in human development;

─ role-playing: youth is a special behavioral phase in a person's life, when he no longer plays the role of a child, and at the same time is not yet a full-fledged bearer of the role of an "adult";

─ subcultural: youth is a group with its own specific way of life, lifestyle, cultural norms;

─ stratified: youth is a special socio-demographic group, limited by age limits, with specific positions, statuses, roles;

─ socialization: youth is a period of social growth, primary socialization;

─ interactionist: youth is one of the three states of the soul inherent in every person. "Parent" - orientation towards normative behavior, "adult" - orientation towards making adult decisions, "youth" - spontaneity, immediacy;

─ axiological: youth is a socially significant, important stage of a person's life cycle. It is at this stage that the system of value orientations of individuals is formed;

─ subjective: youth is a special attitude, aspiration for the future, optimism;

─ procedural: young people are those who are not completed, not integrated, are in a state of formation, formation.

In accordance with these approaches, scientists are making attempts to isolate and unify the "features" of youth as a social phenomenon. Based on the analysis of the works of Russian authors, the following features of youth can be distinguished:

─ age;

─ socio-historical;

─ sociological;

─ spiritual and cultural;

─ socio-psychological;

─ culturological;

Thus, the distinctive social quality of each new generation of youth (or its individual groups) is determined by the characteristics of the personal, objective and procedural aspects of its concrete historical existence, which determine the ability to inherit, reproduce and improve the social structure of society. Youth is a socio-demographic group identified on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 30 years old), social status and certain socio-psychological qualities. Youth is a certain phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal. Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.

Features of the social status of youth:

Transition of position.

High level of mobility.

Mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.

Active search for your place in life.

Favorable professional and career prospects.

Typical for young people is the association in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:

The emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;

Self-organization and independence from official structures;

Mandatory for participants and different from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);

Relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;

Expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;

An attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.

Depending on the characteristics of youth activities, youth groups and movements can be classified:

Aggressive activity

It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values ​​based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.

Outrageous activity

It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hair, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenge” aggression on yourself from other people so that you are “noticeable”.

Alternative activity

It is based on the development of alternative behavioral patterns that are systemically contrary to generally accepted ones, which become an end in itself.

social activities

It is aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.).

Political activity

It is aimed at changing the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group.

Youth social problems, which are the subject of scientific analysis, are divided into two large groups. The first includes specifically youth social problems: defining the essence of youth as a social group, the characteristics of its social position (status), role and place in the social reproduction of society; establishing criteria for its age limits; study of the features of consciousness (needs, interests, values) and ways of activity of the younger generation; study of the specifics of the process of socialization of young people, their social and professional orientation and adaptation in the team; analysis of the social aspects of the activities of informal youth associations and movements.

Another important area of ​​scientific analysis is problems that are general sociological and at the same time either mainly concern young people (problems of education, family, marriage), or find specific manifestations in the youth environment (peculiarities of education, the development of social and political activity of young people, their role and place in power structures, the specifics of social contradictions and conflicts, etc.). Numerous studies allow us to conclude that there are quite general fundamental contradictions inherent in modern risk societies that young people face:

wealth and poverty

growth of opportunities for self-realization and unemployment,

global subculture and an abundance of countercultures,

education and complete illiteracy,

the value of health, the cult of sports and drug addiction, smoking, alcoholism - they are a consequence.

Among the youth problems of the Russian risk society are:

decline in real living standards,

significant stratification according to the level of financial situation,

an increase in morbidity, including especially dangerous diseases,

deterioration of the state of the educational infrastructure and the quality of educational services,

high unemployment,

young family crisis

commercialization of culture,

the growth of lack of spirituality and crime among the youth.

In conditions when risk turns into the general basis of modernity, the riskological direction in the study of young people becomes promising. It resulted in a reasonable conclusion that the dominance of risk in behavior patterns is a common characteristic of today's young generations, and risk is one of the essential properties of young people as a social group. At each stage of its development, society makes certain demands on the younger generation, expressed in the form of social norms, values, morality, etc., and also provides various opportunities for its successful integration into social structures.

The problems faced by young people are related to the position of young people in the social structure, characterized primarily by transition and instability. The social processes that are taking place in modern times only exacerbate these problems. Factors affecting the situation of young people:

Economic factors most of all influence the situation of young people. For the most part, young people are insufficiently provided financially, do not have their own housing, and are forced to rely on the financial assistance of their parents. The desire to get an education postpones the beginning of labor activity to a more mature age, and the lack of experience in knowledge prevents them from obtaining highly paid positions. Young people's wages are much lower than the average wage, and student scholarships are extremely low.

If during periods of social stability these problems can be generally resolved or mitigated, then during a period of crisis they become much more complicated. In a situation of economic recession, the number of unemployed among the youth increases sharply, and it becomes increasingly difficult for young people to achieve a state of economic independence.

Spiritual factors are equally important. In modern times, the process of the loss of moral guidelines, the erosion of traditional norms and values, is intensifying. Youth, as a transitional and unstable social group, is most vulnerable to the negative trends of our time. Thus, the values ​​of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually leveled, and these “obsolete” values ​​are being replaced by a consumer attitude towards the world, intolerance towards strangers, herdism. The protest charge characteristic of young people in times of crisis is distorted, acquiring cruel and aggressive forms. At the same time, there is an avalanche-like criminalization of young people, the number of young people with social deviations, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution, is growing.

The most important problem of the spiritual plan remains the problem of "fathers and sons", associated with the conflict of values ​​between young people and the older generation.

But there are deeper, more difficult-to-detect, and perhaps more significant causes of suicide in children. To the question: "What can cause a teenager to commit suicide?" schoolchildren usually start talking about problems at school, misunderstanding of parents, conflicts with friends, loneliness, the emptiness of life ... Suicides due to deuces and the exam have become so frequent in Russia that it is high time to sound the alarm. In the meantime, society is reacting to this disaster very sluggishly, and parents, with their zeal for the violent education of their children, only create a favorable situation for the voluntary parting of children with life. A study of the problem of suicide among young people shows that in a number of cases, adolescents decided to commit suicide in order to draw the attention of parents and teachers to their problems and protested in such a terrible way against the callousness, indifference, cynicism and cruelty of adults. Decided to take such a step, as a rule, teenagers who are closed, vulnerable by nature from a feeling of loneliness, their own uselessness of stress and the loss of the meaning of life. Timely psychological support, kind participation rendered to a person in a difficult life situation, would help to avoid tragedy.

Youth, on the one hand, is an unprotected group, which is rather a destabilizing force in society, and on the other hand, it is a generation on which the future of the country depends. Such a special status of youth gives rise to the need for an adequate youth policy that can solve or mitigate existing problems, as well as direct the creative potential of young people into a creative direction.

Theme 12. Youth as a social group

Young people- this is a socio-demographic group, distinguished on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 25 years), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.

Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.

Youth is a certain phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal.

- Transition of the position.

– High level of mobility.

- Mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.

- Active search for your place in life.

- Favorable professional and career prospects.

Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.

It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:

- emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;

– self-organization and independence from official structures;

- obligatory for participants and different from typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);

- relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;

- expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;

- an attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.

Youth groups and movements can be classified depending on the characteristics of youth initiatives.

The acceleration of the pace of development of society causes an increase in the role of young people in public life. Involving in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.

Job Sample

A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following judgments about the psychological characteristics of young people correct?

A. For a teenager, first of all, external events, actions, friends are important.

B. In adolescence, the inner world of a person, the discovery of one's own "I", becomes more important.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Young people - this is a socio-demographic group, distinguished on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 25 years 7), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.

Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one's place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, creating a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.

Youth is a certain phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal.

Features of the social status of youth

- Transition of the position.

– High level of mobility.

- Mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.

- Active search for your place in life.

- Favorable professional and career prospects.

Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.

It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:

- emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;

– self-organization and independence from official structures;

- obligatory for participants and different from typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);

- relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;

- expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;

- an attribute that emphasizes belonging to a given community.

Youth groups and movements can be classified depending on the characteristics of youth initiatives.

The acceleration of the pace of development of society causes an increase in the role of young people in public life. Involving in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.

Job Sample

A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following judgments about the psychological characteristics of young people correct?

A. For a teenager, first of all, external events, actions, friends are important.

B. In adolescence, the inner world of a person, the discovery of one's own "I", becomes more important.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer: 3.

Topic 13. Ethnic communities

Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, including several thousand ethnic communities (nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), differing both in numbers and in the level of development. All ethnic communities of the world are part of more than two hundred countries. Therefore, most modern states are polyethnic. For example, several hundred ethnic communities live in India, and there are 200 peoples in Nigeria. The Russian Federation currently includes more than a hundred ethnic groups, including about 30 nations.

ethnic community - it is a stable set of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people) that has historically developed in a certain territory, having common features and stable features of culture, language, mental make-up, self-awareness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity, difference from other similar entities.

There are different approaches to understanding the essence of ethnic groups.

Types of ethnic communities

Genus - a group of blood relatives leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal) 9 .

Tribe - a set of genera, interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, the unity of religious ideas, rituals.

Nationality - a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental warehouse, culture.

Nation - a historically established community of people, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory and a common language, culture, ethnic identity.

In sociology, the concept is widely used ethnic minorities , which includes more than just quantitative data.

The features of an ethnic minority are as follows:

- its representatives are in a disadvantageous position compared to other ethnic groups due to discrimination(belittling, belittling, infringement) on the part of other ethnic groups;

- its members experience a certain sense of group solidarity, "belonging to a single whole";

– it is usually to some extent physically and socially isolated from the rest of society.

The natural prerequisite for the formation of one or another ethnic group was community of territory because it created the necessary conditions for the joint activities of people. However, in the future, when the ethnos has formed, this feature loses its main significance and may be completely absent. So, some ethnic groups and in the conditions diaspora(from Gr. diaspora - dispersion) retained their identity, not having a single territory.

Another important condition for the formation of an ethnos is common language. But even this sign cannot be considered universal, since in a number of cases (for example, the USA), an ethnos is formed in the course of the development of economic, political and other ties, and common languages ​​are the result of this process.

A more stable sign of an ethnic community is the unity of such components of spiritual culture as values , norms and patterns of behavior, as well as related socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness and behavior of people.

An integrative indicator of the existing socio-ethnic community is ethnic identity - a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, awareness of one's unity and difference from other ethnic groups.

An important role in the development of ethnic self-consciousness is played by ideas about a common origin, history, historical destinies, as well as traditions, customs, rituals, folklore, i.e. such elements of culture that are passed down from generation to generation and form a specific ethnic culture.

Thanks to ethnic self-awareness, a person keenly feels the interests of his people, compares them with the interests of other peoples, the world community. Awareness of ethnic interests induces a person to activities in the process of which they are realized.

Note two sides national interests:

– it is necessary to preserve its peculiarity, originality in the flow of human history, the uniqueness of its culture, language, strive for population growth, ensuring a sufficient level of economic development;

- it is necessary not to psychologically fence off from other nations and peoples, not to turn state borders into an "iron curtain", one should enrich one's culture with contacts, borrowings from other cultures.

Ethno-national communities develop from a clan, tribe, nation, reaching the level of a nation-state.

A derivative of the concept of "nation" is the term nationality, which is used in Russian as the name of a person's belonging to any ethnic group.

Many modern researchers consider a classic inter-ethnic nation, in which general civil qualities come to the fore, and at the same time, the features of the ethnic groups included in it are preserved - language, their own culture, traditions, and customs.

Interethnic, civil nation is an a set (community) of citizens of a state. Some scientists believe that the formation of such a nation means the "end of the nation" in the ethnic dimension. Others, recognizing the nation-state, believe that it is necessary to talk not about the "end of the nation", but about its new qualitative state.

Job Sample

B6. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps. “The concepts of “__________” (1) and “ethnos” are similar, therefore their definitions are similar. Recently, the term “ethnos” (more precisely) has been increasingly used in ethnography, sociology and political science. There are three types of ethnos. For __________ (2) the main reason for uniting people into one __________ (3) is blood and family ties and a common ___________ (4) With the emergence of states, __________ (5) appear, consisting of people connected to each other not by blood relationship, but by economic and cultural relations territorially During the period of bourgeois socio-economic relations, __________ (6) is formed - an ethno-social organism, united by cultural, linguistic, historical, territorial-political ties and having, according to the English historian D. Hosking, "a common sense of fate" ".

The words in the list are given in the nominative case, singular. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

A) origin

B) community

E) nationality

G) nationality

I) diaspora

The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.

Answer: DBVAEG.

Transition of position.

High level of mobility.

Mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.

Active search for your place in life.

Favorable professional and career prospects.

Problems of socialization of youth.

A sharp reaction to all the shortcomings of society

Increasing crime among the younger generation

Deterioration of the level and quality of life

Economic insecurity of young scientists

Social vulnerability of youth in the sphere of work

Youth subcultures

Separate social groups are characterized by special features of consciousness, behavior, and lifestyle. They create their own cultural niche - subculture. Sub in Latin is “under”, i.e. in meaning it contains a shade of subordination (subculture, deviation from culture).

Youth subculture has:

With your tongue; special fashion; art and style.

Its carriers are most often informal teenage groups.

The reasons for the wide spread of youth subculture in modern society:

In a subcultural community, a teenager gets the opportunity to belong to a select group of peers, which is a reference for him, a unifying feeling of “we” arises, which increases the level of psychological significance of everyone, gives a certain guarantee (or its illusion) of independence and protection from society;

Subculture allows a young person to better feel and show the independence of his "I";

Helps a teenager to get rid of the painful experiences caused by the conflict with the outside world of adults, with the dominant culture in society.

Young people are encouraged to create a subculture:

- Internal loneliness; - Protest against lies; - Isolation from elders;

The need for friends; - Distrust of adults; - Escape from the cruelty of the world;

Conflicts at school and at home; - Power over others; - Opposition to the official society;

Escape from social reality or rejection of it; - Desire to find emotional support.

Types of youth subcultures

According to the specifics of the behavior of group members, there are:

1. prosocial - groups that do not pose a threat to society, are positive and help;

2. antisocial - carry criticism of any foundations of society, but this confrontation is not extreme;

3. antisocial - not only criticize the social order and foundations, but also seek to crush them.

In Soviet times, our grandparents, fathers and mothers were involved in official youth organizations. This was required by the ideology.

By type of hobbies:

Musical- subcultures based on fans of various genres of music:

Goths (subculture) - fans of gothic rock, gothic metal.

Metalheads are fans of heavy metal. - Punks are fans of punk rock.

Rastas are fans of reggae. - Rappers are fans of rap and hip-hop.

Subcultures based on literature, cinema, animation, games and more:

Otaku - anime fans - Roleplayers - roleplay fans

Bikers are motorcycle lovers - Furries are fans of anthropomorphic creatures.

Image- subcultures distinguished by style in clothes and behavior:

Cyber ​​Goths - Mods - Hipsters - Freaks - Glamor

Political and ideological- subcultures distinguished by public beliefs:

Antifa - Hippies - Yuppies

Expand the concepts of "legal consciousness" and "legal culture". Highlight the factors influencing the legal culture of a teenager.

legal consciousness – it is a set of ideas and feelings that express the attitude of people, social communities to the current or desired law.

STRUCTURE OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS

1. Legal psychology corresponds to the empirical, everyday level of social consciousness, which is formed as a result of everyday human practice of both individuals and social groups. The content of legal psychology is the feelings, emotions, experiences, moods, habits, stereotypes that people have in connection with the existing legal norms and the practice of their implementation.

2. Legal ideology– it is a set of legal ideas, theories, views that reflect and evaluate legal reality in a conceptual, systematized form.

TYPES OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS

Ordinary legal consciousness – mass representations of people, their emotions, moods about law and legality. These feelings arise under the influence of the immediate conditions of people's lives, their practical experience.

Professional legal awareness – concepts, ideas, ideas, beliefs, traditions, stereotypes that are formed among professional lawyers. Unfortunately, the professional consciousness of lawyers is characterized by both distortions and deformations (“accusatory” or “acquittal” bias, bureaucracy)

Scientific legal consciousness – ideas, concepts, views, expressing a systematic, theoretical development of law. The carriers and generators of this type of reflection of legal phenomena are legal scholars, who, as a rule, work in specialized research institutes of a legal profile.

legal culture - the totality of all values ​​created by man in the legal sphere, as well as the knowledge and understanding of these values ​​and action in accordance with them.

STRUCTURE OF LEGAL CULTURE

1. psychological element(legal psychology);

2. ideological element(legal ideology);

3. Legal behavior(legally significant behavior, implementation of the law).

Legal culture reflects the qualitative state of the legal life of society and transmits the relevant legal values ​​from generation to generation.

The legal culture of the individual depends on the following indicators:

§ knowledge and understanding of law;

§ respect for the law by virtue of personal conviction;

§ ability to use the right;

§ subordination of one's behavior to the requirements of the rule of law.

TYPES OF LEGAL CULTURE

Legal culture of society is determined by the level of legal awareness and legal activity of society, the degree of progressiveness and effectiveness of legal norms.

Legal culture of a social group can vary greatly depending on the nature of the group. It is higher in social groups that unite people with higher or secondary specialized education, pensioners, law enforcement officers, employees of the state apparatus.

Legal culture of the individual is formed primarily by the education that a person receives, and the way of life that he leads. In addition to legal education, the legal culture of the individual implies the ability and skills to use the law, the subordination of one's behavior to the requirements of legal norms.

Factors affecting the legal culture of a teenager:

Many factors influence the formation of the legal culture of a minor child:

1. Education in the family (starting from birth), when an understanding of good and evil is laid.

2. Preschool education / upbringing (in kindergarten) - the first prohibitions, the experience of socialization.

3. School education / upbringing - compliance with the charter of the school, daily routine, traffic rules, etc.

4. Lessons in law - assimilation of legal terminology, experience in working with documents, analysis of situations

5. Intimate environment (relatives, acquaintances, friends) an example of compliance / non-compliance with laws

6. Street (socialization experience, deviant behavior and its consequences, influence of social groups)

7. Mass media (especially TV and Internet) - disseminated principles, creating patterns of behavior

8. State policy (legal measures, implementation of democratic principles).

9. The work of law enforcement agencies (observance of the principle of punishability, equality before the law)

10. Self-education - reading special literature, analyzing situations and life experience.

11. Economic situation (standard of living of the population, availability of the benefits of civilization, etc.)

12. Age characteristics of the personality of a teenager.

Lecture 4

Types of amateur performances of youth.

Aggressive self-activity - It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values ​​based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.

outrageous(amaze, surprise) amateur performance - It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hair, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenge” aggression on yourself from other people so that you are “noticeable” (punk style, etc.)

Alternative amateur performance - It is based on the development of alternative behavioral patterns that are systemically contradictory to generally accepted models of behavior, which become an end in itself (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.)

Social amateur performance - Aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)

Political amateur performance - Aimed at changing the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group

Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, including several thousand ethnic communities (nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), differing both in numbers and in the level of development. Most modern countries polyethnic. There are more than a hundred ethnic groups in the Russian Federation, including about 30 nations.

ethnic community- ϶ᴛᴏ historically developed on certain territory a stable collection of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people) with common features and stable peculiarities of culture, language, mental warehouse, self-awareness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity and difference from other similar entities.