Breeding a fire in natural conditions presentation. Bonfire: fire safety and breeding rules in the forest. Why is it important to know how to choose a place for a fire?

warmth, the ability to warm up, dry clothes and shoes; needed for cooking this is one of the options for signaling to rescuers; the fire scares off predators; helps to calm down, feel more secure.

Choose a clearing that is protected from strong winds. Clear the proposed fire site from dry grass, foliage. You can cover the fire with stones. Do not build a fire near dead trees.

If the snow is shallow, shovel it and light a fire on the ground. In deep snow, you can make a flooring.

If there is sod, take it off, turn it upside down and lay it around the fire. Remove leaves, needles, grass around the fire by 1 - 1.5 m.

If possible, surround it with stones. Make a bedding of damp logs, sand, clay under the fire. (Otherwise, the fire will penetrate into the peat bog and an underground fire will start).

Flaming - for cooking and lighting. Flame - for cooking, heating, drying things. Smoke - to repel mosquitoes, midges and signaling.

Small dry spruce twigs, birch bark, resin of coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, torches, from the middle part of dead wood split with an ax (mainly conifers), lower dry branches.

Birch and alder deadwood is suitable for cooking, which burns evenly and almost without smoke. If you need to spread a large fire, then firewood from pine, cedar and spruce dead wood will be the best. Split logs flare up faster. Small brushwood burns out in the first two or three minutes. Aspen and fir firewood are bad because they shoot sparks too much.

Use mainly dead wood of conifers for a fire. If it rains in the forest, then small lower branches of coniferous trees, dried on the trunk, remain dry. Damp and rotten wood gives a lot of smoke, but little heat. Save firewood in advance and more, so as not to run around at night in search of fuel. Dry bushes, grass, reeds, and dung can serve as fuel in treeless areas.

Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed: in plastic wrap; also place the matchbox in a vial with a hermetically ground cork (or a rubber bag, a metal case for matchboxes that protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage). Wet matches can be dried in hair under a hat.

MAIN WAYS 1. Flint is a hard stone. 2. Flint (kresalo) - ax, knife. 3. Tinder - any dry flammable material (moss, cotton wool, rot, wood dust).

Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and patiently rotate until a haze appears. Then inflate the smoldering tinder, which must first be placed in and near the recess.

Before kindling a fire, it is necessary: ​​prepare kindling; lay kindling under a small dry brushwood folded in a hut or well; set fire to; thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it heats up.

Thicker firewood is not placed very tightly on top to allow air to enter. If the fire does not flare up for a long time, it is necessary to inflate it (increase air access). For this, a hat, a bowl, a windbreaker, a broom made of branches are suitable.

In rainy weather, a fire is made under the cover of a cape or raincoat, which is held by two tourists. The stronger the wind or rain, the denser the kindling and firewood are laid on the fire.

In wet cold weather, you can (if the supply of firewood allows) spread out two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment. Near it, it is imperative to have a duty officer who will keep the fire going and make sure that things do not burn out.

Any wood will do. Logs are placed obliquely; they partly rely on each other. The flame is bright, high, hot, with a limited heating band. The campfire requires a constant supply of firewood.

The logs are placed on the coals along the radii from one point. Combustion occurs mainly in the center, firewood as it burns is moved closer to the middle.

Two logs are placed parallel to each other, at some distance; across them are two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along the entire length. This fire is also good in wet weather.

It consists of several logs laid along or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent lining of firewood.

This bonfire is made up of three large logs, 2-2.5 m long. Two logs (the thicker the better) are laid close, achieving a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. After the kindling flares up well, put the third log on top. It is desirable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.

1. Cover the coals from a burned-out fire with a layer of ash, inflate them in the morning. 2. Portable storage - torch. 3. Laying the moss between the torches, tightly wrap the resulting structure with bark. A torch up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

To keep the heat longer, the coals of a burned-out fire should be covered with ash and a little earth. The heat in this case lasts up to 10 hours. Be sure to watch the burning fire Leaving the parking lot, be sure to put out the fire, even if only barely smoldering firebrands and coals remain from it. Fill it up if possible!

In the event of an extreme situation of autonomous existence, a fire made in time can be of great benefit. It will provide an opportunity to warm up at low air temperatures, prepare hot food and drink, which is especially important if there are wounded in the group. A bonfire is also a purely psychological calmer, from which one breathes hope, confidence in the successful outcome of the case. In a word, it is very important to be able to make a fire in any place and under any weather conditions.

But there are situations when none of the victims has lighters, matches, or they are hopelessly damp, i.e. one of the elements of the "triangle of fire" is missing (see 1.3). In this case, you will have to make fire in one of the ways indicated in figures 140-144.

The easiest way to make a fire is to strike a hard stone (flint, sulfur pyrite, etc.) with sliding blows with a flint. As an armchair, you can use metal objects: a file, the back of a knife blade, an ax blade. The direction of blows should be such that sparks fall on

tinder - a flammable or smoldering material (Fig. 140). The success of the business depends on its quality. Therefore, tinder can be prepared in advance and carried with you in an airtight package.

You can make tinder from a piece of medical cotton wool by soaking it with a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate and drying it well. Tinder can also be made from a piece of pure wool or cotton fabric. It is dried over low heat until it starts to burn around the edges. Without letting the fabric ignite, it is removed from the fire and placed in a sealed package.

If there is no pre-prepared tinder, then it can be made in an extreme situation, using fine dry birch bark, primary pine or cedar bark, wood dust from a trunk eaten by insects, reed and bird fluff - in a word, everything that begins to smolder or ignite when sparks hit them.

If possible, tinder can be moistened with gasoline, alcohol, or some other combustible material before use.

Several other methods of making fire are based on the effect of heat generation from friction. The most productive of them is the drilling method. To do this, it is necessary to make a bow, a “drill”, a support and a thrust bearing (Fig. 141). A bow can be made from any branch about a meter long, 2-3 cm in diameter. As a bowstring, it can have a strong rope, a narrow strip from a cut belt.

To make a support, you need to split a block of hardwood in half (the best material is dry larch). It is desirable to make a “drill” from the same type of wood. For this, a dry branch with a diameter of 1 - 2 cm and a length of 15 - 20 cm is suitable. The upper part of the "drill" should be turned into a sphere or cone with an angle of about 60 °, the lower one - in the form of a cone with an angle of 30 °. At the same angle, on the surface of the support, 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge, a small recess is made, where the “drill” is inserted with the lower end. The “drill” is pressed against the support with a thrust bearing. Therefore, it should also be made of hard wood, and it is better to use a stone with a slight indentation. After that, the “drill” is overwhelmed with a bowstring.

To rotate the “drill”, moving the bow back and forth, it is necessary at first slowly, gradually increasing the speed. In this case, the “drill” is not pressed too hard through the thrust bearing to the support. First appears in the place of deepening of smoke. But the work must be continued for some time, until a certain amount of brown powder appears in the recess. The heated powder may flare up along the edges of the recess. If this does not happen, then you should carefully inflate the powder, attach a pre-prepared tinder to it. Working together (Fig. 142), you can do without a bow. The rest of the workflow remains the same.

The simplicity of this method does not guarantee quick success. And it depends on many factors: the correct selection of wood, the quality of the tinder, the force of pressure on the “drill”, the weather, etc. As a rule, this method can only be successful in summer in dry weather.

If the victims have a gun, you can set fire to the tinder with a shot. To do this, a bullet or shot is removed from the cartridge, as well as part of the gunpowder. The sleeve is clogged with cotton wool, dry moss, a ball of fabric or small birch bark. A shot is fired into the ground next to the laid tinder. You can pour some of the gunpowder onto tinder and try to set it on fire, carving sparks with flint.

If the battery or batteries remained undamaged during a vehicle accident, they can be used to produce fire (Fig. 143). Shorting the positive and negative contacts will give a powerful spark that can ignite the tinder.

The task is greatly simplified in clear sunny weather. Using a lens from a camera, binoculars, glasses, you can focus the sun's rays on tinder and thereby ignite it. Focusing the rays on the tinder, the lens should be kept still (Fig. 144). To do this, you can pre-prepare some kind of emphasis for the hand.

There are also chemical methods of making fire, based on the spontaneous combustion of various mixtures. In the event of a motor vehicle accident, you can use antifreeze (radiator coolant) and potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), which should be in the car's first aid kit. To do this, pour a teaspoon of potassium permanganate onto paper or cloth, drip 2-3 drops of antifreeze onto it. After that, the sheet must be tightly rolled up, put on the ground, put tinder on top. During the oxidation process, a large amount of heat is released that can ignite the paper and set fire to the tinder. Do not pour a lot of liquid - this reduces the heating rate. The heating rate also decreases when the paper is loosely folded.

The same effect is produced by the combination of potassium permanganate with glycerin, which can be found in a medicine cabinet as a remedy used to soften the skin and mucous membrane in case of its illness. In this case, potassium permanganate is poured onto a dry surface, a few drops of glycerin are dripped onto it. After the appearance of smoke, a few more drops of glycerin are added, which may turn out to be critical - a bright flash occurs, from which the cooked tinder is set on fire.

In all cases of making fire, one must first carefully prepare. To do this, it is necessary to prepare tinder, small kindling, small and large branches for the subsequent fire after the tinder has been ignited. A place for a fire must also be prepared.

When lighting a fire, one must take into account the weather conditions and try to eliminate their negative impact as much as possible. In case of wind, find a quiet, sheltered place or build a windbreak. It is difficult to start a fire when it rains, because the humidity of the air is very high and the tinder cannot be kept dry. In such a situation, the methods of making fire by friction become ineffective, and if it is not possible to use another method, then it is worth waiting for the rain to stop.

Building a fire without matches requires skill, a lot of patience, and sometimes this process takes quite a long time. Once having kindled a fire, one must try to keep it for the entire period of autonomous existence. So did our ancestors, regarding the preservation of fire as a sacred duty. Keeping a fire in place is easy. Constant duty is required to maintain it (firewood should always be at hand). At night, you need to collect smoldering firebrands and coals in a heap, cover them with a layer of ash, and heat dry earth from above. In case of rain, you can cover the fire place with an awning. In the morning, it is enough to rake up the earth and ashes and inflate the firebrands. After that, it is easy to re-light the fire. Care must be taken that in the evening firewood is used that gives good coals, and does not burn out completely. You can use a knotted log or the root of a small tree for this.

It's harder to keep the fire going if the group (or one person) is on the move. Smoldering coals covered with ashes can be carried in a pot, bucket or tin can. In the absence of containers, another method is used. The bark is removed from the birch for its entire thickness - to the wood. A layer of dry earth is poured onto the straightened bark, then a layer of ash. It is necessary to lay smoldering coals on the ashes and cover them with a layer of ash, then earth. After that, the birch bark must be carefully rolled into a roll, tightly tied and the ends of the roll closed with birch bark, wooden plugs (Fig. 145). It is necessary to transfer such a roll in a vertical position, protecting it from shaking.

A torch is also used, in which thin splinteres are shifted with dry moss, tightly wrapped in bark. Such a torch, up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long, will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

No matter how romantic it may seem to be in the woods by the fire, you should come to terms with the fact that the desire for romance can cause a serious tragedy -. In 2016, the damage from such fires in the Russian Federation is estimated at about 15 billion rubles. On the whole planet in the same year there were 300 thousand forest fires. If we consider a five-year period, the largest territorial incident was observed in Canada (504.4 thousand ha). Not only in Russia, but also in North America, Finland, Portugal, Spain, Australia, significant forest areas burned down.

Equipping special areas with public grills and campfire sites is much easier in those countries where forests do not grow in such vast areas as in Russia. Therefore, in the Russian Federation, they clearly operate and prevent fires in forests and park areas during the entire fire hazard period, which can be defined differently in different regions, depending on weather and climatic conditions.

Picnic lovers should remember about the fire hazard of a fire and what are the sizes of administrative fines for a fire built in nature. Safety is the main condition for staying in the forest, because each burned hectare of forest is commensurate with a loss of 1 million rubles, not to mention how irresponsible it is in relation to the dead inhabitants of the forest and the owners of buildings caught in the path of the fire.

If the actions of vacationers who kindled a fire did not cause significant damage, citizens can get off with a warning. But most often their punishment is a fine in the amount of 2-4 thousand rubles. Officials can be punished with a fine of 15-30 thousand rubles, legal entities - 250-500 thousand rubles.

Since the regions and individual territories have their own legislative acts, the amount of fines in the Russian Federation fluctuates. For example, the Administrative Code of Moscow defines a penalty in the amount of 5,000 rubles for placing a barbecue in the courtyard of a house or in a park area. Anyone who kindles a fire in the wrong place is fined 4.5 thousand rubles. The spread of garbage (500 rubles) and damage to plants (4.5 thousand rubles) are strictly punished. In Moscow, there are special zones reserved for barbecue lovers.

Requirements

If someone is going to make a fire in the forest not during a fire hazard period, he must know and comply with certain safety requirements (measures):

1. The choice of a place for a camp hearth depends on the availability of natural shelter from rain and wind. It may be a rock, but in no case the crowns of trees. It is desirable that there is a reservoir near the fire, and the fire itself is 15-20 m away from the edge of the forest. The ideal place is the sandy spit of the river.
2. The following fire safety measures when making a fire in the forest are recommended so that there are no risk factors such as dead wood and newly emerged young growth, accumulations of debris between stones, as well as huts, sheds, tents nearby.
3. Tourist accommodation points should be located no closer than 3 m from the fire, on the windward side.
4. In order to avoid (and just spread the fire) it is better to remove the top layer of turf from an area slightly larger than the intended hearth (from 30 to 40 cm in each direction). If it turns out that in the chosen place there are peaty marshy soils, even dried ones, it is better to look for another place. Peat fires do not appear immediately and can last for decades deep in the ground.
5. When a fire is kindled in the snow, a thin layer of snow is cleared, a deep layer is trampled down, it is not forbidden to make a floor from wet logs.
6. A proper campfire depends on properly collected fuel. The main thing that is required for the hearth in your camp is the ability to warm and cook, while not forcing you to hide from the abundant smoke. It is this heat that dry firewood from such hardwoods as oak, birch gives.
7. Experienced fishermen and hunters, knowing that healthy trees are not allowed to be cut down in young forests, bring fuel with them.
8. Dry brushwood will burn quickly and will not provide enough calories for cooking. In places with sparse vegetation in the form of trees, dry grass twisted into bundles, dried droppings, peat can be used as fuel, while hunting - animal fat.
9. If the river is nearby, you can collect a fin. If you are in the desert, any shrub will do.
10. The larger the fire, the more fuel will be required. And if there is not enough firewood, you should think in advance about the size of the fire, a fire 30-40 cm high is sufficient for cooking tea and food.
11. Fuel is collected in advance, and not when the fire is already lit. Keep the collected firewood dry, cover with bark, needles, polyethylene.
12. Wet, rotten pieces of trees are placed in the fire only when it is necessary to signal for help with thick, abundant smoke.

rules

In order for the fire to flare up quickly, there are special fire safety rules for making fires:

• pre-prepared kindling, consisting of flammable substances, preferably of origin (birch bark, rot found in a hollow, conifer bark with resin), gasoline, diesel fuel and other petroleum products are prohibited during a fire hazard period and are not recommended at other times, as they can cause scorched face, eyebrows;
• a pyramid made of pieces of kindling is guaranteed to catch fire if a lit match is inserted into one of the holes in its base, another way to kindle a fire is dry chocks laid parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the wind, kindling is formed between them, which may include a newspaper , and from above the structure is covered with brushwood;
• around the fire, raw firewood can be laid out to dry; a campfire must be on duty at the hearth all the time until the fire is extinguished;
• so that a lost or wet match does not have to maintain a fire around the clock, you should take care of this in advance;
• the top of the match with the head is dipped in molten wax and then dried;
• a fragment of an ignition box and processed matches are best stored in a hermetically sealed tin case;
• to light a fire with the help of lenses, you need a bright sun and collected bird fluff, dry dust of leaves, moss;
• before leaving the parking lot, you should make sure that the fire is extinguished well, it is best to touch the fire with your hands, and do not leave garbage in it and around it.

Knowing the fire safety requirements when making a fire in nature, it is impossible to ignore the generally accepted conditions of behavior in the forest during a fire hazard period:

Forbidden:

• scatter burning matches, cigarette butts, pieces of glass;
• clean fields and summer cottages using the “burning out” method;
• make fires;
• drive on forest roads in vehicles not equipped with a spark arrester;
• use wads from flammable raw materials;
• leave used cleaning material outside special areas;
• to carry out refueling of aircraft engines that are in operating mode;
• light matches, smoke near refueling cars.

If a fire started

In addition to the above prohibitions, there are also recommendations calling for action to those who were in the area of ​​the fire:

• call the fire and rescue services (numbers "01", "112", district mobiles, if you know the numbers of forestry workers, you can call the police - "02"), be sure to tell if you have decided to hide or put out the fire;
• use the existing reservoir for getting wet (yourself + clothes for wrapping);
• breathing through a wet cloth and moving as close to the ground as possible is required to prevent oxygen deficiency;
• the best way to move in relation to the direction of the wind is transverse, but it is worth looking around how the fire spreads;
• wait out in places where the grass has already burned out;
• before the arrival of fire brigades, it is advisable when the fire has not spread to a significant area and does not threaten your life;
• as fire-fighting objects, you can use: water from a reservoir, bundles of branches, from 1.5-2 m long, with a wet cloth;
• fire can be trampled down, thrown with sand, knocked down with a shovel, sharply sprinkled with earth.

The most fire hazardous regions of Russia are the Far East, Siberia, the Urals, the Volga region. Residents of these territories have to show special awareness.

TEACHER: BELYANSKAYA S.I.

slide 2

PURPOSE OF THE FIRE