Saber-toothed tigers. Ancient saber-toothed tiger. American lion: the giant ancestor of modern cats Cave lion vs. saber-toothed tiger

On our planet in different time inhabited by a large number of fauna. However, the populations of many animals began to decline. The main factors of extinction have always been considered to be those related to climate. But with the development of man, many animals disappeared forever. In this article we will talk about extinct wild cats.

Tasmanian tiger (marsupial tiger, Tasmanian wolf, thylacine)

One of the most mysterious animals that has been exterminated is the Tasmanian tiger.

It received its name in honor of its habitat - Tasmania. Despite the fact that to a large extent its name suggests the relationship of a mammal to the cat family, in fact it is a big misconception. Many researchers even classify the mammal as a subspecies of wild dogs.

The length of an adult individual could reach 1.4 meters excluding the tail. The length of the tail could exceed 60 cm. The weight of the animal was 6.35-7.7 kg.

European settlers who arrived on Australian mainland, began a rapid hunt for individuals of this species, arguing that Tasmanian tigers steal livestock. By the 1920s, the animal population had been reduced so much that scientists had to list the species in the Red Book. Man finally exterminated the Tasmanian tiger in 1936.

Caspian tiger (Persian tiger, Turanian tiger)

The peculiarity of such tigers is their long stripes along the body, as well as their brown color. In winter, Caspian tigers developed sideburns, and the fur in the belly and entire body became very fluffy and thick.

The weight of the average Caspian tiger was 240 kg.

The Romans used Caspian tigers in gladiatorial battles.

The Caspian tiger lived in Central Asia, as well as the territory northern Caucasus. The rookery of the Caspian tiger could be observed up close in tropical impassable places. But they were all located quite close to the water. In just one day, the Turanian tiger could travel more than 100 km, which indicates the endurance of the extinct animal.

The latest mentions and studies related to this representative of the fauna date back to the 50s of the last century. On January 10, 1954, one of the last individuals was spotted on the territory of Turkmenistan, which migrated from the northern part of Iran. According to some sources, the last Caspian tiger was shot in southeastern Turkey in 1970.

Javan tiger

It got its name because of its main location - the island of Java, located in Indonesia.

Adults weighed 75-141 kg, body length about 2-2.5 meters.

It became extinct relatively recently - in the 1980s, due to habitat destruction, as well as poaching.

Bali tiger

Its habitat is the island of Bali, which is why it was called Balinese.

It is believed that the Bali and Javan tigers had the same ancestor.

The length of the tiger is 0.93-2.3 meters excluding the tail, weight is 65-100 kg.

Externally, this tiger among all subspecies was distinguished by the smallest number of black stripes. There could be dark spots between the stripes.

The tiger is often mentioned in folk stories and fine arts peoples of the island of Bali.

Bali tigers were destroyed by hunters. The last tiger was killed in 1937.

Pleistocene tiger

The most mysterious feline subspecies, known from fragmentary remains.

Lived in Russia, China and the island of Java.

This is rather an early version of the modern tiger.

European cheetah (giant cheetah)

Lived in Eurasia approximately 500 thousand years ago.

Body length is 1.3-1.5 meters excluding the tail. Weight 60-90 kg. Height 90-120 cm.

Historians have discovered the remains of this cat in Europe, India and China.

Outwardly, he looked like a modern cheetah. The color of this animal remains a mystery. There are suggestions that the European cheetah had long hair.

The European cheetah most likely became extinct due to competition with other cats, which did not leave a free niche for this large predator.

Miracinonyx

Possibly a distant relative of the cheetah. Probably the ancestor of the puma.

Lived about 3 million years ago on the American continent.

Outwardly, it was similar to a modern cheetah, had a shortened skull, with enlarged nasal cavities and high-set teeth.

It was approximately the size of a modern cheetah.

Miracinonyx became extinct 20-10 thousand years ago due to climate change, lack of food and human hunting for it.

European Jaguar (Gombaszog Panther)

Lived approximately 1.5 million years ago, and is the earliest known species Panther genus in Europe.

European jaguars weighed on average about 120-160 kg. They were larger than modern jaguars.

The European jaguar was most likely a solitary animal. He lived in forests, but could also hunt in open spaces.

Pleistocene jaguar

It is believed that it descended from a giant jaguar. Appeared approximately 1.6 million years ago.

It was 1 meter in height, 1.8-2 meters long, excluding the tail, and weighed 150-190 kg.

Pleistocene jaguars lived in dense jungles, swampy floodplains or coastal areas of the Northern and South America.

Extinct 10 thousand years ago.

Giant Jaguar

Lived in North America 1.6 million years ago.

There were two subspecies of giant jaguars - North American and South American.

Jaguar had long paws and tail, and was the size of a modern lion or tiger.

Scientists believe that jaguars lived on open plains, but due to competition with lions and other big cats, they were forced to find more wooded areas.

Extinct 10 thousand years ago.

Barbary lion (Atlas lion or Nubian lion)

The weight of an adult is 100-270 kg.

This animal was considered the largest lion subspecies. The Barbary lion differed from its fellows in its thick and dark mane, which extended far beyond its shoulders and hung down in the lower abdomen.

In past years, it could be found in Africa, in the northern part of the Sahara Desert. It was brought by Europeans to the Roman Empire, where it was used for entertainment purposes, namely fighting with the Turanian tiger.

IN early XVII century, its population declined sharply, as a result of which it was visible only in northwestern Africa. Due to the fact that at that time the use of firearms against animals, as well as the presence of targeted policies against the Barbary lion have led to a decline in numbers in the region. The last individual was killed in 1922 in the Atlas Mountains on the territory of their Moroccan part.

Cave lion

2.1 meters long, up to 1.2 meters high.

The ancestor of the cave lion is considered to be the Mosbach lion.

Lived in northern Eurasia.

Cave lion, despite his name, did not live in caves, but came there only during periods of illness or old age.

It is believed that cave lions were social animals and lived, like modern lions, in prides.

American lion

Lived approximately 11 thousand years ago.

Body length is about 2.5 meters excluding the tail. The American lion weighed more than 400 kg.

American lion descended from the cave lion, whose ancestor is the Mosbach lion. In appearance, it most likely looked like a hybrid of a modern lion and a tiger, but perhaps without the huge mane.

Mosbach lion

Lived about 300 thousand years ago.

The body length of an adult individual reached 2.5 meters excluding the tail; the lions were about 1.3 meters in height. The Mosbach lion weighed up to 450 kg.

It turns out that this was the largest and heaviest subspecies of lion that ever existed.

The cave lion evolved from the Mosbach lion.

Xenosmilus

Lived in the territory of modern North America about 1.8 million years ago.

Xenosmilus weighed up to 350 kg, and its body size was about 2 meters.

Xenosmilus had a powerful build and short but strong legs, and had not very long upper fangs.

Homotherium

Lived in Eurasia, Africa and North America 3-3.5 million years ago.

The ancestor of Homotheria is Machairod.

The height of homotherium is up to 1.1 meters, weight is about 190 kg.

The forelimbs are slightly longer than the hind limbs, the tail is short - Homotherium was more like a hyena than a big cat. Homotherians had relatively short upper canines, but they were wider and serrated.

Homotherians had a difference from all cats - they saw better during the day rather than at night.

Extinct 10 thousand years ago.

Mahairod

Lived in Eurasia, Africa and North America about 15 million years ago.

The name of the genus comes from the resemblance of the teeth of its representatives to the curved swords of the Mahaira. Mahairods looked like giant tigers with 35-centimeter saber fangs.

This saber-toothed tiger weighed up to 200 kg and was up to 3 meters long.

They became extinct about 2 million years ago.

Smilodon

Lived in America from 2.5 million to 10 thousand years BC. e.

Smilodon was the largest saber-toothed cat, reaching a height at the withers of 1.25 meters, a length of 2.5 meters including a 30-centimeter tail and weighed from 225 to 400 kg.

He had a stocky build, atypical for modern cats. The coloring of these animals could be uniform, but most likely they were spotted, like a leopard; it is also possible that males had a short mane.

Smilodon fangs were up to 29 centimeters long (including the root), and, despite their fragility, were powerful weapons.

Scientists believe that Smilodon were social animals. They lived in groups. The pride was fed by females.

The name "smilodon" means "dagger tooth".

One of the famous cartoon characters Diego from the cartoon " glacial period“This is exactly what Smilodon is.

Tilakosmil (Marsupial saber-toothed tiger)

Lived in South America approximately 5 million years ago.

It was 0.8-1.8 meters long.

It died out 2.5 million years ago, probably unable to withstand competition with the first saber-toothed cats, in particular with Homotherium.

Outwardly, thilacosmil was a large, powerful, stocky predator with huge fangs. His upper incisors were missing.

In general, tilacosmil was not a relative of saber-toothed tigers from the cat family, rather just a similar species that lived in the same conditions.

Before humans climbed to the top of the food chain, wild cats were the most powerful and successful hunters. Even today, these huge predators evoke fear and at the same time admiration in a person who is not their competitor in the hunt. And yet, prehistoric cats were much better in all respects, especially when it comes to hunting. Today's article presents the 10 largest prehistoric felines.

The prehistoric cheetah belongs to the same genus as today's cheetahs. Its appearance was very similar to that of the modern cheetah, but its ancestor was many times larger. The giant cheetah was more reminiscent of a modern lion in size, because its weight sometimes reached 150 kilograms, so the cheetah easily hunted larger animals. According to some data, ancient cheetahs were capable of accelerating at speeds of up to 115 kilometers per hour. A wild cat lived on the territory modern Europe and Asia, but could not survive the Ice Age.

This dangerous animal does not exist today, but there was a time when xenosmylus, along with others predatory cats headed the planet's food chain. Outwardly he very much resembled saber tooth tiger, however, unlike it, xenosmilus had much shorter teeth, which were similar to the teeth of a shark or predatory dinosaur. The formidable predator hunted from ambush, after which it instantly killed the prey, tearing off pieces of meat from it. Xenosmilus was very large, sometimes its weight reached 230 kilograms. Little is known about the habitat of the beast. The only place where his remains were found was Florida.

Currently, jaguars are not particularly large in size; as a rule, their weight is only 55-100 kilograms. As it turned out, they were not always like this. In the distant past modern territory South and North America were filled with giant jaguars. Unlike the modern jaguar, they had longer tails and limbs, and their size was several times larger. According to scientists, the animals lived on open plains together with lions and some other wild cats, and as a result of constant competition they were forced to change their place of residence to more wooded areas. The size of a giant jaguar was equal to a modern tiger.

If giant jaguars belonged to the same genus as modern ones, then European jaguars belonged to a completely different one. Unfortunately, today it is still not known what the European jaguar looked like, but some information about it is still known. For example, scientists claim that the weight of this cat was more than 200 kilograms, and its habitat was countries such as Germany, England, the Netherlands, France and Spain.

This lion is considered a subspecies of lion. Cave lions were incredibly large in size, and their weight reached 300 kilograms. Scary predators lived in Europe after the Ice Age, where they were considered one of the most dangerous creatures planets. Some sources say that these animals were sacred animals, so they were worshiped by many peoples, and perhaps they were simply feared. Scientists have repeatedly found various figurines and drawings depicting a cave lion. It is known that cave lions did not have a mane.

One of the most terrible and dangerous representatives wild cats of prehistoric times are homotherium. The predator lived in the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, South and North America. The animal adapted so well to the tundra climate that it could live for more than 5 million years. The appearance of homotherium was noticeably different from appearance all wild cats. The forelimbs of this giant were much longer than the hind limbs, which made him look like a hyena. This structure suggests that Homotherium did not jump very well, especially in contrast to modern cats. Although Homotherium cannot be called the most, its weight reached a record 400 kilograms. This suggests that the animal was larger than even a modern tiger.

The appearance of a mahairod is similar to that of a tiger, but it is much larger, with a longer tail and huge knife fangs. Whether he had the stripes characteristic of a tiger is still not known. The remains of the mahairod were found in Africa, which indicates its place of residence; in addition, archaeologists are convinced that this wild cat was one of the largest of those times. The weight of the mahairod reached half a ton, and in size it resembled a modern horse. The predator's diet consisted of rhinoceroses, elephants and other large herbivores. According to most scholars, the appearance of the mahairod is most accurately depicted in the film 10,000 BC.

Of all the prehistoric wild cats known to mankind, the American lion ranks second in popularity after Smilodon. Lions lived on the territory of modern North and South America, and died out about 11 thousand years ago at the very end of the Ice Age. Many scientists are convinced that this giant predator was relatives of today's lion. The weight of an American lion could reach 500 kilograms. There is a lot of controversy about its hunting, but most likely the animal hunted alone.

Most mysterious beast of the entire list was in second place among the largest cats. This tiger is not a separate species It is most likely a distant relative of the modern tiger. These giants lived in Asia, where they hunted very large herbivores. Everyone knows that today tigers are the largest representatives of the cat family, but such large tigers as in prehistoric times, today it’s not even close. The Pleistocene tiger was unusually large in size, and according to the remains found, it lived even in Russia.

The most famous representative of the cat family of prehistoric times. Smilodon had huge teeth that looked like sharp knives, and muscular body with short legs. His body slightly resembled that of a modern bear, although he did not have the clumsiness that a bear has. The amazingly built body of the predator allowed him to run with high speed even over long distances. Smilodon died out about 10 thousand years ago, which means they lived at the same time as humans, and perhaps even hunted them. Scientists believe that Smilodon attacked prey from an ambush.

Saber-toothed tigers are formidable and dangerous predators the cat family, completely extinct in ancient times. Distinctive feature These animals had upper fangs of impressive size, shaped like sabers. What do modern scientists know about saber-toothed cats? Were these animals tigers? What did they look like, how did they live, and why did they disappear? Let's move back through the centuries - to those times when huge ferocious cats, going hunting, confidently walked across the planet with the gait of true animal kings...

Cat or tiger?

First of all, it should be noted that the term “saber-toothed tigers,” which seems so familiar, is actually incorrect.

Biological science knows the subfamily of saber-toothed cats (Machairodontinae). However, with tigers, these ancient animals have extremely little common features. The first and second ones have significantly different proportions and body structure, and are connected to the skull differently mandibles. In addition, the striped “tiger” coloring is not typical for any of the saber-toothed cats. Their lifestyle is also different from that of a tiger: paleontologists suggest that these animals were not loners, living and hunting in prides, like lions.

However, since the term “saber-toothed tigers” is used almost everywhere, and even in scientific literature, further we will also use this beautiful allegory.

Tribes of saber-toothed cats

Until 2000, the subfamily of saber-toothed cats, or Machairodontinae, united three large tribes.

Representatives of the first tribe, Machairodontini (sometimes also called Homoterini), are distinguished by exceptionally large upper canines, wide and jagged with inside. When hunting, predators relied more on striking with these devastating “weapons” than on biting. The smallest cats of the Mahairod tribe were comparable to a small modern leopard, the largest were larger than a very large tiger.

Saber-toothed tigers of the second tribe, Smilodontini, are characterized by longer upper canines, but they were significantly narrower and not as serrated as those of the Machairods. Their top-down attack with fangs was the most deadly and perfect among all saber-toothed cats. As a rule, Smilodon were the size of an Amur tiger or lion, however American look This predator is famous for being the largest saber-toothed cat in history.

The third tribe, Metailurini, is the most ancient. That is why the teeth of these animals represent a kind of “transitional stage” between the fangs of ordinary and saber-toothed cats. It is believed that they separated from other machairodonts quite early, and their evolution occurred somewhat differently. Due to the rather weak expression of “saber-toothed” characteristics, representatives of this tribe began to be classified directly as felines, considered “small cats” or “pseudo-saber-toothed”. Since 2000, this tribe is no longer included in the subfamily of interest to us.

Saber-toothed tiger period

Saber-toothed cats inhabited the Earth quite for a long time- more than twenty million years old, appearing for the first time in the early Miocene and completely disappearing in the late Pleistocene period. Over all this time, they have given rise to many genera and species, differing significantly in appearance and size. However, hypertrophied upper fangs (in some species they could reach more than twenty centimeters in length) and the ability to open their mouths very wide (sometimes even one hundred and twenty degrees!) have traditionally been their common features.

Where did saber-toothed cats live?

These animals were characterized by an ambush attack. Having crushed the victim to the ground with its powerful front paws or grabbed its throat, the saber-toothed tiger instantly cut its carotid artery and trachea. Precision bite was the main weapon of this predator - after all, fangs stuck in the bones of the prey could break. Such a mistake would be fatal for the unlucky predator, depriving him of the ability to hunt and thereby dooming him to death.

Why did saber-toothed cats become extinct?

During the Pleistocene, or “Ice Age,” which spanned the period from two million to twenty-five to ten thousand years ago, many large mammals- cave bears, woolly rhinoceroses, giant sloths, mammoths and saber-toothed tigers. Why did this happen?

During the period of glacial cooling, many plants rich in proteins, which served as the usual food for giant herbivores, died out. At the end of the Pleistocene period, the planet's climate became warmer and much drier. Forests were gradually replaced by open grass prairies, but the new vegetation, adapted to the changed conditions, did not have the nutritional value of the previous one. Herbivorous sloths and mammoths gradually died out, not finding enough food. Accordingly, there were fewer animals that predators could hunt. The saber-toothed tiger, an ambush hunter of big game, found himself hostage to the current situation. The structural features of its jaw apparatus did not allow it to hunt small animals; its massive physique and short tail did not allow it to catch up with fleet-footed prey in the open area, which was becoming more and more numerous. Changed conditions meant that the ancient tigers with saber fangs did not have a chance to survive. Slowly but inexorably, all species of these animals existing in nature disappeared from the face of the Earth.

Without exception, all saber-toothed cats are finally extinct animals that did not leave direct descendants.

Mahayrods

Of all known to science Among the representatives of saber-toothed cats, it was Mahairod who most closely resembled a tiger. In nature, there were several types of mahairods, which had significant differences in appearance, but they were united by the jagged edges of long upper fangs, shaped like “mahairs” - curved swords.

These ancient animals appeared in Eurasia about fifteen million years ago, and two million years have passed since their extinction. The weight of the largest representatives of this tribe reached half a ton, and in size they were quite comparable to modern horses. Archaeologists are convinced that the Machairod was the largest wild cat of its time. Hunting large herbivores - rhinoceroses and elephants, these animals quite successfully competed with other large predators of their time, dire wolves and cave bears. Machairods became the “progenitors” of a more advanced type of saber-toothed cat - Homotherium.

Homotherium

It is believed that these saber-toothed cats appeared about five million years ago at the boundary of the Miocene and Pleistocene. They were distinguished by a more slender physique, vaguely reminiscent of a modern lion. However, their hind legs were somewhat shorter than their front legs, which gave these predators some resemblance to a hyena. The upper fangs of Homotherium were shorter and wider than those of Smilodon - representatives of another tribe of saber-toothed cats that inhabited the Earth in parallel with them. Along with this, the presence large quantity The notches on the fangs allowed scientists to conclude that these animals were capable of delivering not only slashing, but also cutting blows.

Compared to other saber-toothed cats, Homotherium had very high endurance and was adapted to long (although not fast) running and walking over long distances. There are suggestions that these now extinct animals led a solitary lifestyle. However, most researchers are still inclined to believe that homotherium hunted in groups like other saber-toothed cats, since it was easier to kill stronger and larger prey.

Smilodon

Compared to other saber-toothed cats that the ancient knew animal world Earth, Smilodon had a more powerful physique. Most major representative saber-toothed cats - Smilodon populator, which lived on the American continent - grew up to one hundred and twenty-five centimeters high at the withers, and its length from the nose to the tip of the tail could be two and a half meters. The fangs of this beast (along with the roots) reached twenty-nine centimeters in length!

Smilodon lived and hunted in prides, including one or two dominant males, several females and young animals. The coloration of these animals could well be spotted, like a leopard. It is also possible that the males had a short mane.

Information about Smilodon is contained in many scientific reference books and fiction, he appears as a character in films ("Portal Jurassic period", "Prehistoric Park") and cartoons ("Ice Age"). Perhaps this is the most famous animal of all, which is commonly called saber-toothed tigers.

The clouded leopard is a modern descendant of the saber-toothed tiger

Today it is believed that the clouded leopard is the indirect, but closest relative of Smilodon. It belongs to the subfamily Pantherinae (panther cats), within which it is classified into the genus Neofelis.

Its body is quite massive and compact at the same time - these features were also inherent in the saber-toothed cats of antiquity. Among representatives of modern felines, this animal has the longest fangs (both upper and lower) relative to its own size. In addition, the jaws of this predator can open 85 degrees, which is much more than that of any other modern cat.

Although not a direct descendant of saber-toothed cats, the clouded leopard serves as clear evidence that the method of hunting using deadly “saber fangs” can well be used by a predator in modern times.

For a long time, until the moment when man became a hunter and acquired weapons, representatives of the cat family were at the top of the food chain of our planet. Of course, these were not modern lions, jaguars, leopards and tigers, but their extinct ancestors, such as the saber-toothed tiger or the American lion. Let's get acquainted virtually with the prehistoric extinct American lion, or, as scientists call it, Panthera leo atrox.

Biological description

All lions, as well as jaguars, tigers and leopards are representatives (Felidae) and belong to the subfamily Pantherinae - big cats, And genus Panthera(panther). According to the evolution of this species, it occurred about 900,000 years ago in what is now modern Africa. Subsequently, representatives of this species populated most territory of the Holarctic. The earliest remains of predators in Europe were found near the Italian city of Isernia, and their age was determined to be 700,000 years. The cave lion lived on the Eurasian continent approximately 300,000 years ago. Thanks to the isthmus that at that time connected America with Eurasia, part of the population of these cave predators came through Alaska and Chukotka to North America, where, due to long-term isolation, a new subspecies of lions was formed - American.

Family ties

As a result of long collaboration conducted by researchers from Russia, England, Australia and Germany, it was found that there were three species of lions on our planet. Today it lives in a fairly small area modern lion. But before him, there were two prehistoric and extinct species today. First of all, this is (Panthera leo spelaea), which lived in western Canada and throughout almost all of Eurasia in the Pleistocene. In addition, there was also an American lion (Panthera leo atrox) that lived in what is now the United States. And also in some areas of South America. It is also called the North American lion, or the giant Naegele jaguar. As a result of studies of the genetic material of fossil animals and modern predators, it was possible to establish that all three species of lions are very close in their genome. But here's what else scientists managed to find out: the subspecies of the American lion was in genetic isolation for more than 340,000 years, and during this time it became very different from other subspecies.

Where did they come from?

Initially, lions that came from Africa populated the territory of Eurasia and only then crossed the Beringia Isthmus, which in those distant times connected North America with the Eurasian continent, and began to explore the new continent. Scientists have suggested that the emergence of two different species in North America is associated with the isolation of representatives of these two populations as a result of glaciation. According to another hypothesis different kinds: Cave and American lions are representatives of two waves of migration from Eurasia, quite distant from each other in time.

What did he look like?

Like others, the American lion disappeared approximately 10,000 years ago. At one time, it was one of the largest and most dangerous animals: its length could reach three meters or even more, and its weight in females reached 300, and in males up to 400 kg. There is still no agreement among scientists on the question of whether this animal had a mane like its modern descendant, or not. However, they describe his appearance quite definitely: on powerful legs there was a dense, muscular body, crowned with a large head, and at the back there was a long tail. The color of the skin, as researchers suggest, was uniform, but may have changed seasonally. Ligers are the closest morphologically to the American lion - the offspring of a tigress and a lion. It is difficult to imagine from the description what the American lion looked like. Photos of the reconstruction of its appearance help to understand how similar it is to its modern “relative”.

Where did you live?

As a result archaeological excavations the remains of this animal were discovered at quite large territory: from Peru to Alaska. This allowed scientists to claim that the American lion lived not only in North America, but also in certain regions of South America. Many remains of this animal were discovered near Los Angeles. Even today, despite significant advances in science, scientists cannot name the exact and specific reasons that caused the disappearance of this predator about 10,000 years ago. There are hypotheses about the depletion of feeding grounds and the death of animals that served as food for American lions due to glaciation and changes climatic conditions. There is also a version of involvement in the extermination of this formidable predator.

Food and competitors

The American lion may have once hunted the ancestors of modern wapiti and bison, as well as extinct bush oxen, western camels, and horses (Equus). At the same time, there were other people living on the North American continent large predators, also extinct.

To protect their prey and hunting grounds lions could form groups. Defending its food and territory, the American lion fought against the saber-toothed tiger (Machairodontinae), terrible ancient wolves (Canis dirus) and short-faced bears(Arctodus simus).