Fines and compensation for illegal fishing and damage to the environment. Common podust (chondrostoma nasus) Rules for fishing in Belarus. extracts from the rules of recreational fishing of the Republic of Belarus

The common nastus (lat. Chondrostoma nasus) is a medium-sized representative of the carp family, leading a gregarious lifestyle on the rocky, sandy, hard clay bottom of large and small rivers. Fish has a pronounced biological and feeding activity throughout daylight hours, and at night it prefers to rest in holes, snags, stone ridges, and dense bottom vegetation. Despite the daily waking schedule, catching undermouth is not an easy task due to specific features habitats, lifestyle and diet.

The standard size of representatives of the genus Chondrostoma is 25-30 cm with a weight of 400-500 g. Trophy specimens reach 1.2-1.5 kg (40-45 cm). The largest podust weighs 1.8-2.0 kg with a height of over 50 cm. But such individuals are extremely rare, since they reach their maximum dimensions at the end of life, which is 10-12 years.

The fish got its name from the lower terminal mouth (obsolete mouth), located under the elongated cartilaginous snout, like a sturgeon. Another common nickname is the black belly, due to the special dark film on the inner walls of the abdominal cavity.

To the main distinctive characteristics appearance subust should include:

• body flattened laterally in the shape of a pointed ellipse;
• yellowish-orange pectoral, pelvic and anal fins;
• medium, tightly fitting silvery scales with a rounded posterior edge (cycloid type);
• dark olive color of the back, on which a smoky-gray fin is located (3 unbranched and up to 10 branched rays);
• low head with a flat nose and large eyes;
• clearly visible lateral line of dark color;
• black rim on the tail.

The color pattern and tone depend on the genus taxon, specific habitat conditions in the river and the season: during the spawning period, all orange, yellow and red shades on the fins of males become an order of magnitude brighter.

Volzhsky Podust

Latin name: Chondrostoma variabile. Listed in the Red Book of the Saratov Region as a “vulnerable species.” It is distinguished by its more modest size (up to 1.4 kg) and shorter life expectancy (up to 8-9 years). The lower jaw has a sharp end. There are 52-62 scales in the lateral line. The dorsal fins are greenish in color. It lives in tributaries and rivers of the European part of Russia (Volga, Don, Ural), also found in the Sura, Moscow River, Oka and large reservoirs (Kuibyshev, Volgograd, Saratov).

Despite its modest size, the podust is different great strength and endurance, so the equipment should be light, but withstand powerful jerks.

The optimal gear parameters look like this:

• a rod with a fast action, 3.0-3.5 meters long;
• inertial coil;
• main line – 0.22-0.25 mm (with breaking load from 3 kg);
• leashes – 0.16-0.2 mm;
• hooks with a short shank No. 10-5 (international numbering) or No. 5-8 (standardization of the Russian Federation).

International relevance:
Annex III of the Berne Convention. It is included among the rare and endangered fish of Europe as a globally declining species, and in some parts of its range it is on the verge of extinction. The species is included in the Red Book of Lithuania.

Description:
The body is moderately elongated. The general color of the body is light, the back is gray-green or dark green, the sides and belly are silvery, the dorsal and caudal fins are gray or blackish, the rest are red or yellowish. It is distinguished by a characteristic lower mouth in the form of a transverse or slightly arched slit. The cartilaginous snout protrudes noticeably forward, the lower jaw is pointed and covered with a horny sheath. The peritoneum is black. The dorsal fin consists of 3 unbranched and 8-10 branched rays, the anal fin of 3 unbranched and 8-12 branched. Scales in the lateral line are 52-65. The pharyngeal teeth are single-rowed, knife-shaped and serrated, usually 6-6, rarely 7-6 and 6-5. Gill rakers average size, rather densely seated (26-32). In sexually mature males, during spawning, the head is abundantly covered with epithelial tubercles, on operculum and at the base pectoral fins orange-yellow spots appear, and a dark stripe appears along the body. Reaches a length of 50 cm and a weight of 2.5 kg.

Distribution:
The nominative form lives in Belarus - the common underdust Chondrostoma nasus nasus (L.). The area of ​​its distribution is limited to the basins of the Neman and Western rivers. Bug, Dnieper and Pripyat. Absent in the Western Dvina and further north. In the rivers flowing into the Black Sea from the north, lives special shape- Dnieper podust - Chondrostoma nasus nasus natio borysthenicum Berg.

Habitat:
Typical habitats are deep channel areas rivers with a moderate current, sandy and rocky bottom, usually in the bottom zone. It willingly stays near flooded snags, trees and large rocky rubble, where it finds abundant food. Avoids places with standing water and fast currents. In small rivers and upper reaches large rivers does not rise and is absent in floodplain reservoirs.

Biology:
Schooling fish - schools can number dozens of individuals of approximately the same size. Spawning in April at a water temperature of at least 10 ° C. Spawning is one-time, absolute fertility is 9-30 thousand eggs, relative - 25-40 eggs per 1 g of body weight. Bottom caviar, about 2 mm in diameter, adheres well to the ground. Males become sexually mature at 3-4 years with a body length of 18-20 cm and a weight of 100-150 g, females no earlier than 4-5 years with a body length of 21-28 cm and a weight of 200-300 g. They feed on algae, which they scrape off. from stones, sunken trees, driftwood, underwater parts of plants and other objects. It also eats various crustaceans, insect larvae, and in the spring - fish eggs. Life expectancy is about 10 years.

Number and trend of its change:
In the 1970-80s, the annual total catch of podust in the waters of Belarus was 200-400 c. In the last 10-15 years, the number has sharply decreased - the catch in the river. The Dnieper and Pripyat decreased by more than 100 times, and in the river. Neman and Sozh species are absent from catches.

Main threat factors:
The species requires further study.

Security measures:
Measures for protection and restoration of numbers have not been developed.

Compiled by:
Ermolaeva I.A.

The upper lip is also underdeveloped and thin. Abdomen his is black. The body color is light. The back is greenish-black, sometimes grayer, the sides and belly are silvery. The dorsal and caudal fins are gray, the pectoral, ventral and anal fins are reddish. During the spawning period, mainly males develop tubercles on their heads and bodies, which disappear soon after spawning.
Podust lives in rivers with relatively fast currents. However, it can rarely be found on fast rapids, near rapids; but he avoids both quiet bays and oxbow lakes. Completely absent from lakes and floodplain reservoirs. In rivers, podust selects deep-water areas with a gristly, hard sandy and even clay bottom. In summer, in the quiet pre-dawn hours, its flocks go to shallow waters bordering deep waters, but do not come close to the shores. With sunrise, flocks migrate to deeper waters. deep places. They spend the entire warm period of the year in such migrations. Only with the onset of autumn cold weather do flocks of podust go to the pits, where they spend the entire winter. During wintering, podusts hardly feed. With the onset of spring, their flocks leave the pit in search of spawning grounds.
Podust spawns in shallow rifts with shallow depths (up to 40 cm), where the bottom is covered with a mixture of pebbles and sand, with sufficient fast current at a water temperature of about 10-12°. During spawning, fish gather in large schools. The spawning process begins in the early evening hours, but is most intense in the evening and at night for several days. The eggs stick to rocks, sand and plants. If the waters in spawning rivers are heavily polluted, pods can leave their usual spawning grounds and go to clear waters. The fertility of females depends on their size. For example, in the Seversky Donets, an average of 6.3 thousand eggs were found in fish 17.1-19 cm long, and 8.7 thousand eggs 21.1-23 cm long. All the eggs of the pods ripen at the same time and are swept out in one go. Podusts spawn for the first time in different reservoirs at different ages and when they reach different sizes. For example, in the Seversky Donets, in the discharge zone of heated water from a power plant, they mature at the age of three, with a body length in males of 15.8 cm and in females - 17.1 cm. In the reservoirs of Transcarpathia and Ciscarpathia, both sexes of the podust mature at the age of four. On the middle reaches of the Dnieper, males mature for the first time at a body length of 23 cm, females - 27 cm. In the spawning herd, the number of males significantly exceeds the number of females.
Male podusts grow somewhat slower, and therefore, at the same age, males in size fewer females. Heaviest weight subusta does not exceed 600 g.
Feeds mainly on the undermouth plant foods, represented mainly by algae, which grow over underwater rocks and other objects. However, it can also eat animal organisms - worms, larvae, mayflies, mosquitoes, caddis flies and others. The diet of young individuals is dominated by animal organisms living in the water column.
Podust is widely distributed in water bodies of Europe. In the CIS, it lives in the rivers of the Baltic, Black, Azov and Caspian seas. In Ukraine it can be found in the basins of all rivers, excluding the rivers of Crimea and the northern coast Sea of ​​Azov. In the reservoirs of the Dnieper, the number of podust is decreasing.

Fishing rules in the Republic of Belarus, contain quite a lot of points that are worth studying before you go fishing. So as not to get into an unpleasant situation and not have problems with local fisheries authorities. Below are the main points from Fishing rules in Belarus.

Fishing rules in Belarus. EXTRACTS FROM THE RULES OF AMATEUR FISHING OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

Fishing objects and recreational fishing standards

13. In fishing grounds, recreational fishing and harvesting of aquatic invertebrates that have not reached the size specified in Appendix 2 of these Rules are prohibited.
The length of the fish is determined by measuring the distance from the top of the snout (at closed mouth) to the base of the middle rays of the caudal fin, the length of the crayfish and shrimp is from the line of the eyes to the end of the caudal plate.

14. The maximum bycatch of fish less than the permissible catch size specified in Appendix 2 is set at no more than 21 percent of the catch of these fish species.
Caught fish and caught aquatic invertebrates smaller than those established in Appendix 2 of these Rules, in excess of the permissible bycatch, must be released back alive.

15. In fishing grounds, it is allowed to catch no more than 5 kg of fish per fisherman per day, with the exception of cases when the weight of one fish exceeds this norm. Eel fishing can only be done for a fee in accordance with the procedure established by the Ministry natural resources and environmental protection.

The catch of crayfish per person should not exceed 30 pieces per day, shrimp - no more than 1 kg.

17. Catch rate of fish used as bait for fishing predatory fish, no more than 30 pieces per day per person are allowed. It is prohibited to catch juvenile fish species specified in Appendix 2 of these Rules as bait.
3. Tools (gear) recreational fishing

19. In the fishing grounds of the Republic of Belarus, recreational fishing and the extraction of aquatic invertebrates is carried out with fishing gear (gear) that is not prohibited for use by these Rules.
Non-prohibited fishing gear (gear) for recreational fishing includes: fly fishing, float and bottom fishing rods of all systems, spinning rods, mugs, tracks, girders, traps and nets for catching crayfish and shrimp, guns and pistols for spearfishing, nets and lifting nets for fishing live bait

4. Limitations on periods of fishing for fish and aquatic invertebrates

21. In order to preserve the fish resources of the Republic of Belarus and create favorable conditions for fish spawning, taking into account the hydrometeorological forecast, upon the recommendation of the Fisheries Conservation Committee, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus annually establishes a ban (restrictions) on recreational fishing in fishing grounds.
The duration of the fishing ban (restriction) during the spring spawning period of fish in all water bodies and all types of fish is at least 60 days.
The duration of the spring fishing ban on water bodies regularly stocked with feeding fish species is 30 days. The list of such reservoirs is determined
Fishery Protection Committee.

The specific dates for the spring fishing ban, as well as the list of fishing reservoirs and their areas where limited fishing is allowed during the ban period, are approved by order of the Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus.
The timing of the ban and the fishing regime during the spring spawning period of fish are communicated to the population through means mass media. The ban comes into force from the moment the order about it is published in the periodical press.

23. During the spring spawning period of fish, recreational fishing may be permitted in certain reservoirs by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection on the proposal of the Fishery Conservation Committee, agreed upon with local executive and administrative bodies, only from the shore in areas outside the spawning grounds with one float rod with one hook on a fisherman or spinning rod during daylight hours.

24. Amateur fishing in wintering pits is prohibited from October 1 to April 15. The list of wintering pits indicating their boundaries is approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus.

25. In addition to the ban on fishing for all types of fish during the spring spawning period, the following prohibitions are established:

25.4 Crayfish fishing from October 15 to July 15, and freshwater shrimp- from April 1 to June 15.

25.5 Fishing bivalves pearl barley and toothless from April 1 to June 15.

Fishing rules in Belarus. Appendix 2

Minimum sizes of fish and aquatic vertebrates ( according to the rules of fishing in Belarus), acceptable for catch by amateur fishermen (cm)
Whitefish - 36 (36), peled - 25 (25), vendace - 14, pike - 40 (40), bream - 27, ide - 25 (25), tench - 22, grass carp - 36 (36), silver carp - 36 (36), carp (carp) - 30, asp - 34, sabrefish - 24, blue salmon - 20, pike perch - 40 (40), European catfish - 70 (70), burbot - 36 (36), chub - 25, subdust - 22, narrow-clawed crayfish - 9(9).
Note: without brackets - in leased fishing grounds, in brackets - in non-leased fishing grounds.

Registration locations:

Brest region - Brest, Stolin districts

Gomel region - Braginsky, Vetkovsky, Gomel, Zhitkovichsky, Zhlobinsky, Kormyansky, Loevsky, Mozyr, Narovlyansky, Petrikovsky districts

Grodno region - Grodno, Dyatlovsky, Ivyevsky, Korelichi, Mostovsky, Novogrudok, Ostrovetsky districts

Minsk region - Stolbtsovsky district

Mogilev region - Bobruisk, Bykhov, Mogilev, Osipovichi districts

Family Carp (Cyprinidae).

In Belarus, the typical form of podust is found in the rivers of the Western Bug and Neman basins; the Dnieper form (Ch. n. nasus natio borystenicum) inhabits the rivers of the Dnieper basin. In the river basin Western Dvina absent.

Length up to 50 cm, weight up to 2.5 kg. The body is moderately elongated, rounded. It is distinguished by a characteristic lower mouth in the form of a transverse or slightly arched slit. The cartilaginous snout protrudes noticeably forward. The lower jaw is pointed and covered with a horny sheath. The upper lip is thin, solid, poorly developed. The internal body cavity is covered with a black epithelial film. The pharyngeal teeth are single-row, knife-shaped. The gill rakers are of medium size, rather densely set (26-32). The dorsal and anal fins are small. The dorsal fin consists of 3 unbranched and 8-10 branched rays, the anal fin of 3 unbranched and 8-12 branched. The scales are medium in size, with 52-65 scales in the lateral line.

The general body color of the podust is light; the back is gray or dark green, the sides and belly are silvery, the dorsal and caudal fins are gray or blackish, the rest are reddish or yellowish. In sexually mature males, during spawning, the head is covered with epithelial tubercles, orange-yellow spots appear on the gill cover and at the base of the pectoral fins, and a dark stripe appears along the body. There are no other external differences.

Podust is a purely river schooling fish that stays away from the banks. Its flocks can number dozens of individuals of approximately the same size. Podust lives in deep flat sections of rivers with moderate currents, sandy and rocky bottoms, usually in the bottom zone, and willingly stays near flooded snags and trees, where it finds abundant food. It avoids places with standing water, as well as fast currents, therefore it does not rise into small rivers and the upper reaches of large rivers and is absent from floodplain reservoirs and lakes. Spends the winter in the pits, and in early spring in flocks it rises upstream quite considerable distances to spawning grounds, after which it gradually slides downstream in smaller groups.

Males become sexually mature at 3-4 with a body length of 18-20 cm and a weight of 80-150 g, females no earlier than 4-5 years with a body length of 21-28 cm and a weight of 200-300 g.

Spawning is one-time. Spawns in April, at a water temperature of at least 10°C (according to other sources, not below 7-9ºC), usually in places with fast currents and a rocky or pebble bottom. Podust is very demanding regarding the nature of spawning grounds and, where proper conditions are absent, is usually few in number. Absolute fertility ranges from 9.5 to 30 thousand eggs, relative fertility - 25-40 eggs per 1 g of body weight. The bottom eggs of the podust are quite large (about 2 mm in diameter) and adhere well to the ground.

The overall growth rate of the undergrowth is quite good: the annual linear growth in the first years reaches 5.5-7.5 cm and begins to fade only from the age of 5; At 2 years of age, the subsnout weighs 25-30 g, at 3 - more than 100 g, at 4 - about 250 g, at 8 - about 750 g. In catches, individuals weighing 500-600 g are common, less often up to a kilogram. A typical Podust from the Neman grows somewhat faster than the Dnieper Podust and by the age of 4 is ahead of the latter in growth by a whole year. The life expectancy of the subust is 8-9 years.

Feeds under food throughout the daymainly algae, which is scraped off from stones, sunken trees, driftwood, underwater parts of plants and other objects lower jaw, covered with a horny sheath. In addition to plants, the podust eats various crustaceans, insect larvae, and in the spring in large quantities fish caviarAfter hatching from the eggs, the juvenile podusta feeds on food of animal origin for some time, but very soon switches to algae.

Sometimes the podustu, whose mouth is at the bottom, has to swim belly up in order to be able to grab food from the surface of the water.

The economic importance of podust in Belarus is small, the share of podust in commercial catches is low - up to a maximum of 2% of the total fish catch. In the 1970-80s, the annual total catch of podust in the waters of Belarus was 200-400 c. At the end of the twentieth century. the number has sharply decreased - the catch in the river. The Dnieper and Pripyat decreased by more than 100 times, and in the river. Neman and Sozh species are absent from catches. In this regard, the view was included in the 3rd edition. "Red Book", however, in the 4th ed. transferred to the Appendix as a species requiring attention.

Podust is the only fish in the Belarusian ichthyofauna that uses periphyton reserves (plant and animal organisms that grow on stones, snags and other underwater objects) for food, and does not compete in this regard with other fish.

Sport fishing for podust requires skill and dexterity from the fisherman. Podust are caught with float rods from the shore and from a boat. In spring, fishing begins with the beginning of the low water recession. The best bite occurs at the height of summer, especially if the weather is calm and hot. It begins to take podust at dawn, but by about 10 o'clock the bite stops and, resuming at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, does not weaken until dusk. The underwater attachment should drag along the bottom and not lie in place. The best nozzle throughout the entire period, pieces of a worm are considered, but ant eggs, maggots, bloodworms, and steamed wheat are also suitable. Fishing is more successful if bait from buckwheat porridge, finely chopped worms, bloodworms, and ant eggs is used.

The undermouth bite is unclear, requiring quick, energetic hooking. Enough strong fish, when caught on a hook, the underwater fish exhibits serious resistance - it rushes to the sides, rests on the bottom, walks in zigzags, makes sharp turns, etc., so it must be quickly brought to the shore or boat and caught with a net, otherwise it often breaks off .

Podust is a very brave and trusting fish and often, having fallen off the hook, after a while it returns to bait again.

Podust meat is quite tasty, but quickly deteriorates, unable to withstand transportation and long-term storage.

Photo © Christa Rohrbach / Flickr. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0