How many square meters is a parachute. Types and characteristics of parachutes. Tactical and technical data of parachute parts
Paratrooper? What are they made from? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article. A parachute is a device made of fabric, made in the form of a semicircle, to which a load or suspension system is attached with straps. It slows down the movement of an object in the air. Parachutes are used to delay the movement of winged vehicles during landing and jumps from fixed objects (or from aircraft) for the purpose of reliable descent and landing of cargo (people).
Varieties
Many people are interested in knowing how many lines a paratrooper's parachute has. At first, air umbrellas were used for a soft landing of a person on Earth. Today, with the help of them, people are rescued, parachuted from the air. In addition, they serve as sports equipment.
Cargo sky umbrellas were invented for landing cargo and cars. Several such devices can be used simultaneously for landing heavy equipment. Rescue systems on light aircraft are a variation of them. Such devices consist of a parachute and forced extension accelerators (rocket, ballistic or pyrotechnic). When a dangerous situation arises, the pilot activates the rescue equipment and the plane parachutes to the ground. These practices are often criticized.
Small stabilizing parachutes (which are also exhaust parachutes) regulate the position of the body during a relaxed descent. Restraint air umbrellas were developed to shorten the stopping distance on vehicles and ships, to stop cars in drag racing. For example, Tu-104 aircraft and early Tu-134 models were equipped with such devices.
Parachutes are also used to reduce the speed of a spacecraft when landing on a celestial object or while moving through the atmosphere. It is known that ordinary round sky umbrellas have been developed for landing people and cargo. And there are also round parachutes made in the form of a Rogallo wing, with a retracted apex, band parachutes for supersonic speed, parafoils - wings in the form of an ellipse or a rectangle, and many others.
Devices for disembarking people
So, how many lines does a paratrooper's parachute have? For a safe landing of a person, experts have developed the following types of air umbrellas:
- special purpose;
- rescue;
- training;
- landing;
- shell gliding parachute systems (sports).
The basic types are landing (round) parachutes and "wing" systems (shell gliders).
Types of army "air umbrellas"
Each soldier should know how many lines a paratrooper's parachute has. Army sky umbrellas come in two types: square and round. The canopy of a landing round parachute is a polygon, which, when filled with air, takes the form of a hemisphere. The top has a cutout (or less dense fabric) in the center. Such systems (for example, D-5, D-10, D-6) are distinguished by the following high-altitude characteristics:
- working usual height - from 800 to 1200 m;
- the maximum height of the ejection is 8 km;
- the lowest ejection level is 200 m with a descent on a filled canopy of at least 10 seconds and a stabilization of 3 seconds.
Round landing parachutes are difficult to control. They have approximately equal horizontal and vertical speed (5 m/s). The weight of these devices is as follows:
- 13.8 kg (D-5);
- 11.7 kg (D-10);
- 11.5 kg (D-6).
Square parachutes (for example, the Russian "Leaf" D-12, T-11 USA) have additional slots in the arch, with the help of which the parachutist controls the horizontal movement. They also improve maneuverability. The horizontal speed of products is up to 5 m/s, and the speed of descent is up to 4 m/s.
D-6
And now let's find out how many lines the D-6 paratrooper's parachute, which was developed by the Research Institute of Parachute Engineering (Aviation Equipment holding), has. It is used for combat and training jumps from transport aircraft. Previously, it was used by the USSR.
Today, the modified D-6 device of the fourth series, along with the new D-10, is used by flying clubs and airborne troops. Its domed corrective system consists of lines, a stabilizer with a link, and a top base. Along the lower edge of the vault, under the reinforcing radial tapes, 16 ropes from the ShKP-200 kapron rope are threaded and stitched. The length of the extreme lines, placed in a free state on each loop, from the lower edge of the top to the stabilizer loops, is 520 mm, and the middle ones are 500 mm.
Nuances D-6
The base of the D-6 dome is made of nylon material art. 560011П, and the overlay is made of the same fabric, but has art. 56006P. Between the lines No. 15A and 15B, 1A and 1B, on the basis of the dome there are slots of 1600 mm in size, designed to turn the arch during descent. At the top there are 30 cables made of ShKP-150 kapron rope. To the free edges of the suspended structure No. 2 and 4, 7 lines are attached, and to No. 1 and 3 - 8 lines each.
The length of the straps in a free position from the half-ring buckles to the lower edge of the dome is 9000 mm. Marks are drawn on them at a distance of 200 mm from the lower edge of the vault and 400 mm from the half-rings-buckles of the free ends. They are great for facilitating the installation of dome cables. Coordination ropes are sewn to slings No. 15A and 15B, 1A and 1B. The dome has an area of 83 sq. m.
Control lines are made of kapron red harness ShKPkr. They are passed through rings sewn to the inside of the free ends of the suspension structure.
D-10
And now we’ll tell you how many lines the D-10 paratrooper’s parachute has. It is known that this sky umbrella replaced the D-6 parachute. Its squash-shaped dome, with beautiful appearance and improved performance, has an area of 100 square meters. m.
The D-10 device was made for the landing of novice paratroopers. With it, you can perform combat and training jumps from the transport-military Il-76, An-2 aircraft, Mi-6 and Mi-8 helicopters. On the ejection, the flight speed is 140-400 km / h, the smallest jump height is 200 m with stabilization for 3 seconds, the maximum is 4000 m with a flight mass of a person of 140 kg, the decrease occurs at a speed of 5 m / s. The D-10 parachute has different line lengths. It weighs little and has a lot of control options.
Each soldier knows how many lines the main parachute of the D-10 paratrooper has. The device has 22 ropes with a length of 4 meters and 4 cables connected to the loops of the dome slots, 7 m in size from a nylon rope ShKP-150.
The parachute is also equipped with 22 additional external lines from the ShKP-150 harness, 3 m long. In addition, it has 24 internal additional ropes from the ShKP-120 harness, 4 m in size, attached to the base lines. Cables 2 and 14 are connected by a pair of internal additional slings.
D10P
What is a good landing parachute? D-10 and D10P are amazing systems. The D10P device is designed so that it can be converted to D-10 and vice versa. It can be practiced without stabilization for forced opening. And you can attach it, put the parachute to work with adjustment - and into the plane, into the sky ...
The D10P dome is made of 24 wedges, the lines have a tensile strength of 150 kg each. Their number is identical to the number of cables of the sky umbrella D-10.
Spares
And how many lines does a paratrooper's reserve parachute have? It is known that the design of the D-10 allows the use of spare air umbrellas of the 3-5, 3-4, 3-2 types. The opening of the two-cone lock is insured by parachute devices PPK-U-165A-D, AD-ZU-D-165.
Consider a reserve parachute 3-5. It consists of the following parts: a canopy with lines, a suspension intermediate system, a satchel, a manual opening link, a parachute bag and a passport, and auxiliary parts.
The reserve parachute contributes to the creation of a safe rate of descent (landing). This is a load-bearing surface made in the form of a framed surface layer with load-bearing parts that connect the top to the suspended intermediate system.
The parachute has a round arch with an area of 50 square meters. m, which consists of four sectors made of five nylon panels. These components are sewn together with a seam in the castle.
24 slings made of ShKP-150 nylon rope are attached to the dome hinges. Their longitude in a free position from the lower edge of the arch to the half-rings of the suspended intermediate system is 6.3 m. To simplify the laying of the arch, the 12th line is made of a red cord (or an identification red sleeve is sewn on it).
On each rope at a distance of 1.7 m from the lower edge of the vault there is a black mark indicating the place where the lines are laid in the cells of the pack.
Interaction of parts
If the main parachute does not work, the paratrooper must sharply pull out the pull ring of the manual opening element by hand. As a result, the pockets of the exhaust device, located around the pole clearance, being in the air stream, pull out the vault and lines of the reserve parachute from the satchel and remove the person from it.
Under the influence of air flow, the dome of this device fully opens, providing a normal landing.
In summer the sun rises early. As soon as the evening dawn has time to hand over its watch, it begins to turn red in the east, and soon a crimson-red disk of the daylight rolls out from behind the horizon.
Quiet, windless. Only in the heights the lark is flooded, and in the withered grass the grasshoppers chirp monotonously.
Despite the early hour, stuffy, hot. A group of staff officers headed by General M.T. Tonkaev had just arrived in this deserted steppe. The officers crowd around a small table, at which a navigator and a tablet player perched with their magazines and stopwatches. The general looked at his watch and said quietly, as if to himself:
- It starts now...
What exactly will begin - the officers did not need to explain. Today, on this plain, they were to receive a mass air assault from heavy Tu-4D airships flying at high speed. Such an experiment was carried out for the first time.
Everyone quickly rises from their seats. And here is the familiar, but always alarming sounding signal: “Go!”.
The paratroopers one by one rush to the hatch and disappear into the gray void.
The moment has come to jump and let out. Vladimir Doronin takes a step, another and, habitually bending down, throws himself head down into the abyss whistling from the rushing air stream. A tight wave immediately hit him in the face, turned his body and threw it to the side with force.
Then he felt a jolt. But not the same as it happens when the canopy of the main parachute opens, but weak, barely perceptible. "Something's wrong!" - burned thought. Doronin raised his head and saw a white tongue of cloth above him. The main part of the dome, twisted into a bundle, wriggled, clamped by strong parachute lines.
Vladimir knew well what this threatened.
“But if you open the reserve parachute now,” thought Vladimir, “then, having escaped from the satchel, it can wrap itself around the harness of the main parachute, and then it’s the end.
After waiting for an opportune moment, Vladimir pulled the reserve parachute ring and heard a familiar pop. The parachute filled with air. The rapid fall has stopped.
Landing on a reserve parachute, Vladimir unfastened the suspension system and, with pleasure, stretched out on the warm ground, buried his face in the grass. My God, how pleasantly these herbs smell, what a primordial aroma the earth itself exudes, how loudly the grasshoppers chirp. Why hadn't he noticed this before, why didn't he experience burning joy from these smells and these sounds? And my heart beat loudly, with jubilation: alive, alive! After a while, he struggled to his feet and looked around. Nearby, three paratroopers were lying in the grass, and next to them the faded and wrinkled parachute panels were white. It hasn't happened yet. Is there a problem with them?
But the paratroopers at the same time, as if on command, got up, collected their parachutes and headed towards Doronin. Other paratroopers also hurried to the gathering place.
- What's happened? - the officer asked one of the paratroopers, who a minute ago lay motionless in the grass. The boy stuttered and replied:
- Ku-pol ra-a-exploded ...
The same story, it turns out, happened to his friend.
At this time, another nine aircraft appeared over the landing area. One by one, paratroopers poured down from above. The sky was white with parachutes. Something went wrong with one of the paratroopers. Having overtaken his comrades, he continued to rapidly rush to the ground. Behind him stretched a twisted tourniquet of an unopened parachute.
Vladimir and the three paratroopers who approached him held their breath and watched a man in trouble approaching the ground.
- Tear the spare ring! - shouted Doronin, as if the paratrooper could hear his advice. But, to the delight of all who watched, the canopy of the reserve parachute finally opened over the paratrooper.
When the last paratrooper sank to the ground, Vladimir headed for the assembly point. The general was there. Doronin began to report to him about what had happened. But the general stopped him with a sharp gesture:
- I know. I know everything.
In the general's tone, Vladimir caught irritation. It's a joke to say: the landing almost ended in the death of several people.
What's the reason? Why did the canopies of the main parachutes in a number of cases not work, while Doronin's main canopy was turned inside out, torn and almost completely twisted into a tight tourniquet? For three people, the parachute lines were twisted to their entire length, and the canopies, as they are commonly called, turned out to be “crushed”. In two cases, an unknown force rolled the panels of the main parachutes into a ball and tied them with slings.
Later it turned out that several people at the time of opening the parachutes from a strong dynamic impact lost consciousness, others received severe bruises on the head and face with the free ends of the suspension system.
In the evening, a group of officers and generals from the headquarters of the Airborne Forces arrived at the field site where the troops landed. Such a phenomenon, when about ten parachutes were denied work at once, has not been noted in the entire history of the Airborne Forces. The headquarters was alarmed: D-1, who faithfully served the paratroopers for more than one year, suddenly misfired.
A commission was quickly formed. Vladimir Doronin also entered it as a leading test engineer. Specialists meticulously examined every fold of parachutes, checked the lines by touch, opened and closed the satchels, hoping to find at least the slightest clue. But in vain. No flaws were found in the parachutes.
What is the point then? This issue was discussed at a meeting of experts. They spoke passionately, passionately, sometimes arguing. In the end, they came to the conclusion that the speed at which the jumps from aircraft were to blame was to blame. The old, loyal D-1 was at odds with her.
- What do we do? - asked the participants of the meeting, the general who led the operation to drop the landing. - Go back to the sluggards? But this is not the way out. In the near future we will receive new, even faster aircraft. What is your opinion, comrade Doronin?
The general knew Vladimir as a master of sports, the inventor of many devices that were widely used in the troops.
- I can’t give an explanation right off the bat, Comrade General, - Vladimir answered. - I am firmly convinced of one thing - the D-1 is not suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft. We have to create something new. The development of a new parachute was carried out earlier. There were even individual samples. But they did not find practical application: the parachutes turned out to be heavy and bulky.
The Doronins took up the creation of a new model. Logic prompted the inventors that since the D-1 behaves abnormally at high flight speeds in a highly disturbed air flow, it means that it is necessary to look for a fundamentally new, consistent scheme for its entry into action. The phased introduction of the parachute into operation should guarantee not only the trouble-free and normal opening of the main canopy, but also bring the large dynamic load experienced by the paratrooper to normal limits.
Doronins made hundreds of various calculations, checking the developed structures in the air. To do this, we had to repeatedly jump from high-speed planes ourselves, and in especially dangerous cases, entrust the experiment to the trouble-free "Ivan Ivanovich". In the end, the picture, as if on photographic paper, lowered into the developer, appeared before them quite clearly.
As soon as the paratrooper leaves the plane, a small canopy of a stabilizing parachute opens behind him. In a strongly disturbed air flow, he immediately sets the person down with his feet in the direction of flight, stops his erratic tumbling, and reduces the speed of the fall.
At the same time, the stabilizing parachute also pulls out of the satchel the upper part of the main dome placed in the case - a train on which the paratrooper carries out a stabilizing descent to the desired height. Then the automatic device PPD-10 or KAP-3 is activated, releasing the stabilizing parachute, and that, in turn, easily “takes out” the rest of the main canopy from the inner pocket of the knapsack, pulls the cover off it and then the canopy is fully operational.
Now the parachutist could be firmly convinced that the surprises that made themselves felt when throwing a mass landing at high flight speed would no longer lie in wait for him. The stabilizing parachute guarantees the normal opening of the main parachute, regardless of the speed of the aircraft, protects against strong dynamic shock and all kinds of injuries.
The use of a new landing parachute, which received the name D-1-8, greatly contributed to the rapid development of high-speed transport aviation. He passed the state and military tests and was adopted by the Airborne Forces and the Air Force. Its first testers were the inventors themselves and their friends V. G. Romanyuk, N. K. Nikitin, A. V. Vanyarkho. They jumped from D-1-8 from An-8, An-10, An-12, Tu-4D and others, and in all cases he behaved flawlessly.
Tests, as well as mass landings at various military exercises from high-speed aircraft, led to the conclusion that the scheme proposed by the Doronins for the sequential introduction of landing parachutes into action has no equal. Its advantage was that pilot chutes could not get into the lines of the main domes. The slings of the pilot chute could no longer catch on to the legs, head, weapons, equipment of the paratrooper.
Previously, during jumps, the lines of the main dome were quite often tied with so-called "mechanical knots", pinching the lower edges of the domes. Sometimes the slings overlapped the domes and, of course, did not allow them to work normally. And how people suffered when the free ends of the suspension system hit the face or head. Now such phenomena are no longer observed.
The sequential scheme of the D-1-8 coming into action reduced the dynamic load on a person by two or three times, because the falling speed was extinguished gradually.
Of no small importance was the fact that the parachutist, immediately after separation from the aircraft, took up a position with his feet downstream. He did not experience any somersaults or strong rotations, had a good overview of the surrounding space and convenient access to the exhaust rings of the main and reserve parachutes, if he had a chance to use them in case of need.
This circumstance was also very important. The new parachute did not exclude, but assumed the use of any previously released serial canopies, because the stabilizing parachute took a significant share of the dynamic load on itself. Serial domes remained the same.
All this gave a great economic effect. If we calculate the cost of the material previously spent on the production of parachutes, and present in monetary terms the labor of factory teams, we get a figure that amounts to millions of rubles.
The main thing was that within two years all airborne and aviation units were provided with new parachutes suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft.
The Doronins created not only the parachute itself. In relation to it, they developed an original two-cone lock of the stabilizing system, introduced automatons that open the parachute, used the parachute pack as a power system that takes on dynamic loads. All this was a significant contribution to the development of domestic parachute equipment, approved the priority of our Motherland in this area.
The main merit belongs to the Doronin in the development of the D-1-8. But other specialists worked on its creation together with them: design engineer F. D. Tkachev, who had previously created a round dome for the D-1, designers A. F. Zimina, I. M. Artemov, S. D. Khahilev , I. S. Stepanenko, who developed a lineless ball pilot chute, colonels V. P. Ivanov, M. V. Arabin, A. V. Vanyarkho, A. F. Shukaev, N. Ya. Gladkov, engineer-lieutenant colonel A. V Alekseev, head of the political department of the formation, Colonel I. I. Bliznyuk.
Tests of the new parachute were carried out under the leadership of Generals S. E. Rozhdestvensky, A. I. Zigaev and I. I. Lisov.
The appearance of parachutes D-1-8 affected the increase in the combat readiness of the airborne troops. With them, paratroopers jumped from high-speed planes at the largest military exercises "Dnepr", "Dvina", "South".
In the summer of 1967, an air parade took place at the Domodedovo airfield near Moscow. It was dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the Soviet state. The participants and spectators of this grandiose holiday will surely remember the following picture: an armada of heavy airships appeared from the western side of the airfield. They marched in close combat formation. Soon the sky above the airfield blossomed with bright domes.
And the planes kept coming and going. Some paratroopers left the planes, others, having landed, rushed to perform a combat mission. Over a thousand people, with weapons in their hands, fell to the ground in record time. It was a breathtaking and unforgettable sight.
Massive parachute assault from high-speed aircraft! It became possible due to the fact that new equipment entered service with the army. And also because the D-1-8 parachute appeared. He had a high
reliability.
One document signed by the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel-General V.F. Margelov on May 10, 1967, states:
“The D-1-8 landing parachute has a fundamentally new sequential scheme for putting it into operation, which allowed the Airborne Forces and Military Transport Aviation to conduct normal combat training of personnel for jumping from all types of modern aircraft at flight speeds up to 400 km / h on the instrument and constantly stay in combat readiness for landing. This was convincingly demonstrated at the air parade in Moscow in 1961 and at many exercises of the Warsaw Pact countries, and was twice highly appreciated by Comrade Marshal of the Soviet Union. Malinovsky R. Ya. in his speeches at the XXII and XXIII Congresses of the CPSU. At present, more than three million jumps have been made on D-1-8 parachutes, and they "showed high reliability in operation."
Meanwhile, by chance, this parachute might not have seen the light of day, if the commander of the airborne troops, VF Margelov, had not taken part in its fate. He showed foresight, determination, took responsibility when the fate of a new product hung in the balance.
This happened at the first stage of military trials, when only one hundred and fifty jumps were included in the track record of D-1-8. One of the paratroopers hurried to leave the plane and during the jump made a mistake that cost him his life. The free part of the canopy of the main parachute fell under his legs in the bend of his knees, wrapped around him from below. The parachutist, falling down-back, did not take any measures to change the position of the body. Apparently he went into shock.
Everyone focused their attention on the black dot rapidly approaching the ground. Finally, the canopy of the reserve parachute shot up over the man. But it was already too late. To stop the rapid fall, the paratrooper lacked some ten to fifteen meters in height.
What is the reason for the parachutist's death? Lost, apparently, the guy consciousness, they said alone. Others, however, brought a different base under the state of emergency: the parachute, they say, had not been brought to full condition, and it would be better to wait a little with military tests.
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Fedor LUSHNIKOV
In the history of inventions, it is difficult to find a more international product than a parachute. The idea, first expressed, as they say, by the Italian Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, was implemented by the French in the 18th century, finalized by the British in the 19th century. and improved by a Russian inventor at the beginning of the 20th century.
The initial task was a safe landing of a person (for example, when jumping from a balloon basket). Models of that time did not differ in a wide variety of species. Continued until the 1970s. improvement of the design and materials used, led to the differentiation of parachutes into two large groups: round and "wing". The most used in professional parachuting belong to the wing group.
Types of parachutes by purpose of use
According to the purpose, the following types are distinguished:
- for landing cargo;
- for solving auxiliary tasks;
- for landing people.
The drag parachute has a long history. It was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian designer, and was originally intended for braking cars. In this form, the idea did not take root, but in the late 1930s. it is beginning to take root in aviation.
Today, the brake parachute is part of the braking system of fighter aircraft that have a high landing speed and a short landing distance, for example, on warships. When approaching the runway for such aircraft, one drag parachute with one or more canopies is ejected from the rear fuselage. Its use allows to reduce the braking distance by 30%. In addition, a drag parachute is used when landing space challengers.
Civil aircraft do not use this method of braking, because at the time of ejection of the canopy, the vehicle and the people in it experience significant overload.
To land cargo thrown from aircraft, special parachute systems are used, consisting of one or more domes. If necessary, such systems can be equipped with jet engines that give an additional braking impulse before direct contact with the ground. Similar parachute systems are also used for the descent of spacecraft to the ground. Auxiliary task parachutes include those that are components of parachute systems:
- exhaust, which pull out the main or spare dome;
- stabilizing, which, in addition to pulling, have the function of stabilizing the landing object;
- supporting, which ensure the correct process of opening another parachute.
Most parachute systems exist for landing people.
Types of parachutes for landing people
The following types of parachutes are used for the safe landing of people:
- training;
- rescue;
- special purpose;
- landing;
- gliding shell parachute systems (sports).
The main types are gliding shell parachute systems (“wing”) and landing (round) parachutes.
landing
Army parachutes come in 2 types: round and square.
The dome of a round landing parachute is a polygon, which, when filled with air, takes the form of a hemisphere. The dome has a cutout (or less dense fabric) in the center. Round landing parachute systems (for example, D-5, D-6, D-10) have the following altitude characteristics:
- the maximum height of the release is 8 km.
- the usual working height is 800-1200 m.
- the minimum ejection height is 200 m with stabilization for 3 s and descent on a filled canopy for at least 10 s.
Round landing parachutes are poorly controlled. They have approximately the same vertical and horizontal speed (5 m/s). Weight:
- 13.8 kg (D-5);
- 11.5 kg (D-6);
- 11.7 (D-10).
Square parachutes (for example, the Russian "Listik" D-12, the American T-11) have additional slots in the canopy, which gives them better maneuverability and allows the parachutist to control the horizontal movement. The rate of descent is up to 4 m/s. Horizontal speed - up to 5 m/s.
Training
Training parachutes are used as intermediate parachutes for the transition from landing to sports. They, like the landing ones, have round domes, but are equipped with additional slots and valves that allow the paratrooper to influence the horizontal movement and train landing accuracy.
The most popular training option is D-1-5U. It is he who is used when making the first independent jumps in parachute clubs. When pulling on one of the control lines, this model makes a full 360 turn ° C for 18 s. He is well managed.
Average sink rates (m/s):
- horizontal - 2.47;
- vertical - 5.11.
The minimum release height from the D-1-5U is 150 m with immediate deployment. The maximum height of the release is 2200 m. Other training models: P1-U; T-4; UT-15. Having characteristics similar to D-1-5U, these models are even more maneuverable: they make a full turn in 5 s, 6.5 s and 12 s, respectively. In addition, they are about 5 kg lighter than the D-1-5U.
Sports
Gliding shell parachute systems are characterized by the greatest species diversity. They can be classified according to the shape of the wing and the type of dome.
- Wing shape classification
Domes of the "wing" type can have the following shape:
- rectangular;
- semi-elliptical;
- elliptical.
Most of the wings are rectangular in shape. It provides ease of control, predictability of the behavior of the parachute.
The more elliptical the shape of the canopy, the better the aerodynamic performance of the parachute becomes, but the less stable it becomes.
Elliptical structures are characterized by:
- higher speed (horizontal and vertical);
- short stroke control lines;
- large loss of height during the turn.
Elliptical canopies are high-speed models designed for use by skydivers with more than 500 jumps experience.
- Classification by dome type
Sports modifications are divided according to the purpose of the dome into:
- classic;
- student;
- high-speed;
- transitional;
- tandem.
Classic domes have a large area (up to 28 m²), which makes them stable even in strong winds. They are also called precision.
ABOUTdistinguishing features:
- mobile in the horizontal plane (developing speed up to 10 m/s);
- allow you to effectively control the decline;
- used to practice landing accuracy.
The name "student dome" speaks for itself. Such parachute systems are used by skydivers with little jumping experience. They are quite inert, less maneuverable and therefore safer. In terms of area, the student's dome roughly corresponds to the range of the classical one, but has 9 sections instead of 7. Domes for high-speed parachutes are small - up to 21.4 m². These professional models are distinguished by "agility" and high maneuverability. Some models develop a horizontal speed of more than 18 m/s. On average - 12-16 m / s. Used by trained paratroopers.
Tandem domes are designed for landing 2 people at the same time. Therefore, they have a large area, up to 11 sections. Differ in the increased stability and durability of a design. Transitional domes are more inert and slow, but fast enough: they can develop a horizontal speed of up to 14 m/s. They are used as training before mastering speed models. And planning shell parachute systems are designated by the letters PO (for example, PO-16, PO-9).
Rescue
Systems designed for emergency landing from a crashed aircraft are called rescue systems. As a rule, they have a round dome shape (for example, C-4, C-5). But there are also square ones (for example, C-3-3).
Emergency release can occur at speeds up to 1100 km / h (S-5K) at altitude:
- from 100 m to 12000 m (С-3-3);
- from 70 to 4000 m (S-4U);
- from 60 to 6000 m (С-4);
- from 80 to 12000 m (С-5).
When ejected at a very high altitude, it is allowed to open the parachute after passing the mark of 9000 m. appliances.
Spare
Whatever parachute systems are used, a reserve parachute is a mandatory part of them. It is attached to the parachutist's chest and is used as an emergency in cases where the main one failed or could not open correctly. The reserve parachute is designated by the letters "З" or "ПЗ". The reserve parachute has a large canopy area - up to 50 m². The shape of the dome is round. Vertical descent speed - from 5 to 8.5 m / s.
Different types of emergency systems are compatible with different types of main parachutes:
- reserve parachute type Z-2 is compatible with landing and rescue models D-5, D-1-5, S-3-3, S-4.
- reserve parachute type PZ-81 must be used with sports options like PO-9.
- reserve parachute PZ-74 is designed for use with training models UT-15 and T-4.
special purpose
This group includes non-mass parachute systems. They are used in rescue and military operations.
Base jumping parachutes
The main dome for base jumping is the usual rectangular "wing". As a rule, they are made of airtight material (ZP-0). There is no reserve parachute: the low jump height makes it redundant.
When jumping like freefall, when the base jumper opens the parachute itself, the parachute system requires a large pilot chute, the thrust of which is enough to quickly open the main canopy. Assist jumps are less demanding on the size of the pilot chute, because. the extension of the main dome occurs "automatically". In roll over jumps, only the main, already unfolded, canopy is used.
The D-6 parachute is designed for training jumps from transport aircraft.
1 - rubber honeycomb
2 - link
3 - stabilizing parachute in the chamber
4 - check tape
5 - locking knot of the link loop to the ring on the knapsack
6 - ring on the knapsack
7 - guide ring for the halyard
8 - flexible hairpin halyard
9 - ribbon-tie
10 - locking of a flexible stud with a device
11 - device PPK-U-165A-D or AD-3U-D-165
Tactical and technical data of the parachute
1. With a total weight of the parachutist-parachute system of not more than 140 kg, the parachute provides:
- assigned (technical) resource - 80 applications at altitudes from 200 to 8000 m with stabilization of 3 s or more when leaving the aircraft at an instrument flight speed of 140 to 400 km/h, including 10 applications with a flight weight of 150 kg, while the introduction of the main dome should be carried out at an altitude of not more than 5000 m with a total weight of a paratrooper up to 140 kg and at an altitude of not more than 2000 m with a total weight of a paratrooper up to 150 kg;
- overloads arising from the opening of the stabilizing and main domes - no more than 10g;
- a minimum safe height of 200 m when leaving a horizontally flying aircraft at an instrument flight speed of 140 to 400 km/h with a stabilization of 3 s, while the descent time on a fully filled canopy is at least 10 s;
- the average rate of steady descent on the stabilizing dome at altitudes of 500 m and below is within 30–40 m/s;
- the average vertical rate of descent on the main canopy, reduced to the standard atmosphere and the total flight weight of a parachutist of 120 kg, in the area of 30-35 m from the ground is not more than 5 m/s;
- in the presence of a cord-blocking of the free ends of the suspension system - the neutral position of the main canopy during descent, turn in any direction by 180 ° in 15-25 s;
- when removing the locking cord and tightened free ends of the suspension system: the average horizontal speed of movement on the main dome forward and backward is not less than 2.6 m/s, as well as a turn in any direction by 180° in 29-60 s;
- steady descent both on the main dome and on the stabilizing one;
- termination of the descent on the stabilizing system and the activation of the main canopy by opening the two-cone lock both by the parachutist himself with the help of an exhaust ring, and by the safety device;
- reliability of operation of reserve parachutes 3-5, 3-2, Z-3 series 2M, 3-1P series 2M and 3-1P series ZM when the stabilizing canopy does not leave or fails to work, as well as at a speed of more than 8.5 m / c in case of overlapping of the main dome with slings;
- adjustment of the suspension system on paratroopers with a height of 1.5-1.9 m, in winter and summer uniforms;
- the force required to open a two-cone lock with an exhaust ring is no more than 16 kgf;
- exclusion of detachment of parts of the parachute system during the entire jump;
- fastening of the cargo container;
- convenient placement of the parachutist in the suspension system.
2. Overall dimensions of the packed parachute (no more), mm:
- length: 570;
- width: 285;
- height: 210.
3. The mass of the parachute without a carrying bag and safety device does not exceed 11.5 kg.
4. The parachute provides, when the parachutist descends, horizontal movement forward and backward by pulling the free ends of the harness and turns in any direction due to the tension of the control lines.
Notes:
- When performing training jumps from the An-2 aircraft, the carbine of the camera with a stabilizing parachute is attached to the earring of the transition link (extension) 1000 mm long.
- The locking of the stabilizer feather rings with the stabilizing dome camera rings is made with a ShKhB-20 cord.
Figure 2: D-6 parachute deployment scheme
1 - camera stabilizing parachute
2 - stabilizing parachute
3 - connecting link
4 - main parachute chamber
5 - parachute dome
6 - satchel
Tactical and technical data of parachute parts
1. The chamber of the stabilizing parachute, intended for laying the stabilizing canopy with lines and the upper part of the stabilizer, is made of nylon advisor (art. 56039) and has the shape of a cylinder. In the upper part of the camera, on a nylon tape LTKrP-26-600 with a strength of 600 kgf, a trailer carabiner is fixed, with which the camera is attached to a cable or adapter in the aircraft. A nylon cord-tie ShKP-150 is inserted into the hem of the upper base for tightening the upper base of the chamber. A nylon tape LTKrP-26-600 was passed into the eye of the carabiner and stitched with a zigzag stitch to secure the rubber honeycomb mounted on the knapsack.
Folded chamber length 300 mm, width 190 mm.
The weight of the camera is 0.155 kg.
2. The canopy stabilizing system consists of a canopy base, lines and a stabilizer with a link. The dome made of nylon fabric (art. 56004P) has the shape of a truncated cone with a large base area of 1.5 m2 and consists of a base and an exhaust device sewn into the pole part of the dome.
The exhaust device consists of eight pockets, the material for which is nylon calendered dyed fabric (art. 56005krPK). On the dome, radial power tapes LTKP-15-185 with a strength of 185 kgf and circular tapes LTKP-13-70 with a strength of 70 kgf are stitched. Along the lower edge of the dome, under the radial reinforcing tapes, the ends of 16 slings of nylon cord ShKP-200 are threaded and stitched. The length of the outer lines on each loop in the free state from the lower edge of the dome to the stabilizer loops is 520 mm, and the middle lines are 500 mm.
The stabilizer consists of four feathers formed by two isosceles triangles made of gray dyed nylon fabric (art. 56004krP). On the sides of each feather, nylon ribbons with a strength of 600 kgf are sewn, forming loops in the upper part, to which slings are attached, and in the lower part - a link.
To lock the stabilizer feathers with the stabilizing parachute chamber, rings are sewn on the chamber and the stabilizer. At a distance of 450 mm from the stabilizer feathers, a loop of nylon tape LTKrP-26-600 is sewn on the link for attaching the halyard of the flexible pin of the device.
The link in the lower part branches out and forms power tapes, at the ends of which the buckles of a two-cone lock are sewn.
Jumpers made of LTK-44-1600 nylon tape are sewn onto the power tapes. Between the jumpers there is a loop for attaching the stabilizing system to the bridles of the main dome and its chamber. The triangle formed from the ribbons is closed on both sides with kerchiefs of a nylon adviser (art. 56039).
Between the gussets, a guide ring is sewn onto the power tapes, through which the halyard of the flexible hairpin of the device is passed. Arrows are sewn on the power tapes near the buckles to control the correct mounting of the buckles in a two-cone lock.
The base of the dome is reinforced from the inside with LTKP-15-185 tapes 120 mm long: eight tapes at the pole hole and eight tapes on the second circular belt.
The weight of the stabilizing system with a 1.5 m2 dome is 0.93 kg.
3. The chamber of the main dome is cylindrical in shape, made of gray nylon fabric (art. 56023krP). An elastic ring made of tape 29 mm wide is inserted into the hem of the lower part of the chamber. The surface of the chamber is reinforced with two LTKrP-26-600 nylon ribbons, which form a bridle in the upper part. For the convenience of laying the dome into the chamber, a scarf is sewn along the upper base of the chamber and the bridle ribbons.
To tighten the chamber into its upper base, a ShKP-150 nylon cord is sewn. On the side of the base of the chamber, where the cells are located, there is a reinforcement made of gray nylon fabric (art. 56023krP), eleven straight combs with tapes, a comb distributor with a comb rubber from a knapsack cord to hold the slings in the cells, a valve with two pairs of eyelets for passing removable honeycombs and with two pockets (right and left) for covering bundles of lines. In the lower base of the chamber there are two more removable rubber honeycombs and an apron, which is equipped with two more removable rubber honeycombs. Bundles of slings coming out of removable rubber cells are covered with pockets - right and left.
For the convenience of laying the lines on the valve, the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are placed near the eyelets.
The length of the chamber when laid is 735 mm, width 387 mm.
The mass of the camera is 0.4 kg.
4. The dome (main) has the shape of a circle and consists of four sectors and an overlay in the center of the dome. The base of the dome is made of nylon fabric art. 560011П, and the overlay is made of nylon fabric art. 56006P. The dome is reinforced with nylon ribbons: between the sectors - LTKP-15-70, and along the lower edge - LTKP-15-185.
On the pole part of the dome, a bridle made of nylon tape LTKP-26-600 is sewn for attaching the link loop of the stabilizing system. On the basis of the canopy, between the lines No. 1A and 1B, 15A and 15B, slots 1600 mm long are arranged, starting from the lower edge and designed to turn the canopy during descent.
On the dome there are 30 slings made of ShKP-150 nylon cord. 8 lines are attached to the free ends of the suspension system No. 1 and 3, and 7 lines are attached to the free ends No. 2 and 4. The length of the lines in the free state from the lower edge of the dome to the half-ring buckles is 9000 mm. To facilitate the laying of the dome lines, they are marked at a distance of 200 mm from the lower edge of the dome and 400 mm from the half-ring buckles of the free ends, indicating the beginning and end of laying.
Control lines are sewn on lines No. 1A and 15A, 1B and 15B.
The area of the dome is 83 m2.
5. Control lines made of nylon cord 10KPkr red (in two additions with a strength of 190 kgf), threaded through rings sewn on the inside of the free ends of the suspension system. One end of the left control line is attached to line No. 15A at a distance of 1450 mm, the other end is attached to line No. 1A at a distance of 1250 mm from the half-ring buckles of the suspension system. One end of the right control sling is attached to the sling No. 15B at a distance of 1450 mm, to the sling No. 1B - at a distance of 1250 mm from the half-ring buckles.
When the left line is pulled, the dome turns to the left, when the right line is pulled, it turns to the right.
The mass of the main dome is 5.5 kg.
6. The suspension system is made of LTK-44-1600 nylon tape and consists of the following main parts: the main strap with back and shoulder girths, two pairs of free ends, two leg girths and a chest bridge. The right group of risers are marked with numbers 1 and 2, the left - 3 and 4. At the risers, marked with numbers 2 and 3, there are rubber loops made of elastic tape, designed to fill the slack of the control lines. In the upper part of the free ends, four ribbons with rings are sewn, through which the control lines are passed.
Each pair of free ends has a nylon cord-lock (ShKP-150), which is used when using a parachute system "without rolling" of the free ends of the harness.
Control strands made of LTKR-25-200 tape, having balls at the ends, are tied to the curved buckles of the free ends with a noose loop. The control strands are designed to pull the balls out of the pockets at the free ends of the suspension system.
The dorsal-shoulder girths pass between the tapes of the main strap and form triangles with fixed in them: on the left side - a carabiner, on the right side - a buckle. Simultaneously with the stitching of the triangles, buckles are sewn into the main strap to pull the satchel to the lower position with the help of adjusting tapes.
To exclude spontaneous movement of the dorsal-shoulder girths through curved buckles and through buckles with teeth mounted on the knapsack, nylon ribbons LTKrP-43-800 are sewn onto the girths.
The lower ends of the back-shoulder girths, passed between the tapes of the main strap, form the leg girths. A carabiner is attached to the right leg loop, a buckle is attached to the left leg loop. On the main strap on the left side at chest level, a hose and a pocket of the exhaust end from the advisor (art. 56039) are fixed. To attach the free ends of the reserve parachute, two fastening brackets are mounted in the main strap. The bifurcated lower part of the main strap has a soft pad and rings for pulling the lower corners of the satchel to the main strap with the help of LTKkrP-26-600 nylon tape.
The back-shoulder girths, which formed the chest bridge, then pass between the ribbons of the main strap and, with the help of rectangular buckles sewn into the ends of the back-shoulder girths, form a waist girth.
The mass of the suspension system is 2 kg.
7. Knapsack made of nylon adviser (art. 56039, or 56260, or 56261) consists of a base, false bottom, right and left valves. A metal stiffening frame is inserted between the base and the false bottom. On the right flap there is a pocket of an insuring device with ties and a pocket of a halyard with a safety valve, and a rubber honeycomb is placed in the upper part of the flap for mounting a stabilizing system on the upper part of the satchel.
To pull the right valve towards itself when filling the slack of the connecting link under it, on the outside of the right valve there is a handle made of nylon ribbon LTKP-26-600.
Rings are sewn into the free corners of the right and left valves of the backpack to hold the valves in a tightened state.
There is a metal ring on the connecting link (in the middle of the right valve) for locking the halyard of the flexible stud with a loop. On top of the right flap there is a loop with a button spike for the flap covering the two-cone lock.
In the upper part of the knapsack, under the fastening plate of the two-cone lock, a ring is fixed, designed to pass through the rubber honeycomb, which fastens the stacked stabilizing system on the upper part of the knapsack.
On the inside of the knapsack (at a distance of 260 mm from the top) there is a mark to limit the laying of free ends in the knapsack.
Eight loops of fastening to the suspension system are stitched on the basis of the knapsack, a valve of a two-cone lock and two scarves are sewn on. On the kerchiefs, a fastening of the reserve parachute satchel is installed.
On the left scarf there is a pocket for a card that replaces the passport, on the right - a pocket for the PPK-UM-10 reserve parachute device. Above the right kerchief on the knapsack are sewn two ribbon ties for attaching instrument hoses.
In the upper part of the satchel there is a second loop with a button spike for the valve covering the two-cone lock. On the left side of the satchel (in the upper part), one end of the flexible hose is fixed on a buckle with teeth.
There are two round holes and four longitudinal holes on the stiffening frame in the upper part of the satchel. In the two upper longitudinal holes, there are fastening tapes of the knapsack to the dorsal-shoulder girths of the suspension system, and in the two lower longitudinal holes - regulating tapes.
In operation, you can find stiffening frames with rectangular windows in the upper part.
In the upper part of the backpack there is a two-cone lock for closing the buckles of the power tapes of the connecting link of the stabilizing parachute.
The mass of the backpack is 1.7 kg.
8. A two-cone lock designed to close the buckles of power tapes, the loop of the cable of the pull ring and the earring of the safety device, consists of a mounting plate, a body with two cones, a shutter, a cover, shock absorbers, spring and adjusting washers, two buckles, a mounting plate, a cover screw , five screws and one nut.
9. The flexible hose is designed to accommodate the pull ring cable and prevent it from being snagged.
Hose length 380 mm.
10. The pull ring with a cable consists of a body made of a steel bar, a cable 600 mm long, a limiter and a wire loop. The cable of the exhaust ring at a distance of 210 mm from the limiter and 57 mm from the loop is covered with a polyethylene sheath. The body is painted red. To hold the suspension system in the pocket, the ring body has protrusions and depressions. In operation, there may be pull-out rings with cables without a polyethylene sheath.
11. Safety parachute devices PPK-U-165A-D or AD-ZU-D-165. The PPK-U-165A-D device allows you to automatically open the parachute after a specified period of time after separation or at a given height. The device AD-ZU-D-165 allows you to automatically open the parachute only after a specified period of time. Instrument hose length 165 mm, cable length 322 mm, loop length 19 mm, halyard length 360 mm.
12. The earring is a connecting link between the safety device and the two-cone lock. An earring 2.5 mm thick, made of ZOHGSA steel, has two holes: one for the cone of the lock, the other for the device loop.
13. The safety thread is used to secure the link with the backpack, the flexible pin of the parachute safety device and the two-cone lock. For locking, the thread of the core of the ShHB-125 cord is used.
14. The locking cord is used to lock the stabilizer feather rings with the stabilizer system chamber rings. When jumping from an An-2 aircraft, two safety lines 300 mm long are used, and when jumping from faster aircraft, one safety line 300 mm long is used. The material for this part is a cotton cord ШХБ-20 (GOST 2297-70).
15. A passport is required to record information about the acceptance, transfer, operation and repair of a parachute.
The main parachute is designed for safe descent and landing of a parachutist (Fig. 8) and consists of a canopy base and lines.
The base of the dome with an area of 83 m 2 practically has the shape of a circle, consisting of four sectors and an overlay.
Each sector is made of fabric article 56011P. In the center of the base of the dome there is an overlay made of fabric article 56006P in one addition.
Rice. 8. Main parachute
1 - sling 15B; 2 - sling 15A; 3 - dome sectors; 4 - overlay; 5 - wedges of the dome panel; 6 - frame; 7 - loop-bridle; 8 - sling 1B; 9 - sling 1A; 10 - tightening tape; 11 - loop for slings; a - marking
The sectors are interconnected with a seam lock. The seams connecting the sectors of the dome are stitched with ribbons LTKP-13-70.
The lower edge of the dome is formed by folding the fabric to the outer side and reinforced with tape LTKP-15-185 stitched on it on both sides. and at the lower edge - thirty loops for attaching slings.
On the lower edge of the dome, all lines, except for lines 1A, 1B, 15A and 15B, are sewn with tightening tapes from LTKP-15-185 to reduce cases of overlapping of the dome with lines and reduce its filling time.
On the pole part of the dome, a bridle tape and LTKP-26-600 is sewn, designed to attach the link loop of the stabilizing system.
On the basis of the canopy, between the lines 1A and 1B, 15A and 15B, there are slots 1.6 m long, starting from the lower edge and designed to turn the canopy during descent.
The dome has 30 lines, 27 of which are made of ShKP-150 cord, and three lines - 1A, 1B and 28 - are made of green ShKKr-190 cord to facilitate control of the dome laying.
The slings are tied at one end to the loops of the dome, and at the other - to half-ring buckles 1-OST 1 12002-77 of the free ends of the suspension system. The ends of the slings are stitched with a zigzag stitch.
To facilitate the laying of the main parachute on the line 14 at the lower edge of the dome and at the half-ring buckle of the suspension system, identification sleeves made of orange cotton fabric are sewn.
The length of the lines in the free state from the lower edge of the dome to the half-rings of the free ends of the suspension system is 9 m. indicating the beginning and end of the installation.
On the lower edge of the dome, to the left of the lines, their serial numbers are indicated. On the outside of the canopy, between lines 1A and 28, there is a factory marking.
Control lines are sewn onto lines 1A and 15A, 1B and 15B.
The control lines are designed to turn the parachute canopy and are made of two-fold ShKKr-190 cord of red or orange color.
The control lines (Fig. 9) are threaded through the rings sewn on the inside of the free ends of the suspension system.
Rice. 9. Main parachute in action
1 - sling 1A; 2 - sling 15A; 3 - sling 15B; 4 - sling 1B; 5 - half-ring buckle; 6 - free ends of the suspension system; 7 - control lines; 8 - rings; A - rear view
One end of the left control sling is attached to the 15A sling at a distance of 1.45 m, the second - to the 1A sling at a distance of 1.25 m from the half-ring buckles of the suspension system.
One end of the right control line is attached to line 15B at a distance of 1.45 m, the other end - to line 1B at a distance of 1.25 m from the half-ring buckles of the suspension system.
When the right control line is pulled, lines 1B and 15B are pulled, pulling the lower edge of the dome inward. The dome turns to the right. When pulling the left control line, lines 15A and 1A are pulled, pulling in the lower edge of the dome. The dome turns to the left.
The mass of the main parachute is 5.5 kg.