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The psychoanalytic literary system is otherwise called Freudianism - after the name of its founder. Z. Freud(1856–1939). Austrian practitioner, neuropathologist, pathologist, who recorded his medical observations in a kind of philosophical and aesthetic theory. His works: "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1900), "The Psychology of Everyday Life" (1904), "I and It" (1923), "Totem and Taboo" (1913), "Psychology of the Masses and Analysis of the Human Self" (1921), "Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis" (vols. 1 - 2, 1922), "Essays on the Psychology of Sexuality" (1925), etc.

Revealing the essence of his method, Freud says: “Psyoanalysis rarely disputes what others assert; as a rule, he adds something new, however, it often happens that this was previously not noticed and newly added and is just essential. These "additions" by Freud concern mainly the sphere of the irrational. In his lectures and publications, Freud cites numerous real facts that he observes of deviations from the norm in people in their psyche, sex, starting from childhood.

Freud opens his lectures with the study and interpretation of sleep and dreams. Against the backdrop of increased by the end of the XIX century. interest in the world of the otherworldly, spiritualistic, mystical, this Freud's appeal to the depths of the human psyche looks quite natural. To designate the deep power that characterizes the mental, sexual energy of a person on a subconscious level, Freud introduces the term and concept of "libido" (Libido). This is a feeling of unconscious "desire", similar, according to Freud, to such a concept as, for example, hunger, an attraction to food. Freud's libido characterizes sexual desire, along with sexual arousal and satisfaction. Freud states that “from the age of three, the sexual life of a child is not subject to any doubt. From this age, the sexual life of a child in many respects "corresponds" to the sexual life of an adult. Studying human neuroses with the help of psychoanalysis, Freud comes to the problems of the "evolution of the libido", noting the "even earlier" phases of its development.

The "first object of love" for the "little man," says Freud, is his mother. This is the moment of "sexual preference", and the main "hindrance" in the "possession" of the mother is the boy's father. Freud calls this situation the "Oedipus complex", referring to the tragedy of Sophocles "Oedipus Rex", in which the hero kills his father and marries his mother. Freud points to a similar situation with a daughter who would like to eliminate her mother in her relationship with her father. This situation can be seen as an "Electra complex". Freud is ready to admit that the tragedy of Sophocles is an “immoral play”, which “removes moral responsibility from a person”, if it were not for the “secret meaning” of the “Oedipus complex”, in which humanity, at the beginning of its history, “acquired its consciousness of guilt, the source religion and morality". The "Oedipus complex", according to Freud, is one of "the most important sources of guilt consciousness", which "often torments neurotics." Freud notes "libidinal" moments in Shakespeare's "Prince Hamlet", Diderot's "Ramo's Nephew".

In contrast to libido (“sexual desire”), Freud points to “ego drive” - the term under which he combines all “non-sexual drives”. The ego and the libido are in conflict, from which the neuroses also arise. The main goal in the “mental apparatus” of the “I” is to receive pleasure. Freud calls this the "pleasure principle".

The most intense pleasure, according to Freud, available to a person is the pleasure during sexual intercourse. However, if necessary, “modifications” of the “pleasure principle” are possible, when the “I” becomes “reasonable”, obeying the “reality principle”. At the same time, on the one hand, Freud has a close relationship with libido and unconsciousness, and on the other hand, “I”, consciousness and “reality”. Neuroses based on libido in adults, according to the scientist, can be both congenital and acquired.

The highest "reality" for Freud is not "material", but "mental reality", which serves as the basis for neuroses. Freud considers psychoanalysis as a science applicable not only to determine the specifics of neuroses (fear, neurasthenia, hypochondria), but also in almost all other sciences (in the history of culture, religion, mythology), using not the material, but the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud at the same time explores the delusions of grandeur, narcissism, focusing on the elimination of the causes of the disease, the so-called "causal therapy".

Putting forward his concept of "psychic personality", Freud is not at all inclined to consider this personality as an integral, homogeneous one. In the structure of the "psychic personality" he singles out the "forbidding", "critical", i.e. control, "instance", which he places above the "I", designating it as the "super-I" (Super Ego). "I" appears here both as a subject and as an object. The "super-ego" performs two functions in this case. One of them - "self-observation" - at the same time serves as a prerequisite for another, more complex function - "conscience", which acts as a "judicial" instance for the "I". Without denying the “divine” origin of the concept of “conscience”, Freud at the same time considers it to be present “in us”, although not initially, in contrast to libido. Thus, Freud's "conscience" is "the complete opposite of sexual life" and is initially brought up by parental authority, which performs the function of "superego" for the child. Another function of the "super-I" according to Freud: "It is the carrier of the I-ideal", prompting the person to improve. "Super-I", in addition, is an instance that displaces some mental forces to the level of the unconscious. Freud, relying here on Nietzsche, has three levels of personality being: the unconscious, which Freud calls "It" (Es). This is the "region of the soul", "alien I". Then follows the preconscious level, designated "I", and, finally, the conscious - "super-I" (Super Ego). These are, according to Freud, "three kingdoms, spheres, regions" into which he decomposed the "mental apparatus of the personality." "It", says Freud, is "the dark, inaccessible part of our personality" where the symptoms of neuroses and dreams originate. The scientist compares "It" with "chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitements"; heterogeneous unorganized impulses and instincts dominate there. These impulses exist outside of time and are "virtually immortal". Only by knowing them, you can count on medical success. Only in the "system W - Bw", where the "I" is closest to the outside world, does, according to Freud, the "phenomenon of consciousness" arise.

In passing from the id to the ego, the pleasure principle is replaced by the "reality principle". This is how Freud's drawing of the structure of mental personality looks like (see diagram on the right). Here the "super-ego" of the Oedipus complex enters into an intimate relationship with the "It". Strict boundaries between the three spheres of personality, as can be seen from the diagram, do not exist. How does Freud translate the doctrine of psychoanalysis into a phenomenon of creativity?

To do this, he introduces the concept of "sublimation" (from the Latin sublimio - I lift), meaning in psychology "switching", "withdrawal". According to Freud, unrealized sexual desires in life are replaced, then sublimated in creativity. There is a "long attachment" to a new "object" of attraction - creativity. From the point of view of neuroses, the work of Dostoevsky (“Dostoevsky and Parricide”), Leonardo da Vinci, Schiller, Shakespeare is explained.

Neo-Freudianism of the 20th century (G.S. Sullivan, E. Fromm) complements Freud's theory of sexual neuroses with fears and neuroses of society, neurosis of power, obedience to power, neurosis of possession. Existentialists bring Freudianism to the problems of life and death (see: Neufeld N. Dostoevsky. Psychoanalysis, 1925).

For A. Adler, creativity is the result of the action of "compensation mechanisms" (for Schiller - visual impairment, for Beethoven - hearing). In psychopoetics (J. Lacan), the linguistic reading of the text is oriented towards Freud's psychoanalysis. There are exits to the so-called "medical" reading of the text associated with the parameters of human health. Of all possible competitors to the science of psychoanalysis, Freud recognizes competition only from religion, which, as he says, "possesses the strongest emotions of man."

Art with its “illusions”, according to Freud, is “harmless”, philosophy “overestimates” the value of such “operations” as intuition or Marxism with its “economic” theories, “scientific” principles and Hegelian “dialectics”.

"Formal School"

We put the term "formal school" in quotation marks, thus emphasizing its conventionality. Other terms used in this context - "formalism", "formal method" - are also not adequate, since they contain an indication of a certain "skew" towards form in the works of representatives of this methodological system. We would like to note as the main component in their works the predominant interest in the art of the word. The form of a work of art is the result of the highest craftsmanship, art: this is the final result of the sometimes passionate searches of this group of scientists, and “shape science” is the semantic code of these searches. The evolution of literary science has long ago "rehabilitated" the scientists of the "formal school", confirming the high cognitive value of their works.

Strengthening at the beginning of the 20th century. interest in the problems of artistic form is caused in Europe and in Russia not only by the actualization of this issue at the level, so to speak, of scientific chronology, but also was a reaction to the dominance in literary science of works related to the content of works of art; European and Russian literary scholars and critics for many decades of the 19th century. wrote about artistic methods, trends, styles, images at the level of ideas, estates, classes, peoples, nations. From these positions, not only critics-democrats, populists or Marxists analyzed fiction, but also the writers themselves. Such is the journalism of Goncharov, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy. There was a sort of "natural", logical switchover of literary science to the problems of artistic form.

The first steps in this direction were made in German philosophical science, in the works of O. Walzel, G. Wölfflin, W. Dibelius.

O. Walzel(1864 - 1944). German scientist. Author of the works "The Essence of the Poetic Work", "The Architectonics of Shakespeare's Dramas", "The Artistic Form in the Works of Goethe and the German Romantics", "Comparative Study of the Arts".

The preface to the Russian translation of Walzel's book "Problems of Form in Poetry" was written by one of the representatives of the Russian "formal school" V.M. Zhirmunsky. Zhirmunsky called his preface "On the Question of the Formal Method". In the scientific methodology of Walzel, Zhirmunsky notes the priority of form, an interest in “how”, and not “what” is depicted in a literary work. Walzel's main idea: the methods of analysis ("technique") of works of music and painting should be extended to poetry and literature. Unlike the Russian Formalists, Walzel does not use the terms of linguistics, but the terms of other arts (painting, music, architecture).

G. Wölfflin(1864 - 1945). Art critic and literary critic. Professor at the University of Berlin. Representative of the "formal method" in art history. Engaged in the comparative study of fine arts. Studying artistic styles, in his conclusions he comes to the problems of the “psychology of the era”. He proposed his own methodology of "vision" of the form, considering its elements as carriers of signs of the specificity of the existence of peoples and epochs. One of the works is "Renaissance and Baroque".

V. Dibelius(1876 - 1931). German scientist. Author of the works "Morphology of the Novel", "Leitmotifs in Dickens" and others. He considers questions of the genre specificity of literature from the standpoint of the "formal method". The emergence of the "formal method" in Europe dates back to the 1910s. By this time, the collective works of the “formalists” were also published, in particular “Problems of Literary Form” (authors: O. Walzel, V. Dibelius, K. Vossler, L. Spitzer).

Almost at the same time, the works of these German scientists were published in Russian translation. If they were mainly interested in the problems of the form of various types of art - music, painting, architecture, their comparative analysis was carried out, then the representatives of the Russian "formal school" focused mainly on the problems of the form of language and literature. These were writers, art historians, philologists.

B.N. Bugaev (Andrey Bely)(1880 - 1934). Literary scholar and writer. Born into a noble family. Most researchers find the origins of the "formal method" in Bely. At the same time, his work "Symbolism" (1910) should be mentioned. Moving towards literature from the natural sciences (he studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University), Bely wants to extend the "exact" method of these sciences to philology. At the same time, he is interested in the philosophy of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, the depth of the technique of creativity in music and literature. He is interested in the work of representatives of OPOYAZ - Zaitsev, Shklovsky, Tynyanov, Yakobson. Bely studies "techniques", "groups", ways of creating a symbol. He explores the subtleties of rhythm and meter in verse: the works "The Meaning of Art", "Lyrics and Experiment", "Experience in the Characterization of the Russian iambic tetrameter", "Comparative Morphology of Rhythm" (1909), "On Rhythmic Gesture", "On the Word in Poetry" ( 1917). He develops the concept of a sound image ("A Poem about Sound").

It seems that Bely is not just carried away, but called to study the mechanism of creating a work (“Rhythm as Dialectics and The Bronze Horseman” (1929). Already at the end of his life, in 1934, he wrote a monumental work in his favorite key - "The Mastery of Gogol. There is something for a researcher of any level to learn by getting acquainted with the schemes, diagrams, statistics presented in this book by Bely. And here Bely remains true to his previous ideas; moreover, his interest in literary forms deepens. Already in the first chapter, comparing the creative process of Gogol and Pushkin, Bely writes: “The production process of Gogol is like the circulation of blood washing individual organs; its stream, having run through everything, is not created with any; hence the disequilibrium of form and content, which is in the constant dispute of roots and branches Krylov's fable, it seems that one or the other prevails: it is a pulsation; thesis-arsis; integrity - in the style of rhythm, not embodied anywhere. In Pushkin, the unity of form and content is given in forms e; in Gogol the unity of form and content is given in the content. This opposition of Pushkin and Gogol is more than debatable, as is the assertion about Pushkin's "Doric phrase" and Karamzin's "Gothic phrase". We can hardly agree now with the formula for the style of Gogol's prose proposed by Bely: "Gogol's speech fabric is, first of all, the sum of phrases separated by punctuation marks and divided into main and subordinate clauses." But Bely's interpretations of the problems of literature, and above all of various categories of literary form, are original, based on the text (on "material," as the "formalists" used to say) and are in many respects of interest to our time.

The emergence of the Russian "formal school" is associated with the activities of the Petrograd circle of the 1910s OPOYAZ ("Society for the Study of Poetic Language"). At various times, literary critics and linguists Yu.N. Tynyanov, V.B. Shklovsky, B.M. Eikhenbaum, O.M. Brik, P.G. Bogatyrev, G.O. Vinokur, A.A. Reformatsky, V.V. Vinogradov, B.V. Tomashevsky, V.M. Zhirmunsky and others. It is unlikely that A.A. Potebnya and A.N. Veselovsky were the immediate forerunners of the Russian "formal school".

In this case, it would be necessary to return to earlier times, for example, to I. Kant with his concept of "purposeless" creativity. The "formal school" in Russia is a reaction to ideologized democratic and academic literary criticism. This was facilitated by the works of European scientists of the "formal" direction.

The leader of the OPOYAZ was a young philologist at that time (as, indeed, all members of society) V.B. Shklovsky, who, like Tynyanov and Eikhenbaum, came out of the Pushkin scientific seminar of S.A. Vengerov at Petersburg University.

V. B. Shklovsky(1893 - 1984). A versatile philologist, writer and poet who studied in Russia and Europe. The program for OPOYAZ was his work "The Resurrection of the Word" (1914). It was in it, and then in the works "On Poetry and Transrational Language" and "Art as a Method" (1917), "Rozanov" (1921), that the theoretical foundations of the Russian "formal method" were laid.

Relying largely on Walzel, Shklovsky, however, proceeds in his concepts from the possibilities of the word. At first, the ideas of the OPOYAZ members correlated with the corresponding protest actions of the symbolists and futurists. However, later the attention of the opoyazovites was wholly focused on the problems of artistic form. The work of art is considered here in the totality of the "techniques" of the image. "Resurrecting" the word, as if forgotten in the works of scientists of the cultural-historical school, Shklovsky gives the word a key functional meaning in the work.

At the same time, Shklovsky not only singles out the speech sphere of the work as the basic one, he proposes to update the speech sphere of the work by putting forward the theory of “deleting” the language. "Estrangement" - from the word "strange", that is, unusual. The unexpected, unusual context, according to the opoyazovites, was supposed to attract the reader's attention, update the plot and narration. It can be a fairy tale or folklore beginning, a rearrangement of sounds or syllables. In this case, the usual standard of speech is, as it were, violated, relieving perception of language stereotypes. Stylization, satire, subtext can be used here. The "detached" language, as it were, softens the automaticity of perception, "tired" of the cliches of the form. In the first five years of the existence of the OPOYAZ, members of the circle master new forms of literary technique (the first stage in the development of the circle).

In the next five years (1920 - 1925), the "formal method" in Russia reaches its peak. The "troika" of OPOYAZ represented by Shklovsky, Eikhenbaum, Tynyanov - participants in the Pushkin seminar of Professor Vengerov at Petrograd University - are joined by employees of the Institute of Art History Zhirmunsky, Vinogradov, Tomashevsky and others, and then members of the Moscow Linguistic Circle Yakobson, Vinokur. The active creative activity of young, talented members of the circle attracted attention to them, and strengthened the scientific influence of the "formal school". In 1925, Shklovsky published the work "On the Theory of Prose", in which he proposes to develop the principles and techniques of the "formal method".

In itself, a positive factor - the presence in society of a large number of talented philologists - was at the same time one of the reasons for the collapse of the OPOYAZ. On the one hand, each of the members of the circle went his own way in science, and on the other hand, the circle was subjected to sharp criticism from a number of philologists, as well as officials. The Society published six "Collections on the theory of poetic language" (1916 - 1923).

The downward development of OPOYAZ actually began after the discussion in 1924. From that time on, the last (crisis) period in the development of the circle began, when each of its members, realizing the validity of many claims made against the “formal school”, began to develop their own directions in science. Already in the works The Third Factory (1926), The Hamburg Account (1928), Shklovsky departs from the extreme provisions of the "formal school", and in the article "A Monument to a Scientific Error" (1930), recognizing the fallacy of his previous ideas, at the same time as if saying goodbye to the "monument".

B.M. Eichenbaum(1886 - 1959). Talented philologist, literary theorist, author of works related to the work of Russian classics. The second participant in Vengerov's seminar at the Faculty of Philology of Petrograd University. In 1918, along with Shklovsky, he joined the OPOYAZ. The most famous of his works, including those related to the "formal school", "Melody of the Russian language" (1922), "Around the issue of the formalists" (1924), "My time" (1929). Fundamental to the "formal method" is Eikhenbaum's 1919 article "How Gogol's "Overcoat" is made." It is in the system of "how", and not "what", proposed by Waltzel, that Gogol's story is analyzed. Unlike Walzel, Eikhenbaum analyzes the compositional structure of The Overcoat. Adopting the methodology of the "formal school", he considers literary forms in their evolution, outside of real time or social determination. He is interested in "technique", based on the specifics of the word. "Contrast", "shift", "parody" determine the innovation of a writer or poet, from the point of view of Eichenbaum. A work of art is valuable in itself and autonomous, not connected with reality. Eikhenbaum in his analysis notes even small details, but not to establish their causal relationship, but to demonstrate the playful intersection of compositional structures.

Later, having abandoned the one-sided concept of "autonomism" of the works of art of the "formal school", Eikhenbaum presented in his studies examples of a holistic analysis of the works of L. Tolstoy, Turgenev, Lermontov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mayakovsky, Gogol. At the same time, Eikhenbaum's works are characterized by the mastery of structural analysis, the skills he acquired during the years of his involvement in the "formal method", during the years of deep reflection on the problems of artistic form.

Yu. N. Tynyanov(1894 - 1943). Famous Russian writer and literary critic. The third participant in Vengerov's seminar at the Faculty of Philology of Petrograd University. Being left by Vengerov to work at the university, in 1918, like Eikhenbaum, he joined the OPOYAZ. For ten years, Tynyanov worked as a teacher, then as a professor at the Institute of Art History. Theoretical works of Tynyanov: "Dostoevsky and Gogol (on the theory of parody)" -, "Archaists and Pushkin", "Pushkin and Tyutchev", "Imaginary Pushkin" (came out in the first half of the 1920s), "The problem of poetic language" (1924 ), "Literary Fact" (1924), "Archaists and Innovators" (1929).

Studying literature, Tynyanov named language as its main component. “Literature is a dynamic speech construction,” he writes. "The core constructive factor" for verse in Tynyanov is rhythm, and for prose - the plot, which he defines as a "semantic grouping" of material. At the center of Tynyanov's analysis is a "constructive principle", with the help of which a "survey" of any literary "factor" can be carried out "on the broadest material" "not with the aim of clarifying its functions, but in itself, i.e. such an isolated study , where the constructive property is not clear." From the point of view of academic literary criticism, this was an analysis without content. Tynyanov writes: "The task of the history of literature is, among other things, the exposure of form." From this point of view, the history of literature, which studies literary works, according to Tynyanov, is "a kind of dynamic archeology." Style series and genre systems are dynamic, but their dynamics "is not a systematic evolution, but a leap, not a development, but a shift," the scientist claims.

Tynyanov defines the factor of literary tradition in his own way. Important for him is the need to "correlate" literature with "neighboring rows", of which the closest to literature is everyday life. Life, however, correlates with literature "primarily with its speech side." The "expansion of literature into everyday life" (and vice versa) is, according to Tynyanov, "the closest social function of literature."

Tynianov attaches great importance to understanding the specifics of literature to the epistolary factor, writing. He sharply criticizes "academic eclecticism", to which Zhirmunsky's works belong, and "scholastic" "formalism", characterized, in his opinion, by the substitution of terminology, the transformation of literature from "systemic" science into "episodic" and "anecdotal" genres. Tynyanov puts forward the principle of "repulsion" in the history of literature, the "destruction" of old and the creation of new stylistic traditions. Considering literature as a system, he proposes to "go from a constructive function to a literary function, from literary to speech".

Both Shklovsky and Tynyanov reject the Hegelian formula: "Art is thinking in images", adopted by many democratic literary critics. According to Shklovsky, a work is a pure form, acting in non-material "relationships". Rejecting the rigid regularity of connections between the elements of a literary work, Tynyanov puts forward the idea of "subordination" of the factors of a literary work to one of the elements "promoted" to the fore.

Formulating in the work of 1928 "Problems of the Study of Literature and Language" the nine most important scientific points necessary for the study of literature and language, Tynyanov, in view of the importance of "theoretical" and "concrete" tasks and the importance of their "collective development", considers it necessary to "revive OPOYAZ chaired by Viktor Shklovsky.

But OPOYAZ was closed forever. However, by the beginning of the 1930s, the unacceptability of his principles, and even more so, giving them universal significance, became clear to all members of society. And Tynyanov, freed from the one-sidedness of the "formal method" and developing the most fruitful areas of his work, became a major Russian theoretician-philologist. Unlike Yakobson, Tynyanov considered the problems of poetics mainly on the material of literature.

V.M. Zhirmunsky(1891 - 1971). As a student at Petrograd University, at Vengerov's seminar on the work of Pushkin, he met Eichenbaum. Seconded to continue his studies in Germany. Privatdozent of Petrograd University, then professor of Saratov University. After 1917 - Professor of Leningrad University, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Zhirmunsky's works: "German Romanticism and Modern Mysticism" (1931), "Overcoming Symbolism" (1916), "Two Directions of Modern Lyrics" (1920), "On Classical and Romantic Poetry" (1920), "Composition of Lyric Poems" (1921 ), "The Tasks of Poetics" (1919). He was influenced by the OPOYAZ and the ideas of the “formal school”, which was vividly expressed in the work of 1923 “On the Question of the Formal Method”, which served as a preface to the Russian translation of O. Walzel's book “The Problem of Form in Poetry”. Zhirmunsky says at the beginning that he knows the direction of Walzel's thinking, which in Russia has received the name of the "formal school", with the widest field of its interests. As the predecessors of the "formal school" Zhirmunsky calls I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A.N. Veselovsky, A.A. Potebniy, V.N. Peretz.

Trying to protect the “formal school” from “lightweight”, “philistine”, as Zhirmunsky says, criticism, he puts forward here the concept of “intrinsic values of scientific knowledge” (regardless of the importance of the issue), meaning specifically “work on the metrics”. He argues that "the intrinsic value of scientific truth" in general is the product of "a system of abstract knowledge." On the other hand, he sees the reason for criticizing the ideas of the “formalists” in the “lightness”, “insufficient deliberation” of the speeches of the “formalists” themselves, who become more active “at debates and rallies”, in publications for the “average reader”.

Therefore, an article, for example, by a "young philologist", who first established the sources of one of Gogol's stories, remains misunderstood. Zhirmunsky considers the study of the problems of poetics useful for educational purposes. Recognizing the legitimacy of the existence of the "formal method", he calls the works of Yakobson, Shklovsky, Eikhenbaum no longer a method, but a "worldview", a "fruitful" direction of scientific activity. From Zhirmunsky's point of view, the new method should no longer be called "formal", but "formalistic". At the same time, he seeks to establish the “limits of application” of the “formal method”, focusing on four problems: “1) Art as a device; 2) Historical poetics and history of literature; 3) Theme and composition; 4) Verbal art and literature. Zhirmunsky recognizes the legitimacy of considering a work in a system of techniques as a unity of the elements of the whole. According to Zhirmunsky, the system of methods for characterizing a work is just as legitimate as any other - religious, social, moral. But for Zhirmunsky, the absolutization of “reception” as the only “hero” of literary science is unacceptable, as was the case with Yakobson in his work “The Newest Russian Poetry. The first draft…” (1921). The literary technique, according to Zhirmunsky, can be applied both in tendentious ("rhetorical") and in pure art.

Zhirmunsky considers the idea of a mechanical replacement of old literary forms with new ones unacceptable, and considers the method of “estrangement” proposed by Shklovsky as an “organizing” method for the formal method to be “secondary”, necessary for “readers lagging behind in their requirements for art”. Zhirmunsky argues that tastes are different, and therefore "inhibition" will be a "labor form" for some and adequate for others. Zhirmunsky concludes that the concept of "estrangement" "denotes the inability to construct an unusual aesthetic object." He believes that Kant's formula: "What is beautiful, regardless of meaning" is an "expression" of the "formalist doctrine" of art. Considering the specifics of the arts from these positions, Zhirmunsky distinguishes two principles of composition, corresponding to two types of art: for spatial (“simultaneous”, according to Zhirmunsky) arts, that is, for painting, architecture, sculpture, the “principle of symmetry”; for temporary (“successive”), i.e. for music, poetry, the principle of rhythm; for mixed (dance and theater) - the principles of symmetry and rhythm.

In the subject-thematic arts (painting, sculpture, theater, poetry), according to Zhirmunsky, "the laws of artistic composition cannot completely dominate." As for poetry, according to the scientist, “verbal material does not obey the formal compositional law,” because the word does not entirely serve art, but is also a means of communication. Therefore, meaning is important for poetry, and in this regard, the choice of topic is essential. At the same time, for Zhirmunsky, every word, every motive can serve as a theme. He believes that in some cases it is possible to prefer the composition to the problems of the subject as a "conscious" task of the "formal method". However, according to the formalistic principles of studying literature, the field of poetics, in addition to metrics and plot composition, necessarily includes “poetic themes”, the so-called “content”. And although Zhirmunsky uses in relation to the term "content" the combination "so-called", before the reader of the "Preface" - the concept of a holistic analysis of a literary work. Noting the achievements of the “formal school” in Europe and Russia in the works of Dibelius, Shklovsky, Eikhenbaum, Zhirmunsky at the same time criticizes the desire to solve compositional issues “at the expense of issues of subject matter”. Shklovsky's statement: "A literary work is a pure form" is also unacceptable for Zhirmunsky.

Zhirmunsky distinguishes between the functions of the word in lyrical verse and in prose. If in a lyrical poem the word is subordinated to the “aesthetic task” in terms of meaning and technique and is an element of verbal art, then in prose the word is aesthetically neutral and performs only thematic, semantic, communicative functions. Here Zhirmunsky contradicts himself: he is ready to recognize the theme, that is, the content, as "aesthetically neutral" as well.

Zhirmunsky notes the features of formalism in Russian futurism and points out the differences in the concepts of formalism among European and Russian scientists. Thus, the German scientist Walzel (in his book The Comparative Study of the Arts, 1917) is characterized by the desire to rely not so much on linguistics (like Russian scientists), but on the terms of other arts. Nevertheless, for Zhirmunsky, these "new methods" of Walzel are "essential", as they can "protect our young science of historical and theoretical poetics from narrow dogmatism in scientific questions." As you can see, linguistics alone is not enough for Zhirmunsky to develop principles for the study of poetic art.

R.O. Jacobson(1896 - 1982) Famous Russian, then American theorist of literature and language, one of the founders of the Russian "formal school". It was with his active participation that OPOYAZ was created in 1916. In his study “The Newest Russian Poetry. Sketch One: Approaches to Khlebnikov” (written in 1919 and published in 1921 in Prague) were developed the basic principles of the “formal method”. The first of them is the priority of language in the poetics of literature.

Jakobson directly and decisively states: "Poetry is language in its poetic function." Meanwhile, he says, literary historians "instead of the science of literature" are creating a "conglomeration of homegrown disciplines" - life, psychology, politics, philosophy, history. As a result, the subject of literature is "not literature, but literariness."

Jacobson strikes here at the broad scientific principles of academic literary criticism, and above all of the cultural-historical school. In fact, according to Yakobson, "if the science of literature wants to become a science," it must recognize "device" as its only "hero." As an example, he points to the poetry of Russian Futurism, which was the "founder" of the poetry of the "self-sufficient, self-valuable word" as "canonized naked material."

The "renewal" of form through the destruction and replacement of old systems with new ones represents, according to Jacobson, the historical and literary process, its main regularity. So, any trope in the form of a "poetic device" can go into "artistic reality", turning into a "poetic fact of plot construction". The choice of techniques, their systematization lies in the fact that the “irrational poetic construction” in symbolism is “justified” by the state of the “restless titanic soul”, “the poet's willful imagination”.

Thus, in advancing the principles of the "formal method", it is clear that Jakobson also acts as a Futurist theorist. Yakobson believes that “science is still alien to the question of time and space as forms of poetic language” and language should not be forced by adapting it to the analysis of “spatially coexisting parts” of a work that are built in a consistent, chronological system.

"Literary" time, according to Yakobson, is analyzed in the "method of time shift": for example, "time shift" in "Oblomov" is "justified by the dream of the hero." Anachronisms, unusual words, parallelisms, associations act as means of updating linguistic forms.

Then, in 1919, Yakobson wrote a short article "Futurists" (published in the newspaper "Iskusstvo" in the same year signed "R. Ya."). He writes here about the methods of "deformations": hyperbole in literature; chiaroscuro, specularity, tripling in the "old" painting; "colour decomposition" among the Impressionists; caricature in humor and, finally, the "canonization of the plurality of points of view" among the Cubists. The futurists have pictures-slogans.

With the Cubists, the technique is "uncovered" without any "justification": asymmetry, dissonance become autonomous, "cardboard, wood, tin are used." The "basic tendency" in painting is "to divide the moment of movement" "into a series of separate static elements".

Futurist Manifesto: "Running horses do not have four legs, but twenty, and their movements are triangular." If the Cubists, according to Jacobson, “constructed” a picture based on the simplest objects - a cube, a cone, a ball, giving a “primitive of painting”, then the Futurists “introduce a curved cone, a curved cylinder into the picture ... destroy the walls of volumes.”

Both cubism and futurism use the technique of "difficult perception", opposing the "automatism of perception". In the same 1919, Yakobson's note "The Tasks of Artistic Propaganda" was published in the newspaper "Iskusstvo" under the signature "Alyagrov". At this time, he was already working in various Soviet structures. Here he again puts forward the idea of "deformation" of the old form as topical, reinforcing it with the need for a "truly revolutionary artistic enlightenment." Supporters of the conservation of the old forms, Yakobson writes, "shout about religious tolerance in art, like the zealots of 'pure democracy', who, in Lenin's words, take formal equality for actual."

From the summer of 1920, Yakobson worked in the Soviet permanent mission in Czechoslovakia and traveled between Moscow and Prague. It was at this time, in 1920, in the journal "Artistic Life" signed "R. ... I." Jacobson's article was published on the issues of painting - "New Art in the West (Letter from Revel)". Jacobson writes here about expressionism, by which, as he says, in Europe they understand "all the novelties in art." Already impressionism, characterized as a rapprochement with nature, came out, according to Yakobson, "to color, exposed a brushstroke." Van Gogh is already “free” with paint, “color emancipation” is taking place. In expressionism, “unnaturalness”, “rejection of plausibility” is canonized. Yakobson defends the "new" art from the "White Guard persecution", which, in his opinion, is a critical article by I. Repin.

Another article from this period is “Letters from the West. Dada” (on Dadaism) was published by Jacobson under the initials “R.Ya.” in 1921 in the journal "Bulletin of the Theater". Dadaism (from French dada - wooden horse; baby talk) - emerged in 1915-1916. in many countries there is a protest current in art based on an unsystematic, random combination of dissimilar materials and factors; extra-national, extra-social, often theatrical outrageous, out of tradition and out of the future; lack of ideas, eclecticism and variegation of the "cocktail" of abstruseness. According to Yakobson, "dada" is the second "cry" against art after futurism. "Dada," says Jacobson, is governed by the so-called "constructive laws": "through assonance to setting to any sound ratio," then "to the announcement of the laundry bill as a poetic work. Then letters in random order, randomly scribbled on a typewriter - poems, strokes on the canvas of a donkey's tail dipped in paint - painting. Poems of vowels are the music of noises. Aphorism of the leader of "dada" T. Tiara: "We want, we want, we want ... to urinate in different colors."

“Dada is born in the midst of a cosmopolitan mess,” Jacobson concludes. Western new performances by art critics did not develop, according to Yakobson, in the direction: “Western futurism in all its inconsistencies is trying to become an artistic direction (1001st),” he writes. Dadaism is "one of countless isms" "parallel to the relativistic philosophies of the moment".

The "Moscow" period of Jacobson's work (1915 - 1920) is characterized by his interest in the problems of the interaction of language, literature, painting, general problems of art, as can be seen from the above analysis of his works of these years. The "Prague" period of Jacobson's work (1921 - 1922) is characterized by more mature works. This period opens with his informative, original article "On Artistic Realism" (1921). A subtle typology of literary trends is proposed here. Speaking about Russian realism of the 19th century, Yakobson proposes to take into account the peculiarities of details as a specific difference in directions: "essential" or "insignificant". From his point of view, the criterion of "truthfulness" applied to realism is rather arbitrary.

The writers of the Gogol school, the scientist believes, are characterized by "the consolidation of the narrative by images drawn by contiguity, that is, the path from their own term to metonymy and metaphor."

In the "American" period of creativity, Yakobson created numerous works on poetics, Slavic languages, questions of creativity of Khlebnikov, Pushkin, Mayakovsky, Pasternak.

V.V. Vinogradov(1894/95 - 1969). A prominent Russian scholar and philologist. Professor of Moscow State University, dean of the philological faculty of this university. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, director of the Institute of Linguistics. Proceedings on the theory of language and literature, stylistics, poetics. Initial performances in the early 1920s as part of the Moscow Linguistic Circle, which arose under the influence of OPOYAZ and the so-called "formal school". Works of the 1920s: “The style of the St. Petersburg poem (F.M. Dostoevsky) “Double” (Experience of linguistic analysis)” (1922), “On the tasks of stylistics. Observations on the style of The Life of Archpriest Avvakum (1923), On the Poetry of Anna Akhmatova (Stylistic Sketches) theory of poetic language. The doctrine of the speech systems of literary works” (1927), “The evolution of Russian naturalism. Gogol and Dostoevsky" (1929), "On Fiction" (1930). During this period, Vinogradov views the evolution of language as the development of various structural "systems". Working on the problems of style, Vinogradov comes to the idea of text stylistics and various forms of speech stylistics. In his writings, the idea of the unity of the Russian literary language as a system is developed. In this system, the unity of "techniques" for the use of language means is also necessary.

“Style,” Vinogradov writes, “is a socially conscious and functionally conditioned, internally integrated set of methods for using, selecting and combining means of verbal communication ...” Speech style, according to Vinogradov, is a “semantic unity” that arises in the “synthesis” of “elements of language ". The scientist rejects the extremes of the literary and linguistic points of view on the problem of the interaction of the word and the image, arguing that the word is a "means of forming the image", without fetishizing the functions of the word or image. His definition of a literary work strictly takes into account the function of verbal and non-verbal elements: “A verbal and artistic work,” he writes, “is a picture of a peculiar world, embodied in the forms of language and illuminated by the poetic consciousness of the author, - subjective or objective (depending on the method of creativity).” For Vinogradov, the assertion of Yakobson, which goes back to the "formalism of the 1920s", is insufficient when he proposed to reduce the function of poetic speech to "message".

Vinogradov agrees with Tynyanov's assertion that fiction is not indifferent to rhythm. For Vinogradov, abstractionism is unacceptable, as "poetry without images." The scientist agrees with Zhirmunsky, who included non-verbal elements in his artistic style: theme, composition, images. The language of fiction, according to Vinogradov, cannot be "revealed" with the help of linguistic methods alone, as the futurists and representatives of the "formal school" Yakobson, Shklovsky and others believed. socio-ideologically conditioned and dominant views in a particular era ... "

The composition of a work of art for a scientist is not an autonomous category: “In the composition of a work of art,” he writes, “the dynamically unfolding content is revealed in the change and alternation of different forms and types of speech…”

As can be seen, Vinogradov's interpretation of the specifics of the structural elements of language and literature, almost from the very beginning of the OPOYAZ, was inadequate to the principles of the "formal school", although structural elements are the priority in his work.

G.O. Distiller(1896 - 1947). Well-known Russian linguist, specialist in vocabulary, poetic language, culture of speech. Works: "Culture of language" (1925), "On the tasks of the history of language" (1941).

Vinokur came to science through the Moscow Linguistic Circle, which existed in 1915-1924. parallel to OPOYAZ. The Moscow Linguistic Circle, whose participants were students of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow State University, was patronized by Academician F.E. Korsh, who prepared the charter of the circle and presented it in the 2nd department of the Academy of Sciences. The permission to form a circle was signed by Academician A.A. Chess. Jacobson was elected the first chairman.

Vinokur presided over the circle in 1922-1923. Vinokur came to the form of a literary work from linguistics. He believed that a literary work should be studied from a linguistic point of view, and poetic language, from his point of view, is a mixture of heterogeneous elements. In poetic speech, he argues, "not only everything mechanical is enlivened, but arbitrary, random from different forms of language is legitimized." As can be seen, according to his initial positions, Vinokur is also involved in his views in the concepts of the “formal method”.

B. V. Tomashevsky(1890 - 1957). Russian scientist, literary theorist, researcher of Russian classical literature. Born in St. Petersburg in a noble family. He received his education abroad. He taught textual criticism at the Petrograd Institute of Art History (1921), then at the Institute of Russian Literature and Leningrad University. Member of the publication of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov, "Pushkin's Dictionary of Language", "Pushkin Encyclopedia". His Poetics went through several editions.

In the 1920s, Tomashevsky became close to the OPOYAZ and was persecuted as a "formalist". The emergence of fiction Tomashevsky refers to ancient times, to its elements that accompanied the labor process, funerals, games. To give one definition of literature that would take into account all its "forms", Tomashevsky considers "unthinkable". However, he notes, first of all, its “verbal” character: a literary work, he writes, is “such a verbal construction” in which “monologue” speech is designed for “all those who are interested” and has a “long-term interest”, in contrast to the “dialogue” of two interlocutors. The area of non-fiction” (books on politics, economics, scientific writings in general) he calls “prose”, literature “corresponding to reality”. Fiction, on the other hand, according to Tomashevsky, is only “similar” to reality, but in reality it speaks “about things that are fictitious.” Tomashevsky considers fiction, or "poetry", from a "historical" point of view, that is, "in connection with the environment that gave rise to it", and from a "theoretical" point of view, determining the degree of its compliance with the "laws of creating a work of art." Tomashevsky retains the most productive, from his point of view, ways of studying the "formal school" fiction. He studies not so much the "orders of his time", embodied in fiction, as "the skill of fulfilling these orders." “Mastery” for him is realized in literary “techniques”. He calls the science of the "functions" of literary "techniques" "poetics." It is poetics that the main works of Tomashevsky are devoted to. Mainly, these are works connected with the work of specific Russian writers, especially with the work of Pushkin.

With the "formal method" in its narrow meaning (understood as an autonomous analysis outside the social context), Tomashevsky said goodbye back in 1925 in the article "Instead of an obituary." But in the future, he continued to work on the problems of artistic form, using his experience of the OPOYAZ period. The significance of his works "From Pushkin's Manuscripts" (1934), "Editions of [Pushkin's] Poetic Texts" (1934), "Pushkin's Corrections to the Text of "Eugene Onegin"" (1936), "Pushkin and French Literature" (1937), " Pushkin's poetic heritage (lyrics and poems)" (1941), "K.N. Batyushkov. Poems "(1948), etc.

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MOBU "Podkolkinskaya secondary school"

Creative project on the topic

"My professional choice"

9th grade students

Mishchenko Anastasia

Teacher: Tokmachev P. M.

jokes 2014

Profession "Veterinarian"

Since ancient times, man has sought to domesticate wild animals. It was a difficult job that required constant care and attention. People who knew how to recognize and treat diseases of domestic animals were valued and respected. Currently, there is a special science - veterinary medicine, which deals with animal diseases. And specialists working in this area, respectively, are called veterinarians.

Problem

Before graduating from school and receiving a complete secondary education, there is very little left and I began to ask myself more often: where to go to study and for whom? Which path I choose will determine my professional future. The right choice of profession will allow me to build my future career in such a way as to achieve outstanding success in it. Why did I choose this profession?

Awareness of the problem area

Definition of need and its formulation

My need in this life period is the choice of a profession in accordance with my interests and capabilities and professional self-determination. This need is not paramount at the moment, but in a year or two I will face a problem in choosing a profession for myself and therefore I analyze in advance which profession suits me and why.

Problem Definition and Statement

The objective of the project is to choose a future professional activity in accordance with the algorithm for choosing a profession and career forecasting and professional self-determination. For this I need:

explore your interests and aptitudes;
identify the level of knowledge, abilities, health and correlate them with the requirements of the profession;
explore the world of professions, the need for personnel.

Basic parameters and restrictions

The chosen profession must satisfy individual personal and psychophysical characteristics;
Professional training should be accessible. The location of the educational institution in our region will be optimal.
The material costs of obtaining a specialty should correspond to my financial capabilities.
Demand for the profession in the labor market

Identification of traditions, history, trends

Studying the world of professions, I determined how much they are in demand in the labor market of our region, and also studied the traditions of my family. When choosing a future profession, I preferred the following sources of information:

Activity analysis

Having become acquainted with various professions, I have developed a reference scheme of reflection, consistent progress along which will help to make the right choice.

Development of ideas, options, alternatives

The sphere of my professional activity is man-nature. Using Internet sites that provide descriptions and characteristics of professions, we single out a number of specialties belonging to the chosen field of professional activity: these are a veterinarian, a veterinary paramedic, a livestock breeder, a livestock engineer, a livestock specialist.

Definition of requirements for professional activity

We single out the following parameters related to the sphere of professional activity "man - nature".

The work must:

be varied
mobile
meet the psychophysiological and social needs of a person
versatile

My future work should not be "sedentary" and requiring only mental work. It should be not only indoors, but also outdoors.

Analysis and synthesis of ideas

The choice of the optimal variant of the profession

Speciality	Specialty Requirements					Number of points
	Availability of training	Demand in the labor market	Conformity		Material costs for obtaining a profession
	Availability of training	Demand in the labor market	Personal characteristics	Psychophysical characteristics	Material costs for obtaining a profession
Veterinarian
Veterinary assistant
breeder
Zooengineer
livestock specialist

I chose the profession of a veterinary doctor after analyzing the scope of professional activity and I think that it corresponds to my interests, inclinations and personality traits. I made this conclusion after conducting tests, according to which I received the following results:

The level of my readiness for professional self-determination was at first low, but in the process of studying the world of professions, it increased to an average. Therefore, I think that I am ready for professional self-determination.
Interests and inclinations - the area of \u200b\u200bprofessions "man - nature"
The level of self-esteem is adequate
Features of attention - the average level of voluntary attention
Memory - the average level of memory development
Intelligence - average
Emotional attitude to the choice of profession - positive
Volitional qualities - well developed
Temperament type - phlegmatic
Health level is average

Determining the ways of obtaining a profession and choosing a place

learning

Ways to get professional education

Type of vocational educational institution - higher vocational educational institution

Type of educational institution - university

Full-time form of education

Direction of study - medical and biological

Specific educational institution - Orenburg Agricultural University

My professional career plan

Finish high school and go to a vocational school.
Get theoretical training in the specialty "Veterinary"
Find a job in your specialty
Master the profession of "Veterinary" in practice
Achieve professional success in 10 years and become a professional in this field of professional activity.

Professional test

We have pets in our family: rabbits, cats, cows, bees, dogs. In the family, I am responsible for taking care of the rabbits. I feed them, monitor their health, if someone gets sick, I treat them. I also help my dad with beekeeping, that is, I already have the skills to work with animals, care for them, and treat them.

Profession Preparation Plan

The goal is to enter an educational institution and master the specialty of a veterinarian.

study mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry,
learn to work with animals
to graduate school
pass university entrance exams
master the curriculum at the university, get a diploma
find a job in your specialty
improve your professional skills.

Self-control and self-esteem

I evaluate my creative project positively, since the result of my entire path is the choice of the profession of "Veterinarian", as well as the construction of a professional plan to achieve my professional goals.

Sources of information

I took the material for my project from the site:

http://www.moeobrazovanie.ru/specialities_vuz/veterinariya. html

Short description

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format

Introduction

In high school, most teenagers are puzzled by career choices. The future fate of a person depends on the correctness of this choice. . The relevance of this topic is beyond doubt, since the number of professions is constantly growing, which means it is becoming increasingly difficult to choose a suitable profession for yourself. I chose this topic because I myself am now a 10th grade student and, like all my peers, I faced the problem of choosing a profession . I still have not finally decided on my future profession, so I think that this work will be useful both to my classmates and to myself.

Currently, most school graduates have little idea of their future profession, as well as the knowledge and skills that will be useful to them in it. This leads to the fact that people are disappointed in their chosen profession and either work all their lives in an unloved job, or go to get another specialty. In both cases, people spend several years of their lives receiving an education that does not live up to their expectations.

The purpose of this work is to determine and analyze the optimal algorithm for choosing a profession.

The following tasks follow from this goal:

one). Consider all possible types of professions.2). To analyze the market of professions in the Perm region.3). Identify mistakes that are made when choosing a profession.4). Conduct a sociological survey.5). Describe in detail the process of choosing a profession.

When writing this work, sociological surveys and studies were conducted, as well as scientific articles and works on this issue were analyzed.

1 Theoretical consideration of the issue

1.1 The market of professions in the Perm region

In this paper, I will consider the labor market on the example of the Perm Territory and the city of Perm. When choosing a profession, you should take into account the specialization of your region and which industries are developed in it, in order to become a sought-after specialist in the future and not have difficulty finding work in your city.

Perm employers largely support Russian trends in the labor market. There are several leading industries in the Perm Territory: oil and gas processing, petrochemistry, woodworking, mechanical engineering, electric power industry and food industry. Consequently, in this region, specialists working in these industries are in demand. Just like in Russia as a whole, doctors, teachers, programmers and IT specialists are needed in Perm. But this does not mean at all that you need to refuse to choose other professions, since real professionals in their field will always be in demand.

The average salary in the Perm Territory is 20,000 rubles, and the number of open vacancies fluctuates around 74,000.

More than half of the vacancies in the Perm Territory are located in the city of Perm, in second place - Berezniki, and in third - Tchaikovsky.

1.2 Variety of professions

When choosing a profession, two main criteria should be taken into account: personal qualities and professional suitability. This means that a person must not only want to work in a certain area, but also have certain abilities for self-realization in it.

The most elementary division of professions by type of activity is the division into technical and humanitarian professions. The abilities corresponding to a certain kind of activity can be pronounced, but sometimes there are people who have qualities that are characteristic of both technical and human sciences. In any case, there are a huge number of professions that require a wide variety of qualities, so there is no person who cannot find a suitable profession.

Before choosing a specific future profession for yourself, you need to decide on the direction to which it will relate. Usually there are five directions: Man-Man, Man-Artistic image, Man-Technology, Man-Sign system, Man-Nature. This classification seems to me too generalized.

Types of professions	Profession examples
Technical	Auto mechanic, car mechanic, engineer, mechanic, metallurgist, electrician, builder, power engineer
Economic	Economist, accountant, merchandiser, realtor, manager, marketer
Creative	Actor, designer, artist, photographer, hairdresser, fashion designer, director
	Military pilot, military signalman, tanker, gunner, paratrooper, marine
Medical	Doctors of any specialization, nurse, paramedic, pharmacist, obstetrician
Pedagogical	School teacher, kindergarten teacher, psychologist, tutor
Legal	Lawyer, prosecutor, judge, lawyer, social worker
Linguistic	Philologist, writer, translator, journalist, linguist, translator, editor
Transport	Truck driver, pilot, sailor, train driver, stewardess
Agricultural and livestock	Agronomist, ecologist, geologist, veterinarian, cynologist, farmer
Security spheres	Security guard, policeman, firefighter, criminologist, customs officer, EMERCOM worker

2 Analytical part

2.1 Typical mistakes when choosing a profession

Choosing a profession is a complex and responsible matter, which should be approached seriously and only balanced decisions should be made. A careless attitude to choosing a profession can lead to a mistake, due to which a person can spend several years studying a profession that is not suitable for him. The following describes the most common mistakes that are made when choosing a profession.

1. Inability to analyze one's own abilities and inclinations. In order to become an outstanding specialist in any field, you must have certain abilities and inclinations that will help you achieve high results. Sometimes people cannot determine their inclinations, which is why they choose a profession in which they cannot fully realize themselves and show their talents.

2. The influence of the popularity and prestige of the profession. Many people choose popular or prestigious professions without thinking about whether they will enjoy this work and whether they will be able to fully realize their potential in it, and most importantly, whether their specialty will be in demand.

3. Fascination with the outer side of the profession. When choosing a profession, people usually present it the way they want to see it. At the same time, some features or difficulties of the chosen profession are usually not taken into account or even remain unknown. As a result, a person may become disillusioned with a profession for which he has spent several years learning.

4. Choosing a profession under the influence of friends. At school, children have friends and acquaintances with whom they get used to studying and communicating every day. Therefore, when it comes time to choose a profession, many go to study for the same professions, only in order not to be separated from their friends. Such a choice usually does not lead to anything good.

5. Lack of independence in choosing a profession. Parents often decide for the child his fate, forcing him to continue the family business or learn a profession that brings a lot of income. Often, in such situations, the child does not like the profession he is studying and, having received an education, he goes to work not in his specialty.

6. Comparison of the school subject with the corresponding profession. The knowledge acquired at school is only general and superficial information about various sciences. Therefore, good performance in certain subjects at school does not guarantee success in a profession related to these subjects. When choosing a future profession, it is worth, first of all, focusing on the specific knowledge that will be useful in it, and not on the school subjects associated with it.

7. Lack of awareness about the world of professions. Today, there are a huge number of professions in the world. A person may not even know about some professions, but it is possible that one of them may be ideal for him.

8. Underestimation of their physical abilities. Some professions require perfect health, which many people do not have from birth. It is better for a person with health problems to immediately discard such professions and look for options that suit him.

9. Choosing a profession is equivalent to choosing the level of education. There is a common misconception that in order to get any highly paid and prestigious job, you must have a higher education. This statement is not true, since getting a good job first of all requires knowledge and abilities, and not a diploma of higher education.

2.2 How to avoid mistakes when choosing a profession

In most cases, students who choose their profession are advised to take professional tests, in which they are offered to get acquainted with the profession they are interested in. The purpose of these tests is to gain practical work experience and to identify schoolchildren's inclinations to work in a particular specialty. In practice, professional tests are not highly effective and rarely contribute to the choice of profession. This is explained by the fact that, as a result, participants in professional tests are not given the opportunity to really try themselves in a particular profession, since this is basically impossible due to their lack of necessary knowledge and skills. Usually, all professional tests come down to communicating with representatives of a profession or visiting enterprises where they work. Such events usually do not give the desired result, because they do not fully show all the objective qualities and features of the profession. However, people who have decided on their future profession should definitely go through professional tests of this profession in order to get to know it better.

3 Design part

3.1 Opinion poll

The survey involved 40 people aged 16-17 years, including 25 boys and 15 girls. All respondents were asked the following questions: 1). Have you finally decided on the choice of profession? 2). What are you guided by when choosing a profession? 3). What influenced your career choice the most?

Based on the results of this sociological survey, diagrams were compiled

According to the results of the sociological survey, it can be seen that the majority of respondents have not yet decided on their future profession and are trying to choose their specialty based on external factors, and not on an analysis of their abilities and inclinations.

3.2 Career selection process

To solve the problem of choosing a profession, I made my own plan that can help an undecided person choose the best future profession for himself. 1. The decision to start choosing a profession. Usually the problem of choosing a profession arises in front of a student in grades 9-10. Most children are not ready to make an independent and deliberate solution to this problem. But in order to receive education in the future, it is necessary to at least partially determine the direction of the future profession. Seriously deciding to choose a profession is the first and most important step to getting it! 2. Collection of information that can help in choosing a profession. In order to choose the right profession for yourself, you must first find out which professions are now in great demand on the labor market, which professions are the most highly paid and which professions are the most promising. This will help you avoid situations in which your specialty becomes irrelevant or unclaimed. 3. Building an image of a future profession based on an analysis of one's own abilities and inclinations. In order to choose a profession, you must first understand what you want to receive from this profession other than money (the ability to communicate with new and interesting people, improve yourself, learn something new, travel, invent something new, etc.). Next, try to list all the strengths of your character and all your hobbies, and then think about what professions you might need this for. 4. Search for suitable professions, their evaluation and selection of the best option. Now it remains to choose a profession that matches your desires, allows you to show your strengths and will coincide with your hobbies (only in this case you will have the opportunity to fully fulfill yourself in your chosen profession). It is desirable that this profession is also relevant in the future, in demand in the labor market and highly paid. In most cases, all these requirements are not combined in one profession, but a profession where most of these requirements are met will be the one for you. the best option!

Conclusion

Analyzing all of the above, we can conclude that choosing a profession is one of the most important decisions in life. It is because of the importance of this choice that it is worth taking it seriously and responsibly. The main rule that should be followed when choosing a profession is paying attention, first of all, to your interests and inclinations, and not to external factors and the opinions of others. Confucius said: "Choose a job you love and you won't have to work a single day in your life." This wisdom explains why the choice of a profession must be conscious, balanced and must be taken on your own, because no one knows you as well as you do!

Bibliography

one). Klimov E.A. "Psychology of professional self-determination" - Moscow: Prosveshchenie Publishing House, 2004.

2). Kon I. S. "Psychology of a high school student" - Moscow: Prosveshchenie Publishing House, 1980.

3). Parnov D. “Who to be? Secrets of choosing a profession" - Moscow: "Knizhny Mir" Publishing House, 2014.

4). Robinson K. "Find your calling" - Moscow: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber Publishing House, 2014.

five). Solovyov A. "Choice of profession" - Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2013.

6). Urutina T. M., Ageeva L. G. "Typical difficulties and mistakes in choosing a profession among high school students" - Moscow: Young Scientist Publishing House, 2015.

Applications

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LESSON TOPIC: PURPOSE: Acquaintance with the principle of an informed choice of profession, reasonable career planning, taking into account the needs of personal self-determination in a real labor market. TASKS: Educational Developing Educational Type of lesson: mastering new material. Type of lesson: combined. Methods: case method (compressed case), heuristic, conversation, discussion. Forms of work: frontal, group, individual.

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TOPIC OF THE LESSON: Spheres of modern production and vocational education.

GOAL: Acquaintance with the principle of a reasonable choice of profession, reasonable career planning, taking into account the needs of personal self-determination in the conditions of the real labor market.

TASKS:

educational - to teach children to understand the essence of the sphere of modern production and its components, independence in conclusions.

To form skills for choosing the best option for a profession, taking into account personal characteristics and market requirements.

Educational - To develop the skills of independent analysis and the ability to rationally choose a profession and plan a career.

To expand information about the possibilities of vocational education in modern conditions.

Educational - to educate students in the culture of working with classmates, a common culture.

Lesson type : mastering new material.

Type of lesson: combined.

Methods: case method (compressed case), heuristic, conversation, discussion.

Forms of work: frontal, group, individual.

STRUCTURE AND PROCEDURE OF THE LESSON:

Introductory part -2 min. Greetings. Presentation of the topic and order of the lesson. Issue of a case. Explanation of the rules for working with the case. Specifying evaluation criteria.
Independent work with a case in groups: Studying new material and updating knowledge - 5 min. Consolidation of new material - 25 min. Performing and processing the test "Diagnosis of professional preferences and building a personal professional plan." "Brainstorming" - combining research with the stability of demand for a profession. Choice analysis.
Summary of the lesson. Discussion-8min.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION:

During the discussion, the choice of the best solution to the problem. The teacher notes the work in microgroups, analyzes the results of the discussion. Gives grades.

Explains homework.

D / Z: Exercise "Plus-minus-interesting." Draw a table and describe the situation. When you get a profession and work in it like this:

TOPIC OF THE LESSON: Spheres of modern production and vocational education.

GOAL: Acquaintance with the principle of reasonable choice of profession, reasonable career planning, taking into account the needs of personal self-determination in the conditions of the real labor market.

TASKS:

educational - to teach children to understand the essence of the sphere of modern production and its components, independence in conclusions.

To form skills for choosing the best option for a profession, taking into account personal characteristics and market requirements.

Educational - To develop the skills of independent analysis and the ability to rationally choose a profession and plan a career.

To expand information about the possibilities of vocational education in modern conditions.

Educational - to educate students in the culture of working with classmates, a common culture.

Choosing a profession is a crucial stage in your life associated with determining the direction of vocational training.

Study the material of the educational topic and complete the tasks.
Submit your solution to the problem.
Listen to other participants' points of view.

The world of professions is huge, there are more than 40 thousand of them, and about five hundred new ones appear every year and the same number disappear or change.

The professional and qualification division of labor (it is based on the technological division of labor) makes it possible to single out a profession, specialty and qualification.

The word "profession" comes from two Latin words: "professio" - officially specified occupation, specialty and "profiteor" - I declare my business. This word, like many other terms, has many meanings.

Profession - a kind of labor activity that requires a certain preparation and is usually a source of livelihood.

Often the problem of choosing a profession arises in life more than once. The earliest professional self-determination occurs in art, the latest - in politics and science.

In each specific case, the name of the profession is determined by the nature and content of the work, the tools or objects of labor used. Along with the generic concept of "profession", there is a specific concept of "specialty".

Specialty - (lat. specialis - special) is a complex of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired through special training and work experience necessary for a certain type of activity within a particular profession.

A few examples. Profession - turner. Specialties - backyard turner, carousel turner, semi-automatic turner, borer turner, revolver turner. Profession - driver. Specialties - steam turbine operator, press operator, scraper operator, stage operator, etc. Profession - teacher. Specialties - teacher of physics, mathematics, chemistry, primary school, etc.

Qualification ( English quality - quality , in the sense of the degree of manifestation of merit) - in some areas, this term refers either to the process of assessing the level of quality, or to the provided levels themselves.

It is important not to confuse high qualifications with higher education, because you can get it without becoming a highly qualified specialist.

Job requirements for a person.

When a young person chooses a profession, he is interested in making his profession popular with employers not only today, but also in 10-20 years. This is called the stability of demand for a profession.

Along with the "eternal" professions - a builder, doctor, teacher, etc., the transport, chemical industry, high technologies, communications, communications, new professions at the intersection of traditional ones, economic management, and the social sphere are becoming relevant. At the same time, for professional success at the present stage of development of society, personal qualities, communication skills, a person’s motivation for work, readiness for continuous improvement of one’s professionalism, for changes become more important than the traditionally understood amount of knowledge.

An indicator of the stability of demand for a profession is the number of jobs in a particular specialty available at different enterprises of the district and region. Achieving the goal depends on the desire of a person, determination and will.

The main factors or conditions for choosing a profession are aspects of a sound professional plan that takes into account the interests, abilities, health status, abilities of the person choosing a profession and the needs of society in personnel.

The general structure of vocational education in the region

You can get a profession in various educational institutions, depending on what level of professional education you choose:

Vocational education is primary, secondary and higher.

Primary vocational educatione - represented by lyceums, vocational schools, which provide a working specialty.

Secondary vocational educationallows you to become a mid-level specialist in most executive or creative class professions. Secondary vocational education can be obtained with basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

At the same time, if a person already has a secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education, then he can receive a secondary vocational education under reduced accelerated programs.

Higher professional educationrepresented by state and non-state universities. When choosing a non-state educational institution, it is necessary to check the licenses, accreditations and attestations of the educational institution. Without these 3 documents, a diploma of an educational institution does not give nationwide guarantees of employment.

Where can I get information about vocational education institutions.

Information about educational institutions providing vocational training can be obtained from:

in directories for applicants to educational institutions;
in telephone directories;
in computer information retrieval programs in the INTERNET network;
in advertisements;
in libraries;
in the OPPC;
in regional employment centers;
in conversations with representatives of educational institutions and teachers;
when meeting with students and alumni;
during personal visits to educational institutions.

Modern production includes two major areas of activity

The boundaries between the branches of material and non-material production are conditional and relative.

They are united by a common purpose - to serve the needs of people, the accumulation and improvement of human capital. In close interconnection, they form an integral structure of the national economy of the country, which, like a living organism, does not stand still, but is constantly developing and changing at the present time in shorter periods of time.

More and more people are employed in the field of non-material production due to the development of scientific developments, high technologies, computer information and telecommunication systems.

INDUSTRY - a set of enterprises and industries that have a common product, technology and needs satisfied.

The city where you live is also a structural unit of the country's national economy, in which enterprises of individual industries are concentrated. On the vast territory of Russia, historically, sectoral distribution is uneven both in regions and regions. The same goes for individual cities.

The final decision on the choice of profession is made by each person independently. There are two types of errors:

following other people's advice, choosing for the company;
choosing a nearby university or an outwardly attractive, prestigious profession;
lack of significant information about the profession or specialty, ignorance of their personal characteristics and character traits etc.

Task No. 1. Test "Diagnosing professional preferences and building a personal professional plan" (20 min.).

The various professions are listed below. In each pair of professions, try to find the one you prefer. For example,

of the two professions - a poet or a psychologist - do you prefer the first, then in the answer sheet you must put a “+” sign in column 42 a).

Processing of results.

To determine which occupational type you are, it is necessary to count the number of answers for each of the six types. The maximum number of points shows the predominance of a certain type of personality according to the classification of J. Holland: 1st column - realistic type; 2nd column - intellectual type; 3rd column - social type; 4th column - conventional type; 5th column - enterprising type; 6th column - artistic type.

It is possible that you will score the same number of points for several types. In this case, it is premature to talk about a formed professional orientation.

Questionnaire D. Holland

	Process Engineer	Constructor
	Head teacher for extracurricular activities	Chairman of the trade union committee
Behind	Designer	Draftsman
	chemical scientist	Accountant
	Political figure	Writer
	Cook	Compositor
	Advocate	Scientific journal editor
	caregiver	ceramic artist
	Knitter	Sanitary doctor
10a	Notary	Supplier
11a	Fiction translator	Linguist
12a	Pediatrician	Statistician
13a	Store manager	Photographer
14a	Philosopher	Psychiatrist
15a	Computer's operator	Cartoonist
16a	Gardener	Meteorologist
17a	Teacher	Squad leader
18a	metal artist	Painter
19a	Hydrologist	Auditor
20a	Head of the household	Conductor
21a	Electronic engineer	secretary typist
22a	Chief livestock specialist	Zoologist
23a	sports doctor	Feuilletonist
24a	Trolley bus driver	Nurse
25a	Copyist	Director
26a	Architect	Mathematician
27a	Police nursery worker	Accountant
28a	Collective farm chairman	Agronomist-seed grower
29a	Biologist	Ophthalmologist
30a	Archivist	Sculptor
31a	Stenographer	Speech therapist
32a	Economist	Store manager
ZZa	Museum researcher	Consultant
34a	Corrector	Critic
ZZa	radio operator	Nuclear physicist
Zba	Doctor	Diplomat
37a	Actor	Cameraman
38a	Archaeologist	Expert
39a	Cutter-modeler	Decorator
40a	Watchmaker	Installer
41a	Producer	Scientist
42a	Psychologist	Poet

Answer sheet

Personality type

					Behind



			10a		On the
		12a		13a
	14a		15a
16a		17a			18a
	19a			20a
21a				1 22^a
		23a
24a			25a		26a
		27a		28a
	29a		30a
31a			32a
	ZZa		34a
35a		Zba			37a
	38a			39a
40a				41a
		42a

Realistic type (R)- prefers realistic careers, work with some specific objects of labor and mechanisms more than with people. Possesses mechanical and engineering abilities, likes to work with tools and machines, gets satisfaction from the concrete results of his work. Management and people skills tend to be low. Has difficulty expressing himself, communicating his feelings and thoughts to others.

Research type (I)– focused on science and scientific activity. Possesses mathematical and research abilities. Gets more satisfaction from solving abstract problems than translating them into practical action. Prefers to work more with ideas than with people and objects. Not disposed to leadership, avoids monotonous physical or other actions. Does not feel uncomfortable in a situation of uncertainty and does not like strictly structured activities with many rules.

Artistic type (A)– prefers to work in an artistic environment that offers many opportunities for self-expression through artistic means. They show little interest in problems that require serious organizational training to solve them, or the application of significant efforts, preferring those that can be solved through self-expression in the artistic field. Enjoys creating creative works, has a good imagination, creativity.

Social type (S)- prefers social careers, focused on interacting with people, likes to help people, solve their problems. Expresses himself well and expresses himself with others, loves attention and looks for situations that allow him to be the center of attention of the group. Avoids activities that require mechanical repetitive actions.

Entrepreneurial type (E)- activities related to influencing people, organizing them to solve certain problems. Possess leadership and oratorical speech abilities. Competitively oriented, often displaying verbal aggression. They get satisfaction from the opportunity to be in the center of attention, events, to convince others of their point of view. High claims to power and material wealth. They highly appreciate leadership and economic abilities, business qualities, they are aesthetically poorly developed.

Traditional type (E)- prefers to work with data and information, to work on the processing and systematization of information. Inclined to order, seeks to streamline and structure the surrounding reality. Avoids areas of activity related to persuading people. Feels comfortable taking the role of a member of a certain structure. Possesses counting and clerical abilities.

Task number 2. "Brainstorming" (5 min.) According to the chosen professional type, indicate the possible options for professions and determine the most stable in the labor market. Justify your choice.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:

Define the concepts: profession, specialty, qualification, industry.
What areas does modern production include?
How to determine for yourself the sphere of professional activity that would be useful to society and would bring you material and spiritual satisfaction?
Which of the industries are developing most dynamically?
What professions and specialties will be in demand by the time you enter the working life?

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION:

1. Professional competent solution to the problem-10b

2.Brevity and clarity of presentation of the theoretical part of the solution of problem-10b.

3. The quality of the graphic part of the design of the solution to the problem-10.

4. Ethics of discussion-5b.

5. The speed of the task-5b.

40b-5 "excellent"

30b-4 "good"

20b-3 "satisfactory"

10b-2 "unsatisfactory"

All-Russian Festival of Pedagogical Creativity

2014-2015 academic year year

Nomination: "Project and creative activity of students"

creative project

"MY FUTURE PROFESSION - ENGINEER"

Fefilov Nikolay, 11a class

under the direction of

Solovieva Anna Leonidovna

MBOU secondary school No. 49

Yekaterinburg

MAIN PART

CHAPTER I

1.1. Carrying out diagnostics of individual personal and psychophysical qualities and abilities……………………………………...

1.2. Analysis of specialties of the profession engineer……………………………….

PRACTICAL PART

CHAPTER II

2.1. Choosing an educational institution of vocational education in the city of Yekaterinburg……………………………………………………………...

2.2. Professional test …………………………………………………....

2.3. Introspection……………………………………………………………………....

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..

Bibliography………………………………………………………………..

Applications………………………………………………………………………..

Introduction

I thought about the choice of my future profession in the 9th grade. After all, then me and my classmates had to decide what to do next? Go to the 10th grade and continue your studies at school, or choose a different path and try yourself in a college, technical school? Many of us chose the first option. Of course, this choice was largely influenced by the parents, and to be honest, I didn’t really want to change the already established usual school life for an unknown study at a technical school or college at that time.

Living in the Uralmash district of Yekaterinburg - an area built near the industrial giant "Ural Heavy Engineering Plant" - you are imbued with its history, you will learn a lot of new interesting facts about the life of the area and its inhabitants.

The first excursion to the Uralmash plant sunk into my memory very strongly. I was amazed by the impressive size of the equipment, which is moved and controlled by the strong hands of the plant workers, I learned that it was the Uralmash plant that during the Great Patriotic War produced tens of thousands of military and tank artillery and ammunition, it was on it that the unique technology of casting T tank turrets was introduced -34. It was very interesting to see the work of the model of the largest walking excavator produced in the USSR - EKG - 5A [Appendix 2].

At school, drawing and technology were some of my favorite subjects. I especially liked to perform various layouts, scans of parts, the accuracy of the drawing of which determines the result of all further work on the creation of any product.

Hence my interest in the profession of an engineer who creates projects for future structures, equipment and machinery. I understand that this is a very responsible, difficult and difficult job, and training in this profession will be quite long and difficult, but I still want to try my hand at this field.

The relevance of the research problem : The variety of specialties of the engineering profession provides great opportunities for choice, but you need to choose only one of them.

Object of study: profession engineer

Subject of study : specialty profession engineer

Target : Conduct an analysis of the many specialties of the engineer profession.

In accordance with the goal, the followingtasks :

Conduct an analysis of the literature and other information sources on the research problem.

Conduct a diagnosis of your personal and psychophysical individual characteristics.

To study individual characteristics for compliance with the requirements for the profession of an engineer.

Conduct a comparative analysis of options for specialties of the engineer profession, choosing the most optimal one for yourself.

To study the content of the future profession through the "Professional test".

Make a choice of a future professional educational institution.

CHAPTER I . IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONAL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

In the 9th grade, in the classroom of the subject “Your professional career”, in order to determine the scope of professional activity, I participated in the following questionnaires on professional orientation: “Questionnaire of professional preferences”, test “Determining the type of future profession” (according to E.A. Klimov’s classification), “Differential -diagnostic questionnaire”, “Profession choice matrix” G.V. Rezapkina and a number of others, and also studied character, temperament, attention, motivation and self-esteem.

With the help of these methods, it was possible to determine the scope of professional preferences - "Man - technology" and a list of possible technical specialties: architect, auto mechanic, locksmith, design engineer, design engineer, labor protection engineer, technician, electrician, electric and gas welder and others.

Having studied information from various sources about the professions of interest to me from this list, having visited excursions, I chose the profession of an engineer, so my further education continued in the 10th grade, since admission to engineering studies takes place on the basis of 11 classes or after graduating from college in specialized specialties.

To establish the compliance of personal and psychophysiological individual characteristics with the requirements for the professionengineer [Appendix 1] I used the methods of "Determination of the professional orientation of the personality" by J. Holland and "Type of thinking" .

The result of the methodology carried out by J. Holland "Determining the professional orientation of the personality" became two types of personality: "Realistic type", whose representatives prefer activities that require motor skills, dexterity, specificity, and corresponding to this type of profession - mechanic, electrician, sailor, engineer, driver, etc.; "Intellectual" type - focused on mental work, likes to solve problems that require abstract thinking, professions - mathematician, physicist, astronomer, etc.

The type of visual-figurative thinking possessed by people with an artistic mindset who can imagine both what will be and what has never been and never will be - artists, poets, writers, architects, engineers, designers was determined in the method "Type of thinking ".

Thus, based on the results of the conducted test methods, we can conclude that my abilities and inclinations correspond to the requirements of the engineer profession.

1.2. Analysis of specialties of the engineer profession

In order to decide on the choice of a future profession, we have selected 5 parameters for comparing the specialties of the engineer profession:

Availability of training – territorial proximity of the university, temporary employment (first / second shift).

Demand in the labor market of Yekaterinburg - the ratio of the capacity of demand and supply of these specialists, and the number of proposals does not satisfy the existing demand.

Correspondence of personal characteristics - volitional qualities, self-esteem, motivation, leadership qualities, responsibility and other personality characteristics to the requirements of the profession for a person.

Correspondence of psychophysical characteristics - compliance of temperament, thinking, attention, imagination, physical health, etc., with the requirements of the profession for a person.

Material costs for obtaining a profession - form of education (budget / off-budget), tuition fees, housing (providing a hostel to non-residents), encouraging academic success (scholarships).

Career opportunities - advancement and professional growth.

Table 1 presents an analysis of some specialties of the engineering profession. The assessment is made on a scale from 1 - 5 points (1 - "low" to 5 - "high").

Table 1

The choice of the optimal variant of the profession

Speciality

Specialty Requirements

Availability of training

Demand in the labor market

Yekaterinburg

Conformity

Material costs for obtaining a profession

Career Opportunities

Number of points

Personal characteristics

Psychophysical characteristics

Design Engineer

Engineer - technologist

Railway engineer

Engineer estimator

Energy Engineer

environmental engineer

Labor protection engineer

As a result of the analysis of the specialties of the engineer profession given above, three specialties scored the most points:design engineer, process engineer, communications engineer.

These specialties were chosen by me because they are most in demand on the labor market, have the shortest period of study, my personal and psychophysical characteristics and inclinations meet the requirements of the profession, the possible material costs for training are approximately the same, entrance exams for all three engineering specialties: physics, mathematics, Russian language; location of educational institutions suitable for me.

CHAPTER II . DETERMINATION OF WAYS OF OBTAINING A PROFESSION AND SELECTION OF THE PLACE OF STUDY

2.1. Choosing an educational institution for vocational education in Yekaterinburg

Table 2 presents institutions of vocational education, as well as areas where you can get training and get professions identified as a result of the comparison of specialties and scored the highest scores.

table 2

Information about universities in Yekaterinburg, where

engineering education

Name

university

Institute (faculty)

Direction

training

Entrance exams

Training period

Form of study

Qualification

Electromechanical

190303 "Electric transport of railways"

Specialization: Electric locomotives and electric trains

Russian language

Maths

Full-time / part-time

Railway engineer

190401 "Power supply of railways"

Specialization: Power supply of railways

Full-time / part-time

Electrotechnical

230201 "Information systems and technologies"

Specialization: Information systems and technologies

Russian language

Maths

Full-time / part-time

190402 "Automation, telemechanics and communications in railway transport"

Specialization: Automation and telemechanics in railway transport;

Systems for the transmission and distribution of information on the railway. transport

Railway engineer

UrFU them. the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin

Mechanical Engineering

03/15/05 "Design and technological support of machine-building industries"

Russian language

Maths

Applied Bachelor

Full-time / part-time

Design engineer

15.03.04. "Automation of technological processes and production"

Russian language

Maths

Full-time / part-time

Process Engineer

According to table 2, I can select for myself the direction that is of the greatest interest and suits me according to the parameters estimated in table 1 - 15.03.05. "Design and technological support of machine-building industries".

2.2. Professional test

The stage of professional trial is an important stage in professional self-determination. It is he who makes it possible to understand and feel, check and experience the content of professional activity and make the final choice.

My professional test took place at the lessons of drawing and technology. On them I learned about the properties and features of working with wood, metal, about the rules for working with drawing and carpentry tools, learned to read and make drawings of parts.

About 3 years ago I was presented with a constructor - a prefabricated model of a tank. Details of such a designer can be made of plywood, rubber, plastic and other materials.

Building kits has become my passion. I collected about 10 different models, among which were ships, tanks and armored vehicles.

The most complex model was the Fürst Bismarck armored cruiser, consisting of more than 3000 parts, different in size and complexity of the connection. I have been building this model for about 2 years. It was really hard and painstaking work.

Despite all the difficulties, I do not give up my hobby. Several models were made by me independently: from the idea of the model, the execution of the necessary drawings, the selection of materials, the manufacture of parts and the assembly stage of the model [Appendix 3].

Now, together with my father in the country, we are doing even more difficult work - we are building a bathhouse.

This work allows you to understand the process itself. I already have an idea and can perform, of course not without help, some operations, for example, calculate the required amount of materials, I know how to pour the foundation, lay the walls and install the roof.

Unfortunately, there is still no special knowledge and professional experience in order to pass a professional test in production.

2.3. Introspection

In order to evaluate the work done on professional self-determination based on the analysis of various sources of information, methods, the following indicators and criteria were selected, presented in Table 3. The assessment is made on a scale of 1-3 points.

Table 3

Life and professional intentions.

awareness of the meaning and purpose of one's life;

Not clear enough

attitude to various types of labor;

Positive and respectful attitude

the importance of choosing a profession in a person's life;

Choosing the right profession can make a person happy in life

choice of profession;

The choice of a specific profession has been made

intentions after grade 9;

Continue studying in 10th grade

motive for choosing this profession;

Demand for the profession in the labor market, interest in professional activities

Knowledge of the future profession.

knowledge of sanitary and hygienic and economic working conditions;

knowledge of the requirements of the chosen profession for a person;

work experience in the chosen profession;

At this stage there is no

availability of initial professional knowledge;

In the process of acquisition

knowledge of the way to get a profession;

Three options for obtaining a profession have been identified

knowledge of the prospects for professional growth.

Knowledge of your professional abilities.

the presence of interest in the future profession;

The chosen profession corresponds to my desires

availability of abilities for the chosen type of professional activity;

During the diagnostics, the identified abilities and qualities necessary for mastering this profession

health compliance with the requirements of the profession;

Corresponds

availability of knowledge in general education subjects directly related to the future profession.

Evaluation of knowledge in subjects related to the future profession - "good"

An analysis of the results of the work done showed that it is still necessary to study the content and conditions of professional activity, as well as the prospects for professional growth, to concentrate on filling the gaps in general education subjects related to the future profession.

Conclusion

When writing a creative project, an analysis of the literature on the topic under study was carried out, as a result of which the features of the profession of an engineer and the requirements for it were studied, diagnostics of individual personal and psychophysical characteristics were carried out.

The paper analyzes the specialties of the engineer profession, considers educational institutions of higher professional education where you can get this profession, analyzes individual abilities and inclinations, establishes their compliance with the requirements of the engineer profession, and conducts a professional test.

The results I have obtained inspire me very much to direct all my efforts at the present moment to prepare for the Unified State Examination. I'm excited as this will be the final stage of my professional tryout that I have to go.

In my opinion, I correctly chose my future profession. I believe that it is impossible to get the result of professional self-determination based only on the correspondence of individual inclinations and abilities to the requirements of the profession, since this is not a complete basis for this. After all, a person, in addition to this, must also have a desire to engage in this type of activity, otherwise all work, no matter what it is, will only be a burden to him.

In case I fail to implement one of the three ways I have chosen to get a profession, I have a fourth way, by implementing which I will get the profession of an auto mechanic at the Avtomatika technical school, direction 01/23/03. "Auto Mechanic"[ 1 ] .

Bibliography

1. GAOU SPO SO ET "Automatics". For students [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.etavtomatika.ru/ucheba.html

2. Gretsov, A. G. 100 popular professions. Psychology of a successful career for high school students and students. / A. G. Gretsov, T. Bedareva. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009. - 272 p.: ill

3. Gretsov, A. G. Choosing a profession. Tips of a practical psychologist / A. G. Gretsov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. - 224 p.

4. Engineer. Wikipedia. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:.

5 . Education in Yekaterinburg [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:http:// www. obrazovanie 66. en/ main _ faculties. php? level=1& ids=333.

6 .Psychology. Tests [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://azps.ru//tests/profmatr.html.

Rezapkina, G.V. Secrets of choosing a profession.– M.: Genesis, 2005. - 144 p.

Rezapkina, G.V. Ambulance in choosing a profession - M., 2004.

Self-diagnosis. Site G.V. Rezapkina [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:.

Technology: grade 9: a textbook for students of educational institutions / [A.N. Bogatyrev, O.P. Ochinin, P.S. Samorodsky and others]; ed. V.D. Simonenko. - 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2013. – 272 p.: ill.

Technology: basic level: grades 10-11: a textbook for students of educational institutions / [V.D. Simonenko, O.P. Ochinin, N.V. Matyash]; ed. V.D. Simonenko. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2013. – 224 p.: ill.

Ural Federal University. Applicants [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://urfu.ru/ru/applicant/.

UrGUPS. Full-time education. Specialties and specialization [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:.

Chistyakova, S.N. Technology. your professional career. 8 - 9 grade/ S.N. Chistyakova - M., 2010. - 159p.

Attachment 1

History and trends in the development and formation of the engineering specialty in Russia.

The name of the profession has ancient roots. The word engineer comes from the Latiningenium", which means - capable of inventing.

The first engineers were engaged exclusively in the construction and operation of military vehicles. This went on for quite a long time, until civil engineers appeared in the 16th century to build bridges. This is how civil engineering was born.

In Russia, the first engineers appeared thanks to Peter the Great, who sent talented young people to study abroad. Nowadays, engineering includes a huge number of types and directions, from a simple labor protection engineer to an "engineer of human souls", as psychologists modestly call themselves.

Engineer - that sounds proud! Such an understanding of the profession was in the days of the Soviet Union. First of all, this was due to the fact that it is very difficult to study engineering and subsequent work is connected with the world of formulas and drawings, which is practically closed to an ignorant person.

A modern engineer is a specialist with a high culture and knowledge of modern technology and technology, economics and organization of production, able to use engineering methods in solving engineering problems and at the same time possessing the ability to invent.

Features of the profession engineer. Engineer – specialist who does. The main content of the engineer's activity is the development of new and / orexisting engineering solutions. For example,(including alternative design), technology optimization, management and planning, development management and direct production control. New engineering solutions often result in. In his work, the engineer relies on And .

Pros and cons of being an engineer. Each engineering specialty has its own nuances, which are determined by the scope. In a general sense, the advantage of engineering professions is represented by a high demand for competent specialists, career growth, solid monetary rewards, and the ability to turn ideas into reality.

The disadvantages include the complexity of training, which corresponds to the high responsibility of the profession, high concentration of attention and maximum perseverance on the spot.

The specific tasks of engineering work and the requirements of the profession depend on which professional group it belongs to.

It is conditionally possible to distinguish 4 such groups:
1. Designer (develops the design of the device, equipment, etc.).
2. Technologist (develops the manufacturing process, processing of a product or product).
3. Economist (engaged in economic analysis and planning ways to achieve certain economic results).
4. Organizer (engaged in economic activities).

Personal qualities. Every engineer, to one degree or another, deals with technology, with technical objects and technological processes. Therefore, interest in technology, a tendency to engage in it are one of the conditions for the success of his activities. Technical abilities, technical observation, technical thinking, spatial imagination are also important for him.

The work of an engineer is creative. In any field, a real engineer must act independently, proactively, creatively. Often an engineer acts as a leader of a certain team of people. This feature of the engineer's activity requires him to display organizational skills.

A sense of responsibility is of great importance for an engineer, because the rational use of funds, equipment, and labor often depends on his work, abilities, and organization.

Education. First of all, an engineer is a deep fundamental training in such technical disciplines as mathematical analysis in various variations, engineering graphics (in a simpler sense - drawing), strength of materials, materials science and many other highly specialized disciplines, the list of which depends on the specific focus.

In the process of learning, students receive thorough, general technical, physical, mathematical and other natural science training, depending on the specialty. At school, you need to know physics, mathematics, and drawing well.

In Russia, many universities, especially industrial ones, have engineering faculties. Most universities train engineers in a specific specialization.

Place of work and career. An engineer works in almost all sectors of the national economy: in factories and factories, mines and construction sites, research institutes, aviation, military affairs, transport, etc. He can hold positions: master, art. craftsman, engineer engineer, enterprise manager, shift supervisor, department, site, laboratory, lead engineer.

The company "NIPIGORMASH" - one of the leading machine-building enterprises of the Ural region, specializing in the development and production of a wide range of products for underground and open pit mining, is hiring a leading design engineer.

The average salary of a design engineer in the Ural region is 65,000 rubles.

Qualification Requirements specialist. Category I engineer: higher professional (technical) education and work experience as an engineer of category II for at least 3 years.

Category II engineer: higher professional (technical) education and work experience as an engineer or other engineering and technical positions filled by specialists with higher professional education, at least 3 years.

Engineer IIIcategories: higher vocational (technical) education without presenting requirements for work experience or secondary vocational (technical) education and at least 3 years of work experience as a technician of category I or at least 5 years in other positions filled by specialists with secondary vocational education.

Specialties of the profession engineer. There are a large number of different specialties of the engineer profession, whose specialists work in different industries and areas.

Design engineer . The specialty provides for the design of various equipment and machinery. Technological schemes, drawings, calculations, technical specifications for production - this is the main part of the work of a design engineer. In addition, he must supervise the manufacture and testing of the mechanism designed by him.

Process Engineer . A specialist in this industry is engaged in the fact that he develops a scheme for the production process and organizes it. The specialization of this profession depends on the direction of the enterprise. There is a process engineer at any enterprise, and he is a specialist of a wide profile. He selects equipment and modes for optimal operation of production, controls the implementation of the process and maintains the technical documentation of the enterprise.

3. And power engineer . A specialist with a higher technical education in the field of development, production or operation of systems intended for thermal or electrical supply. As well as a specialist with a secondary technical education who has worked for five or more years.

4. Engineer estimator - This is a category of specialists in determining the cost of construction. Cost engineers are engaged in practical and / or theoretical activities in the field of pricing, cost estimate, valuation, cost engineering, organization and conduct of tenders and competitions.

5. Chief Engineer is the technical manager of a manufacturing enterprise. The person holding this position is the first deputy head of the enterprise and is responsible for the efficient, fruitful work of the production process.

6. Design engineer - a specialist in the field of design, construction and operation of facilities.

Should know: methods of designing and carrying out technical and economic calculations; principles of operation, manufacturing and installation technologies for equipment and structures, types and properties of materials; resolutions, orders, orders of higher and other bodies, methodological and regulatory materials for the design, construction and operation of facilities; standards, specifications and other guidance materials for the development and execution of design estimates; technical means of design and construction; fundamentals of patent science; advanced domestic and foreign experience in design and construction; technical, economic, environmental and social requirements for the designed facilities; organization of labor and production; labor protection rules and regulations.

7. Railway engineer - a specialist in the field of designing transport interchanges, highways, railways and airfields, and also organizes their construction, road maintenance.

The communications engineer must:

know the basics of mathematics and natural sciences, related to the construction of scientific disciplines, graphics;

know the basics of architectural planning and design;

understand construction management, as well as the management of processes and organizations in general, including quality management;

be able to estimate the cost of construction;

know building materials, building mechanics, strength of materials, building physics, energy efficiency principles;

be able to draw up projects for the construction of bridges, roads and railways according to their specialization; understand the organization and safety of road traffic.

Annex 2

Excursion to the plant "UZTM"