Boris Notkin, TV presenter, died: cause of death, latest news. Four deaths of Boris
The main reason“death” was, of course, the serf-owning course of the ruling elite. Boris was forced to pay for his policies. He saw confusion of minds and betrayal all around. Agitation in favor of the “good” Tsar spread everywhere like a fad. Powerlessness gave rise to cruelty. After the reprisal of the rebel leader, Cotton, in 1603, torture and executions became an everyday occurrence. The rebel slaves, townspeople, and peasants could not count on leniency. The feudal state tried to protect itself from popular anger with gallows. In its most brutal forms, terror was used against the lower classes, not the nobility.
Boris Godunov died on April 13, 1605 at the age of 53: on this day he received noble foreigners in the Golden Chamber, and when he got up from the table, he felt faint: he started bleeding from his nose, ears and mouth, according to eyewitnesses she flowed like a river, the doctors could not stop it. He began to lose his memory, but managed to bless his son for the Russian state and died 2 hours later in the Golden Chamber.
Conclusion
The name of Godunov, one of the most reasonable rulers in the world, has been and will be pronounced with disgust for centuries, in honor of moral, unwavering justice. Posterity sees the place of the forehead, stained with the blood of the innocent, St. Dmitry, dying under the knife of murderers, the hero of Pskov in a noose, so many nobles in dark dungeons and cells; sees the vile bribe offered by the hand of the crowned to slanderers and informers; sees a system of deceit, deception, hypocrisy before people and God...
During the reign of Boris Godunov, a sharp change occurred in the destinies of Russia. The de facto successor of Ivan the Terrible, Godunov expanded and strengthened the privileges of the nobility. Serfdom was established in the country. Laws against St. George's Day brought Boris the support of feudal landowners. But the lower classes rebelled against him. The fall of the Godunov dynasty served as a prologue to a grandiose peasant war that shook the feudal state to its foundations.
Tsar Boris died at a time when an impostor was already looming on the horizon, calling himself the surviving Tsarevich Dmitry. The situation was complicated by the fact that many were ready to take on faith the words of the false heir to the throne. The degree of popular discontent increased, and Godunov could not feel confident on the throne. These circumstances gave rise to rumors that the king despaired and committed suicide, thereby avoiding a painful, violent death. There were also suggestions that Godunov was poisoned by political opponents. However, most historians agree that the death of 53-year-old Boris was still a consequence of numerous illnesses that tormented him in his youth. last years.
Boris Godunov. (wikimedia.org)
In the English report on the embassy of Sir Thomas Smith, the last hours of Godunov’s life were described as follows: “The death of Tsar Boris happened completely suddenly and, moreover, at a very strange circumstances. Some two hours after dinner, when, as usual, the doctors present had already left, leaving the Tsar, in their opinion, in good health, which was evidenced by his good appetite at dinner, the Tsar generally loved to eat well and heartily, although now it is permissible to think that in this he even went to the point of excess - he suddenly not only felt ill, but also felt pain in his stomach, so that, going to his bedchamber, he went to bed and ordered to call the doctors (who had already left ). But before they came to the call, the king died, having lost his tongue before his death. Shortly before his death, he, according to him at will, with the greatest haste he was tonsured into the monastic rank, with a new name given to him.”
One way or another, in April 1605 the king passed away. The successor of the deceased sovereign was his son Fedor, who, however, was never crowned king. His reign was one of the record ones in national history- however, not in length, but in brevity. Fedor was a smart and educated young man, interested in science. He was especially attracted to cartography. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin even called his son Boris Godunov “the first fruit of European education in Russia.” However, the abilities of the young king were not destined to be fully realized.
Feodor II Borisovich. (wikimedia.org)
In confronting False Dmitry, the young tsar failed: on June 1, 1605, Fedor, his mother Tsarina Maria Grigorievna and sister Ksenia were arrested. On the same day, the impostor was proclaimed the new tsar (by the way, he, unlike Fedor, will still be crowned king). Ten days later, the deposed king and his mother were killed - apparently, they were strangled. However, these events were presented to the people in a different interpretation: official version said that the wife and son of Boris Godunov committed suicide. However, the discrepancy between this announcement and reality was obvious. The bodies on display showed signs of violent death. For example, Swedish diplomat Peter Petrei testified to this. “I saw with my own eyes the traces of the rope with which they were strangled, along with many thousands of people,” he wrote.
Since Fyodor and his mother were formally recognized as suicides, they were buried without a funeral service. The resting place of the Godunovs was the Moscow Varsonofevsky Convent for women. The body of Boris Godunov was taken there from the Archangel Cathedral.
A different fate befell Ksenia, Fedor’s sister. “And he, after his entry into the city, vigilantly guarded the maiden, as a slave, without any royal rank, with affectionate coercion, took her out of the royal palace and in a private house, a new nobleman who pleased him and was close to him, without her consent, cut off like an immature ear of corn - dressed in monastic robes. And it would be surprising if she didn’t receive something secretly insulting from the apostate,” clerk Ivan Timofeev said in Vremennik. Prince Ivan Katyrev-Rostovsky was in agreement with this point of view: “Princess Xenia, the daughter of Tsar Borisov, a real maiden, brought shame upon her and desecrated her virginity with fornication.”
May 22, 2012 Published May 22, 2012 V
Godunov died in the midst of the struggle with False Dmitry 1 (fugitive deacon Grigory Otrepiev) who was claiming the Russian throne. Perhaps Godunov's death was brought closer by the tension of this struggle.
“Boris was 53 years old from birth,” writes N.M. Karamzin, “in the most blooming summers He had the courage to suffer from illnesses, especially severe gout, and could easily, already growing old, exhaust his bodily strength through mental suffering. On April 13, at one in the morning, Boris judged and treated nobles in the Duma, received noble foreigners, dined with them in the Golden Chamber and, barely getting up from the table, felt faint: blood gushed from his nose, ears and mouth; flowed like a river; the doctors, so beloved by them, could not stop her. He was losing his memory, but managed to bless his son for the Russian state, perceive an angelic image with the name Bogolep, and two hours later he gave up the ghost in the same temple where he feasted with the boyars and foreigners ... "
Bringing so short story, the historian bitterly says that “posterity knows nothing more about this death, striking for the heart. Who would not want to see and hear Godunov in the last minutes of such a life - to read in his eyes and in his soul, confused by the sudden onset of eternity? Before him was a throne, a crown and a grave; spouse, children, neighbors, already doomed victims of fate; ungrateful slaves, already ready with betrayal in their hearts; before him is the holy sign of Christianity: the image of one who does not reject, perhaps, late repentance!..” The silence of his contemporaries, Karamzin regrets, like an impenetrable curtain, hid the detailed circumstances of the tsar’s death.
Further, the historian speaks about the version that was widespread at one time: “They claim that Godunov was a suicide, in despair taking his own life with poison; but do the circumstances and manner of his death confirm the truth of this news? And this gentle father of the family, this man, strong in spirit, could, fleeing from disaster by poison, cowardly leave his wife and children to an almost certain death? And was the triumph of the impostor [False Dmitry] true when the army had not yet betrayed the king in deed; still stood, albeit without zeal, under his banner? Only the death of Boris decided the success of the deception; only traitors, open and secret, could have wished, could have accelerated it - but it is most likely that the blow, and not the poison, ended the stormy days of Borisov ... "
Death of Boris
For 20 years, Godunov ruled Russia - first as a ruler and then as an autocrat. In the last years of his life he played an increasingly important role in the affairs of the state. Privy Council"- Neighborhood thought. After the death of the groom Dmitry Ivanovich, Semyon Nikitich, the head of the Detective Department, actually became the head of the Middle Duma. In Moscow he was known as an extremely cruel person.
Polish ambassadors who visited Russia during the days of the Romanov trial wrote that Boris had many ill-wishers among his subjects, and severity towards them was growing every day, so that the Muscovite would not take a step without being watched by two or three spies.
The authorities tried to keep secret everything that happened at the Torture Yard. But their efforts backfired. The most exaggerated rumors about the cruelties of the Godunovs spread throughout the country.
According to Isaac Massa, as soon as a person uttered the name of Dmitry, the royal servants grabbed him and put him to a terrible death along with his wife and children: “and day and night they did nothing else but torture, burn and cauterize hot iron and lowered people into the water, under the ice.” Yakov Marzharet accused Boris that after the appearance of “Dmitry” he “did nothing but torture and torment about this for whole days”, “secretly many people were tortured, sent into exile, poisoned on the road and an infinite number of people were drowned” .
Godunov once won the sympathy of the zemshchina by putting an end to the oprichnina-court politics. In the context of the outbreak of civil war, he inevitably had to revive the repressive regime. This had fatal consequences for the fate of his dynasty.
A thoughtful observer, clerk Ivan Timofeev, noted that by the end of Boris’s life, everyone was tired of his oppressive, flattering, bloodthirsty kingdom, and not because of tax burdens, but because of the shedding of the blood of many innocents.
After the reprisal of the ataman of the robbers, Khlopk, in 1603, torture and executions became an everyday occurrence. The rebellious serfs, townspeople, and peasants could not count on leniency. The state tried to protect itself from the rebels with gallows. In its most brutal forms, terror was used against the lower classes. The authorities fully appreciated the danger when Komaritsa men appeared in the impostor’s camp. As punishment for “theft,” the Komaritsa volost was subjected to an unprecedented pogrom.
The persecution of the nobles was less severe. Both the Moscow autocrat and the impostor understood that the one who could win over the noble class would win.
Extreme measures were applied only to defectors and to envoys of the “thief” who incited the people to revolt. They were hanged without trial on the first tree they found.
The detective department again moved to the forefront. Its head, Semyon Godunov, was interpreted to have insisted on the execution of members of the Boyar Duma suspected of treason. But Boris rejected his advice.
Boris immeasurably elevated the Godunov family. But this family did not give the state talented and popular figures, except Boris himself. At a critical moment, Boris’s son could not find help and support from the numerous Godunovs, who bore high titles and occupied honorary places in the Boyar Duma.
Previously active and energetic, Tsar Boris at the end of his life was increasingly eliminated. He hardly left the palace, and no one could see him. The time has passed when the ruler willingly did good to the orphaned and wretched, helped them find justice, and gave justice to the strong. Now he only appeared to the people on great holidays, and when petitioners tried to hand him their complaints, they were driven away with sticks.
Fatal failures gave rise to suspicion in the king, so alien to him in better times. Kruglits, who had supported him all his life with their advice and help, was rapidly shrinking. Godunov “is full of enchantments and does not undertake anything without sorceresses, even the smallest, lives by their advice and science, listens to them...” wrote a Polish diplomat from Moscow in 1600. One day Boris invited an astrologer from Livonia. A bright comet then appeared in the sky, and the king asked the sorcerer to cast him a horoscope. The astrologer advised him to “open his eyes well and see who he trusts, to firmly guard the boundaries.”
Godunov ordered the holy fool Alena, famous in the capital, to be brought to the palace. She predicted his imminent death. Another witch, Daritsa, admitted after Boris’s death that she had cast spells on him in the palace. The soothsayer, in her own words, predicted that “Boris Fedorovich will not be in the kingdom for long.”
Polish ambassadors recorded a rumor about one of the predictions of the Magi. Frightening the tsar with a near fall, the sorcerers advised him to leave the state for a while: “if he had left the land of Moscow for an hour, and his son Fedor had called him tsar, then under his title that kingdom would have neighed here...” Believing the sorcerers, Godunov ordered it to be announced everywhere about his death. First, he gave the double a potion and put his coffin on public display. Following this, Boris took a lot of gold and “expensive chains” and sailed to England under the guise of a merchant. Even the king's children had no idea about the deception.
Members of the British embassy who saw Godunov in recent months his life, noted some oddities in his character. Being the owner of countless treasures, the king began to show stinginess and even stinginess in small things.
Living as a hermit in the Kremlin Palace, he sometimes left the mansions to personally inspect whether the entrances to the palace cellars and storerooms with food supplies were locked and sealed. Stinginess, according to the British, became one of the reasons for his downfall, although not the least.
Many signs in Boris's behavior pointed to his premature decrepitude. Receiving the ambassador of the English King James I, the king fell into a tearful tone when the conversation turned to the deceased Queen Elizabeth I.
The Emperor was worried about the future of his son and kept him with him relentlessly, “at every opportunity he wanted to have him before his eyes and was extremely reluctant to refuse his presence.” The courtiers, among the learned foreigners, tried to convince Godunov that for the sake of the prince’s longevity and the enlightenment of his mind, he should be given some independence in his studies. However, the monarch invariably rejected such advice, “saying that “one son is the same as no son,” and he could not part with him for a moment.”
At the end of his life, Godunov was tormented by memories of the Uglich drama. Knowing for sure that younger son Grozny is dead, he at times fell into doubt, “almost lost his mind and did not know whether to believe that Dmitry was alive or that he had died.”
Tormented by fear of the impostor, Godunov more than once sent secret assassins to his camp. Later, he ordered Dmitry’s mother to be brought to Moscow and asked her for the truth: was the prince alive or had he been gone for a long time?
Anticipating the approaching end, Boris painfully pondered whether he could count on salvation in future life. To resolve his doubts, he turned either to Orthodox theologians or to learned foreigners. The king asked that they, regardless of the difference in faith, “pray for him, that he may be worthy of eternal bliss.” After such conversations, the sovereign often came to the conclusion that for him “there is no bliss in the future life.”
Under the influence of failures and serious illness, Godunov increasingly plunged into a state of apathy and despondency. His physical and mental strength quickly faded away.
On April 13, 1605, Tsar Boris died. Enemies spread all sorts of fables about his death.
According to one version, Boris allegedly took poison due to the hopelessness of his situation. According to another version, he fell from the throne during an ambassadorial reception.
Informed contemporaries described the death of the monarch in a completely different way: “... Tsar Boris got up from the table after eating, and suddenly a fierce illness came upon him, and barely had time to renew himself and take tonsure, at two o’clock he died in the same illness.” According to the Chronograph, Godunov died after dinner: “after the departure of that table, the time had passed, the king was sitting in his bed temple, and suddenly his death happened.” The autocrat died suddenly, and the monks only “had time to spare gifts of communion” for the dying man.
Members of the British embassy described Boris's last hours from the words of the doctors who treated him. As usual, the doctors were with the royal person throughout the entire dinner. Godunov loved to eat heavily and allowed excesses in food. The doctors considered his good appetite a sign of improving health and left the palace. But two hours after dinner, the king suddenly felt faint. Having moved into the sleeping mansions, he lay down in bed and ordered to call the doctors. The doctors did not respond in time to the call. Before their arrival, Boris lost his tongue and died.
The boyars standing next to the dying boy asked if he wanted the Duma to swear allegiance to the heir in his presence. The king, trembling all over, managed to say: “As God pleases and all the people.” Apparently, Boris Godunov understood that without a conciliar election, his minor son would not keep the crown on his head.
Yakov Marzharet, close to the royal court, reports that Godunov died of apoplexy.
The death of the monarch gave new impetus civil war in Russia.
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Boris Godunov managed to draw up a will, which stipulated that his sixteen-year-old son Fyodor Borisovich Godunov (1589 - 1605) would inherit him. Three days after the death of Boris, Fyodor, apparently on the initiative of Job, was proclaimed tsar at an urgently convened peculiar Zemsky Sobor. But real power very soon left the Godunovs: the young man had neither experience nor any sufficient military forces.
The death of Boris encouraged the boyars to seize for themselves more power and the benefits associated with it, as well as to close the zemstvo channels for electing the tsar. The Moscow boyars began to go over to the side of False Dmitry. False Dmitry took advantage of this circumstance. He formed the Boyar Duma from representatives of the Moscow nobility who had come over to his side and began to look for ways to reach an agreement with the Moscow boyars, who had recently served Tsar Boris.
The impostor, who had suffered more than one defeat in open battle, was now cautious and left Putivl only on May 16, a few weeks after the mutiny in the army that was besieging Kromy. On May 19, he arrived in Kromy, where by this time there were no troops left. Near Orel, False Dmitry held a trial of the governors who were brought to him by rebel Cossacks and peasants or who were captured but refused to swear allegiance to him. They were all imprisoned in prisons.
Then False Dmitry moved towards Tula and from the settlement of Krapivna on the 20th of May he sent G.G. Pushkin, a letter with an appeal to the Moscow Duma and other higher ranks. In his letter, he exaggerated his successes and wrote that the entire south and the entire province in general had already been “finished off.” He also demanded submission from Muscovites. On May 31, ataman Korela stopped in camp a few miles from Moscow. The Moscow boyars were more frightened not by the fact that he was the most fighting force of False Dmitry, but by his belonging to the Cossacks. The boyars also heard about how Korela knew how to raise the “rabble”, directing them against the Moscow governors. And it was precisely the possibility of an uprising of the dispossessed that most frightened the boyars.
The revolt in Moscow occurred the next day - June 1. Isaac Massa reports that on the morning of June 1, two messengers of False Dmitry entered the city, which “truly was a daring enterprise.” Korela, apparently, made a maneuver on the night from May 31 to June 1, cutting the road leading from Moscow to the northern and northwestern regions countries. Along this road, that is, from Korela’s camp, Pushkin and Pleshcheev entered Moscow unhindered, and were accompanied by residents of the Krasnoye village, where Korela was staying, and where he had already carried out “explanatory” work. One of the arguments in this “clarification” was the letter of False Dmitry, in which he threatened to execute everyone who did not confess, including children in their mother’s womb. Pushkin and Pleshcheev with the “Krasnoselsky men” easily overcame three rows of guarded fortifications. On the streets of the capital, “many people accosted them.” Apparently, they were accompanied by the Korela Cossacks as a kind of guard. It is also likely that the participation of Moscow officials, who were still near Kromy, were ready to swear allegiance to False Dmitry.
The emissaries were led to Red Square, and Moscow law enforcement officers were dispersed on the way there. At 9 o'clock in the morning, Pushkin and Pleshcheev ascended to the Execution Place in the middle of Red Square. Supporters of False Dmitry, as well as the Cossacks and Krasnosel residents themselves, tried to fill the square with people. These were mainly the lower classes, but service people also joined the “rabble”. Gabriel Pushkin addressed the audience and then read out the message of the “true king.”
At the same time, together with the late Boris Godunov, the impostor branded Maria Grigorievna and her son Fyodor Borisovich Godunov. He accused Maria Grigorievna and her son Fyodor of the fact that “they do not regret our land, and they had no reason to regret it, because they owned someone else’s.” Fyodor was blamed for the ruin of the Seversk land, although even during Boris’s lifetime the impostor’s mercenaries and Russian governors destroyed it with approximately equal zeal. At the same time, False Dmitry justified the boyars, since he was extremely interested in their support - they were declared complete forgiveness. The crowd, as often happened in Rus', listened to the denunciations, perceiving them not so much with reason as with vague hopes for the possibility of some kind of improvement under the new government. The new “sovereign” was greeted with a cry: “God grant that the true sun will rise again over Russia!”
In the Kremlin, where the highest officials of the state and the Boyar Duma gathered, confusion also reigned. It was easy to prepare the Kremlin for defense and thus turn the tide. But either the young Tsar Fedor hesitated, or the boyars, among whom there were too many enemies of the Godunovs, did not allow him to do this. Bogdan Belsky, who had recently returned from exile, developed especially active anti-Godudunov activity.
The crowd that had gathered in the square demanded to answer all the boyars and, first of all, of course, the Godunovs. And now, no longer paying attention to the tsar’s objections, the boyars, one after another, began to go to the square: some out of a desire to take revenge on the Godunovs, others out of fear that they would be taken to the Execution Ground by force. The boyars persuaded the crowd to disperse, promising to sort out the requests of the common people. Meanwhile, apparently, the Cossacks of Korela broke the doors of the prisons and released both the enemies of the Godunovs imprisoned there and simply criminals. It was they who, appearing on Red Square, aroused in the crowd the desire to deal with the Godunovs, and simply rob them, since such an opportunity presented itself. The Cossacks of Korela and those who joined them, released from prison, as well as from the crowd gathered in the square, “and the nobles were with them,” burst into the Kremlin, where “the sovereign’s mansions and the Tsaritsyns were plundered.” Meanwhile, another part of the crowd rushed to plunder the Godunovs' yards. At the same time, they robbed the households of other boyars, nobles and clerks. Patriarch Job tried to stop the crowd, but could not achieve anything, and soon he was sent into exile.
Patriarch Job was dealt with by the same boyars who were the murderers of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich and his mother. The Patriarch, boyar Basmanov, was taken by force to the Assumption Cathedral and there he was cursed in front of all the people, called Judas, and branded for supporting Boris Godunov, who fought against the born sovereign Dmitry. The guards tore off the patriarch's holy robe and threw it over him." black dress". Jonah was imprisoned in the Assumption Monastery in Staritsa, where he was once abbot.
Now the path to Moscow was open for the impostor. Already in Serpukhov, the royal carriages taken from the Godunovs and 200 horses from the royal stable yard were waiting for him. False Dmitry moved further towards Moscow. On the way to Kolomenskoye, they brought him a royal robe sewn for him with all the “royal rank.” The impostor stopped in Kolomenskoye and spent several days there, fearing to enter Moscow. Many issues in relations with the Boyar Duma were not resolved. The reorganization of the Duma itself was limited to the expulsion of the Godunovs and the inclusion in its composition of several representatives of the nobility, who initially served the impostor.