home

All sea animals right. Message about marine life. Amazonian river or freshwater dolphin

Option 35
Part 1
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3
(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton as the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life rapidly declines, as deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3)<...>it is enough to pollute only a small part of the upper layer, so that all life in the ocean perishes.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.
Since plant plankton is the basis of the food chain for marine animals and deep-sea organisms, it exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.
The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms depends in part on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of the water.
All life in the ocean can die if the top layer of water is contaminated, because it is in it that plant plankton lives, which occupies an important place in the food chain.
Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
In spite of this,
Nevertheless
That's why
First of all
For example,
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LIFE, and, well.
The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. Give Well. to someone (to give birth; high; also trans.). J. plants. Give to someone (pardon the convict; high.). Risk your life. Save someone. well. A matter of life and death.
The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life. My f. in the village.
The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public well. Family well. Spiritual well. Seething well.
Real reality. Carry out a decision in Sign in (to come true).
Revitalization, manifestation of activity, energy. The streets are full of life. More life! (a call to act more energetically, livelier; colloquial).
4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel was highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
obituary
arrived
called
skinned
having understood
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
He was reprimanded for evasion from fulfilling his direct duties.
Automakers are resorting to various tricks to underestimate the data on harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
My neighbor has always been a thrifty host.
A vessel bound for ICE navigation must meet certain requirements.
The leader had to make a TOUGH decision.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
LEG on back
famous PROFESSORS
IN BOKU
BEAUTIFUL
five paragraphs
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

A) incorrect construction of a sentence with an indirect
speech

1) Thanks to the work of restorers, we can admire the frescoes of the Ferapontov Monastery.

B) an error in the construction of a sentence
with homogeneous members

2) The sisters were both well versed in music and in painting.

C) violation in the construction of the proposal
with inconsistent application

3) The officer told the stationmaster that "I need horses."

D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

4) Many of those who have been to Mikhailovsky Park were amazed at the size of the old estate trees.

D) wrong
construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover

5) Depicting any object, for the artist his own attitude is important.

6) Thanks to the efforts of the builders, the object was commissioned on time.

7) The artistic means that were used in A. S. Pushkin's poem "The Village" gravitate towards the classic tradition.

8) Everyone who begins to learn a foreign language early masters it perfectly.

9) Not only abilities, but also diligence will help to achieve success in work.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
floor .. turn
appearance
transfer
with .. renevy
freaked out
9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.
under .. take, pr .. image
o..give, p..stab
pr..light, pr..growth
pr .. filed, pr .. fight
10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the gap.
evasive
changeable
Overnight
yelp..wat
legible
11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.
abandoned
fill .. sew
feed..sh
noticed..ny
alarmed
12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written CLEARLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
The house stood in the middle of the steppe, not (NOT) FENCED.
Receive letters was (NOT) (FROM) WHOM.
Life was (NOT) QUIET, but stormy, eventful.
Brother (NOT) dignified Misha even with a look.
Alexey read in the eyes of a classmate (NOT) FAKE sadness.
13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
(FROM) THE place where they said goodbye to Brook, they were now separated by at least five kilometers, (FOR) THAT there was no point in going back.
And the pale grebe THAT (SAME) is needed, (FOR) THIS is why nature created it.
HERE (SAME) it was necessary to ask people I did not know, WHAT (WOULD) call my mother.
The hostess could not understand (WHY) WHY I was looking at family photos on the wall for so long, (IN) FOR several minutes.
There are people who (B) CONTINUATION of their whole lives bear SOME (THAT) imprint of being chosen.
14.. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) is written HH.
The powerful (1) marble living room of the Kerilos villa is decorated with (2) and gilded (3) furniture, created (4) by the best masters of Italy on the model of ancient Greek.
15. Arrange punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
The goals of astrologers and alchemists were fantastic, but their observations and experiments contributed to the accumulation of knowledge both in astronomy and in chemistry.
In the 12th century, painters painted pictures with paints or ink on silk or paper scrolls.
On the street the whole of December, then snow, then rain ...
The caravel had three masts with straight and oblique sails and could move in the right direction even with a headwind.
Pushkin's things live a special life and museum keepers read the letters hidden in them.
16. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
We crossed the river on an unsteady raft (1) made of three logs tied together (2) and went to the right (3) keeping (4) closer to the shore.
17. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) should (s) be a comma (s).
In the past, many were (1) of course (2) well-known Aksakov's house, where everything breathed creativity, family happiness and contentment. Friends of the family, numerous guests (3) probably (4) more than once had a chance to rest in this house in body and soul from worldly squabbles and worries.

·eighteen. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
For abundant flowering (1) geraniums (2) seeds (3) of which (4) can be sown in summer or before winter are valued.
Place all punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers, in
At night, timber was brought to the river (1) and (2) when the white fog wrapped the banks (3) all eight companies laid boards (4) on the wreckage of bridges.
Read the text, complete tasks 20 - 25

(1) How a person is born, how he grows in his first years, how he becomes a person is unknown to him. (2) The beginning of life does not remain in his memory. (Z) The most important thing is missing. (4) The memory of childhood appears by the age of three or four, when the “I” begins. (5) 0 the first years can be recognized from the stories of parents, nannies: some scenes, words ... (b) For some reason, nature hides from a person the most tender, sweetest period of his life. (7) But for what? (8) This classification has some meaning, because everything that nature does is not accidental, by no means negligence, not maliciousness.
(9) But then oblivion and memory are constantly fighting, you won’t understand what exactly we forget, why we forget this person, good, smart, but we remember worthless. (10) Something memory manages to defend, something manages to be withdrawn. (11) The remnants, those that remain, this is the personality, it consists of memories, and above all childhood ones.
(12) Memories, if you like, need care. (13) It is useful to shake them up, refresh them, comprehend them, especially the early ones. (14) It is no coincidence that Leo Tolstoy began his work with a story about childhood. (15) At twenty-eight, he took up memories of what they usually end up with. (16) Maxim Gorky began to write "Childhood" at the age of forty-five. (17) And Mikhail Zoshchenko wrote “Before Sunrise” at the age of forty-nine and suffered for a long time, trying to restore his earliest memory to great memory.
And in this case he achieved rare results: it was a successful experience of this kind of memory restoration. (19) However, it seems that his work would be the easier the sooner he would deal with them.
Mnemosyne's favorite, Vladimir Nabokov, proved in the best way that childhood is the birthplace of the writer. (21) "Other Shores" are built from the treasures of children's memory, this is a celebration of children's memory. (22) By some miracle, he retained the freshness of her colors, smells, sensations.
“In front of my eyes, as well as in front of my mother’s, a huge coachman’s back, in a blue pleated padded jacket, with a leather-rimmed travel clock on a sash, was expanding, they showed twenty minutes past three.” (24) The end of the phrase must be confirmed by a photographic Nabokov memory device.
Once, while in the USA, at the University of Kansas, I got into a conversation with a former friend of V. Nabokov. (26) He told curious details about how Nabokov looked after his memory, one might say, cherished it. (27) For example, during the years of his life in the USA, and then in Switzerland, he did not acquire his own furniture, books. (28) Life in hotels, boarding houses allowed this. (29) He avoided acquiring things in every possible way: they, as he believed, take away memory. (SO) He tried to keep the world of his childhood intact in all micro-details...
Remembering my life, I understand that much of the past has died in me and continues to die. (32) Memory is what was saved.
(According to D. A. Granin)
Daniil Alexandrovich Granin (born in 1919) Russian Soviet writer, public figure.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
The human memory is arranged in such a way that it stores only memories of good people and destroys memories of bad ones.
A person learns about the first years of his life, as a rule, from close people.
Leo Tolstoy wrote a story about his childhood already in his old age.
The work of M. M. Zoshchenko “Before Sunrise” is a painful attempt to restore his earliest memory.
Living abroad, VV Nabokov tried to acquire as many new things as possible.
21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
Sentences 12, 13 present the narrative.
Proposition 21 is contrasted in content with Proposition 20.
Sentence 23 provides a description.
Sentences 27-30 illustrate what is being said in sentence 26.
In sentences 31, 32, reasoning is presented.
22. From sentences 20-24 write out an obsolete word with the meaning "belt".
23. Among sentences 25-32, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using an introductory word and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
“How figurative the language of D. A. Granin can be judged by the use
a trope such as (A) ("restoration of memory" in sentence 18).
Syntactic means of expression: (B) ("shake up, refresh,
comprehend” in sentence 13, “colors, smells, sensations” in sentence 22),
(B) (“and especially for children” in sentence 11, “especially early”
in sentence 13) help the author express his thought more accurately.
Throughout the text, D. A. Granin uses the technique (G)
(“we forget” “remember” in sentence 9, “engaged” “finish” in sentence 15, “died” “saved” in sentences 31 and 32)”.
List of terms:
lexical repetition
colloquial vocabulary
metaphor
epithet
introductory constructions
clarifying constructions
rows of homogeneous sentence members
phraseological unit
antithesis
Part 2
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is not less than 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated with 0 points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

1. The problem of the role of human memory. (What is the role of memory in human life, what is the value of memory?)
1. The value of human memory is that it connects a person with his past. It is from memories, especially childhood ones, that the human personality consists.

2. The problem of the need to preserve and restore memories of the past. (Why is it important for a person to keep memories of the past?)
2. With the advent of everything new in a person’s life, memories of his past are erased, and in order to maintain a connection with his past, it is important to keep memories.

3. The problem of fighting oblivion. (Why and how to fight the oblivion of the past?)
3. It is common for a person to forget everything that happened to him, so people try to fight oblivion: restoring memories of the past, creating works about their childhood, preserving old things.

Option 35
№
tasks
Answer

2
that's why

4
arrived

5
ice

6
paragraphs

8
rely

9
pick a preimage pick a preimage

10
overnight

11
feed

12
genuine

13
also therefore therefore also

17
1234 any other sequence of these digits

19
123 any other sequence of these digits

21
345 any other sequence of these digits

22
(on) sash sash

Seas and oceans are the cradle of life on Earth. According to some theories, all life on the planet originated in water. The sea resembles a huge metropolis, where everything lives according to its own laws, everyone takes his place and performs a very important function. If this order, which has developed into a harmonious mosaic, is violated, then this city will cease to exist. Therefore, it is important to know about the wealth of the animal world. You can find out who the marine inhabitants are, photos with the names of the most common species and interesting facts about their life.

All living creatures that inhabit the sea are conditionally divided into several categories:

animals (mammals);
fishes;
algae and plankton;
deep sea fauna;
snakes and turtles.

There are some animals that are difficult to attribute to a particular group. For example, spongy or sponges.

marine mammals

Scientists have discovered more than 125 species of mammals - the inhabitants of the sea. They can be divided into three main groups:

Walruses, fur seals and seals (pinnipeds order).
Dolphins and whales (a detachment of cetaceans).
Manatees and dugongs (a detachment of herbivores).
Sea otters (or otters).

The first group is one of the largest (more than 600 million individuals). They are all carnivores and feed on fish. Walruses are very large animals. Some individuals reach 1.5 tons in weight and grow up to 4 m in length. The dexterity and flexibility of walruses are amazing with such sizes, they easily move on land and in water. Due to the special structure of the pharynx, they can spend a long time in the sea and will not drown, even if they fall asleep. Thick brown skin becomes lighter with age, and if you manage to see a pink, even almost white, walrus, you know that he is about 35 years old. For these individuals, this is already old age. The walrus is not confused with the seal only because of their distinctive feature - tusks. Measurement of one of the largest tusks showed almost 80 cm in length, and weight - about 5 kg. The front fins of the walrus end with fingers - five on each paw.

Seals live in the Arctic and Antarctic, so they can withstand extremely low temperatures (down to -80˚C). Most of them do not have external auricles, but they hear very well. Seal fur is short but thick, which helps the animal move underwater. It seems that seals on land are clumsy and defenseless. They move with the help of the forelimbs and abdomen, their hind legs are poorly developed. However, they move briskly in the water and swim excellently.

Sea lions are very voracious. They eat 4-5 kg of fish per day. The leopard seal is a subspecies of seals that can catch and eat other small seals or penguins. Appearance is typical for most pinnipeds. The fur seals are much smaller than their fellows in the detachment, so they crawl on land with the help of all four limbs. The eyes of these inhabitants of the sea are beautiful, but it is known that they see poorly - myopia.

Dolphins and whales are related to each other. Dolphins are one of the most unusual creatures on the planet. Their distinctive features:

The absence of ears, nose, small eyes and at the same time a unique echolocation that allows you to accurately determine the location of objects in the water.
Bare, streamlined body, without signs of wool or scales, the surface of which is constantly renewed.
Voice and the beginnings of speech, allowing dolphins to communicate with each other in a flock.

Whales are giants among mammals. They feed on plankton or small fish, breathe through a special hole called a “blowhole”. During exhalation, a fountain of moist air from the lungs passes through it. Whales move in the water with the help of fins, the size of which differs in different species. The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived on Earth.

The most popular types of sea fish

The second largest group of marine inhabitants includes the following species:

Cod (blue whiting, cod, saffron cod, hake, pollock, saithe and others).
Mackerel (mackerel, tuna, mackerel and other fish).
Flounders (flounder, halibut, dexist, embassicht, etc.).

Herring (Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring, Baltic herring, Pacific herring, European sardine, European sprat).

Garfish (garfish, medaka, saury, etc.).
Sea sharks.

The first species lives in the seas of the Atlantic Ocean, comfortable conditions for them are 0 ˚ C. Its main external difference is the mustache on the chin. They live mainly on the bottom, feed on plankton, but there are also predatory species. Cod is the most numerous representative of this subspecies. It breeds in large numbers - about 9 million eggs per spawning. It is of great commercial importance, since meat and liver have a high fat content. Pollock is a long-liver in the cod family (lives 16 - 20 years). Lives in cold waters, is a semi-deep water fish. Pollock is caught everywhere.

Mackerels do not lead a bottom lifestyle. Their meat is valued for its high nutritional value, fat content and a large amount of vitamins.

In flounders, the eyes are located on one side of the head: right or left. They have symmetrical fins and a flattened body.

Herring fish is a pioneer among commercial fish. Distinctive features - no or very small teeth, and almost all lack scales.

Garfish-shaped elongated fish with long, sometimes asymmetrical jaws.

The shark is one of the largest marine predators. The whale shark is the only one that feeds on plankton. The unique abilities of sharks are sense of smell and hearing. They can smell the smell for several hundred kilometers, and the inner ear is able to pick up ultrasounds. The shark's powerful weapon is its sharp teeth, with which it tears the victim's body to pieces. One of the main misconceptions is the opinion that all sharks are dangerous to humans. Only 4 species are dangerous to people - bull shark, white, tiger, long-winged.

Moray eels are marine predators from the eel family, whose body is covered with poisonous mucus. Outwardly, they are very similar to snakes. They practically do not see, they navigate in space by smell.

Algae and plankton

It is the most numerous form of life. There are two types of plankton:

Phytoplankton. It feeds on photosynthesis. Basically, it's algae.
Zooplankton (tiny animals and fish larvae). Eats phytoplankton.

Plankton includes algae, bacteria, protozoa, crustacean larvae, and jellyfish.

Jellyfish are one of the oldest creatures on Earth. Their exact species composition is unknown. One of the largest representatives is the Lion's Mane jellyfish (tentacle length 30 m). The "Australian wasp" is especially dangerous. It is small in size and looks like transparent jellyfish - about 2.5 cm. When a jellyfish dies, its tentacles can sting for a few more days.

deep sea fauna

The inhabitants of the seabed are a great many, but their sizes are microscopic. These are mainly the simplest unicellular organisms, coelenterates, worms, crustaceans and molluscs. However, in deep water there are both fish and jellyfish, which have the ability to glow. Therefore, we can say that under the water column is not absolute darkness. The fish living there are predatory, they use light to attract prey. One of the most unusual and terrifying, at first glance, is howliod. This is a small black fish with a long mustache on the lower lip, with which it moves, and with terrible long teeth.

One of the most recognizable representatives of the order of mollusks is the squid. It lives in both warm and cold seas. The colder the water, the paler the color of the squid. The change in color saturation also depends on the electrical impulse. Some individuals have three hearts, so they have the ability to regenerate. Squids are predators, they feed on small crustaceans and plankton.

Clams also include oysters, mussels, and scallops. These representatives have a soft body, closed in a shell of two wings. They practically do not move, burrow into silt or live in large colonies, located on rocks and underwater reefs.

snakes and turtles

Sea turtles are large animals. They reach 1.5 m in length and can weigh up to 300 kg. Ridley is the smallest among all turtles, weighing no more than 50 kg. The front paws of turtles are better developed than the hind ones. This helps them swim long distances. It is known that sea turtles appear on land only for procreation. The shell is a bony formation with thick shields. Its color is light brown to dark green.

To get their own food, turtles swim to a depth of 10 meters. Basically, they feed on mollusks, algae and sometimes small jellyfish.

Sea snakes exist in 56 species, united in 16 genera. They are found off the coast of Africa and Central America, in the Red Sea and off the coast of Japan. A large population lives in the South China Sea.

The snakes do not dive deeper than 200 meters, but without air they can stay for 2 hours. Therefore, these underwater inhabitants do not swim further than 5 - 6 km from land. Crustaceans, shrimps, eels became food for them. The most famous representatives of sea snakes:

The ringed emidocephalus is a snake with poisonous teeth.

Marine inhabitants, their photos with names, habitats and unusual facts of life are of great interest to both scientists and amateurs. The sea is a whole universe, the secrets of which people will have to learn for more than one millennium.

Oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic) with their basins occupy almost 70% of the earth's surface.

The seas are the largest and "dense" ecosystems, because, apparently, under every square meter of the surface there is phytoplankton and some forms of life are distributed to the depths. Biologically, they are also the most diverse.

marine organisms

exhibit a vast array of adaptations, ranging from structures that allow tiny plants to stay in the upper layers of the water, to the huge mouths and stomachs of deep-sea fish living in a dark, cold world where food organisms are large, few, and widely scattered in space.

Areas of the continental shelf are very productive, especially where there is vertical circulation; "fruits of the sea", collected here, are an important source of protein and minerals for humans.

However, the vast expanses of deep water should be considered semi-desert with a significant overall energy flow (due to the size of the area), but with a small power per unit area.

The autotrophic layer (light zone) is so small compared to the heterotrophic layer that the supply of nutrients in the first layer is very limited. Even if a person cannot get a lot of food from deep water, nevertheless, the seas are important for him, as a giant regulator that contributes to mitigating the Earth's climate and maintaining a favorable concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.

Deep water is also a repository of valuable minerals carried from land.

Physical factors determine life in the ocean. Waves, ebbs and flows, currents, salinity, temperature, pressure and light intensity largely determine the composition of biological communities, which in turn have a significant impact on the composition of bottom sediments and dissolved gases. The food chains of the sea begin with the smallest known autotrophs and end with the largest animals (giant fish, cephalopods and whales).

The study of physics, chemistry, geology and biology of the sea is being combined into a "super-science" called oceanography, which is gaining importance as an important international force.

Although the exploration of the sea is not as expensive as the exploration of space, significant funds are needed for ships, coastal laboratories, equipment and specialists. The main scientific work is now carried out by a relatively few large institutions supported by government funds. But despite significant research work, the seas still keep many secrets that will worry humanity for a long time to come.

One of the mysteries that will soon be solved concerns the "deep scattering layer," the phantom barrier, or false bottom, that reflects the sound waves of ships' echo sounders.

The layer appears to be composed of organisms, but what these organisms are is not yet known.

If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.

In contact with

classmates

The harm caused to the national economy by marine animals and plants is immeasurably small in comparison with the benefits they bring.

It is possible to distinguish between direct and indirect harm.

We have already talked about the harm that; sea stars cause oyster and mussel farms, Chinese crab - fish farms and earthen coastal structures, some other crustaceans - fish caught in the nets and the nets themselves. Many other similar examples could be cited.

So, for example, a tiny sponge of klion dissolves lime and grinds it in the shells of mollusks, especially oysters (Fig.

159), small holes, causing the death of molluscs.

Figure 159. Oysters poached with a kliona sponge.

In some parts of the sea, the massive development of sponges on the bottom makes it extremely difficult to work with a fishing trawl.

We also have such areas in the Barents Sea. Sometimes organisms develop strongly - competitors in food to commercial fish. So, for example, in our southwestern part of the Barents Sea, ctenophores develop in huge numbers, eating out crustaceans of calanus (Fig.

160). The herring that comes here later for fattening does not find food here.

Figure 160 Ctenophores eating calanuses.

Not all marine plants and not always play a positive role for humans. There are many forms in both plankton and benthos that are not consumed by other organisms, and sometimes disgust them.

Migration routes of herring sometimes undergo changes that are unexpected for industrialists and very difficult for the fishery.

It has already been reported that the reason for this may be the massive development of the "bloom" of the unicellular planktonic algae pheocistis (Fig.

Figure 161 Flowering water flagella pheocystis.

Figure 162. Pheocystis bloom area in the North Sea and measurement of herring migration routes.

Plants that are useless to humans and not fodder for various animals have a negative significance for humans already in that, choosing a lot of nutrients from the water for their development, they themselves are not directly used by anyone for food and are, therefore, weeds.

It is very likely that from this point of view, the thickets of deltaic spaces play a negative role, sometimes producing tens of millions of tons of hard plants a year, which are not eaten by anyone, but take away huge masses of nutrients from river water that accumulate in the lower layers and are withdrawn for geological periods. from the cycle. Thickets of macrophytes in the coastal zone of the seas can serve as a great obstacle to the maneuvering of small vessels, such as boats and submarines, winding up on the propeller and rudder.

Many marine animals threaten human health and even life.

Severe burns are caused by some jellyfish and siphonophores.

Russian language tests with answers. USE-2016. Option 1 part 1

If a swimmer receives such a deep burn, he may die due to temporary paralysis resulting from the burn. A similar effect can be caused by a discharge of electricity obtained from fish such as electric eel or electric ray (Fig. 163).

Figure 163 Electric eel and stingray - sea cat, and at the top of the jellyfish gonionemus.

The stingray - a sea cat - can inflict heavy injections with its needle, resulting in very painful, long-lasting wounds.

In the warm seas, some sharks threaten human life.

However, all these forms of harm are much inferior to the negative activity of certain organisms that destroy stone and wooden underwater structures, or those that grow on the underwater parts of ships and other hydraulic structures.

On the harmful activity of wood borers and stone borers and on the phenomena of fouling in the sea, we will dwell in somewhat more detail.

Classification of marine organisms according to habitat conditions and their role in rock formation.

A variety of animals and plants are concentrated in the thickness of the waters of the oceans.

Representatives of all types and classes of organisms live in the ocean: there are 150 thousand animal species and 50 thousand plant species.

According to the habitat conditions among marine organisms, there are:

— plankton (from Greek.

wandering) organisms passively floating in the water column, kept in the water in suspension, are divided into phytoplankton(unicellular plants) and zooplankton (protozoa - crustaceans, worms, etc.);

— nekton (from Greek.

floating) - actively swimming organisms (fish, seals, cetaceans, etc.), the mass of nekton is 23 times less than the mass of plankton;

— benthos (from Greek depth) - the totality of organisms living on the seabed is divided into mobile benthos (sea urchins, stars, many mollusks, some fish) and immobile or sessile benthos (corals, bryozoans, sponges, algae, etc.);

Rock-forming role

Rock-forming fossils are those that make up 30-40% or more of the total volume of deposits.

Both skeletal remains and waste products take part in the formation of an organogenic rock. An indispensable condition for rock formation is the "crowded" nature of the habitat of organisms. This property is possessed mainly by attached, inactive and burrowing forms that form thickets, banks, reefs and other mass settlements.

Already during their lifetime, such organisms constitute the main part of the biocenosis. Among the mineral skeletons of fossils, the most common are calcareous, siliceous, and phosphate rocks. There are especially many organogenic rocks of calcareous (carbonate) composition: limestones, marls, writing chalk, dolomites. For the name of organogenic rocks, the adjective is taken from those groups of organisms that are the main rock-forming, for example, limestones - crinoid, foraminiferal, archaeocyanate, brachiopod, ostracod, etc.

e. Calcareous rocks, consisting of accumulations of bivalve shells, are called shells, oyster horizons. Organogenic limestones can also arise as end products of the vital activity of cyanobionts (blue-green algae) and bacteria. From them remain layered sheet, nodular, concentric formations - stromatolites, oncolites, catagraphies.

Plants with carbonate skeletons give rise to algal, char and coccolith limestones (writing chalk). Mineral skeletons of siliceous composition are less common than carbonate ones. They are known in unicellular animals, like radiolarians, in multicellular primitive animals (sponges), and also in lower algae (diatoms).

Siliceous rocks - radiolarites, consist of radiolarian skeletons, spongoliths - from sponge spicules, diatomites - from diatom valves.

Phosphate skeletons in their pure form are rare, but calcium phosphate CaPO4 as an impurity or main component is known in many organisms.

Due to the concentration of biogenic phosphate, deposits of phosphorites arise. In the Moscow region, the centers of phosphoritization are the shells of Late Jurassic ammonoids, and in Estonia, the shells of brachiopods of the Ordovician genus Obolus.

The phosphate component is concentrated in the form of concretions, oolites, and nodules.

Due to the vital activity of bacteria, ferruginous, manganese, cuprous and sulfide deposits are formed, such as ferruginous quartzites (jespilites) of Krivoy Rog, cuprous sandstones of Dzhezkazgan. Bacteria are involved in the accumulation of bauxites and phosphorites.

Higher plants play the largest role in organic rock formation.

Their massive accumulations during certain burial processes lead to the occurrence of combustible minerals (caustobioliths) such as peat, coal, oil, oil shale, gas. The origin of oil and gas is associated with a deep destruction of the primary organic composition caused both by the vital activity of bacteria and cyanobionts, and by geological processes.

Resins (amber) are formed due to the vital activity of higher plants. Organisms also take part in the formation of special calcareous landforms of the oceans and seas - reef structures of various types: coastal and barrier reefs, atolls, biostromes, bioherms. Reef structures have a complex structure. They consist of a complex of calcareous rocks: organogenic, detrital-organogenic and chemogenic. Reef structures rise in the relief in the form of ridges, hills and other uplifts.

Various organisms take part in the formation of fossil and modern reefs. In the Precambrian, reef-forming organisms were stromatolites; in the Cambrian, archaeocyates; from the Late Ordovician to the Permian, stromatoporates, tabulates, rugoses, and sponges; and in the Meso-Cenozoic, six-ray corals and bryozoans. Brachiopods also took part in the formation of Permian reefs, and bivalves took part in the formation of Cretaceous reefs.

Throughout the Phanerozoic, calcareous red and green algae participated in the structure of reefs. Fossil reefs served as collectors for oil and gas (Devonian oil fields of Orenburg, Perm, Gomel). In addition, underground fresh and mineralized waters can accumulate in fossil reefs.

Dynamics of sea waters.

Ocean waters are in constant motion.

There are two main types of movement of the waters of the oceans - unrest And currents.

ocean waves

Excitement is the oscillatory movement of water. It is perceived by the observer as the movement of waves on the surface of the water. In fact, the water surface oscillates up and down from the average level of the equilibrium position.

The shape of waves during waves is constantly changing due to the movement of particles along closed, almost circular orbits.

Each wave is a smooth combination of elevations and depressions. The main parts of a wave are: crest- the highest part; sole - the lowest part; slope - profile between the wave crest and wave trough.

The line along the crest of a wave is called wave front(Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The main parts of the wave

The main characteristics of waves are height - the difference between the levels of the crest and bottom of the wave; length - the shortest distance between adjacent crests or wave bottoms; steepness - the angle between the wave slope and the horizontal plane (Fig.

Rice. 1. Main characteristics of the wave

Waves have very high kinetic energy.

Everyone was shocked when the dead sperm whale was opened

The higher the wave, the more kinetic energy it contains (in proportion to the square of the increase in height).

Under the influence of the Coriolis force, on the right downstream, far from the mainland, a water wall appears, and a depression is created near the land.

wind waves arise as a result of wind waves friction at the border of air and water.

The height of wind waves does not exceed 4 m, but during strong and protracted storms it increases to 10-15 m and higher. The highest waves - up to 25 m - are observed in the westerly winds of the Southern Hemisphere.

2. Wind waves and surf waves

A wave near the coast, mainly in shallow water, based on translational movements, is called surf(see Fig. 2).

deep waves occur at the boundary of two water layers with different properties.

They often occur in straits, with two levels of flow, near river mouths, at the edge of melting ice. These waves mix sea water and are very dangerous for sailors.

Tsunami arise under the influence of underwater shocks and coastal earthquakes.

These are very long and low waves in the open ocean, but the force of their propagation is quite large. They move at a very high speed. Near the coasts, their length is reduced, and the height increases sharply (on average, from 10 to 50 m). Their appearance entails human casualties. First, the sea retreats several kilometers from the shore, gaining strength for a push, and then the waves splash onto the shore with great speed with an interval of 15-20 minutes (Fig.

Rice. 3. Tsunami transformation

The seismic belt of the Pacific Ocean is the main area of tsunami formation.

tidal waves- These are the movements of ocean waters, performed under the influence of the tide-forming forces of the Moon and the Sun.

The reverse reaction of sea water to the tide - low tide.

Even with a calm surface, there is excitement in the thickness of the ocean waters.

These are the so-called internal waves - slow, but very significant in scope, sometimes reaching hundreds of meters. They arise as a result of external action on a vertically heterogeneous mass of water. In addition, since the temperature, salinity and density of ocean water do not change gradually with depth, but abruptly from one layer to another, specific internal waves arise at the boundary between these layers.

sea currents

- permanent or occasional streams in the thickness oceans and seas.

Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the Google search on the site:

This file is associated 82 file(s). Among them: Zadania_19_iz_profilnogo_EGE.pdf, 70. Dynamics. Preparation for EGE.ppt.ppt, 71_Statika_Podgtovka_k_EGE.pdf, 73_Mekh_kolebania_i_volny.pdf, EGE-2016_Matematika_Komplex_materialov_Semenov_i_dr_2016_-144s.p, 80. Electromagnetic oscillations and volny.pptx.pptx, 78_Magnitnoe_pole.pdf, put_19_stranits.pdf, Vnutrennyaya_energia.pdf, 79_Elektromagnaya_induktsia.pdf and 72 more file(s).
Show all related files

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 … 32

LESSON 15
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.

(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton as the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life rapidly declines, as deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above.

(3) it is enough to pollute only a small part of the top layer to kill all life in the ocean.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.
2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.
3) Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.
4) Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water leads to the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - plant plankton - exists.
5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
Despite this, Therefore, Despite this, Maybe, On the contrary,

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LIFE, and, well.
1) The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter.

Origin of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.
2) The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. J.

USE-2017-Russian. Option 35

plants. Risk your life. Save someone. well.
3) The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some n. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.
4) The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public
well. Family well. Spiritual well. Seething well.

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY.

Write out this word.
lay cakes Adolescence raising orphans

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
The flower beds and walkways on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and FENCE them with a border means to destroy the effect of the decor they create.
For many kilometers along the ocean stretched a narrow strip of SANDY beach, to which exotic shrubs descended along the hillside, creating a shadow.
I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INhale is performed when the entire body moves forward.
The right choice of car is the key to your safety.
The head of the department provided patients with a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column

SUGGESTIONS
A) Preparing for a hike, a lot depends on the organizers.
B) The biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which he outlined a few years later in his article "Topographic abilities of insects."
C) Thanks to the understanding of my parents and friends, I managed to overcome difficulties.
D) Andryushin remained for a long time on the terrace, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.
E) After the performance, the entire ensemble went down from the stage.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application
4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech with the corresponding letters.

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 … 32

go to file directory

BioDat Information Resources

5. Ecosystems of the seas and coastal ecosystems

5.1.
General characteristics and features of ecosystems

Russia is the largest maritime power in the world. The shores of Russia are washed by the waters of 13 seas (Baltic, Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Caspian, Azov, Black).

They belong to three oceans - the Atlantic, the Arctic and the Pacific. Russia has the longest continental coastline in the world, amounting to about 60,000 km (Fig. 36).

Rice.

36. Russia is the largest maritime power in the world

The conservation of the biodiversity of marine and coastal ecosystems and the organization of the sustainable use of marine biological resources are impossible without a systematic consideration of them as integral systems and an understanding of the phenomena and processes occurring in them. Marine ecosystems are complex multi-level formations, they cover the entire multi-kilometer water column (pelagial) and the seabed (benthal).

Within these ecosystems, thanks to food chains, passive and active migrations of organisms for many hundreds and thousands of kilometers, colossal flows of matter and energy are carried out - from plankton and benthos through fish to birds and marine mammals.

The most active life activity of the biota is confined to upwelling zones, sea ice edges and polynyas, estuaries of large rivers, areas of underwater hydrotherms, and peaks of the seabed topography.
When developing measures for the conservation of marine biodiversity, it is necessary to take into account the long-term dynamics of marine ecosystems due to climatic fluctuations and life cycles of marine biota.

Fluctuations in the number of individual generations of marine fauna reach enormous values, both in commercial species and in species that are not subject to fishing. Global climate change is fundamentally affecting the bioproductivity of the seas.

Sharp climatic anomalies are of particular importance for the functioning of marine ecosystems. It is during these periods that the mismatch of trophic and other intra-ecosystem relationships occurs.

Notebook part 2. Notebook for preparing for the exam in the Russian language 2 part 10 grade 2 semester theory

These processes are of extreme importance today - against the background of the growing instability of the climate system of the Northern Hemisphere.
An important role in the rhythm of the biota is played by inter- and intra-secular climate fluctuations, for example, cold hydrological years, which have a cycle of 11, 21, 33, 90 or more years.

Only during the 20th century 4 times (1902, 1933, 1965, 1998, 1999) the usually non-freezing Kola Bay froze or anomalous "ejections" of icebergs from the areas of their usual drift in the Barents Sea occurred.
Marine ecosystems are particularly complex due to the fact that the main species of fauna have different breeding cycles.

For example, sturgeons do not breed annually. They go to spawn at the age of 10-18 years, the intervals between spawning fluctuate quite widely, on average about 4-5 years. Most species of marine mammals also have non-annual offspring.

On the other hand, many species of fish breed annually or 1-2 times in a lifetime.
Natural periodic fluctuations in the abundance of fish generations and climate change can coincide in time and have a complex effect that is difficult to predict.

When the periods of their low productivity coincide with intensive fishing, a rapid collapse of populations occurs. Examples are the dramatic events of the almost complete disappearance for many years and decades of the Atlantic herring, the Barents Sea capelin, and the polar cod.
There is convincing evidence that the dynamics of the stocks of species even under anthropogenic pressure depends not only on intensive fishing, but also on the variability of natural conditions, primarily climate and oceanological ones.

Thus, the current decline in the stocks of Japanese kelp in coastal waters was associated with unfavorable hydrological conditions, and then with irrational fishing. Especially unfavorable for this species were sharp fluctuations in temperature, which had a detrimental effect on zoospores and gametophytes, which slowed down the process of restoring algae stocks.

Powerful ocean currents have a huge impact on the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Thus, the inflow of water from the Atlantic, causing changes in temperature and salt balance, is one of the most important factors affecting the productivity of the Barents and Baltic Seas.

For example, in the 1970s and 1980s in the North Atlantic, a significant salinity anomaly was observed, which reached the Barents Sea with the waters of the North Atlantic Current 7 years after its inception. The interannual minimums and maximums of water temperature and salinity on the shelf of this sea are associated with a powerful influx of this cold, relatively fresh water.
The hydrochemical regime, especially salinity, plays a vital role in the enclosed southern seas and the Baltic.

The Caspian and Azov Seas are brackish water basins, the salinity of which (up to 10-13% o) is almost three times less than the normal oceanic salinity (35% o). For the Black Sea, typical salinity values are 15-19%o. In the Baltic basin, water salinity fluctuates over a wider range - from 5-9%o to 10-14%. Recently, desalination of water has been observed in the Baltic.
Even minor changes in salinity radically affect the local biota.

For example, the shortage of fresh water in the Sea of Azov as a result of river regulation caused an increase in the salinity of its waters by an average of 3%.

For the ocean, this is only a tenth, and for the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - a third of the norm. As a result, the biomass of the Black Sea jellyfish increased sharply, and the structure of biocenoses was disturbed.

In the Arctic seas during the polar day, organisms receive almost an annual norm of solar radiation. Anomalous excess of ultraviolet radiation doses through the so-called "holes" in the ozone layer can damage the genetic fund of aquatic organisms. When exposed to high doses of ultraviolet, a significant decrease in the growth rate is observed, up to its complete suppression and death of organisms.

Organisms in the early stages of development are especially susceptible to the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. The levels of ultraviolet radiation observed in the Barents Sea in recent years significantly reduce the growth rate of algae (for some species by 80%) and reduce the possibility of natural reproduction of almost all mass species of Barents Sea algae.

Other dangerous natural phenomena operate in the southern seas. The shallow Sea of Azov is most affected by dust storms and very strong surges in sea level.
Even more striking are the cyclic changes in the level of the Caspian Sea.

In the 19th and 20th centuries the range of fluctuations here reached 3 m (up to 15 cm per year). The well-known and widely discussed in the 60-70s, the drop in sea level was replaced in 1978 by its increase, but in 1997 another decrease in the level began.

Such large-scale fluctuations in sea level lead to significant ecosystem changes and changes in fish productivity in the Northern Caspian and the Volga delta. During periods of sea level rise, there is an increase in productivity.
The Black Sea is a completely unique system.

This is the largest reservoir of hydrogen sulfide, which saturates waters deeper than 70-150 m. Here, beyond these depths, there is no rich benthic fauna characteristic of other seas.
In terms of biodiversity, the first place among the seas of Russia is occupied by the seas of the Far East, in particular the Sea of Japan off the coast of southern Primorye; the biodiversity of the Far Eastern seas of Russia generally decreases from south to north.

Then follow the northern seas, in which biodiversity decreases from the west and east, from the Barents and Chukchi seas, to the East Siberian. This is followed by the Black and Caspian Seas within the borders of Russia and, in the last places, the Azov and Baltic Seas.

On the contrary, the Caspian Sea is the richest in local endemics, followed by the Far East (especially the middle Kuriles and, to a lesser extent, the north of the Sea of Okhotsk), and in the Azov and Baltic Seas there are no endemic waters of Russia at all.

Table 18. Assessment of the species richness of the main groups of organisms in the coastal marine ecosystems of Russia

Sea coasts are located in almost all natural zones of Russia - from polar deserts and arctic tundra to Far Eastern broad-leaved forests, semi-deserts of the Caspian coast and xerophilic redwoods of the Mediterranean type on the Black Sea coast.

The sea coast of Russia is represented by an extremely wide range of coastline types, which is important for the formation of the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems.
Coasts as zones of separation of land and marine ecosystems have an exceptional biological diversity.

Thus, regions with the highest level of species richness of flora and fauna are confined to the sea coasts: in the Far East, local flora and fauna of mammals reach 1200 and 75 species per 100 km2, respectively, on the Black Sea coast - 1100 and 70 species per 100 km2.

The largest wetlands of international importance are located on the sea shores, in which tens of millions of waterfowl are concentrated for nesting, during migration and for wintering (Volga delta, Murmansk coast, etc.).

The coastal fauna and flora are most developed on the coast of the Barents Sea, where, with a tide height of 3-5 meters, the width of the littoral can be hundreds of meters. Several vertical zones stand out here: dominance SEMIBALANUS BALANOIDES, LITORINA SAXSATILIS, macrophyte development (ASCOPHILLUM NODOSUM, FUCUS VESICULOSUS).

On soft soils, most of the littoral is occupied by communities FABRICIA SABELLA, ARENICOLA MARINA, and the sublittoral - communities LAMINARIA SP.SP.
In the high arctic seas (Kara, Laptev and others), littoral communities are weakly expressed due to severe ice conditions (in particular, due to the abrasive action of ice) and low tide heights (30-60 cm), the formation of the littoral here is due to significant surf (surge wave and storm).

In the coastal, shallow, mainly southern part of these seas, which receives river runoff, along with marine forms, a significant and sometimes predominant role is played by brackish-water fauna, which is also mixed with freshwater euryhaline forms.
In the Far East, due to the diversity of the coastline and tide levels, rich fauna and flora of the littoral and sublittoral are represented.

The Sea of Okhotsk has the highest tidal fluctuations among the Russian seas, the population of the littoral is rich and diverse, and the littoral itself is extensive. The coastal region of the Sea of Okhotsk is richly populated with macroalgae, and it can be said that it is the center of the quantitative abundance of algae in Russian waters; in this sense, the Kuril Islands (including the Pacific side) and the northwestern part of the sea stand out in particular.

It is for these areas that the expressions about underwater meadows and forests, which are usually used when describing thickets of kelp algae, are primarily applicable. Among the thickets of brown algae in the littoral and, especially, in the sublittoral, there is a fairly rich in terms of species zoobenthos. In the Sea of Japan in the sublittoral, the diversity of invertebrates and fish increases sharply due to the penetration of warm waters from the south.

Algae and sea grasses in the Sea of Japan have long been commercial targets, at times significant and irrational. The composition of macrophytobenthos can be significantly affected by anthropogenic disturbance of the environment, in particular pollution, for some species it can be negative and even fatal.
The Black and Azov seas are deprived of the littoral region - tidal fluctuations are absent here.

Under the influence of wave action, a pseudolittoral zone with poor biodiversity is formed here.
The Caspian Sea is characterized by long-term level fluctuations. In recent years, transgression has been noted, which leads to the formation of pioneer communities in flooded areas of the coastal strip.

Introduced species dominate here. NEREIS, ABRA, who moved in relatively recently.
The originality of the coasts of the Barents, Bering and Okhotsk Seas is given by huge colonies of sea birds - "bird markets".

In the Barents Sea, bazaars are located on small islands and on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. The species most characteristic of the bazaars are guillemots (URIA AAGLE, U. LOMVIA), guillemots ( CEPPHUS GRYLLE, C. COLUMBA), little auks ( PLAUTUS ALLE), dead ends ( FRATERCULA ARCTICA) and kittiwake (RISSA TRYDACTYLA). In the north of the Far East, ipatka is added to them (FRATERCULA CORNICULATA), hatchet ( LUNDA CIRRHATA), auklets (AETHIA SP.SP.), old man (SYNTLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUIS).

The coastal shallow waters of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Japanese Seas play an important role as nesting places, stops during migration and wintering for sea and water birds.
The seas and coasts of Russia are habitats for many rare and endangered species of plants and animals included in the Red Book of Russia: 17 species of invertebrates, 15 species of cyclostomes and fish, about 20 species of birds, 29 species and subspecies of mammals.

From unique marine ecosystems of the seas of Russia, the following should be noted:

— an ecosystem of shallow marine hydrothermal effusions in Kraternaya Bay (Yankicha Island, middle Kuril Islands);
— ‘island’ settlements of low boreal organisms in high boreal regions, in particular, the Busse Lagoon in southern Sakhalin;
— areas of large haulouts of marine mammals on the Commander Islands and near Tyuleniy Island (Sea of Okhotsk);
- areas of influence of subtropical marine fauna in the extreme south of Primorye, including the outer islands of Peter the Great Bay, Posyet Bay and the Gamow Peninsula.

The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, a phrase, a number or a sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.

Read the text and do tasks 1-3.

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1. Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.

2. The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.

3. Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4. Pollution of only a part of the upper layer of water leads to the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - plant plankton - exists.

5. Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

1. Despite this,

2. Therefore

3. Contrary to this,

4. Maybe

5. On the contrary,

Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, and, well.

1. The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter. Origin of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.

2. The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. J. plants. Risk your life. Save someone. well.

3. The time of such an existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.

4. The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public well. Family well. Spiritual well. Seething well.

In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

1. The flower beds and walkways on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and FENCE them with a border means to destroy the effect of the decor that they create.

2. For many kilometers along the ocean coast, a narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched, to which exotic shrubs descended along the hillside, creating a shadow.

3. I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INhale is performed when the entire body moves forward.

4. The right choice of car is the key to your safety.

5. The head of the department provided patients with a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

NIGHT CALL

YEAR 2000

HIGHEST Rise

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

SUGGESTIONS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) Preparing for a hike, a lot depends on the organizers.	1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) The biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which he outlined a few years later in his article "Topographic abilities of insects."	2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
C) Thanks to the understanding of my parents and friends, I managed to overcome difficulties.	3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application
D) Andryushin remained for a long time on the terrace, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.	4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
E) After the performance, the entire ensemble went down from the stage.	5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
	6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
	7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech.

Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other characters.

Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

t..oretic

zabl.. become

elect..rational

per. .odic

suppose

Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

and .. walking, ra .. beat

pr.. old, pr.. nickname

pr..touched, pr..call

to..write, o..gave

eclipse

orange..out

plush..vy

honor..vaya

cheap .. low

Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

recognizing..my

cursed..

sure..

hate..my

Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

1. Rooks walked in the (NOT) YELLOWED rye.

2. In the house, (NOT) LOOKING at the evening coolness, it was stuffy.

3. Leaving, the father (NOT) CLOSED the windows, and the house became cool.

4. Sonya ran out into the street with her head (NOT) COVERED with a scarf.

Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

1. (C) START ask who has seen this book. (PO) Apparently, no one except Seryozha could take it!

3. (B) DURING the whole morning, Kirill did not leave the feeling (AS) AS if the air was washed with spring water.

4. (AT) DALIE the slender sails of fishing boats rose, and they seemed pink, BECAUSE (THAT) they were illuminated by the setting sun.

5. Many ancient works that were rewritten (B) DURING the VIII-IX centuries were preserved (B) FLESH until recent years.

Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

The term "herbarium" appeared in the 16th century to refer to arid (1) plants, collected (2) for a collection and intended (3) for scientific work on floristry, breeding.

Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. A good specialist is based on fundamental knowledge and is distinguished by the ability to find the right information and the ability to work hard.

2. For festive illumination, both electric garlands and lanterns were used.

3. At night the wind gets angry and knocks on the window.

4. In the thickets, corncrakes or some other birds cried plaintively all night.

5. Coastal grasses were warmed by damp heat and countless clouds of pale green moths hovered low above them.

The sun (1) bypassing the house (2) looked under the pines and fir trees (3) with its branches (4) shading the balcony.

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.

A.S. Pushkin called M.V. Lomonosov "our first university". All his scientific achievements M.V. Lomonosov (1) as you know (2) tried to put into practice. So (3) for example (4) he created the mosaic “Battle of Poltava”, having developed methods for grinding and casting smalt.

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

Literary parody (1) whose main task (2) (3) is irony (4) has served as a means of controversy since the times of Lomonosov and Sumarokov.

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

The minutes of waiting dragged on painfully long (1) and (2) when the shooters got close to eight (3) it already seemed to Sergeev (4) that he had spent an eternity on this bench.

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by excluding the extra word. Write out this word.

The heroes of the film are not similar to each other, what unites them together?

Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.

(1) Money is a means of distributing material goods according to work, and by no means the purpose of existence, not the basis of the prestige and influence of the individual.

(2) However, for all the subservience of its role, money is constantly present in our relationships, and issues related to money represent a wide field for the formation of such qualities as honesty, nobility, modesty, delicacy, commitment. (3) In addition, raising a correct view of the role of money is to instill in children their true meaning, to show their real place in a number of basic life values: knowledge, creative work, spiritual and intellectual communication. (4) Probably, this is why today parents are very concerned about the influence of the family on the attitude to material values, to money. (5) What should and what can the family do in order to prevent manifestations of petty-bourgeois self-interest, possessiveness, “materialism” in children? (6) What should and what can a family do so that children who grow up in material prosperity, surrounded by many good and beautiful things, do not find themselves in spiritual captivity?

(7) At first, no one in the family attached importance to the fact that little Alyonka, to the request: “Give me a toy,” invariably answered with a decisive refusal, energetically pressing a rattle or a rubber animal to her chest. (8) Soon Alyonka's character began to cause some concern: she began to constantly quarrel with children over toys.

(9) Condescending acquaintances delicately reassured worried parents: “Come on, it's a child! (10) Usual childish greed. (11) Don't worry.

(12) There is a dubious theory that classifies the so-called childish greed as a natural, almost mandatory age-related feature. (13) Indeed, many "little greedy" grow up as quite normal, even kind people. (14) Under the influence of upbringing and the environment, sometimes without a special parental "sight" in the emerging character, positive traits take over - kindness, generosity. (15) But this is not always the case. (16) Large greedy grow, as a rule, from small greedy.

(17) It was decided to declare war on Alyonina's greed - a bloodless and "nervous" war. (18) Yes, Alena had no bad examples before her eyes, in her loved ones she could not observe either pettiness or self-interest. (19) But, apparently, more illustrative examples of kindness and not joking, but serious explanations were needed.

(20) Now in the family they tried as often as possible to show each other signs of attention with gifts, and with Alena they often discussed the upcoming gift to relatives or friends. (21) They tried to make the girl see how loved ones easily, with pleasure give in to each other even what they wanted to take for themselves. (22) My grandmother bought a blouse, figured it out - and it fits in size, and it’s good for her face. (23) And in the evening she offered her daughter-in-law, to whom this blouse suited more. (24) Another time, my mother came in a new scarf, but put it on my grandmother's coat, saw how the scarf fits well, and gave it to my grandmother.

"OPTION 10. (1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton at the base of the food chain, and plant plankton may..."

OPTION 10.

Task 1 Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.

2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.

3) Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4) Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water leads to the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - plant plankton - exists.

5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.

Task 2 . Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

In spite of this

Despite this

May be

Vice versa

Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word LIFE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, and, well.

1. The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter. Origin of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.

2. The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. J. Plants, Risking Your Life. Save someone. well.

3. The time of such an existence from its inception to the end, as well as in some. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.

4. The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public well. Family well. Spiritual well. Seething well.

Write out this word.

Exhaust katAlogotkashlyanutquartAlkylMeterTask 5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The impression of a new acquaintance I have left is very DOUBLE.

The editor demanded from the correspondent to rework the article so that the material was as INFORMATIONAL as possible, but at the same time small in volume.

Laureate and diploma winner of many theater festivals, the folk theater-studio decided to update the repertoire and in the near future will invite the audience to the premiere of the play.

Before me stood Dourov, a calm, well-groomed Dourov, a man who, apparently, was not too worried about my INTOLERANT attitude towards him.

Where the tanks made sharp turns, frozen CLAY dust rose into the air along with the snow.

LOOKING FORWARD

best HAIRDRESSERS

about THREE HUNDRED members

about two kilos

all ages

Task 7 . Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

B) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

C) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

D) an error in the construction of a complex sentence

E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms

SUGGESTIONS

1) The teacher supervised the thesis work of a group of students interested in modern literature.

2) Thanks to the hostess for the warm welcome, we began to say goodbye to her.

3) When the crimson sunset light flared in the windows, the music stopped.

5) It was quiet all around; so quiet that the buzz of a mosquito could follow its flight.

6) Everyone who has studied Pushkin's biography knows about the extraordinary flowering of his work in the autumn.

8) This year, pupils of the Suvorov military schools will be on duty at the memorial.

9) The boat appeared and then disappeared behind the frequent bends of the river.

floor..micicalpersp..ktivadekl..walkie-talkie

zach..sleniyez ... rowTask 9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

through.. dimensional, and.. subtly;

pr..to hail, pr..passionate (judge)

at..open, p..installation;

time .. ride, serious .. ezny;

s..feeling, r..position.

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

Night

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the gap.

install ..shvwedge ..steep ..moving ..mydo not remember ..generalTask 12 . Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

There is an amazing, unbroken silence all around.

The (un)repeated smell of approaching spring hung in the humid air.

No sunrise is (never) like another.

(Not) waiting for my brother, I left.

(Not) knowing the measure will grieve in wealth.

Task 13 . Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

WHATEVER the critics claim, Fet's poems are unusually melodic, (FOR) THAT many of them formed the basis of romances.

(B) DIFFERENT from other representatives of the liberal camp, Pavel Petrovich is always firm in upholding his principles, and (FOR) THEREFORE he boldly opposes Bazarov.

Ceramic products from Gzhel get to different parts of the planet, TO (WOULD) decorate the life of people, as well as (SAME) to bring up a sense of beauty.

I told Ivan Petrovich everything that happened, and wished to know his opinion (ON) ON THE ACCOUNT of predestination, AS (AS) it was very important.

Yesterday it was (B) THE FIRST warm (IN) SUMMER.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

Weight (1) waters bring traces of human presence from the upper reaches: ditch (2) nets, broken (3) oars and other foolish (4) fishing accessories.

Task 15. Put punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) Cranes flew low in the gloomy sky and loudly and lingeringly cooed.

2) Styopushka either sits, nibbles on a radish, or drags a bucket of water somewhere and groans, then taps with a piece of wood in his closet.

3) Somewhere nearby there was a “shading” of finches and a short trill of oatmeal.

4) His old and quarrelsome wife did not leave the stove all day, constantly grumbling and scolding.

5) The underground passage was closed and this immediately put Dmitry Olegovich in front of an insoluble problem.

The “terrible world” of the city created by Blok (1) and its Stranger (2) frightening (3) and irresistibly attracting (4) suppress the poet.

Task 17 . Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

Dostoevsky was very proud of the fact that he invented or (1) better to say (2) introduced the verb "shuffle" into the Russian language. He was so proud of it that he wrote (3) famously (4) a whole chapter about it in The Diary of a Writer.

Task 18. Put punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

A tall man (1) at one appearance (2) of which (3) people respectfully fell silent (4) went to the table and spoke.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

The weather was beautiful (1) and (2) although October was in full swing (3) the green foliage still fluttered on the trees (4) and the sun warmed like a summer.

(1) In the old days, when I was younger, I had some fondness for fishing. (2) Then I often left my city house, stocked up on fishing rods and worms and went to the village to go fishing. (Z) I spent whole days until late in the evening on the river, and went to sleep at the peasants or at the mill. (4) It was at that time that I first became acquainted with one of the mysterious phenomena of our life, which revealed to me some secrets of the Russian soul, - vagrancy in Russian, or wandering.

(5) Once, having come to the miller to spend the night, I noticed a man in the corner of the hut. (6) In shabby gray clothes and in holey felted boots, although it was summer, he lay right on the bare floor. (7) He slept with a knapsack under his head and with a long staff under his arm. (8) I lay down against the door on the hay spread out for me. (9) Didn't sleep. (Yu) I was worried about the future dawn. (11) I wanted the dawn. (12) In the morning, the fish bite well. (13) But in the summertime, dawn does not have to wait long. (14) It soon began to dawn. (15) And with the first light, a gray lump in felt boots stirred, somehow grunted, stretched, sat down, yawned, crossed himself, got up and went straight to the door. (16) On the porch, he went to the washstand hanging on a string. (17) From my bed, I watched with curiosity as he poured water on his hands, how he moistened his gray beard with it, rubbed it, dried himself with the sleeve of his mantle, picked up a staff, crossed himself, bowed to three sides and went.

(18) I was going to talk to the old man, but I didn’t have time - he left. (19) I really regretted it, and I wanted to at least look at him one more time. (20) Somehow the old man attracted me to him. (21) I knelt down, leaned on the windowsill and opened the window. (22) The old man went into the distance. (23) I looked after him for a long time. (24) The figure of the old man, as he moved away, became smaller and finally completely dissolved in the morning mist. (25) But in my eyes and in my brain, his image remained forever, alive.

(26) This was a vagabond wanderer. (27) In Russia, from time immemorial, there were people who had no home, no shelter, no family, no business. (28) Not being gypsies, they led a gypsy lifestyle. (29) We walked across the spacious Russian land from place to place, from end to end. (ZO) They wandered around the farmsteads, looked into taverns, were drawn to fairs. (31) They lived by alms. (32) Rested and slept anywhere. (ЗЗ) The purpose of their wanderings has always been defined differently and very vaguely - “to the holy places”, “to suffer”, “to atone for sins”, to find a place “where it is easier to breathe”. (34) Frankly speaking, I am convinced that if each of them is asked individually where and for what purpose he is going, he will not answer. (35) Why should he think about it?

(36) It seems they are looking for something. (37) It seems that a vague idea lives in their souls of some unknown land, where life is more righteous and better. (38) But it would be even more accurate to say that they are running from something. (39) And they run, of course, from longing - this very special, incomprehensible, inexpressible, sometimes causeless Russian longing.

(40) In "Boris Godunov" Mussorgsky with amazing force depicts a kind of representative of this vagabond Russia - Varlaam. (41) Mussorgsky, with incomparable skill and power, conveyed the attitude of this vagabond - either a defrocked monk, or just some former church minister. (42) Longing in Varlaam is bottomless, like an ocean. (43) Wherever this tramp goes, he goes with a ready consciousness of his absolute uselessness. (44) So Varlaam goes from monastery to monastery, staggers from city to city for a miraculous icon in church parishes. (45) He holds a wax candle in a handful so that it does not blow out, and yells in a hoarse bass, imitating the protodeacons: (46) “Crush the fierce serpent from two to ten wings of the trunk.”

(47) His gray beard is tangled and disheveled, diverging at the end in two like a corkscrew. (48) Puffy, anemic, but with a bluish-red nose, he walks around the cities, all worn and rumpled, in his hat quilted on cotton, similar to a kamilavka. (49) People like him are shunned, not wanting to meet the gaze of moist, begging eyes that see through a person. (50) ... I don’t know, of course, whether such people are needed. (51) Is it necessary to arrange so that they become different, or is it not necessary? (52) I will only say one thing: these people are one of the most wonderful, although perhaps sad colors of Russian life. (53) No, they themselves are not righteous, but in some miraculous way they make us cleaner and better. (54) If there weren’t such vagabond wanderers, “kalik passers-by”, it would be more difficult for all of us to live ...

(*According to F.I. Chaliapin)

* Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin (1873 - 1938) - the famous Russian opera and chamber singer.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) We must do everything possible so that the vagrants change their way of life and do something useful.

2) People who wander aimlessly on the earth cause dislike.

3) Looking at the tramps, we often feel a sense of superiority.

4) Wandering vagabonds help us get better.

5) Wanderers flee from longing.

Task 21 . Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) In sentences 1-3, reasoning is presented.

2) Sentences 6-7 contain a description.

3) Sentences 15-17 include narration.

4) Sentences 29-32 reveal the judgment expressed in sentence 28 of the text.

5) Sentences 53-54 contain a description.

Task 22. What word is used in the text in a figurative sense? Write it out.

colors (proposal 52)

figure (sentence 24)

fairs (offer 30)

representation (proposal 37)

Task 23 . Among sentences 37-43, find one that connects with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, synonyms and lexical repetition.

An excerpt from F. I. Chaliapin's book "The Mask and the Soul" is distinguished by confidential simplicity and unpretentiousness, which are combined with stylistic richness and exquisite poetry of the author's language. This is facilitated by such a stylistic device as (A) _____ (sentences 36, 37), as well as such a syntactic means of expression as (B) _____ (sentences 35, 51). Lexical means are also used in the text, in particular, (B) _____: “younger” in sentence 1, “staggering” in sentence 44. Of the tropes, the author quite widely uses (D) _____: “on the spacious Russian land” in sentence 29, "with wet, begging eyes" in sentence 49.

List of terms:

1) book vocabulary

2) comparison(s)

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) parceling

6) interrogative sentences

7) antithesis

8) epithet(s)

9) anaphora

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

10 option

5informative

9underopen posing10recovering

11 you get tired

12unique

13to also1413

11 option

4boyhood

5ORGANIC

8grow up

9 aimless split 10 get stuck

11hating

12misunderstood

13 the same after 14123

22 has changed in the face 2313

11 option

(1) Sometimes not small fragments break off in the mountains, but huge blocks of rock; falling down, they break into smaller parts, cluttering up the valleys. (2)<...>the phenomenon is called collapse. (3) Most often, rocks composed of layers of sedimentary rocks collapse in this way, and these layers should lie not horizontally, but at an angle to the horizon - cracks pass through these layers, leading to a collapse. Task 1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) A collapse is a clutter of valleys with huge blocks of rocks that have broken into smaller parts.

2) A collapse - the collapse of rocks and their cluttering up with fragments of valleys - usually leads to the appearance of cracks in layers of sedimentary rocks lying at an angle to the horizon.

3) Rocks, composed of layers of sedimentary rocks, always collapse into valleys and clutter them with huge boulders.

4) As a result of the formation of cracks along the layers of sedimentary rocks lying at an angle to the horizon, a collapse of rocks is created and they are cluttered with fragments of valleys, or, in other words, a collapse.

5) A collapse is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of the collapse of small fragments of sedimentary rocks into the valleys.

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second sentence? Write out this word.

Unlike him

Consequently

Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word PHENOMENON.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

PHENOMENON, -i, cf.

1. see show up.

2. In philosophy: manifestation, expression of essence, that in which it is found. I. and essence.

3. In general, any detectable manifestation of something. Physical me. Natural phenomena. social phenomena.

4. Event, case. Strange, mysterious me.

5. In a play: a part of an act in which the composition of the characters does not change.

Task 4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY.

Write out this word.

adolescence (tip)

Task 5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is WRONGLY used.

Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The winning team demonstrated an ORGANIC combination of dance and music.

IRRITABILITY is a tendency to react disproportionately to everyday stimuli, expressing in words and deeds discontent and hostility towards others.

Potential investors continue to WAIT for the right moment to invest money, evaluating the most promising areas of investment.

The course of cultural studies, which is studied at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, was introduced in order to FILL in the gaps in knowledge of the requirements of military and civil etiquette.

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form.

Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

package of TOMATOES

experienced DOCTORS

kilogram SAUSAGE

in their report

look YOUNGER

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first list, select the corresponding position from the second list.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

B) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

C) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

D) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover

D) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

SUGGESTIONS

1) At first it started to rain sparsely, weakly, but then it intensified, got stronger and turned into a real downpour.

2) The sister told her brother that “put saucers and cups on the table.”

3) Seeing the light in Alexandra's window late at night, I felt uneasy.

4) Three girls walked along the forest path and sang something softly.

5) According to weather forecasts, spring will be early this year.

6) Looking at the green valley spreading below, I almost suffocated from the delight that overwhelmed me.

7) Olesya stood in the garden and admired the flowers: phloxes, daisies, irises.

8) I decided to pay for my tuition at the confectioner's course all at once, in one payment, and not in installments.

9) Everyone who was familiar with Fedor Ivanovich noted his extraordinary mind and ability to smooth out any conflicts.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Task 8 . Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

program..mm..horizontal..serve..genda..become

Task 9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words.

Write these words out with the missing letter.

without..solid, ra..kol

not ..sightly, s..walked ..gained, pr..white times..sk, on..slope..to become, oh..killful Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass.

finish .. get stuck .. savvy .. quiet shy .. out

pencil .. to Task 11. Write down a word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

re .. tstel .. gathering .. hating .. shchikloch .. schey Task 12. Identify a sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled ATTACHANTLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

He ran (not) fast, but slowly.

An (un)employed person can never enjoy complete happiness.

The remains of (not) melted snow on the fields are still visible.

Two days later, a far (not) easy conversation took place.

The motives of his actions remained (not) understood.

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written ATTACHANTLY. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

At first, we THAT (SAME) did not understand each other, and (IN) AFTER we became very friends.

At night, a huge fire was lit (ON) ON THE TOP of the mountain, and I tried to explain to everyone (FOR) WHAT it had to be done.

He made an effort to fall asleep, but in a dream the SAME dead space appeared with ridges of gray clouds.

Father, (IN) FORCE his high position, before he traveled only by car with a personal driver, (FROM) WHICH he could not figure out for a long time how to enter the subway and where to pay the fare.

(BY) WHAT the uncle said, it was not clear WHETHER he Kept his word.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

We saw only the foam (1) crests of furious (2) waves and heard the cries of alarm (3) birds, furious (4) flying over the sea.

Task 15 . Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Summer comes out of spring and leaves late in autumn.

2) There was a noise in my head, either from the howling and whistling of the storm, or from joyful excitement.

3) We saw several trees in the distance and the shadows of clouds driven by the wind running along the wet grass.

4) Listen to the silence and then the forest autumn will show you all its riches.

5) To check the spelling of an unstressed vowel of the root, you need to change the word or choose a related one.

Task 16. Put punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

The road went through a huge field (1) sown with spring crops (2) and (3) turning to the right (4) deepened into the forest.

Task 17. Put punctuation marks. List all digits in ascending order that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

In that small gorge (1), according to Igor (2), it was so narrow that (3) it seemed (4) even the heart in the chest became cramped.

Task 18. Put punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

Throughout the centuries-old path of development of the art of batik (1), master engravers selected and polished patterns (2) whose main motif (3) which (4) became flowers and leaves.

Task 19. Put punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

In the evening it began to rain (1) and (2) while we were driving along the country road (3) the horses barely crossed (4) as if they had lost their last strength.

(1) I saw this at a suburban dance floor. (2) Cheerful, hook-nosed, flexible, with a purple tint of black eyes, he invited her to dance with such a brutal, greedy look that she was even frightened, looking at him with a pitiful, bewildered look of an ugly girl who did not expect attention to herself.

(3) - What are you, what are you!

(4) - Let me decide? he repeated insistently, and showed his big white teeth with an artificial smile. (5) - I will be very pleased.

(6) She looked around, as if in search of help, quickly wiped her fingers with a handkerchief, said haltingly:

(7) - Probably, we will not succeed. (8) I'm bad...

(9) - Nothing. (10) Please. (11) Somehow.

(12) The handsome man danced impassively, dapperly and, full of cold arrogance, did not look at her, but she stomped clumsily, shaking her skirt, aiming her tense eyes at his tie, and suddenly threw up her head with a push - they stopped dancing around, left the circle, a whistle was heard ; apparently his friends were watching them and making remarks with caustic mockery, mimicking her movements, shaking and writhing with laughter. (13) Her partner stonyly portrayed the city gentleman, and she understood everything, all the unforgivable baseness, but she didn’t push away, didn’t run out of the circle, she just took her hand off his shoulder and, blushing scarlet, tapped her finger on his chest, as they usually knock on the door . (14) Surprised, he leaned towards her, raised his eyebrows, she slowly looked up into his pupils from the bottom up with the impenetrable contemptuous expression of an experienced beautiful woman, confident in her irresistibility, and said nothing. (15) It is impossible to forget how he changed in his face, then he let her go and, in confusion, somehow too defiantly led to the column where her friends were standing.

(16) She had thick lips, gray and very large, as if wild eyes immersed in the shadow. (17) She would be ugly if it were not for dark long eyelashes, almost yellow rye hair and that look from the bottom up, which transformed her into a beauty and remained forever in my memory.

(According to Yu.V. Bondarev*)

* Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.

Task 20 . Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Having said: "I will be very pleased," the young man spoke the truth.

2) All ugly girls are smart and can stand up for themselves.

3) The girl understood for what purpose this handsome man invited her to dance.

4) The unexpected behavior of the girl discouraged the gentleman.

5) The narrator forever remembered the eyes and look of this girl.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 15 contains an explanation of what sentences 411 are talking about.

2) Proposition 12 contains an argument.

3) Sentence 16 provides a description.

4) Sentence 17 includes a description.

5) Sentence 14 includes a description.

Task 22. From sentence 15 write out a phraseological unit.

Task 23. Among sentences 7–15, find one that is related to the previous one using a possessive pronoun and a contextual synonym. Write the number of this offer.

Task 24. Read the review fragment. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

"YU. Bondarev really speaks of only one moment, but it turns out that sometimes this is enough to understand the truth. The text is built on such a technique as (A) _____ (“the handsome man danced ... dandy ...” - “she stomped around clumsily ...” in sentence 12). The syntactic means (B) _____ (“let her go and led her to the column” in sentence 15) and the tropes - (C) _____ (“with a brutal, greedy look” in sentence 2) - give a moral assessment to the hero of the text. Sentence 13 acquires culminating significance, in which the trope - (D) _____ (“they knock on the door as usual”) - helps the author emphasize the meaning of the girl’s act.

« Based on: Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Personal Data" No. 152-FZ dated July 27, 2006 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 687 "On ..."

“TEST 1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMAA1. He discovered cathode rays, proving that the atom includes a previously unknown particle - an electron: 1) Rutherford 2) Bohr3) Thomson 4) Roentgen A2. Proposed a planetary model of the atom 1) Bohr 2) Becquerel 3) Rutherford 4) Curie A3. An atom consists of 1) n ... "

“Description of the key changes to the draft updated program for the Ukrainian language class.1. Learning to read The pre-letter period is fixed and the number of years is taken by those "Intellectual definition of words", "Method of mental definition of speech", "Compilation of speech for filing a graphic scheme". Natomist: practical knowledge...»

“Pickets for the distribution of St. George ribbons District Date of the picket Time of the picket Location of the picket Aleksinsky April 27, 2014 17.00-18.00 Aleksin, st. Reinforcing (near the trading house "Dixie") 28.04.2014 17.00-18.00 Aleksin, st. Bolotov (near the shop "Mo..."

"273050215265000 INCLUDEPICTURE http://worldskills.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Logotip_MP_itog_blue_white.jpg \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE http://worldskills.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Logotip_MP_itog_blue_white.jpg \ * MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE http://worldskills.ru...»

«Perennials Spring 2016 Name Photo Spring Adonis (Adonis) This is one of the first spring plants. Blooms from late April to early June, height can reach 60 centimeters. Medicinal. Aquilegia Blooms in June-July. It is one of the most unpretentious ornamental plants ... "

2017 www.site - "Free electronic library - various resources"

The materials of this site are posted for review, all rights belong to their authors.
If you do not agree that your material is posted on this site, please write to us, we will remove it within 1-2 business days.

What else to read

Orthodox Charitable Foundation "Alatyr" The Vicar of the Holy Trinity Monastery, the city of Alatyr, Archimandrite Jerome (Shurygin) - Father, departed to the Lord ...

Pukhtitsa: an uninterrupted tradition of female monasticism Protodeacon of the Russian Orthodox Church Andrey Kuraev in LiveJournal told his version of the origin of about 300...

St. Anastasius Stauropegial Convent St. Anastasius Monastery in Zhytomyr has already managed to become one of the most...

All sea animals right. Message about marine life. Amazonian river or freshwater dolphin

marine mammals

The most popular types of sea fish

Algae and plankton

deep sea fauna

snakes and turtles

Russian language tests with answers. USE-2016. Option 1 part 1

Other articles:

Classification of marine organisms according to habitat conditions and their role in rock formation.

Everyone was shocked when the dead sperm whale was opened

USE-2017-Russian. Option 35

5. Ecosystems of the seas and coastal ecosystems

5.1.
General characteristics and features of ecosystems

Notebook part 2. Notebook for preparing for the exam in the Russian language 2 part 10 grade 2 semester theory

"OPTION 10. (1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton at the base of the food chain, and plant plankton may..."

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

All sea animals right. Message about marine life. Amazonian river or freshwater dolphin

marine mammals

The most popular types of sea fish

Algae and plankton

deep sea fauna

snakes and turtles

Russian language tests with answers. USE-2016. Option 1 part 1

Other articles:

Classification of marine organisms according to habitat conditions and their role in rock formation.

Everyone was shocked when the dead sperm whale was opened

USE-2017-Russian. Option 35

5. Ecosystems of the seas and coastal ecosystems

5.1. General characteristics and features of ecosystems

Notebook part 2. Notebook for preparing for the exam in the Russian language 2 part 10 grade 2 semester theory

"OPTION 10. (1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton at the base of the food chain, and plant plankton may..."

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

SUGGESTIONS

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

Categories

5.1.
General characteristics and features of ecosystems