Expressive means of the exam table. Artistic tropes in literature. Artistic tropes in literature: the problem of differentiation

Trope(Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech) is a word or expression used in a figurative sense to create an artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness.

Trail table with examples

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures (figure of speech)- special turns of speech fixed by stylistics, used to enhance the expressiveness (expressiveness) of the statement. For example, stylistic figures include:

• Inversion- violation of the direct order of words. For example: We have been waiting for you for a long time.
• Anaphora- unanimity. For example:

Take care of each other,

Kindness warm.

Take care of each other,

Let's not offend.

• gradation- the location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign. For example: Silence covered, leaned, engulfed.
• Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, more often the predicate. For example: We sat down - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows.
• Antithesis- stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, opposition of opposite concepts. For example: Long hair, short mind.

See the full list of stylistic figures

In tasks 24-26 of the USE in the Russian language, the same linguistic phenomena may occur. In task 24, they act as lexical means of expression. We present you these lexical means with a large number of examples of their use in speech.

Task Formulation:

From sentences 44–47 write out antonyms (an antonymic pair).

(44) But there are no huts that would be on the edge.(45) We are all responsible for what is happening around us. (46) Responsible for everything bad and for everything good.(47) And one should not think that a real test comes to a person only in some special, fatal moments: in a war, during some kind of catastrophe.

To complete task 24, you need to know lexical means of expression and find them in the text.

Synonyms- words of the same part of speech, similar in meaning: sensitive and responsive, pity and compassion, hurry and hurry, etc.

Antonyms- words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning: start - end, distinct - vague, voluntary - forced, etc. The following words are not antonyms: beautiful - ugly.

Note: synonyms and antonyms in the text can be in different forms: good - bad, ended - will begin. Ignore the form (ending) - you are interested in the lexical meaning of the word.

Harder to find in text contextual synonyms and antonyms.

CONTEXT - a part of a text or statement that is relatively complete in terms of semantics. The general meaning of the context is made up of the meanings of individual words; in turn, the context itself helps clarify the meaning of each word. That is, words live in a context, acquiring a specific meaning in it.

Compare offers:

1) Respect is manifested in the fact that you try to capture the other person with your attention in order to understand him, to feel the best in him.

2) Here it is necessary to show sensitivity and attentiveness, sincerity and firmness.

In sentence 2, there were synonyms for sensitivity - attentiveness. Taken out of context, they still remain close in meaning, they can be found in the dictionary of synonyms.

Sentence 1 has contextual synonyms: understand - feel.

Imagine that you don't know the context. These words are not perceived as synonyms, in a different context they will acquire other meanings: to understand your neighbor is to feel the cold.

You see, there is nothing in common between these words. Each of them has its own set of synonyms. The word to feel has synonyms - to experience, to feel, to experience, to smell.

At the word understand - comprehend, understand, comprehend, realize, etc.

Contextual synonyms help to avoid repetition of words (writer - author, dwelling - apartment) or make the text more expressive. In this case, contextual synonyms are created as follows: the direct meaning of the word is a figurative meaning (proud - an eagle look, swim - glide on the water).

Example sentences with contextual synonyms:

1) Only bumps and gullies indicated the direction of the trail. And even then this thin thread did not lead far. (path - thread)

2) Daytime flowers wake up when dawn starts a little. The chicory opens the blue stars of its flowers, the wild rose spreads its wide petals, the bright lights of the poppies flare up.
(wake up - open - straighten - flare up) All these verbs describe one action - the awakening of flowers in the morning.

Examples of sentences with contextual antonyms.

1) An inferiority complex can ruin the human soul. And can raise to heaven.

Find contextual antonyms: destroy - exalt. Each of them has its own direct antonym: ruin - save, elevate - humiliate, lower. These words became antonyms only in this context.

2) He was a strange man: with big bosses, he bred trills with a sonorous nightingale, while with his subordinates he roared like a wild bear. ( nightingale - bear)

As you can see, contextual antonyms also give expressiveness to the text, give a figurative characteristic.

Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words, understood not literally, but figuratively. Phraseologisms are not created anew each time, they live in the language in finished form, fixed in our memory and in dictionaries. As a rule, they are equal in meaning to one word, but have a special expressiveness. Phraseologisms are stable, they cannot be changed, rearranged words.

Examples of phraseological units: there is nowhere for an apple to fall, chickens do not peck, at the end of the world, to ache in soul, in one spirit, to bring people out, to shed light, to stand like a mountain, to lose one’s head, in the order of things, etc.

obsolete words- outdated words. Used in modern texts, they help to recreate the flavor of the historical era. Often they have a bright stylistic, emotional coloring.

Examples: trust in chance, see and listen, splendor, daring, malevolence, etc.

Neologisms- new words created to give a name to new objects, phenomena of life. A very mobile group: some neologisms take root in the language and cease to be neologisms, others become redundant and are forced out: copywriter, cleaner, retailer, multiplex, cluster, headliner, creative, trend, ombudsman, dress code, message, innovation, monitoring ...

colloquial words

The language space where vernacular words live is colloquial speech. In the examination text, they can appear at the will of the author if he reproduces someone else's speech (this will be a means of characterizing a person) or uses a colloquial word in an ironic sense, emphasizing the author's attitude to the subject of conversation.

Colloquialisms are not always rude words of a low style. These can be words that are incorrectly formed, having a deviation from the norm in their grammatical features: come in handy - come in handy, inside - inside, theirs - theirs, put - lay down, for nothing - for nothing. The vernacular word has commonly used stylistically neutral synonyms: newspaperman - journalist, crowd - crowd, lot - a lot, work hard - work, yell - scream, lanky - tall, brainy - smart.

Let's do the task:

Antonyms: bad - good

Note! Another formulation of task 24 has appeared: you may be asked to find a word in the text that has a certain meaning.

(19) It was a difficult path! (20) It was dark, and at every step the swamp opened its greedy mouth, swallowing people, and the trees blocked the road with a mighty wall.
(21) They walked for a long time ... (22) The forest became thicker, there was less and less strength! (23) And so they began to grumble at Danko, saying that in vain he, young and inexperienced, led them somewhere. (24) And he walked ahead of them and was cheerful and clear.

From sentences 19-24, write out the word that means "not quite openly express dissatisfaction, protest."

In this example, the correct answer would be the word "murmur".

In Russian, additional expressive means are widely used, for example, tropes and figures of speech.

Tropes are such speech turns that are based on the use of words in a figurative sense. They are used to enhance the expressiveness of the writer or speaker.

Tropes include: metaphors, epithets, metonymy, synecdoche, comparisons, hyperbole, litotes, paraphrase, personification.

Metaphor is a technique in which words and expressions are used in a figurative sense based on analogy, similarity or comparison.

And my tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

An epithet is a word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes any of its properties, qualities, signs. Usually an epithet is called a colorful definition.

Your thoughtful nights transparent dusk. (A S. Pushkin)

Metonymy is a means of replacing one word with another on the basis of adjacency.

The hiss of frothy goblets and punch blue flames. (A.S. Pushkin)

Synecdoche - one of the types of metonymy - the transfer of the meaning of one object to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them.

And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Comparison is a technique in which one phenomenon or concept is explained by comparing it with another. Comparative conjunctions are usually used in this case.

Anchar, like a formidable sentry, stands alone in the whole universe. (A.S. Pushkin).

Hyperbole is a trope based on the excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon.

For a week I won’t say a word to anyone, I’m all sitting on a stone by the sea ... (A. A. Akhmatova).

Litota is the opposite of hyperbole, an artistic understatement.

Your spitz, lovely spitz, is no more than a thimble ... (A.S. Griboyedov)

Personification is a means of transferring the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones.

Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly. (A.S. Pushkin).

Paraphrase - a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive turn, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon that is not directly named.

"King of beasts" instead of a lion.

Irony is a technique of ridicule, containing an assessment of what is ridiculed. In irony there is always a double meaning, where the true is not directly stated, but implied.

So, in the example, Count Khvostov is mentioned, who was not recognized by his contemporaries as a poet because of the mediocrity of his poems.

Count Khvostov, a poet beloved by heaven, was already singing with immortal verses of the misfortune of the Neva banks. (A.S. Pushkin)

Stylistic figures are special turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expression.

It is necessary to emphasize once again that stylistic figures make our speech information redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore, for a stronger impact on the addressee.

These figures include:

And you, arrogant descendants…. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question is such a structure of speech in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement.

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom will the longed-for dawn finally rise? (A. S. Pushkin)

Anaphora is the repetition of parts of relatively independent segments.

As if you curse the days without a light,

As if gloomy nights scare you ...

(A. Apukhtin)

Epiphora - repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza.

Dear friend, and in this quiet house

The fever hits me

Can't find me a place in a quiet house

Near peaceful fire. (A.A. Blok)

Antithesis is an artistic opposition.

And the day, and the hour, both in writing and orally, for the truth yes and no ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

An oxymoron is a combination of logically incompatible concepts.

You are the one who loved me with the falseness of truth and the truth of lies ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

Gradation is a grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or weakening emotional and semantic significance

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (With A. Yesenin)

Silence is a deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally finish the phrase.

But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Polyunion - the repetition of the union, perceived as redundant, creates the emotionality of speech.

And for him resurrected again: and the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love. (A. S. Pushkin)

Non-union is a construction in which unions are omitted to enhance expression.

Swede, Russian, cuts, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Parallelism is the identical arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text.

Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon .. (V. V. Mayakovsky).

Chiasmus is a cross arrangement of parallel parts in two adjacent sentences.

Automedons (coachman, charioteer - O.M.) are our strikers, our troikas are indomitable ... (A.S. Pushkin). The two parts of the complex sentence in the example in the order of the members of the sentence are, as it were, in a mirror image: Subject - definition - predicate, predicate - definition - subject.

Inversion - the reverse order of words, for example, the location of the definition after the word being defined, etc.

At the frosty dawn under the sixth birch, around the corner, by the church, wait, Don Juan... (M. Tsvetaeva).

In the above example, the adjective frosty is in the position after the word being defined, which is the inversion.

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Means of speech expressiveness- this is one of the most important factors due to which the Russian language is famous for its richness and beauty, which has been glorified more than once in poetry and immortal works of Russian classic writers. To this day, Russian is one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. This is facilitated by a huge number of expressive means that are present in our language, making it rich and multifaceted. To date, there is no clear classification of means of expression, but still two conditional types can be distinguished: stylistic figures and tropes.

Stylistic figures- these are speech turns that the author uses in order to achieve maximum expressiveness, which means that it is better to convey the necessary information or meaning to the reader or listener, as well as to give the text an emotional and artistic coloring. Stylistic figures include such expressive means as antithesis, parallelism, anaphora, gradation, inversion, epiphora and others.

trails- these are speech turns or words that are used by the author in an indirect, allegorical sense. These means of artistic expression- an integral part of any work of art. Tropes include metaphors, hyperbolas, litotes, synecdoches, metonymies, etc.

The most common means of expression.

As we have already said, there are a very large number of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language, so in this article we will consider those that are most often found not only in literary works, but also in the everyday life of each of us.

1. Hyperbola(Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - this is a type of path, the basis of which is exaggeration. Through the use of hyperbole, meaning is enhanced and the desired impression is made on the listener, interlocutor or reader. For example: sea ​​of ​​tears; Ocean Love.
2. Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transfer) - one of the most important means of speech expressiveness. This trope is characterized by the transfer of the characteristics of one object, creature or phenomenon to another. This trope is similar to a comparison, but the words "as if", "as if", "like" are omitted, but everyone understands that they are implied: tarnished reputation; glowing eyes; seething emotions.
3. Epithet(Greek epitheton - application) is a definition that gives the most ordinary things, objects and phenomena an artistic color. Examples of epithets: golden summer; flowing hair; wavy fog.

   IMPORTANT. Not every adjective is an epithet. If the adjective indicates the clear characteristics of the noun and does not carry any artistic load, then it is not an epithet: green grass; wet asphalt; bright sun.

4. Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition, contradiction) - another means of expression that is used to enhance the drama and is characterized by a sharp opposition of phenomena or concepts. Very often the antithesis can be found in verses: “You are rich, I am very poor; you are a prose writer, I am a poet ... ”(A.S. Pushkin).
5. Comparison- a stylistic figure, the name of which speaks for itself: when compared, one object is compared with another. There are several ways in which comparison can be represented:

   - noun ("... storm haze the sky covers…”).

   A speech turnover in which there are unions “as if”, “as if”, “like”, “like” (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot).

   - subordinate clause (Night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything was quiet, as if there was not that liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).

6. Phraseologisms- a means of lexical expressiveness of speech, which, unlike others, cannot be used by the author individually, since this is, first of all, a stable phrase or phrase that is characteristic only of the Russian language ( neither fish nor fowl; fool around; how the cat cried).
7. personification- this is a trope that is characterized by endowing inanimate objects and phenomena with human properties (And the forest came to life - the trees spoke, the wind sang in the tops of the fir trees).

In addition to the above, there are the following means of expression, which we will consider in the next article:

• Allegory
• Anaphora
• gradation
• Inversion
• Alliteration
• Assonance
• Lexical repetition
• Irony
• Metonymy
• Oxymoron
• polyunion
• Litotes
• Sarcasm
• Ellipsis
• Epiphora etc.

The figurative and expressive means of the language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical expressive means make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means are used when an emotional impact on listeners or readers is necessary. It is impossible to make a presentation of oneself, a product, a company without the use of special language tools.

The word is the basis of figurative expressiveness of speech. Many words are often used not only in the direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to a description of the appearance or behavior of a person - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) - the use of a word in various meanings.

Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have the same sound, but at the same time carry a different semantic load, serve to create a sound game in speech.

Types of homonyms:

• homographs - words are spelled the same, they change meaning depending on the stress set (lock - lock);
• homophones - words when written differ in one or more letters, but are perceived the same way by ear (the fruit is a raft);
• homoforms - words that sound the same, but at the same time refer to different parts of speech (I'm flying in an airplane - I'm flying a runny nose).

Puns - used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning, betray sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their ambiguity.

Synonyms - describe the same concept from different angles, have a different semantic load and stylistic coloring. Without synonyms, it is impossible to build a vivid and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.

Synonym types:

• full - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
• semantic (semantic) - designed to give shade to words (conversation-conversation);
• stylistic - have the same meaning, but at the same time refer to different styles of speech (finger-finger);
• semantic-stylistic - have a different shade of meaning, refer to different styles of speech (do - bungled);
• contextual (author's) - used in the context used for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.

Antonyms - words have the opposite lexical meaning, refer to the same part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.

Tropes are words in Russian that are used in a figurative sense. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, vividly recreate the picture.

Trail definition

Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative sense. There is always no object of comparison in it, but there is something with which they are compared. There are short and extended metaphors. Metaphor is aimed at an external comparison of objects or phenomena.

Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects by internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.

Syntactic means of expression

Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and works of art.

Types of stylistic figures

Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such turns are indispensable in public speeches, election campaigns, rallies, presentations. In scientific publications and official business speech, such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases is more important than emotions.