This forest seemed mysterious and mysterious. Mysterious forest. Generalizing words with homogeneous members
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating unions and... and,Yes... Yes,no no,or or,whether... whether,or either,then... then and others, for example: Now you can’t hear the knock, and the scream, and the bells(T.); Everywhere shone close, then distant lights(Bab.).
2. With two homogeneous members with a repeating union And the comma is not put if a close semantic unity is formed (usually such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words with them), for example: All around was light and green(T.); The coastal strip went in one direction and the other(Sem.); It is of interest both lexically and grammatically; Exemplary order both inside and outside the house; He labored in both cold and heat; Yes and no. In the presence of explanatory words, a comma is usually placed, for example: Everything around has changed: both nature and the character of the forest(L.T.). Also: This can end well or badly (and meaning "or").
3. If the number of homogeneous members is more than two, and the union is repeated before each of them, except for the first, then a comma is placed between them all, for example: I myself hate my past, and Orlova, and my love(Ch.); Other owners have already grown cherries, or lilacs, or jasmine(Fad.).
4. If union And connects homogeneous members in pairs, then the comma is placed only between paired groups (there is no comma inside such pairs), for example: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden platform built in the form of a shell.(Fed.).
5. If the union is repeated in the sentence not with homogeneous members, then a comma is not placed between them, for example: This virgin forest and the strong and courageous people who lived in it seemed mysterious and mysterious. Wed: The sun rose and flooded the water surface, and the sunken forest, and Kuzma with waves of light and heat.(Seraph.) (only homogeneous members are separated by commas).
A comma is also not put if two homogeneous members with a union And between them form a group closely related in meaning, united by the union and with third homogeneous member, for example: The water had long since drained off in the Terek and quickly ran away and dried up in the ditches.(L.T.).
No comma is used in expressions like 20 and 40 and 60 together make 120(no enumeration of homogeneous members). Same in expression 20 plus 40 plus 60 is 120.
6. Alliances whether... or, standing with homogeneous members of the sentence are not equated to repeating unions, so the comma before or not set, for example: Whether he will continue his work or limit himself to what has been done is a question not yet decided.
7. A comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by repeating unions and, neither for example: and day and night, and laughter and sorrow, and old and young, and so and so, neither fish nor meat, neither day nor night, neither alive nor dead, not two, not one and a half, not more, not less, neither this nor that, neither give nor take, neither back nor forth etc.
dictations 1
Dictation 1. Repetition of what was studied in grades 5-8
Down the river
At the beginning of the summer holidays, my friend and I decided to make a small trip along the river in a rubber boat. Without saying anything to anyone, we quickly got ready to go and by nightfall we were on the banks of the river. The silence of the night, interrupted by some sharp bird's cry, the damp penetrating air, all this had a bad effect on us.
For several minutes we hesitated, but then we resolutely got into the boat, pushed ourselves away from the shore, and the boat went with the current. At first it was terrifying to ride an unfamiliar river, but gradually we got used to it and already boldly looked ahead.
Early in the morning we hoped to be in an unfamiliar village. We floated slowly along the river, almost without working with oars. The moon appeared from behind the clouds, illuminating all the surroundings with its mysterious brilliance. Somewhere a nightingale clicked, followed by another. It seemed that all the air was permeated with enchanting sounds. We admired the nightingale singing and the beauty of the night and completely forgot about the boat. Suddenly, she, having bumped into something, capsized, and we found ourselves waist-deep in water. Having collected our belongings that floated along the river, we climbed ashore, pulled out the ill-fated boat, lit a fire and warmed ourselves until morning, dried ourselves and discussed the night adventure.
(174 words)
grammar task(by options)
1. Phonetic analysis:
1) bird; 2) discussed.
2. Word-formation analysis and analysis of the word by composition:
1) interrupted; 2) bumped into.
3. Morphological analysis:
1) during; 2) no one.
4. Syntactic analysis of sentences (1st paragraph):
1) At the beginning of the summer holidays, my friend and I decided to make a short trip along the river in a rubber boat.
2) The silence of the night, interrupted by some sharp bird cry, damp penetrating air - all this had a bad effect on us.
5. Define the type of offers:
1) find a one-part sentence ( At first it was terrifying to ride an unfamiliar river... - impersonal);
2) find an incomplete sentence ( Somewhere a nightingale chirpedbehind him another .)
Dictation 2
piece of iron
On a cloudless night, the moon floats over Pure Dor, reflected in the puddles, silvering the roofs covered with wood chips. Quiet in the village.
At dawn, from the shore of Yalma, muffled blows are heard, as if someone is beating a bell overgrown with moss. Behind the willows, a forge darkens on the shore - a plank shed, ancient, sooty, sheathed in the corners with rusty sheets of tin. This is where the beats are heard.
I go fishing early. It's still dark, dark, and this barn looks strange in a cloudy alder forest.
Suddenly the door opens, and there is a fire, but not bright, like a fire, but muffled. This is the color of viburnum when frost hits it. The fiery door seems to be a cave, which leads, perhaps, into the interior of the earth.
A small man jumps out of it. In the hands are long pincers, and a red-hot dragon bone is clamped in them. He thrusts it into the water - a hiss is heard worse than a cat's or a viper's. A cloud of steam rises from the water.
Hello, Voloshin, - I say.
At noon, on my way back, I pass by again. Around the forge is now full of people: who came for the nails, who to shoe the horse.
The horn burns inside. Shurka Kletkin, the hammer fighter, inflates the furs - exhales air into the forge, onto the coals. In the inferno lies an iron bar. She was so hot that you can't tell her from the fire.
With long tongs, Voloshin snatches it out, puts it on the anvil. Shurka hits it with a hammer, and the blank flattens, and Voloshin only turns it under the blows. Shurka Kletkin is a strong fellow; his shoulders are as heavy as weights. He is a strongman, and Voloshin is a master.
(233 words) ( Y. Koval)
Grammar task:
1) make a morphological analysis of words overgrown, smoky;
Dictation 3
Oak
It was already the beginning of June, when Prince Andrei, returning home, rode again to that birch grove in which this old, gnarled oak struck him so strangely and memorable. The bells rang even more muffled in the forest than a month and a half ago; everything was full, shady and dense, and the young spruces, scattered throughout the forest, did not disturb the general beauty and, imitating the general character, tenderly turned green with fluffy young shoots ...
“Yes, here, in this forest, there was this oak, with which we agreed,” thought Prince Andrei. "Yes, where is he?" - thought Prince Andrei again, looking at the left side of the road, and, without knowing it, without recognizing him, admired the oak he was looking for. The old oak tree, all transformed, spread out like a tent of juicy, dark greenery, was thrilled, slightly swaying in the rays of the evening sun. No clumsy fingers, no sores, no old distrust and grief - nothing was visible. Juicy young leaves broke through the tough, hundred-year-old bark without knots, it was impossible to believe that this old man had produced them. “Yes, this is the same oak tree,” thought Prince Andrei, and a causeless, spring feeling of joy and renewal suddenly came over him.
(165 words) ( L. N. Tolstoy)
Grammar task:
1) make word-formation analysis and analysis of the composition of words scattered, causeless;
Dictation 4
native nature singer
If nature could feel gratitude to a person for penetrating into her life and sang it, then first of all this gratitude would fall to the lot of Mikhail Prishvin.
It is not known what Prishvin would have done in his life if he had remained an agronomist (this was his first profession). In any case, he would hardly have opened Russian nature to millions of people as a world of the finest and brightest poetry. He simply didn't have time for that.
If you carefully read everything written by Prishvin, then the conviction remains: he did not have time to tell us even a hundredth of what he perfectly saw and knew.
It is difficult to write about Prishvin. What he said must be written out in treasured notebooks, re-read, discovering more and more new values in each line, leaving in his books, as we go along hardly cherished paths into a dense forest with his conversation of keys and the fragrance of herbs, plunging into various thoughts and states inherent in this a man of pure mind and heart.
Prishvin's books are "the endless joy of constant discoveries." Several times I heard from people who had just put down the Prishvin book they had read, the same words: "This is real witchcraft."
(183 words) ( K. G. Paustovsky)
Grammar task:
1) make a syntactic analysis of the first two sentences;
2) make schemes of complex sentences, determine the type of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.
Dictation 5
Starlings
Everyone knows him. And everyone from childhood, when in April a tireless and cheerful singer in black clothes appears near the birdhouse. They say that swallows make spring. No, swallows “make summer”, and rooks, starlings, larks, lapwings, finches, wagtails bring spring on wings to our region. The starlings of them are the most conspicuous. Appearing, they shake sparrows out of birdhouses and celebrate housewarming with songs. “There is no bird more lively, more cheerful, more cheerful than a starling,” Brem wrote. Where does the starling, becoming our neighbor from early spring to late autumn, come from?
Four years ago, traveling in South Africa, at Cape Agulhas, we saw our friends and were amazed: they fly so far! I wrote about it. And I was wrong. Farther than the northern edge of the African continent, where starlings gather for the winter in millions of flocks, they do not fly. European settlers brought their favorite bird to the lower part of the mainland, and it perfectly took root here next to antelopes, ostriches and numerous weavers. Because of love for them, starlings were also brought to America, Australia, and New Zealand. Starlings fly to us, of course, not from these countries. Ours winter in Western and Southern Europe. Not so far. And yet, how not to be surprised at the ability of starlings to find, say, the Moscow region, some village in it and a dear birdhouse. "Hello, I've arrived!" - the starlings declare themselves with an unpretentious cheerful song.
(205 words) ( V. M. Peskov)
Grammar task:
1) emphasize fragments with parceling (unusual division of sentences);
2) make schemes of complex sentences, determine the type of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.
Dictation 6
Amazing Crossroads
From Zamoskvorechye I needed to go to the center. So I decided: which bridge to go on - along Kamenny or Moskvoretsky?
Both options were equally acceptable, since I was standing on the corner of Lavrushinsky Lane. It goes to Kadashevskaya embankment approximately in its middle, and from this place the distance is one - either towards the Stone Bridge, or towards Moskvoretsky.
The question boiled down to which bridge would be more interesting to cross. I thought that if I go along Moskvoretsky, the Kremlin will, as it were, float out on me ... Yes, it looks like a giant white swan floats out on you, whose neck is the bell tower of Ivan the Great, and the back is cathedrals with golden feathers of domes . I was about to choose the Moskvoretsky bridge, when suddenly it seemed extremely tempting to see this swan swimming away from the mysterious twilight of the garden, the picture that opens before us when we walk along the Stone Bridge.
(145 words) ( Y. Olesha)
Grammar task:
1) make a phonetic analysis of words: giant, feathered;
2) make schemes of complex sentences, determine the type of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.
Appendix 4
Texts for presentations
Text 1
Complete silence reigns in a deaf underground cave: no breeze, no rustle ... Only one sound breaks the ominous silence: one after another, water drops fall and scatter when they hit a stone. For many decades, they have been counting the time monotonously and tirelessly in this abandoned corner of the earth. And the voluntary captive of the cave, the speleologist, learned to count the days of his stay under the ground drop by drop.
But water has long helped people tell time. Almost simultaneously with the sun clock, water clocks, clepsydras, as the ancient Greeks called them, also appeared. This clock was a large vessel from which water slowly flows out. Its level decreases from one label to another. So you can read how much time has passed.
The Greek mechanic Ktesibius made a very accurate water clock that could decorate any apartment today. They work like this: water flowing into a beautiful vase raises the float, and the winged boy, connected to the float, shows the time with an elegant pointer. The water rises as the pointer slides down a long string of numbers. The second winged boy wipes away his tears. He is very sad - because time is running out forever.
Water clocks are no longer to be found anywhere. They are veterans of the measurement of time. They are over two thousand years old.
In the Middle Ages, the monks determined the time by the number of prayers read. This method, of course, was far from accurate. Then in monasteries, and just in everyday life, they began to use fiery clocks to count time. They took a candle and put divisions on it, each of which corresponded to a certain period of time.
China had its own interesting designs long before European clocks. Dough prepared from powdered wood, flavored with incense, was rolled into sticks and given them a wide variety of shapes. For example, spirals. Some fiery clocks reached several meters in length and burned for months. Sometimes metal balls were hung from the sticks. As soon as the candle burned out, the ball fell with a clang into the porcelain vase. Why not a fiery alarm clock!
Over the centuries people have perfected ways of measuring time. These days, the most accurate clocks are atomic clocks. They are used as a standard.
(309 words)
Tasks
Answer the question: "What type of speech does the text belong to?" Prove your opinion.
Tell me about other ways of measuring time that you know.
Text 2
Even a well-educated zoologist will find it difficult to give an exhaustive answer, who is stronger: a lion or a tiger, because in the savannah, where the lion reigns, there are no tigers, and in the jungle, where the tiger rules, there are no lions.
There is no tiger in Africa, Australia, America and Europe. His residence is Southeast Asia and our Far Eastern taiga. Tigers differ in size, color, and "warmth" of the fur coat. For example, the South Chinese and Bengal species do not need thick wool at all: they will languish in it from the heat. But our handsome man - the Ussuri tiger - needs it to withstand frost.
The lion does not live in America, Australia and Europe. Africa is his home. But even there now lions are not found everywhere. North of the Sahara, the king of the desert was destroyed by his only enemy - man. In Asia, the lion is also exterminated. Only in India a small number of Asiatic lions have survived.
The habits of a lion and a tiger differ sharply from each other. They are related only by the fact that they are the largest representatives of the cat family of our planet. They have much more differences. The lion has a round pupil, while the tiger has a longitudinal one. The lion lives on the ground, and the tiger, in addition, climbs trees. The lion is a herd animal, and the tiger always roams alone. Lions get along well with other animals. They are tamed faster and better, much more obedient than a tiger. The tiger does not tolerate strangers.
And yet, who is stronger - a tiger or a lion? Physically, the lion is stronger, but the tiger is more agile. If the animals are caught in captivity, then the king of animals wins. He is helped by a mane that prevents the tiger from grabbing him by the neck. Only one species of tiger is stronger than a lion and that is our Ussuri tiger. Only the white polar bear is stronger than this master of the taiga.
(259 words)
Tasks
I. Title the text and retell it in detail.
Answer the question: “On what basis is this text built? Prove your opinion.
II. Title the text and retell it concisely.
Do you like books about animals? Which one would you recommend reading? Tell about her.
Text3
The edge of Russia - Vladivostok. The city scattered over the hills...
There are no straight streets here - they are crumpled by ravines in all conceivable and inconceivable directions: up and down, and at random, and at random. The prospect here is a purely conditional concept, it clearly has more of what is desired than what actually exists.
Of course, the relief complicates life. But then, no matter how you disfigure the city with standard boxes, uniformity does not work. The rebellious faults of the city outline explode the dull one-dimensionality of the new quarters. The hills and the sea, surrounding the city from all sides, resist the facelessness of modern architecture and defeat it.
Old cities are not the same. They, unlike the current twins in the south, in the north, in the steppe, in the mountains, have their own face, their own temper. This is probably why you can't confuse native Petersburgers with Muscovites, Odessans with Nizhny Novgorod, Tula with "Pskop", Pomors with Chaldons and all together - with the Far East, whose spirit is the old-timers of Vladivostok.
Ask an old-timer where the city begins and what does he even call Vladivostok? You can be sure of the answer - he will call you the old city. The modern quarters of St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities and towns of mother Russia are interchangeable, like nuts on a conveyor, and therefore they have taken root everywhere. Not taking root at the same time anywhere. They will never have the character of the city, because they are so conceived - faceless. Well, how can a person have a sense of the Motherland here? Big or small, it doesn't matter...
(216 words) ( By B. Dyachenko)
Tasks:
I. Title the text and retell it in detail. Answer the question: “Do you agree with the author of the text that the feeling of the Motherland cannot arise in faceless cities?” Justify your opinion.
II. Title the text and retell it concisely. Tell us about your city (village).
Keys to tests
|
№ test |
Option |
A1 |
A2 |
A3 |
A4 |
A5 |
IN 1 |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
- |
unity, pervades |
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
- |
Igor, not |
|
|
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
- |
forehead |
|
2 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
- |
pupil (eye) |
|
|
3 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
- |
addition |
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
- |
suffixal |
|
|
4 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
- |
comparative adjectives |
|
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
- |
in vain, looking |
|
|
5 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
reasoning |
|
2 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
chain |
|
№ test |
Option |
A1 |
A2 |
A3 |
A4 |
A5 |
A6 |
IN 1 |
IN 2 |
IN 3 |
AT 4 |
|
6 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
compound nominal |
short communion |
vain earthly |
Deeply moral, truly human |
||
|
2 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
pretext |
high literary |
deep and sharp |
moved forward |
Dash in an incomplete sentence
1. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the text of the sentence itself and a pause is made at the gap, for example: Yakov came from Voronezh, Gavrilafrom Moscow(A.N.T.); Some points are explained in the introduction, otherswhen the relevant theoretical questions are presented.
2. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted or even without a omission, for example: It seemed to everyone that the life that he himself leads was one real life, and that a friend leadsthere is only a ghost(L.T.).
3. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate), for example: On the tablea stack of books and even a flower(A.N.T.). But (with no pause): In the corner is an old leather sofa(Sim.). Usually a dash is placed in parts of a sentence of the same type, for example: In all windowscurious, on rooftopsboys(A.N.T.); Here ravines, further steppe, even furtherdesert.
Intonation and connecting dash
A dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks up into verbal groups, in order to clarify the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence; compare: This hostel for workers; This is a hostelfor workers. Such a dash is called intonation.
The connecting dash is placed:
1. Between two or more words to indicate limits:
a) spatial: Moscow train Mineral water; space flight earth Venus;
b) temporary: geographical discoveriesXVXVIcenturies, in JulyAugust;
c) quantitative: there will be ten in the manuscripttwelve (1012) pages; weighing three hundredfive hundred tons.
In these cases, the dash replaces the meaning of the word "from ... to". If, between two adjacent numerals, it is possible to insert a union according to the meaning or, then they are connected by a hyphen, for example: after two or three hours(but with a digital designation, a dash is put: after 2-3 hours).
2. Between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any teaching, scientific institution, etc., for example: Dokuchaev's doctrineKostychev; Kant's cosmogonic theoryLaplace.
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
Homogeneous members not connected by unions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by unions, for example: stirred, woke up, sang, rustled, spoke(T.); They said this and that.
Notes. 1. Do not put a comma:
a) between two verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole, for example: I'll come and visit(L.T.); Buy go(M.G.); Sits sewing;
b) in stable expressions, for example: For everything about everything scolds her(Cr.); talked about this and that.
2. They are not homogeneous members and are not separated by a comma, but are connected by a hyphen:
a) paired combinations of a synonymic nature, for example: there is no end to the edge, with joy-fun, mind-reason, truth-truth, clan-tribe, life-being, friend-friend, friend-comrade, friend-acquaintance, country-power, strength-power, customs-orders, benefit-benefit, rank-rank, wedding-marriage, honor-praise, alive and well, such and such, off and on, spinning, spinning, asking, praying, sleeping, resting, lovingly expensive;
b) paired combinations of an antonymic nature, for example: purchase and sale, income-expenditure, export-import, acceptance-issuance, questions-answers, hardness-softness of consonants, fathers-children, up-down, back and forth;
c) pair combinations based on associative connections, for example: songs-dances, mushrooms-berries, birds-fishes, tea-sugar, bread-salt, cups-spoons, knives-forks, hands-feet, name-patronymic, husband-wife, father-mother, brothers-sisters, grandfather- grandmother, water-feed, young-green.
2. Common homogeneous members of a sentence, especially if there are commas inside them, can be separated by a semicolon, for example: On the writing-table lay a heap of finely written papers covered with a heavy marble press; some old leather-bound book, which the owner, apparently, had not touched for a long time; an ink-stained pen with a nib that was no longer usable(G.). Wed: Raisky looked at the rooms, at the portraits, at the furniture, and at the greenery gazing cheerfully into the rooms from the garden; I saw a cleared path, everywhere cleanliness, order; listened to how half a dozen dining room, wall, bronze and malachite clocks alternately struck in all the rooms(Gonch.).
3. A dash is placed between homogeneous members to express opposition, for example: They don't live here paradise (Kr.); I'm not asking for lovepity!(M.G.).
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions.
Definitions are homogeneous if:
a) indicate the distinguishing features of different objects, for example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet;
b) denote various features of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand, for example: A strange, sharp, painful cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.(T.).
Each of the homogeneous definitions directly refers to the noun being defined, so a constructive union can be inserted between them. Wed: pure, calm moonlight; a cup of thick, strong coffee etc.
Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, if at the same time, in the conditions of the context, they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.), for example: He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me.(T.); Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains.(L.); Gray strands shone in thick, dark hair(M.G.); pale, stern face; cheerful, good-natured laughter; deserted, inhospitable house; affectionate, lively eyes; proud, brave look; dry, chapped lips; heavy, angry feeling; grey, continuous, fine rain etc.
As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: His pale blue, glassy eyes(T.).
Synonymous (in terms of context) definitions are also homogeneous, for example: Quiet, modest river(Ch.); silent, timid, timid girl. In a series of such definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, forming a semantic gradation, for example: Joyful, festive, radiant mood(Seraph.); In autumn, the steppes completely change and get their unusual, special, incomparable appearance.
The role of homogeneous definitions is usually played by the adjective and the participial phrase following it, for example: An elderly man with a lush beard that was beginning to turn gray entered.
As a rule, agreed-upon definitions that appear after the word being defined are homogeneous, for example: On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs(P.). The exception is terminological combinations, for example: pipes thin-walled electrowelded corrosion-proof; late winter pear.
Homogeneous are definitions that are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word, for example: Six months later, long, cold nights give way to short, warm ones.
2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, for example: big stone house(size and material); white round stones(color and shape); beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. Such definitions can become homogeneous if they are united by a common feature, for example: Our terrace now stands on new, brick pillars.(the unifying feature is “strong”).
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective, for example: a new leather briefcase, an interesting children's book, a warm July night, a bright birch grove, transparent window panes etc. Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions consist of combinations of qualitative adjectives, for example: old gloomy house, interesting rare editions and etc.
Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by opposing conjunctions ah, but, yes,(meaning "but") however, though and others, for example: Gavrila wanted to object something, but compressed his lips(T.); The days were cloudy but warm(Ax.); The solution is correct, although not the only one.
The homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the adversative union and not at the end of the sentence, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it, for example: Previously, he lived not in Moscow, but in St. Petersburg and studied at the university there. Wed also: the most important, but not the only source of information; the most important, although not the only source of information; the most important, if not the only source of information etc. (after the union of the adversative, concessive, conditional). The same after a homogeneous member with affiliations and also, and also, and etc., for example: Cinema, as well as radio and television, are the media for millions of people.
When an opposing union is omitted, not a comma is put, but a dash, for example: Not a birda jet plane flies by with a projectile; The student was not only intelligent talented.
Instead of a comma, a semicolon can be placed before the adversative union if there are commas inside common homogeneous members, for example: During the day, he spoke to me more than once, served me without servility; but I watched the master like a child(T.).
2. Between homogeneous members of the proposal, connected by single connecting unions and yes(in the meaning of "and"), dividing unions or, either, comma is not used, for example: Irina spoke loudly and confidently; Vasya lost a lot of weight, only skin and bones remained; It will happen now or never.
before the union And, connecting two homogeneous predicates, a dash is placed to indicate the consequence contained in the second predicate, or to express a sharp opposition, a quick change of actions, for example: running there and I find you both(Gr.); At this time, someone from the street looked at him through the window.and immediately left(P.).
Less often in these cases, a dash is placed after the union And, for example: So I figured it all out suddenly decided(Dost.); Ask for a calculation on Saturday andmarch to the village(M.G.).
If union And has an attaching meaning (often in this case a heterogeneous member of the sentence is attached), then a comma is placed before it (the same before the joining union yes and) for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one.(Sharp); It used to cry, cry, and calm down; I love my mother very much, and I love my sisters too.
The comma is not placed before the adjunct And, followed by a demonstrative pronoun that (that, that, those), used to strengthen the preceding noun, for example: The old people sang along with everyone else. Also: It's nice to be next to him.(part of the predicate is added). But (no union i): Boys, they are not afraid of the dark.
No comma before conjunction yes and in connecting meaning, in combinations of type took it and got angry(with the same verb form take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action), combined no no yes and for example: So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(T.); The image of a poor girl, no, no, yes, and appeared before my eyes.
Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating unions and... and,Yes... Yes,no no,or or,whether... whether,or either,then... then and others, for example: Now you can’t hear the knock, and the scream, and the bells(T.); Everywhere shone close, then distant lights(Bab.).
2. With two homogeneous members with a repeating union And the comma is not put if a close semantic unity is formed (usually such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words with them), for example: All around was light and green(T.); The coastal strip went in one direction and the other(Sem.); It is of interest both lexically and grammatically; Exemplary order both inside and outside the house; He labored in both cold and heat; Yes and no. In the presence of explanatory words, a comma is usually placed, for example: Everything around has changed: both nature and the character of the forest(L.T.). Also: This can end well or badly (and meaning "or").
3. If the number of homogeneous members is more than two, and the union is repeated before each of them, except for the first, then a comma is placed between them all, for example: I myself hate my past, and Orlova, and my love(Ch.); Other owners have already grown cherries, or lilacs, or jasmine(Fad.).
4. If union And connects homogeneous members in pairs, then the comma is placed only between paired groups (there is no comma inside such pairs), for example: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden platform built in the form of a shell.(Fed.).
5. If the union is repeated in the sentence not with homogeneous members, then a comma is not placed between them, for example: This virgin forest and the strong and courageous people who lived in it seemed mysterious and mysterious. Wed: The sun rose and flooded the water surface, and the sunken forest, and Kuzma with waves of light and heat.(Seraph.) (only homogeneous members are separated by commas).
A comma is also not put if two homogeneous members with a union And between them form a group closely related in meaning, united by the union and with third homogeneous member, for example: The water had long since drained off in the Terek and quickly ran away and dried up in the ditches.(L.T.).
No comma is used in expressions like 20 and 40 and 60 together make 120(no enumeration of homogeneous members). Same in expression 20 plus 40 plus 60 is 120.
6. Alliances whether... or, standing with homogeneous members of the sentence are not equated to repeating unions, so the comma before or not set, for example: Whether he will continue his work or limit himself to what has been done is a question not yet decided.
7. A comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by repeating unions and, neither for example: And day and night, and laughter and sorrow, and old and young, and this way and that, neither fish nor meat, neither day nor night, neither alive nor dead, not two, not one and a half, neither more nor less, neither this nor that, nor give or take, neither back nor forth etc.
Homogeneous members connected by pair unions
1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions like... so,not like,not only but,not so much... how much,how...so much,though...but,if not... then,as much as etc., then the comma is placed only before the second part of the union, for example: One must be diligent in both large and small things; Thoughts, though not new, but interesting; Will return, if not tomorrow, then the day after tomorrow; compare: Most of their faces expressed, if not fear, then anxiety.(L.T.); Alexander's apartment, although spacious, is not elegant and gloomy.(Ch.).
2. After a homogeneous member following the second part of the pair union and not ending the sentence, a comma is not put, for example: Your words are not only fair, but also convincing and undeniable.
3. Inside comparative conjunctions not that ... but,not that ... but (but) comma before what And to not set, for example: Not that cold, but still cool. Not in a hurry, but a little in a hurry.
Generalizing words with homogeneous members
1. After the generalizing word, a colon is placed before the enumeration of homogeneous members, for example: There were writing utensils on the table: pens, pencils, felt-tip pens.
If after the generalizing word there are words somehow, namely, that is, for example, they are preceded by a comma and followed by a colon, for example: The guests talked about many pleasant and useful things, such as nature, dogs, wheat...(G.)
If there is no generalizing word before the enumeration, then the colon is used only when it is necessary to warn the reader that the enumeration follows, for example: The meeting was attended by:...; The Assembly decides: ...; To get the mixture you need to take: ... etc. This is usually found in business and scientific speech.
A colon is not placed before homogeneous members expressed by proper names if they are preceded by a common application for them or a defined word that does not act as a generalizing word (when reading in this case, there is no warning pause characteristic of a generalizing word), for example: The revolutionary democrats Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov played a big role in the social development of Russia; There are many tributaries near the Volga, Don, and Dnieper rivers.
2. After the enumeration, a dash is placed before the generalizing word, for example: Children, old people, womeneverything is mixed in a live stream(Seraph.).
If after the enumeration before the generalizing word there is an introductory word or phrase (in a word, in a word, in short etc.), then a dash is placed before the last one, and a comma after it, for example: Wheat, oats, sunflower, corn, potatoesin a word, whatever you look at, everything is already ripe, everything required the master's troubles and caring, diligent hands(Bab.).
3. If the enumeration after the generalizing word does not end the sentence, then a colon is placed before the enumeration, and after it - a dash, for example: And all this: and the river, and the forest, and this boy reminded me of the distant days of childhood.
Once upon a time, when I was little, I lived with my grandmother in a house near the forest. I really liked this forest. It seemed so mysterious and fabulous that I often ran away to play there. Grandma was very angry. She told me not to run away there, especially after dark. But at dusk this forest was so beautiful that I couldn't help but run away.
I remember how one evening, while my grandmother was dozing, I quietly got out of the house and ran into the forest. I loved the smell of the leaves so much, the mysterious shadows among the trees that can only be seen at dusk. That evening I went so far into the woods that I got lost. I wandered for a long time, looking for the way to the house. But she couldn't find her. For the first time in the time that I walked in this forest, I was frightened. I cried and called my grandmother. But she didn't come.
It was happiness for me when I saw a girl among the trees. I ran to her shouting "Aunty, I'm lost, wait." She stopped. I ran up to her and began to pull at the hem of her long skirt. She hugged me. Having calmed down a little, I again told that I was walking in the forest and got lost. When she asked where I live, I described my grandmother's house. She said she would take me home. On the way, she talked to me. I found out that she has a son, my age, he also ran away into the forest and now she is looking for him. I said that I often walk here and if I see the boy, I will tell him that his mother is looking for him. She only smiled.
Soon we came to my grandmother's house. Grandmother ran out to meet me very alarmed. She led me into the house, paying no attention to the woman. At home, she began to scold me. When I said that everything was fine and that a woman brought me, whom she should thank, and not pretend as if she did not exist at all. I told my grandmother that she should be ashamed, demanded that my grandmother come out and apologize to her. But instead of leaving, my grandmother looked at me in surprise.
- Which woman should I thank, granddaughter? Grandma touched my forehead. - You came alone.
I ran out into the street. The woman was nowhere to be found. She must have gone looking for her son again. No matter how I tried to prove to my grandmother that that woman had brought me, she kept saying that I came alone and there was no woman with me. A little later, my grandmother asked me about her. I described her as I remembered. Grandmother sighed and told me a story that was unlike any of the ones she used to tell me.
Once there was a house nearby, where a woman with a little son lived. Her husband left her and did not come to see her. Her son was her only joy. But one day he went to play in the forest and disappeared. The police, along with her, searched for a long time, but found nothing. A week later, the search was stopped. But the woman could not leave everything so simply. She continued to look for him in the forest herself. She walked day and night through the forest, in search of her son. But I didn't find it. In the end, she hanged herself in the forest. She thought that if he died, then she would find him in the next world, even in the form of a ghost. But apparently, she still hasn’t found him even so, since she walks there in the forest. That's why I keep asking you not to play in the woods after dark. Now you know everything.
Grandma's words shocked me. In the morning I called my mother. She came and took me home. Mom asked Grandma to come with us, but Grandma refused. I came to her in the summer, but I didn’t go to the forest anymore. Then my grandmother died. I was already 16. After the funeral, my grandmother's house passed to me and my parents. We go there every summer. Sometimes, sitting on the porch, I look at the forest. In the evening, sometimes I still see that woman among the trees... she is still looking for him...