Zhi Alferov is a Russian scientist. Alferov Zhores: biography, personal life, photo. Political and social activities

And the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components). Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1991. Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1965.

In 1970, Alferov defended his dissertation, summarizing a new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors, and received a doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences. In 1972, Alferov became a professor, and a year later - head of the basic department of optoelectronics at LETI. Since the early 1990s, Alferov has been studying the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots. From 1987 to May 2003 - director.

In 2003, Alferov left the post of head and until 2006 served as chairman of the scientific council of the institute. However, Alferov retained influence on a number of scientific structures, including: the Scientific and Educational Center for Microelectronics and Submicron Heterostructures, the Scientific and Educational Complex (NOC) of the Physico-Technical Institute and the Physico-Technical Lyceum. Since 1988 (the moment of foundation) Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University.

In 1990-1991 - Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad Scientific Center. Since 2003 - Chairman of the Scientific and Educational Complex "St. Petersburg Physical and Technical Scientific and Educational Center" of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1979), then of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honorary Academician of the Russian Academy of Education. Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Chief editor of "Letters to the Journal of Technical Physics".

He was the editor-in-chief of the journal Physics and Technology of Semiconductors, a member of the editorial board of the journal Surface: Physics, Chemistry, Mechanics, and a member of the editorial board of the journal Science and Life. He was a member of the board of the Knowledge Society of the RSFSR.

He was the initiator of the establishment in 2002 of the Global Energy Prize, until 2006 he headed the International Committee for its award. It is believed that the award of this prize to Alferov himself in 2005 was one of the reasons for his leaving this post.

He is the rector-organizer of the new Academic University.

Since 2001 President of the Education and Science Support Foundation (Alferov Foundation).

On April 5, 2010, it was announced that Alferov was appointed scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.

Since 2010 - co-chairman of the Advisory Scientific Council of the Skolkovo Foundation.

In 2013, he ran for the presidency of the Russian Academy of Sciences and, having received 345 votes, took second place.

Political activity

views

After the most severe reforms of the 1990s, having lost a lot, the RAS nevertheless retained its scientific potential much better than branch science and universities. Contrasting academic and university science is completely unnatural and can only be carried out by people pursuing their own and very strange political goals, very far from the interests of the country.

Awards and prizes

Awards of Russia and the USSR

• Full Cavalier of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland":
• Medals
• State Prize of the Russian Federation in 2001 in the field of science and technology (August 5, 2002) for the series of papers "Fundamental studies of the processes of formation and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and the creation of lasers based on them"
• Lenin Prize (1972) - for fundamental research on heterojunctions in semiconductors and the creation of new devices based on them
• USSR State Prize (1984) - for the development of isoperiodic heterostructures based on quaternary solid solutions of A3B5 semiconductor compounds

Foreign awards

Other awards and titles

• Stuart Ballantyne Medal (Franklin Institute, USA, 1971) - for theoretical and experimental studies of double laser heterostructures, thanks to which small-sized laser radiation sources were created that operate in a continuous mode at room temperature
• Hewlett-Packard Prize (European Physical Society, 1978) - for new work in the field of heterojunctions
• Heinrich Welker Gold Medal from Symposium on GaAs (1987) - for pioneering work on the theory and technology of devices based on Group III-V compounds and the development of injection lasers and photodiodes
• Karpinsky Prize (Germany, 1989) - for his contribution to the development of the physics and technology of heterostructures
• XLIX Mendeleev Reader - February 19, 1993
• A. F. Ioffe Prize (RAS, 1996) - for the cycle of works "Photoelectric converters of solar radiation based on heterostructures"
• Honorary Doctor of St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise since 1998
• Demidov Prize (Scientific Demidov Foundation, Russia, 1999)
• A. S. Popov Gold Medal (RAS, 1999)
• Nick Holonyak Award (Optical Society of America, 2000)
• Nobel Prize(Sweden, 2000) - for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics
• Kyoto Prize (Inamori Foundation, Japan, 2001) - for achievements in the creation of semiconductor lasers operating in a continuous mode at room temperatures - a pioneering step in optoelectronics
• V. I. Vernadsky Prize (NAS of Ukraine, 2001)
• Prize "Russian National Olympus". Title "Legend Man" (Russian Federation, 2001)
• SPIE Gold Medal (SPIE, 2002)
• Golden Plate Award (Academy of Achievement, USA, 2002)
• International Energy Prize "Global Energy" (Russia, 2005)
• Title and medal of Honorary Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (2008)
• Medal "For contribution to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology" from UNESCO (2010)
• Award "Honorary Order of RAU". He was awarded the title "Honorary Doctor of the Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University" (GOU VPO Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Armenia, 2011).
• Carl Boer International Prize (2013)
• Awarded the title of "Honorary Professor of MIET" (NIU MIET 2015)

see also

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An excerpt characterizing Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich

“Do you remember,” Natasha said with a thoughtful smile, how long, long ago, we were still very young, our uncle called us into the office, back in the old house, and it was dark - we came and suddenly it was standing there ...
“Arap,” Nikolai finished with a joyful smile, “how can you not remember? Even now I don’t know that it was a black man, or we saw it in a dream, or we were told.
- He was gray, remember, and white teeth - he stands and looks at us ...
Do you remember Sonya? Nicholas asked...
“Yes, yes, I also remember something,” Sonya answered timidly ...
“I asked my father and mother about this arap,” said Natasha. “They say there was no arap. But you do remember!
- How, as now I remember his teeth.
How strange, it was like a dream. I like it.
- Do you remember how we rolled eggs in the hall and suddenly two old women began to spin on the carpet. Was it or not? Do you remember how good it was?
- Yes. Do you remember how daddy in a blue coat on the porch fired a gun. - They sorted through, smiling with pleasure, memories, not sad senile, but poetic youthful memories, those impressions from the most distant past, where the dream merges with reality, and laughed quietly, rejoicing at something.
Sonya, as always, lagged behind them, although their memories were common.
Sonya did not remember much of what they remembered, and what she remembered did not arouse in her that poetic feeling that they experienced. She only enjoyed their joy, trying to imitate it.
She took part only when they recalled Sonya's first visit. Sonya told how she was afraid of Nikolai, because he had cords on his jacket, and her nanny told her that they would sew her into cords too.
“But I remember: they told me that you were born under cabbage,” said Natasha, “and I remember that then I did not dare not to believe, but I knew that this was not true, and I was so embarrassed.
During this conversation, the maid's head poked out of the back door of the divan. - Young lady, they brought a rooster, - the girl said in a whisper.
“Don’t, Polya, tell them to take it,” said Natasha.
In the middle of conversations going on in the sofa room, Dimmler entered the room and approached the harp in the corner. He took off the cloth, and the harp made a false sound.
“Eduard Karlych, please play my favorite Monsieur Filda’s Nocturiene,” said the voice of the old countess from the drawing room.
Dimmler took a chord and, turning to Natasha, Nikolai and Sonya, said: - Young people, how quietly they sit!
“Yes, we are philosophizing,” said Natasha, looking around for a minute, and continued the conversation. The conversation was now about dreams.
Dimmler began to play. Natasha inaudibly, on tiptoe, went up to the table, took the candle, carried it out, and, returning, quietly sat down in her place. It was dark in the room, especially on the sofa on which they sat, but the silver light of a full moon fell on the floor through the large windows.
“You know, I think,” Natasha said in a whisper, moving closer to Nikolai and Sonya, when Dimmler had already finished and was still sitting, weakly plucking the strings, apparently in indecision to leave or start something new, “that when you remember like that, you remember, you remember everything , until you remember that you remember what was even before I was in the world ...
“This is metampsikova,” said Sonya, who always studied well and remembered everything. “The Egyptians believed that our souls were in animals and would go back to animals.
“No, you know, I don’t believe that we were animals,” Natasha said in the same whisper, although the music ended, “but I know for sure that we were angels there somewhere and here, and from this we remember everything.” …
- May I join you? - Dimmler said quietly approached and sat down to them.
- If we were angels, why did we get lower? Nikolai said. - No, it can't be!
“Not lower, who told you that it was lower? ... Why do I know what I was before,” Natasha objected with conviction. - After all, the soul is immortal ... therefore, if I live forever, so I lived before, lived for eternity.
“Yes, but it’s hard for us to imagine eternity,” said Dimmler, who approached the young people with a meek, contemptuous smile, but now spoke as quietly and seriously as they did.
Why is it so hard to imagine eternity? Natasha said. “It will be today, it will be tomorrow, it will always be, and yesterday was and the third day was ...
- Natasha! now it's your turn. Sing me something, - the voice of the countess was heard. - Why are you sitting down, like conspirators.
- Mother! I don’t feel like it,” Natasha said, but at the same time she got up.
All of them, even the middle-aged Dimmler, did not want to interrupt the conversation and leave the corner of the sofa, but Natasha got up, and Nikolai sat down at the clavichord. As always, standing in the middle of the hall and choosing the most advantageous place for resonance, Natasha began to sing her mother's favorite play.
She said that she did not feel like singing, but she had not sung for a long time before, and for a long time after, as she sang that evening. Count Ilya Andreevich, from the study where he was talking to Mitinka, heard her singing, and like a pupil in a hurry to go to play, finishing the lesson, he got confused in words, giving orders to the manager and finally fell silent, and Mitinka, also listening, silently with a smile, stood in front of count. Nikolai did not take his eyes off his sister, and took a breath with her. Sonya, listening, thought about what an enormous difference there was between her and her friend, and how impossible it was for her to be in any way as charming as her cousin. The old countess sat with a happily sad smile and tears in her eyes, occasionally shaking her head. She thought about Natasha, and about her youth, and about how something unnatural and terrible is in this upcoming marriage of Natasha to Prince Andrei.
Dimmler, sitting down next to the countess and closing his eyes, listened.
“No, countess,” he said at last, “this is a European talent, she has nothing to learn, this gentleness, tenderness, strength ...
– Ah! how I fear for her, how I fear,” said the countess, not remembering to whom she was speaking. Her maternal instinct told her that there was too much in Natasha, and that she would not be happy from this. Natasha had not yet finished singing, when an enthusiastic fourteen-year-old Petya ran into the room with the news that mummers had come.
Natasha suddenly stopped.
- Fool! she shouted at her brother, ran up to a chair, fell on it and sobbed so that she could not stop for a long time afterwards.
“Nothing, mother, really nothing, so: Petya scared me,” she said, trying to smile, but tears kept flowing and sobs squeezed her throat.
Dressed-up servants, bears, Turks, innkeepers, ladies, terrible and funny, bringing with them cold and fun, at first timidly huddled in the hallway; then, hiding one behind the other, they were forced into the hall; and at first shyly, but then more and more cheerfully and amicably, songs, dances, choral and Christmas games began. The countess, recognizing the faces and laughing at the dressed up, went into the living room. Count Ilya Andreich sat in the hall with a beaming smile, approving the players. The youth has disappeared.
Half an hour later, in the hall, among the other mummers, another old lady in tanks appeared - it was Nikolai. The Turkish woman was Petya. Payas - it was Dimmler, the hussar - Natasha and the Circassian - Sonya, with a painted cork mustache and eyebrows.
After condescending surprise, misrecognition and praise from those who were not dressed up, the young people found that the costumes were so good that they had to be shown to someone else.
Nikolay, who wanted to give everyone a ride on his troika along an excellent road, suggested that, taking ten dressed-up people from the yard with him, go to his uncle.
- No, why are you upsetting him, the old man! - said the countess, - and there is nowhere to turn around with him. To go, so to the Melyukovs.
Melyukova was a widow with children of various ages, also with governesses and tutors, who lived four miles from the Rostovs.
“Here, ma chere, clever,” said the old count, who had begun to stir. “Now let me dress up and go with you.” I'll stir up Pasheta.
But the countess did not agree to let the count go: his leg hurt all these days. It was decided that Ilya Andreevich was not allowed to go, and that if Luiza Ivanovna (m me Schoss) went, the young ladies could go to Melyukova's. Sonya, always timid and shy, began to beg Louisa Ivanovna more insistently than anyone else not to refuse them.
Sonya's outfit was the best. Her mustache and eyebrows were unusually suited to her. Everyone told her that she was very good, and she was in a lively and energetic mood unusual for her. Some kind of inner voice told her that now or never her fate would be decided, and in her man's dress she seemed like a completely different person. Luiza Ivanovna agreed, and half an hour later four troikas with bells and bells, screeching and whistling in the frosty snow, drove up to the porch.
Natasha was the first to give the tone of Christmas merriment, and this merriment, reflected from one to another, grew more and more intensified and reached its highest degree at the time when everyone went out into the cold, and talking, calling to each other, laughing and shouting, sat down in the sleigh.
Two troikas were accelerating, the third troika of the old count with an Oryol trotter in the bud; Nikolai's fourth own, with its low, black, shaggy root. Nikolay, in his old woman's attire, on which he put on a hussar, belted cloak, stood in the middle of his sleigh, picking up the reins.
It was so bright that he could see plaques gleaming in the moonlight and the eyes of the horses looking frightened at the riders rustling under the dark canopy of the entrance.
Natasha, Sonya, m me Schoss and two girls sat in Nikolai's sleigh. In the old count's sleigh sat Dimmler with his wife and Petya; dressed up courtyards sat in the rest.
- Go ahead, Zakhar! - Nikolai shouted to his father's coachman in order to have an opportunity to overtake him on the road.
The troika of the old count, in which Dimmler and other mummers sat, screeching with runners, as if freezing to the snow, and rattling with a thick bell, moved forward. The trailers clung to the shafts and bogged down, turning the strong and shiny snow like sugar.
Nikolai set off for the first three; the others rustled and squealed from behind. At first they rode at a small trot along a narrow road. While we were driving past the garden, the shadows from the bare trees often lay across the road and hid the bright light of the moon, but as soon as we drove beyond the fence, a diamond-shiny, with a bluish sheen, a snowy plain, all doused with moonlight and motionless, opened up on all sides. Once, once, pushed a bump in the front sleigh; the next sleigh and the following jogged in the same way, and, boldly breaking the chained silence, the sleigh began to stretch out one after the other.
- A hare's footprint, a lot of footprints! - Natasha's voice sounded in the frosty constrained air.
– As you can see, Nicolas! Sonya's voice said. - Nikolai looked back at Sonya and bent down to get a closer look at her face. Some kind of completely new, sweet face, with black eyebrows and mustaches, in the moonlight, close and far, peeped out of the sables.
"It used to be Sonya," Nikolai thought. He looked closer at her and smiled.
What are you, Nicholas?
“Nothing,” he said, and turned back to the horses.
Having ridden out onto the main road, greased with runners and all riddled with traces of thorns, visible in the light of the moon, the horses themselves began to tighten the reins and add speed. The left harness, bending its head, twitched its traces with jumps. Root swayed, moving his ears, as if asking: “Is it too early to start?” - Ahead, already far separated and ringing a receding thick bell, Zakhar's black troika was clearly visible on the white snow. Shouting and laughter and the voices of the dressed up were heard from his sleigh.
“Well, you, dear ones,” shouted Nikolai, tugging on the reins on one side and withdrawing his hand with a whip. And only by the wind, which seemed to have intensified against them, and by the twitching of the tie-downs, which were tightening and increasing their speed, it was noticeable how fast the troika flew. Nicholas looked back. With a shout and a squeal, waving their whips and forcing the natives to gallop, other troikas kept up. Root steadfastly swayed under the arc, not thinking of knocking down and promising to give more and more when needed.
Nikolai caught up with the top three. They drove off some mountain, drove onto a widely rutted road through a meadow near a river.
"Where are we going?" thought Nicholas. - “It should be on a slanting meadow. But no, it's something new that I've never seen before. This is not a slanting meadow and not Demkina Gora, but God knows what it is! This is something new and magical. Well, whatever it is!” And he, shouting at the horses, began to go around the first three.
Zakhar restrained his horses and turned his already frosted face up to the eyebrows.
Nicholas let his horses go; Zakhar, stretching his hands forward, smacked his lips and let his people go.
“Well, hold on, sir,” he said. - The troikas flew even faster nearby, and the legs of the galloping horses quickly changed. Nicholas began to take forward. Zakhar, without changing the position of his outstretched arms, raised one hand with the reins.
“You’re lying, master,” he shouted to Nikolai. Nikolai put all the horses into a gallop and overtook Zakhar. The horses covered the faces of the riders with fine, dry snow, next to them there was a sound of frequent enumerations and the fast-moving legs were confused, and the shadows of the overtaken troika. The whistle of skids in the snow and women's screams were heard from different directions.
Stopping the horses again, Nikolai looked around him. All around was the same magical plain soaked through with moonlight with stars scattered over it.
“Zakhar shouts for me to take the left; why to the left? Nikolay thought. Are we going to the Melyukovs, is this Melyukovka? We God knows where we are going, and God knows what is happening to us – and what is happening to us is very strange and good.” He looked back at the sleigh.
“Look, he has both a mustache and eyelashes, everything is white,” said one of the sitting strange, pretty and strange people with thin mustaches and eyebrows.
“This one, it seems, was Natasha,” Nikolai thought, and this one is m me Schoss; or maybe not, but this is a Circassian with a mustache, I don’t know who, but I love her.
- Aren't you cold? - he asked. They didn't answer and laughed. Dimmler was shouting something from the rear sleigh, probably funny, but it was impossible to hear what he was shouting.
“Yes, yes,” answered the voices, laughing.
- However, here is some kind of magical forest with iridescent black shadows and sparkles of diamonds and with some kind of enfilade of marble steps, and some sort of silver roofs of magical buildings, and the piercing screech of some kind of animals. “And if this is indeed Melyukovka, then it is even stranger that we drove God knows where, and arrived at Melyukovka,” thought Nikolai.
Indeed, it was Melyukovka, and girls and lackeys with candles and joyful faces ran out to the entrance.
- Who it? - they asked from the entrance.
“The counts are dressed up, I can see by the horses,” the voices answered.

Pelageya Danilovna Melyukova, a broad, energetic woman, in glasses and a swinging bonnet, sat in the living room, surrounded by her daughters, whom she tried not to let get bored. They quietly poured wax and looked at the shadows of the coming out figures, when steps and voices of visitors rustled in the front.
Hussars, ladies, witches, payas, bears, clearing their throats and wiping their frost-covered faces in the hall, entered the hall, where candles were hurriedly lit. Clown - Dimmler with the mistress - Nikolai opened the dance. Surrounded by screaming children, mummers, covering their faces and changing their voices, bowed to the hostess and moved around the room.
"Oh, you can't find out! And Natasha is! Look who she looks like! Right, it reminds me of someone. Eduard then Karlych how good! I didn't recognize. Yes, how she dances! Ah, fathers, and some kind of Circassian; right, how goes Sonyushka. Who else is this? Well, consoled! Take the tables, Nikita, Vanya. And we were so quiet!
- Ha ha ha! ... Hussar then, hussar then! Like a boy, and legs!… I can’t see… – voices were heard.
Natasha, the favorite of the young Melyukovs, disappeared together with them into the back rooms, where a cork was demanded and various dressing gowns and men's dresses, which, through the open door, received bare girlish hands from the footman. Ten minutes later, all the youth of the Melyukov family joined the mummers.
Pelageya Danilovna, having disposed of clearing the place for the guests and refreshments for the gentlemen and servants, without taking off her glasses, with a suppressed smile, walked among the mummers, looking closely into their faces and not recognizing anyone. She did not recognize not only the Rostovs and Dimmler, but she could not recognize either her daughters or those husband's dressing gowns and uniforms that were on them.
- And whose is this? she said, turning to her governess and looking into the face of her daughter, who represented the Kazan Tatar. - It seems that someone from the Rostovs. Well, you, mister hussar, in which regiment do you serve? she asked Natasha. “Give the Turk some marshmallows,” she said to the bartender who was scolding, “this is not forbidden by their law.
Sometimes, looking at the strange but funny steps performed by the dancers, who decided once and for all that they were dressed up, that no one would recognize them and therefore were not embarrassed, Pelageya Danilovna covered herself with a scarf, and her whole corpulent body shook from the uncontrollable kind, old woman's laughter . - Sachinet is mine, Sachinet is mine! she said.
After Russian dances and round dances, Pelageya Danilovna united all the servants and gentlemen together, in one large circle; they brought a ring, a rope and a ruble, and general games were arranged.
After an hour, all the costumes were wrinkled and upset. Cork mustaches and eyebrows smeared over sweaty, flushed, and cheerful faces. Pelageya Danilovna began to recognize the mummers, admired how well the costumes were made, how they went especially to the young ladies, and thanked everyone for having so amused her. The guests were invited to dine in the living room, and in the hall they ordered refreshments for the courtyards.
- No, guessing in the bathhouse, that's scary! said the old girl who lived with the Melyukovs at dinner.
- From what? asked the eldest daughter of the Melyukovs.
- Don't go, it takes courage...
"I'll go," Sonya said.
- Tell me, how was it with the young lady? - said the second Melyukova.
- Yes, just like that, one young lady went, - said the old girl, - she took a rooster, two appliances - as it should, she sat down. She sat, only hears, suddenly rides ... with bells, with bells, a sleigh drove up; hears, goes. Enters completely in the form of a human, as an officer, he came and sat down with her at the device.
- BUT! Ah! ... - Natasha screamed, rolling her eyes in horror.
“But how does he say that?”
- Yes, like a man, everything is as it should be, and he began, and began to persuade, and she should have kept him talking to the roosters; and she made money; – only zarobela and closed hands. He grabbed her. It's good that the girls came running here ...
- Well, what to scare them! said Pelageya Danilovna.
“Mother, you yourself guessed ...” said the daughter.
- And how do they guess in the barn? Sonya asked.
- Yes, at least now, they will go to the barn, and they will listen. What do you hear: hammering, knocking - bad, but pouring bread - this is good; and then it happens...
- Mom, tell me what happened to you in the barn?
Pelageya Danilovna smiled.
“Yes, I forgot…” she said. “After all, you won’t go, will you?”
- No, I'll go; Pepageya Danilovna, let me go, I'll go, - said Sonya.
- Well, if you're not afraid.
- Louise Ivanovna, can I have one? Sonya asked.
Whether they played a ring, a rope or a ruble, whether they talked, as now, Nikolai did not leave Sonya and looked at her with completely new eyes. It seemed to him that today only for the first time, thanks to that cork mustache, he fully recognized her. Sonya really was cheerful that evening, lively and good, such as Nikolay had never seen her before.
“So that’s what she is, but I’m a fool!” he thought, looking at her sparkling eyes and a happy, enthusiastic smile, dimpled from under her moustache, which he had not seen before.
"I'm not afraid of anything," said Sonya. - Can I do it now? She got up. Sonya was told where the barn was, how she could stand silently and listen, and they gave her a fur coat. She threw it over her head and looked at Nikolai.
"What a beauty this girl is!" he thought. “And what have I been thinking about until now!”
Sonya went out into the corridor to go to the barn. Nikolai hurriedly went to the front porch, saying that he was hot. Indeed, the house was stuffy from the crowded people.
It was the same unmoving cold outside, the same month, only it was even lighter. The light was so strong and there were so many stars in the snow that I didn’t want to look at the sky, and real stars were invisible. It was black and dull in the sky, it was fun on the ground.
"I'm a fool, a fool! What have you been waiting for until now? Nikolay thought, and, running away to the porch, he walked around the corner of the house along the path that led to the back porch. He knew that Sonya would go here. In the middle of the road stood stacked fathoms of firewood, there was snow on them, a shadow fell from them; through them and from their side, intertwining, the shadows of old bare lindens fell on the snow and the path. The path led to the barn. The chopped wall of the barn and the roof, covered with snow, as if carved from some kind of precious stone, gleamed in the moonlight. A tree cracked in the garden, and again everything was completely quiet. The chest, it seemed, was breathing not air, but some kind of eternally young strength and joy.
From the girl's porch, feet pounded on the steps, a loud creak creaked on the last one, on which snow had been applied, and the voice of the old girl said:
“Straight, straight, here on the path, young lady. Just don't look back.
“I’m not afraid,” Sonya’s voice answered, and along the path, in the direction of Nikolai, Sonya’s legs screeched, whistled in thin shoes.
Sonya walked wrapped in a fur coat. She was already two steps away when she saw him; she saw him, too, not in the same way as she knew and of whom she had always been a little afraid. He was in a woman's dress with tangled hair and a happy and new smile for Sonya. Sonya quickly ran up to him.
"Quite different, and still the same," Nikolai thought, looking at her face, all illuminated by moonlight. He put his hands under the fur coat that covered her head, hugged her, pressed her to him and kissed her lips, over which there were mustaches and which smelled of burnt cork. Sonya kissed him right in the middle of her lips and, holding out her small hands, took his cheeks on both sides.
“Sonya!… Nicolas!…” they only said. They ran to the barn and returned each from their own porch.

When everyone drove back from Pelageya Danilovna, Natasha, who always saw and noticed everything, arranged accommodation in such a way that Louise Ivanovna and she sat in the sleigh with Dimmler, and Sonya sat with Nikolai and the girls.
Nikolai, no longer overtaking, was steadily driving back, and still peering into Sonya in this strange, moonlight, in this ever-changing light, from under the eyebrows and mustaches, his former and present Sonya, with whom he had decided never to to be separated. He peered, and when he recognized the same and the other and remembered, hearing this smell of cork, mixed with the feeling of a kiss, he breathed in the frosty air with full breasts and, looking at the leaving earth and the brilliant sky, he felt again in a magical kingdom.
Sonya, are you okay? he occasionally asked.
“Yes,” answered Sonya. - And you?
In the middle of the road, Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, ran up to Natasha's sleigh for a minute and stood to the side.
“Natasha,” he said to her in a whisper in French, “you know, I made up my mind about Sonya.
- Did you tell her? Natasha asked, all of a sudden beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with those mustaches and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you happy?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I've been angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you did bad things to her. It's such a heart, Nicolas. I am so glad! I can be ugly, but I was ashamed to be alone happy without Sonya, Natasha continued. - Now I'm so glad, well, run to her.
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, peering at her all the time, and in his sister he also found something new, unusual and charmingly tender, which he had not seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. BUT?
“Yes,” she answered, “you did well.
“If I had seen her the way she is now,” Nikolai thought, “I would have asked a long time ago what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine.”
“So you’re happy, and I did well?”
– Oh, so good! I recently got into a fight with my mom about this. Mom said she's catching you. How can this be said? I almost got into a fight with my mom. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is only good in her.
- So good? - said Nikolai, once again looking out for the expression on his sister's face to find out if this was true, and, hiding with his boots, he jumped off the allotment and ran to his sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with a mustache and sparkling eyes, looking out from under a sable bonnet, was sitting there, and this Circassian was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.

Born March 15, 1930 in Vitebsk in the family of Ivan Karpovich and Anna Vladimirovna Alferov, natives of Belarus. The father of an eighteen-year-old boy came to St. Petersburg in 1912. He worked as a loader in the port, a laborer at an envelope factory, a worker at the Lessner plant (later the Karl Marx Plant). In World War I, he rose to the rank of non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards, becoming a Knight of St. George.

In September 1917, I.K. Alferov joined the Bolshevik Party and remained faithful to the ideals chosen in his youth for the rest of his life. This, in particular, is evidenced by the bitter words of Zhores Ivanovich himself: “I am happy that my parents did not live to see this time” (1994). During the Civil War, I.K. Alferov commanded a cavalry regiment of the Red Army, met with V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky, B.B. Dumenko. After graduating from the Industrial Academy in 1935, he went from factory director to head of the trust: Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Syasstroy (near Leningrad), Turinsk (Sverdlovsk region, war years), Minsk (after the war). Ivan Karpovich was characterized by internal decency and intolerance to indiscriminate condemnation of people.

Anna Vladimirovna had a clear mind and great worldly wisdom, largely inherited by her son. She worked in the library, headed the council of social women.

Zh.I. Alferov with his parents, Anna Vladimirovna and Ivan Karpovich (1954).

The couple, like most people of that generation, firmly believed in revolutionary ideas. Then there was a fashion to give children sonorous revolutionary names. The younger son became Zhores in honor of the French revolutionary Jean Zhores, and the eldest son became Marx, in honor of the founder of scientific communism. Zhores and Marx were director's children, which means that it was necessary to be an example both in studies and in public life.

The Moloch of repression bypassed the Alferov family, but the war took its toll. Marks Alferov finished school on June 21, 1941 in Syasstroy. He entered the Ural Industrial Institute at the Faculty of Energy, but studied for only a few weeks, and then decided that it was his duty to defend the Motherland. Stalingrad, Kharkov, Kursk Bulge, severe head wound. In October 1943, he spent three days with his family in Sverdlovsk, when he returned to the front after the hospital. And these three days, front-line stories of his older brother, his passionate youthful faith in the power of science and engineering, Zhores remembered for a lifetime. Guards junior lieutenant Marks Ivanovich Alferov died in battle in the “second Stalingrad” - that was the name of the Korsun-Shevchenko operation then.

In 1956 Zhores came to Ukraine to find his brother's grave. In Kyiv, on the street, he unexpectedly met his colleague B.P. Zakharchenya, who later became one of his closest friends. We agreed to go together. We bought tickets for the boat and the very next day we were sailing down the Dnieper to Kanev in a double cabin. They found the village of Khilki, near which Marx Alferov furiously repelled an attempt by selected German divisions to get out of the Korsun-Shevchenko "boiler". They found a mass grave with a white plaster soldier on a pedestal, rising above the lushly overgrown grass, in which simple flowers were interspersed, which are usually planted on Russian graves: marigolds, pansies, forget-me-nots.

In the destroyed Minsk, Zhores studied at the only at that time Russian male secondary school No. 42, where there was a wonderful teacher of physics - Yakov Borisovich Meltserzon. There was no physics room at school, but Yakov Borisovich, who was in love with physics, knew how to convey to his students his attitude to his favorite subject, so they never played naughty in a rather hooligan class. Zhores, amazed by the story of Yakov Borisovich about the operation of a cathode oscilloscope and the principles of radar, went in 1947 to study in Leningrad, at the Electrotechnical Institute, although his gold medal opened up the possibility of entering any institute without exams. Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI) im. V.I.Ulyanov (Lenin) was an institution with a unique name: it mentions both the real name and the party nickname of a person whom part of the population of the former USSR does not really respect now (now it is St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University).

The foundation of science at LETI, which played an outstanding role in the development of domestic electronics and radio engineering, was laid by such "whales" as Alexander Popov, Heinrich Graftio, Axel Berg, Mikhail Shatelen. Zhores Ivanovich, according to him, was very lucky with the first supervisor. In the third year, considering that mathematics and theoretical disciplines are easy, and "hands" need to learn a lot, he went to work in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyrev. There, starting in 1950 experimental work under the guidance of Natalia Nikolaevna Sozina, who had recently defended her dissertation on the study of semiconductor photodetectors in the IR region of the spectrum, Zh.I. Alferov first encountered semiconductors, which became the main business of his life. The first monograph on the physics of semiconductors studied was the book by F.F. In December 1952, distribution took place. Zh.I. Alferov dreamed of the Fiztekh, headed by Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, whose monograph "Basic Concepts of Modern Physics" became a reference book for the young scientist. During the distribution, there were three vacancies, and one went to Zh.I. Alferov. Zhores Ivanovich wrote much later that his happy life in science was predetermined precisely by this distribution. In a letter to his parents in Minsk, he told about the great happiness that fell to him to work at the Ioffe Institute. Zhores did not yet know that two months earlier Abram Fedorovich was forced to leave the institute he had created, where he had been director for more than 30 years.

Systematic studies of semiconductors at the Physico-Technical Institute began as early as the 1930s. last century. In 1932 V.P.Zhuze and B.V.Kurchatov investigated intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors. In the same year, A.F. Ioffe and Ya.I. Frenkel created a theory of current rectification at a metal-semiconductor contact, based on the phenomenon of tunneling. In 1931 and 1936 Ya.I. Frenkel published his famous works, in which he predicted the existence of excitons in semiconductors, introducing this term itself and developing the theory of excitons. First diffusion theory of rectifier p–n-transition, which became the basis of the theory p–n-transition by V. Shockley, was published by B.I. Davydov in 1939. At the initiative of A.F. At the Institute of Physics and Technology, studies of intermetallic compounds began.

On January 30, 1953, Zh.I. Alferov began to work with a new supervisor, at that time the head of the sector, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences Vladimir Maksimovich Tuchkevich. A very important task was set before a small team of the sector: the creation of the first domestic germanium diodes and transistors with p–n junctions (see "Physics" No. 40/2000, V.V. Randoshkin. Transistor). The theme "Plane" was entrusted by the government in parallel to four institutes: FIAN and FTI at the Academy of Sciences, TsNII-108 - the main radar institute of the Ministry of Defense in Moscow at that time (headed by Academician A.I. Berg) - and NII-17 - the head Institute of Electronic Technology in Fryazino, near Moscow.

Phystech in 1953, by today's standards, was a small institute. Zh.I. Alferov received a pass number 429 (which meant the number of all employees of the institute at that time). Then most of the famous physics and technology specialists went to Moscow to I.V. Kurchatov and to other newly created "atomic" centers. The "semiconductor elite" went with A.F. Ioffe to the newly organized semiconductor laboratory at the presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Only D.N. Nasledov, B.T. Kolomiets and V.M. Tuchkevich remained at the FTI from the “older” generation of “semiconductors”.

The new director of the LPTI, academician A.P. Komar, did not behave in the best way towards his predecessor, but he chose a completely reasonable strategy in the development of the institute. The main attention was paid to the support of works on the creation of a qualitatively new semiconductor electronics, space research (high-velocity gas dynamics and high-temperature coatings - Yu.A. Dunaev) and the development of methods for the separation of light isotopes for hydrogen weapons (B.P. Konstantinov). Purely fundamental research was not forgotten either: it was at this time that the exciton was experimentally discovered (E.F. Gross), the foundations of the kinetic theory of strength were created (S.N. Zhurkov), work began on the physics of atomic collisions (V.M. Dukelsky, K. .V. Fedorenko). A brilliant report by E.F. Gross on the discovery of the exciton was made at the first semiconductor seminar for Zh.I. Alferov at the Physicotechnical Institute in February 1953. their first steps.

The directorate of the Institute of Physics and Technology was well aware of the need to attract young people to science, and each incoming young specialist was interviewed by the directorate. It was at this time that the future members of the USSR Academy of Sciences B.P. Zakharchenya, A.A. Kaplinsky, E.P. Mazets, V.V.

At Phystech, Zh.I. Alferov very quickly supplemented his engineering and technical education with a physical education and became a highly qualified specialist in quantum physics of semiconductor devices. The main thing was the work in the laboratory - Alferov was lucky to be a participant in the birth of Soviet semiconductor electronics. Zhores Ivanovich, as a relic, keeps his laboratory journal of that time with a record of the creation by him on March 5, 1953 of the first Soviet transistor with p–n-transition. Today one can be surprised how a very small team of very young employees under the leadership of V.M. Tuchkevich developed the basics of technology and metrology of transistor electronics within a few months: A.A. transistors with parameters at the level of the best world samples, A.I. Uvarov and S.M. Ryvkin - the creation of a precision metric of germanium crystals and transistors, N.S. Yakovchuk - the development of transistor circuits. In this work, to which the team devoted itself with all the passion of youth and consciousness of the highest responsibility to the country, the formation of a young scientist proceeded very quickly and effectively, understanding the significance of technology not only for the creation of new electronic devices, but also for physical research, the role and significance of "small" , at first glance, the details in the experiment, the need to understand the "simple" foundations before putting forward "highly scientific" explanations for unsuccessful results.

Already in May 1953, the first Soviet transistor receivers were demonstrated to the "high authorities", and in October a government commission accepted the work in Moscow. Physicotechnical Institute, Lebedev Physical Institute and TsNII-108, using different methods of designing and manufacturing technologies for transistors, successfully solved the problem, and only NII-17, blindly copying well-known American samples, failed the work. True, the first semiconductor institute in the country, NII-35, created on the basis of one of his laboratories, was entrusted with the development of industrial technology for transistors and diodes with p–n-transitions, with which they successfully coped.

In subsequent years, the small team of "semiconductors" of the PTI noticeably expanded, and in a very short time, the first Soviet germanium power rectifiers, germanium photodiodes and silicon solar cells were created in the laboratory of the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, professor V.M. Tuchkevich, the behavior of impurities in germanium and silicon.

In May 1958, Zh.I. Alferov was approached by Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, the future president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, with a request to develop semiconductor devices for the first Soviet nuclear submarine. To solve this problem, fundamentally new technology and design of germanium valves were needed. The Deputy Chairman of the Government of the USSR Dmitry Fyodorovich Ustinov personally (!) called the junior researcher. I had to settle directly in the laboratory for two months, and the work was successfully completed in record time: already in October 1958, the devices were on the submarine. For Zhores Ivanovich, even today, the first order received in 1959 for this work is one of the most valuable awards!

Zh.I. Alferov after the presentation of the government award for work commissioned by the USSR Navy

The installation of valves was associated with numerous trips to Severodvinsk. When the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy came to the “acceptance of the topic” and was informed that new germanium valves were now on the submarines, the admiral grimaced and asked irritably: “Well, there weren’t any domestic ones?”

In Kirovo-Chepetsk, where work on the separation of lithium isotopes with the aim of creating a hydrogen bomb was carried out by the efforts of many Phystech employees, Zhores met many remarkable people and vividly described them. B. Zakharchenya remembered such a story about Boris Petrovich Zverev - the bison of the "defense industry" of Stalin's times, the chief engineer of the plant. During the war, in its most difficult time, he led an enterprise engaged in the electrolytic production of aluminum. In the technological process, molasses was used, which was stored in a huge vat right in the workshop. Hungry workers plundered it. Boris Petrovich called the workers to a meeting, delivered a heartfelt speech, then climbed the stairs to the upper edge of the vat, unbuttoned his trousers and urinated in full view of everyone into a vat of molasses. This did not affect the technology, but no one was stealing molasses. Zhores was greatly amused by this purely Russian solution of the problem.

For successful work, Zh.I. Alferov was regularly encouraged by cash prizes, and soon received the title of senior researcher. In 1961, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, devoted mainly to the development and research of high-power germanium and partly silicon rectifiers. Note that in these devices, as in all previously created semiconductor devices, unique physical properties were used p–n-transition - an artificially created impurity distribution in a semiconductor single crystal, in which in one part of the crystal the charge carriers are negatively charged electrons, and in the other - positively charged quasiparticles, "holes" (Latin n And p just mean negative And positive). Since only the type of conductivity differs, and the substance is the same, p–n- the transition can be called homotransition.

Thanks to p–n-transition in crystals succeeded in injecting electrons and holes, and a simple combination of two p–n-transitions made it possible to implement single-crystal amplifiers with good parameters - transistors. The structures with one p–n-transition (diodes and photocells), two p–n-transitions (transistors) and three p–n-transitions (thyristors). All further development of semiconductor electronics went along the path of studying single-crystal structures based on germanium, silicon, semiconductor compounds of the type A III B V (elements III and V of groups of the Periodic Table of Mendeleev). The improvement of the properties of devices proceeded mainly along the path of improving the methods of forming p–n transitions and use of new materials. Replacing germanium with silicon made it possible to raise the operating temperature of devices and create high-voltage diodes and thyristors. Advances in the technology of obtaining gallium arsenide and other optical semiconductors have led to the creation of semiconductor lasers, high-performance light sources and photocells. Combinations of diodes and transistors on a single single-crystal silicon substrate became the basis of integrated circuits, on which the development of electronic computers was based. Miniature, and then microelectronic devices, created mainly on crystalline silicon, literally swept away vacuum tubes, making it possible to reduce the size of devices by hundreds and thousands of times. Suffice it to recall the old computers, which occupied huge premises, and their modern equivalent, a laptop - a computer resembling a small attaché case, or "diplomat", as it is called in Russia.

But the enterprising, lively mind of Zh.I. Alferov was looking for his way in science. And he was found, despite the extremely difficult life situation. After a lightning-fast first marriage, he had to divorce just as quickly, losing his apartment. As a result of scandals arranged by a ferocious mother-in-law in the party committee of the institute, Zhores settled in the basement room of an old Fiztekhov house.

One of the conclusions of the Ph.D. thesis was that p–n-transition in a semiconductor homogeneous in composition ( homostructure) cannot provide optimal parameters for many devices. It became clear that further progress is connected with the creation p–n- transition at the boundary of semiconductors with different chemical composition ( heterostructures).

In this regard, immediately after the appearance of the first work, which described the operation of a semiconductor laser on a homostructure in gallium arsenide, Zh.I. Alferov put forward the idea of ​​using heterostructures. The filed application for the issuance of a copyright certificate for this invention, according to the laws of that time, was classified. Only after the publication of a similar idea by G. Kremer in the United States, the secrecy was reduced to the level of "confidential use", but the author's certificate was published only many years later.

Homojunction lasers were inefficient due to high optical and electrical losses. The threshold currents were very high, and generation was carried out only at low temperatures. In his article, G.Kroemer proposed to use double heterostructures for the spatial limitation of carriers in the active region. He suggested that "using a pair of heterojunction injectors, lasing can be implemented in many indirect-gap semiconductors and improved in direct-gap ones." In the author's certificate of Zh.I. Alferov, the possibility of obtaining a high density of injected carriers and inverse population using "double" injection was also noted. It was pointed out that homojunction lasers can provide "continuous generation at high temperatures", besides, it is possible "to increase the radiating surface and use new materials to produce radiation in various regions of the spectrum."

Initially, the theory developed much faster than the practical implementation of devices. In 1966, Zh.I. Alferov formulated the general principles for controlling electronic and light fluxes in heterostructures. To avoid classification, only rectifiers were mentioned in the title of the article, although the same principles applied to semiconductor lasers. He predicted that the density of injected carriers could be many orders of magnitude higher (the "superinjection" effect).

The idea of ​​using a heterojunction was put forward at the dawn of the development of electronics. Already in the first patent related to transistors on p–n-transition, W. Shockley proposed to use a wide-gap emitter to obtain one-sided injection. Important theoretical results at an early stage in the study of heterostructures were obtained by H. Kroemer, who introduced the concepts of quasi-electric and quasi-magnetic fields in a smooth heterojunction and assumed an extremely high injection efficiency of heterojunctions compared to homojunctions. At the same time, various proposals for the use of heterojunctions in solar cells appeared.

So, the implementation of a heterojunction opened up the possibility of creating more efficient devices for electronics and reducing the size of devices literally to atomic scales. However, Zh.I. Alferov was dissuaded from engaging in heterojunctions by many, including V.M. Tuchkevich, who later repeatedly recalled this in speeches and toasts, emphasizing the courage of Zhores Ivanovich and the gift to foresee the development of spiders. At that time, there was general skepticism about the creation of an "ideal" heterojunction, especially with theoretically predictable injection properties. And in the pioneering work of R.L. Andersen on the study of epitaxial ([taxis] means arrangement in order, building) of the Ge–GaAs transition with coinciding lattice constants, there was no evidence of the injection of nonequilibrium carriers in heterostructures.

The maximum effect was expected when using heterojunctions between the semiconductor serving as the active region of the device and a wider-gap semiconductor. At that time, GaP–GaAs and AlAs–GaAs systems were considered as the most promising. For "compatibility", these materials first of all had to satisfy the most important condition: to have close values ​​of the crystal lattice constant.

The fact is that numerous attempts to implement a heterojunction were unsuccessful: after all, not only the sizes of the elementary cells of the crystal lattices of semiconductors that make up the junction should practically coincide, but their thermal, electrical, crystal chemical properties should also be close, as well as their crystal and band structures.

Such a heteropair could not be found. And Zh.I. Alferov undertook this seemingly hopeless case. The desired heterojunction, as it turned out, could be formed by epitaxial growth, when one single crystal (or rather, its single-crystal film) was grown on the surface of another single crystal literally layer by layer - one single-crystal layer after another. To our time, many methods of such cultivation have been developed. These are the very high technologies that ensure not only the prosperity of electronic companies, but also the comfortable existence of entire countries.

B.P. Zakharchenya recalled that the small working room of Zh.I. Alferov was all littered with rolls of graph paper, on which the tireless Zhores Ivanovich drew composition-property diagrams of multiphase semiconductor compounds from morning to evening in search of conjugated crystal lattices. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and aluminum arsenide (AlAs) were suitable for the ideal heterojunction, but the latter oxidized instantly in air, and its use seemed out of the question. However, nature is generous with unexpected gifts, you just need to pick up the keys to its storerooms, and not engage in rough hacking, which was called for by the slogan "We cannot wait for favors from nature, it is our task to take them from her." Such keys have already been picked up by Nina Alexandrovna Goryunova, a remarkable specialist in semiconductor chemistry, a physicist at the Physicotechnical Institute, who presented the world with the famous A III B V compounds. She also worked on more complex triple compounds. Zhores Ivanovich always treated Nina Aleksandrovna's talent with great reverence and immediately understood her outstanding role in science.

Initially, an attempt was made to create a GaP 0.15 As 0.85 –GaAs double heterostructure. And it was grown by vapor phase epitaxy, and a laser was formed on it. However, due to a slight discrepancy between the lattice constants, it, like homojunction lasers, could only operate at liquid nitrogen temperature. It became clear to Zh.I. Alferov that it would not be possible to realize the potential advantages of double heterostructures in this way.

One of Goryunova's students, Dmitry Tretyakov, a talented scientist with a bohemian soul in her unique Russian version, worked directly with Zhores Ivanovich. The author of hundreds of papers, who educated many candidates and doctors of sciences, the winner of the Lenin Prize - the highest recognition of creative merit at that time - did not defend any dissertation. He informed Zhores Ivanovich that aluminum arsenide, which is unstable in itself, is absolutely stable in the ternary compound AlGaAs, the so-called solid solution. This was evidenced by the crystals of this solid solution grown by cooling from the melt by Alexander Borshchevsky, also a student of N.A. Goryunova, and kept in his table for several years. Approximately in this way, in 1967, the GaAs–AlGaAs heteropair, which has now become a classic in the world of microelectronics, was found.

The study of phase diagrams, growth kinetics in this system, as well as the creation of a modified liquid-phase epitaxy method suitable for growing heterostructures soon led to the creation of a heterostructure matched in terms of the crystal lattice parameter. Zh.I. Alferov recalled: “When we published the first work on this topic, we were happy to consider ourselves the first to discover a unique, in fact ideal, lattice-matched system for GaAs.” However, almost simultaneously (with a delay of a month!) and independently, the Al x Ga 1– x As-GaAs was obtained in the USA by employees of the company IBM.

Since then, the realization of the main advantages of heterostructures has gone rapidly. First of all, the unique injection properties of wide-gap emitters and the superinjection effect were experimentally confirmed, stimulated emission in double heterostructures was demonstrated, and the band structure of the Al heterojunction was established. x Ga 1– x As, the luminescent properties and diffusion of carriers in a smooth heterojunction, as well as extremely interesting features of the current flow through the heterojunction, for example, diagonal tunneling-recombination transitions directly between holes from the narrow-gap and electrons from the wide-gap components of the heterojunction, have been carefully studied.

At the same time, the main advantages of heterostructures were realized by the group of Zh.I. Alferov:

– in low-threshold lasers based on double heterostructures operating at room temperature;

– in high-performance LEDs based on single and double heterostructures;

– in solar cells based on heterostructures;

– in bipolar transistors based on heterostructures;

- in thyristor p–n–p–n heterostructures.

If the ability to control the type of semiconductor conductivity by doping with various impurities and the idea of ​​injecting nonequilibrium charge carriers were the seeds from which semiconductor electronics grew, then heterostructures made it possible to solve a much more general problem of controlling the fundamental parameters of semiconductor crystals and devices, such as the band gap , effective masses of charge carriers and their mobility, refractive index, electronic energy spectrum, etc.

The idea of ​​semiconductor lasers on p–n-transition, experimental observation of effective radiative recombination in p–n- GaAs-based structure with the possibility of stimulated emission and the creation of lasers and light-emitting diodes on p–n-junctions were the grains from which semiconductor optoelectronics began to grow.

In 1967, Zhores Ivanovich was elected head of the department of the Physicotechnical Institute. At the same time, for the first time, he went on a short scientific trip to England, where only theoretical aspects of the physics of heterostructures were discussed, since the British colleagues considered experimental studies unpromising. Although the splendidly equipped laboratories had every opportunity for experimental research, the British did not even think about what they could do. Zhores Ivanovich, with a clear conscience, spent time getting acquainted with the architectural and artistic monuments in London. It was impossible to return without wedding gifts, so I had to visit the "museums of material culture" - luxurious compared to Soviet Western stores.

The bride was Tamara Darskaya, daughter of the actor of the Voronezh Musical Comedy Theater Georgy Darsky. She worked in Khimki near Moscow in the space company of Academician VPGlushko. The wedding took place in the restaurant "Roof" in the hotel "European" - at that time it was quite affordable for a candidate of sciences. The family budget also allowed weekly flights on the Leningrad-Moscow route and back (even a student on a scholarship could fly a Tu-104 once or twice a month, since a ticket cost only 11 rubles at the then official rate of 65 kopecks per dollar). Six months later, the couple nevertheless decided that it was better for Tamara Georgievna to move to Leningrad.

And already in 1968, on one of the floors of the "polymer" building of the Physicotechnical Institute, where V.M. Tuchkevich's laboratory was located in those years, the world's first heterolaser was "generated". After that, Zh.I. Alferov said to B.P. Zakharchene: “Borya, I am heterojunction of all semiconductor microelectronics!” In 1968–1969 Zh.I. Alferov's group practically implemented all the main ideas of controlling electronic and light fluxes in classical heterostructures based on the GaAs–AlAs system and showed the advantages of heterostructures in semiconductor devices (lasers, LEDs, solar batteries and transistors). Of course, the most important was the creation of low-threshold lasers operating at room temperature on a double heterostructure, proposed by Zh.I. Alferov back in 1963. American competitors (M.B. Panish and I. Hayashi from Bell Telephone, G.Kressel from RCA), who were aware of the potential advantages of double heterostructures, did not dare to implement them and used homostructures in lasers. Since 1968, a very tough competition really began, primarily with three laboratories of well-known American companies: Bell Telephone, IBM And RCA.

The report of Zh.I. Alferov at the International Conference on Luminescence in Newark (USA) in August 1969, in which the parameters of low-threshold lasers operating at room temperature on double heterostructures, made an impression of an exploding bomb on the American colleagues. Professor Ya. Pankov from RCA, just half an hour before the report, informed Zhores Ivanovich that, unfortunately, there was no permission for his visit to the firm, immediately after the report he discovered that it had been received. Zh.I. Alferov did not deny himself the pleasure of answering that now he has no time, since IBM And Bell Telephone have already been invited to visit their laboratories even before the report. After that, as I. Hayashi wrote, in Bell Telephone redoubled efforts to develop lasers based on double heterostructures.

Seminar in Bell Telephone, inspection of laboratories and discussion (and the American colleagues obviously did not hide, counting on reciprocity, technological details, structures and devices) quite clearly showed the advantages and disadvantages of the LPTI developments. The soon-to-be-ensued rivalry to achieve continuous operation of lasers at room temperature was at the time a rare example of open competition between laboratories from two antagonistic great powers. Zh.I.Alferov with his collaborators won this competition, being a month ahead of the group of M.Panisha from Bell Telephone!

In 1970, Zh.I. Alferov and his colleagues Efim Portnoy, Dmitry Tretyakov, Dmitry Garbuzov, Vyacheslav Andreev, Vladimir Korolkov created the first semiconductor heterolaser operating in a continuous mode at room temperature. Regardless of the cw lasing regime in lasers based on double heterostructures (with a diamond heat sink), Itsuo Hayashi and Morton Panish reported in an article sent to press only a month later. CW lasing at Phystech was implemented in lasers with stripe geometry, which were created using photolithography, with the lasers mounted on silver-coated copper heat sinks. The lowest threshold current density at room temperature was 940 A/cm 2 for wide lasers and 2.7 kA/cm 2 for stripe lasers. The implementation of such a generation mode caused an explosion of interest. At the beginning of 1971, many universities and industrial laboratories in the USA, USSR, Great Britain, Japan, Brazil and Poland began to study heterostructures and devices based on them.

A great contribution to the understanding of electronic processes in heterolasers was made by the theorist Rudolf Kazarinov. The generation time of the first laser was short. Zhores Ivanovich admitted that he was just long enough to measure the parameters necessary for the article. Extending the service life of lasers was a rather difficult matter, but it was successfully solved by the efforts of physicists and technologists. Now the owners of CD players are mostly unaware that sound and video information is read by a semiconductor heterolaser. Such lasers are used in many optoelectronic devices, but primarily in fiber-optic communication devices and various telecommunication systems. It is difficult to imagine our life without heterostructural light-emitting diodes and bipolar transistors, without low noise transistors with high electron mobility for high-frequency applications, including, in particular, satellite television systems. Following the heterojunction laser, many other devices were created, up to solar energy converters.

The importance of obtaining a continuous mode of operation of lasers on double heterojunctions at room temperature is primarily due to the fact that an optical fiber with low losses was created at the same time. This led to the birth and rapid development of fiber-optic communication systems. In 1971, these works were marked by the award of the first international award to Zh.I. Alferov - the Ballantyne Gold Medal of the Franklin Institute in the USA. The special value of this medal, as noted by Zhores Ivanovich, lies in the fact that the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia also awarded medals to other Soviet scientists: in 1944 to Academician P.L. Kapitsa, in 1974 to Academician N.N. 1981 to Academician A.D. Sakharov. It is a great honor to be in such a company.

The awarding of the Ballantyne medal to Zhores Ivanovich has a backstory associated with his friend. One of the first physicists in 1963 came to the USA B.P. Zakharchenya. He flew around almost all of America, met with such luminaries as Richard Feynman, Karl Anderson, Leo Szilard, John Bardeen, William Fairbank, Arthur Shavlov. At the University of Illinois, B.P. Zakharchenya met Nick Holonyak, the creator of the first efficient LED based on gallium arsenide-phosphide, which emits light in the visible region of the spectrum. Nick Holonyak is one of the greatest American scientists, a student of John Bardeen, the world's only two-time Nobel Prize winner in the same specialty (physics). He recently received an award as one of the founders of a new direction in science and technology - optoelectronics.

Nick Holonyak was born in the United States, where his father, a simple miner, emigrated from Galicia before the October Revolution. He brilliantly graduated from the University of Illinois, and his name is inscribed in golden letters on a special "Honor Board" of this university. B.P. Zakharchenya recalled: “A snow-white shirt, a bow tie, a short haircut in the fashion of the 60s and, finally, a sports figure (he lifted the barbell) made him a typical American. This impression was further strengthened when Nick spoke in his native American language. But suddenly he switched to the language of his father, and there was nothing left of the American gentleman. It was not Russian, but an amazing mixture of Russian and Rusyn (close to Ukrainian), flavored with salty miner jokes and strong peasant expressions learned from parents. At the same time, Professor Holonyak laughed very contagiously, turning into a mischievous Rusyn guy before our eyes.

Back in 1963, showing B.P. Zakharchene under a microscope a miniature LED that shone brightly green, Professor Holonyak said: “Look, Boris, at my light. Nex Time tell me there at your institute, maybe someone who wants to come here to Illinois from your lads. I will teach him how to be svetla.”

From left to right: Zh.I.Alferov, John Bardeen, V.M.Tuchkevich, Nick Holonyak (University of Illinois, Urbana, 1974)

Seven years later, Zhores Alferov came to Nick Holonyak's laboratory (being already familiar with him, in 1967 Holonyak visited Alferov's laboratory at the Physicotechnical Institute). Zhores Ivanovich was not the kind of "lad" who needed to learn to "robyt light." I could teach myself. His visit was very successful: at that time the Franklin Institute was just awarding another Ballantyne medal for the best work in physics. Lasers were all the rage, and the new heterolaser, which held great practical promise, attracted particular attention. There were competitors, but the publications of the Alferov group were the first. Support for the work of Soviet physicists by such authorities as John Bardeen and Nick Holonyak certainly influenced the decision of the commission. It is very important in any business to be in the right place and at the right time. If Zhores Ivanovich had not been in the States then, it is possible that this medal would have gone to competitors, although he was the first. It is known that "ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived." Many American scientists were involved in this story, for whom Alferov's reports on the first laser based on a double heterostructure were a complete surprise.

Alferov and Holonyak became close friends. In the process of various contacts (visits, letters, seminars, telephone conversations), which play an important role in the work and life of everyone, they regularly discuss problems of semiconductor and electronics physics, as well as life aspects.

The heterostructure Al x Ga 1– x As was subsequently infinitely expanded by multicomponent solid solutions - first theoretically, then experimentally (the most striking example is InGaAsP).

Space station "Mir" with solar panels based on heterostructures

One of the first successful applications of heterostructures in our country was the use of solar cells in space research. Solar cells based on heterostructures were created by Zh.I. Alferov and co-workers back in 1970. The technology was transferred to NPO Kvant, and solar cells based on GaAlAs were installed on many domestic satellites. When the Americans published their first work, Soviet solar batteries were already flying on satellites. Their industrial production was launched, and their 15-year operation at the Mir station brilliantly proved the advantages of these structures in space. And although the forecast of a sharp decrease in the cost of one watt of electrical power based on semiconductor solar batteries has not yet materialized, in space, solar batteries based on the heterostructure of A III B V compounds are by far the most efficient source of energy.

There were enough obstacles in the way of Zhores Alferov. As usual, our special services of the 70s. they did not like his numerous foreign awards, and they tried not to let him go abroad to international scientific conferences. There were envious people who tried to intercept the case and wipe Zhores Ivanovich from fame and the means necessary to continue and improve the experiment. But his enterprise, lightning-fast reaction and clear mind helped to overcome all these obstacles. Accompanied and "Lady Luck".

1972 was a particularly happy year. Zh.I.Alferov and his students-colleagues V.M.Andreev, D.Z.Garbuzov, V.I.Korolkov and D.N.Tretyakov were awarded the Lenin Prize. Unfortunately, due to purely formal circumstances and ministerial games, R.F.Kazarinov and E.L.Portnoy were deprived of this well-deserved award. In the same year, Zh.I. Alferov was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

On the day the Lenin Prize was awarded, Zh.I. Alferov was in Moscow and called home to report this joyful event, but the phone did not answer. He called his parents (since 1963 they lived in Leningrad) and joyfully told his father that his son was a Lenin Prize winner, and in response he heard: “What is your Lenin Prize? Our grandson was born! The birth of Vanya Alferov was, of course, the greatest joy of 1972.

Further development of semiconductor lasers was also associated with the creation of a distributed feedback laser proposed by Zh.I. Alferov in 1971 and realized several years later at the Physicotechnical Institute.

The idea of ​​stimulated emission in superlattices, expressed at the same time by R.F.Kazarinov and R.A.Suris, was implemented a quarter of a century later in Bell Telephone. Studies of superlattices, begun by Zh.I. Alferov and co-authors in 1970, unfortunately, developed rapidly only in the West. Works on quantum wells and short-period superlattices in a short time led to the birth of a new field of quantum physics of solids - the physics of low-dimensional electronic systems. The apogee of these works is currently the study of zero-dimensional structures - quantum dots. Works in this direction, carried out by the second and third generations of Zh.I. Alferov's students: P.S. Kopyev, N.N. Ledentsov, V.M. N.N. Ledentsov became the youngest corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Semiconductor heterostructures, especially binary ones, including quantum wells, wires, and dots, are now being studied by two-thirds of research groups working in the field of semiconductor physics.

In 1987, Zh.I. Alferov was elected Director of the Physicotechnical Institute, in 1989 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in April 1990 - Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Subsequently, he was re-elected to these posts already in the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The main thing for Zh.I. Alferov in recent years was the preservation of the Academy of Sciences as the highest and unique scientific and educational structure in Russia. They wanted to destroy it in the 20s. as a "legacy of the totalitarian tsarist regime", and in the 90s. – as a “legacy of the totalitarian Soviet regime”. To preserve it, Zh.I. Alferov agreed to become a deputy in the State Duma of the last three convocations. He wrote: “For the sake of this great cause, we sometimes made compromises with the authorities, but not with our conscience. Everything that mankind has created, it has created thanks to science. And if our country is destined to be a great power, then it will be not thanks to nuclear weapons or Western investments, not thanks to faith in God or in the president, but thanks to the work of its people, faith in knowledge, in science, thanks to the preservation and development of scientific potential and education." Television broadcasts of meetings of the State Duma have repeatedly testified to the remarkable socio-political temperament and Zh.I. Alferov's keen interest in the prosperity of the country as a whole and science in particular.

Among other scientific awards of Zh.I.Alferov, we note the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, the State Prize of the USSR, the Welker Medal; Karpinsky Prize, established in Germany. Zh.I. Alferov is a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a foreign member of the National Academy of Engineering and the US Academy of Sciences, a member of many other foreign academies.

Being vice-president of the Academy of Sciences and a deputy of the State Duma, Zh.I. Alferov does not forget that as a scientist he grew up within the walls of the famous Physico-Technical Institute, founded in Petrograd in 1918 by the outstanding Russian physicist and organizer of science Abram Fedorovich Ioffe. This institute gave the physical sciences a bright constellation of world-renowned scientists. It was at Phystech that N.N. Semyonov carried out research on chain reactions, which later won the Nobel Prize. Outstanding physicists I.V.Kurchatov, A.P.Aleksandrov, Yu.B.Khariton and B.P.Konstantinov worked here, whose contribution to the solution of the atomic problem in our country cannot be overestimated. Talented experimenters - Nobel laureate P.L. Kapitsa and G.V. Kurdyumov, theoretical physicists of the rarest talent - G. A. Godov, Ya. The name of the Institute will always be associated with the names of one of the founders of the modern theory of condensed matter, Ya.I.

Zh.I. Alferov, to the best of his ability, contributes to the development of Phystech. The Physical-Technical School was opened at the Institute of Physics and Technology and the process of creating specialized educational departments on the basis of the institute was continued. (The first department of this kind, the department of optoelectronics, was established at LETI back in 1973.) On the basis of the already existing and newly organized basic departments, the Faculty of Physics and Technology was created at the Polytechnic Institute in 1988. The development of the academic system of education in St. Petersburg was reflected in the creation of the Faculty of Medicine at the University and the integrated Scientific and Educational Center of the Physicotechnical Institute, which brought together schoolchildren, students and scientists in one beautiful building, which can rightly be called the Palace of Knowledge. Using the possibilities of the State Duma for wide communication with influential people, Zh.I. Alferov “knocked out” money for the creation of the Scientific and Educational Center from each prime minister (and they change so often). The first, most significant contribution was made by VS Chernomyrdin. Now the huge building of this center, built by Turkish workers, flaunts not far from the Physicotechnical Institute, clearly showing what an enterprising person obsessed with a noble idea is capable of.

Since childhood, Zhores Ivanovich has been accustomed to performing in front of a wide audience. B.P. Zakharchenya recalls his stories about the resounding success that he gained by reading from the stage, almost at preschool age, M. Zoshchenko’s story “The Aristocrat”: “I, my brothers, do not like women who are in hats. If a woman is wearing a hat, if the stockings on her are fildecos ... "

As a ten-year-old boy, Zhores Alferov read the wonderful book by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains" and all his subsequent life follows the principle of its protagonist Sanya Grigoriev: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"

Who is he - "free" or "free"?

The Swedish king presents Zh.I. Alferov with the Nobel Prize

Compiled
V.V.RANDOSHKIN

according to materials:

Alferov Zh.I. Physics and life. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2000.

Alferov Zh.I. Double heterostructures: Concept and applications in physics, electronics and technology. – Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, 2002, v. 172, no. 9.

Science and humanity. International Yearbook. - M., 1976.

Zhores Alferov is a living legend of Russian science. A scientist whose discoveries became the basis for the creation of modern electronic devices. Our world is no longer imaginable without lasers, semiconductors, LEDs and fiber optic networks. All this became available to mankind thanks to the inventions of Zhores Alferov and the young scientists he brought up.

The merits of the Russian (in the past - Soviet) physicist are highly noted in all corners of the Earth and even in space. The asteroid (3884) Alferov bears the name of the Nobel Prize winner, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and honorary member of international scientific communities.

Childhood and youth

The childhood of the scientist fell on difficult years. The world has changed a lot since the youngest son was born in the family of communists Ivan Karpovich Alferov and Anna Vladimirovna Rosenblum. The parents named the eldest son Marx (he died in the last days of the Battle of Korsun-Shevchenko), and the youngest was named in honor of Jean Zhores, the leader of the French socialists.

Zhores Alferov's family: parents and brother

Born on March 15, 1930 in Vitebsk, the child managed to travel around the construction sites of Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul and Syasstroy with his parents before the war. If the Alferov family had stayed in Belarus, then world science could have suffered a huge loss without ever knowing about him. The nationality of Anna Rosenblum would have caused the death of both mother and son at the hands of the Nazis.

During the Second World War, the family lived in the Sverdlovsk region, but the future scientist did not have a chance to study normally at school at that time. However, upon his return to Minsk, Zhores quickly made up for lost time. Finished school with a gold medal. Now this school is called Gymnasium No. 42 and bears the name of a famous student.

Physics teacher Yakov Borisovich Meltserzon noticed the young man's abilities and recommended him to enter the energy department of the Belarusian Polytechnic University. Having decided on the range of scientific interests, Alferov transferred to LETI. In 1952 he began his scientific career.

The science

The graduate dreamed of working at the Phystech under the guidance of Abram Fedorovich Ioffe. The Physico-Technical Institute was a legend in the post-war period. It was jokingly called "Joffe's kindergarten" - it was there that young people grew up, and. There, Zhores Ivanovich became part of the team that created the first Soviet transistors.

Transistors became the topic for the Ph.D. thesis of a young scientist. Subsequently, Zhores Ivanovich switched to the study of heterostructures (artificial crystals) and the movement of light and other types of radiation in them. In his laboratory, they worked with lasers, already in 1970 they created the world's first solar batteries there. They were equipped with satellites, they supplied electricity to the Mir orbital station.

Classes in applied science went in parallel with teaching work. Zhores Ivanovich wrote books and articles. He headed the department of optoelectronics and personally selected students. Schoolchildren keen on physics attended his annual lecture courses "Physics and Life".

Now at the Academic University, whose permanent rector is Zhores Alferov, there is a lyceum "Physico-Technical School". The lyceum is the lower level of a scientific and educational institution, which also includes a powerful research center. The academician sees the future of Russian science in lyceum students.

“The future of Russia is science and technology, not the sale of raw materials. And the future of the country is not with the oligarchs, but with one of my students.”

This quote from a public speech by Zhores Ivanovich reveals the scientist's belief in the victory of an inquisitive mind over the desire for enrichment.

Personal life

Perhaps the first scientific successes of the scientist contributed to the failure in his personal life. The first marriage of Zhores Ivanovich broke up with a scandal. The beautiful wife, with the help of influential Georgian relatives, sued her husband's Leningrad apartment during the divorce. Only a motorcycle and a folding bed remained in Alferov’s property, on which he spent the night in the laboratory. The rupture of relations led to the complete loss of the father-daughter relationship.

The second scientist married only in 1967, and this marriage has stood the test of time. Together with Tamara Darskaya, Zhores raised her daughter Irina and their common son Ivan. The birth of a son coincided with another event in his biography - receiving the Lenin Prize. The children have grown up a long time ago, Zhores Ivanovich managed to become a grandfather. He has two grandsons and a granddaughter.

Last years

The authority of the scientist in world science is based on more than 500 scientific papers and almost a hundred inventions. But the activity of the Nobel laureate was not limited to physics. In the summer of 2017, within the walls of Samara University, the academician gave an open lecture on the topic: "Albert Einstein, socialism and the modern world", where he revealed the issues of interaction between scientists and rulers.

In his speeches, the scientist called the state of science in Russia horrendous and defended the rights of the Russian Academy of Sciences to self-government and decent funding. The scientist believed that the state should provide citizens with free healthcare, education and housing, otherwise this structure is useless.

Zhores Ivanovich was directly involved in government. Back in 1989, he was elected People's Deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences. Since then, the academician has been constantly elected to the Russian Duma, actively defending the interests of scientists and ordinary citizens.

In August 2017, Forbes magazine included Zhores Alferov in the top 100 most influential Russians of the last century. Despite his considerable age, the Nobel laureate looked cheerful and self-confident in videos and photos.

Death

March 2, 2019 Zhores Alferov at the age of 88. As Oleg Chagunava, the chief physician of the hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told reporters, the cause of death of the Nobel laureate was acute cardiopulmonary failure. On the eve of Alferov, he was observed by doctors for several months complaining of hypertension.

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation took over the organization of the funeral of the famous physicist.

Awards and achievements

• 1959 - Order of the Badge of Honor
• 1971 - Stuart Ballantyne Medal (USA)
• 1972 - Lenin Prize
• 1975 - Order of the Red Banner of Labor
• 1978 - Hewlett-Packard Prize (European Physical Society)
• 1980 - Order of the October Revolution
• 1984 - USSR State Prize
• 1986 - Order of Lenin
• 1987 - Heinrich Welker Gold Medal (GaAs Symposium)
• 1989 - Karpinsky Prize (Germany)
• 1993 - XLIX Mendeleev reader
• 1996 - A. F. Ioffe Prize (RAS)
• 1998 - Honorary Doctor of St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise
• 1999 - Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree
• 1999 - Demidov Prize (Scientific Demidov Foundation)
• 1999 - A. S. Popov Gold Medal (RAS)
• 2000 - Nobel Prize (Sweden)
• 2000 - Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree
• 2000 - Nick Holonyak Award (Optical Society of America)
• 2001 - Order of Francysk Skaryna (Belarus)
• 2001 - Kyoto Prize (Japan)
• 2001 - V. I. Vernadsky Prize (Ukraine)
• 2001 - Prize "Russian National Olympus". Title "Legend Man"
• 2002 - State Prize of the Russian Federation
• 2002 - SPIE Gold Medal
• 2002 - Golden Plate Award (USA)
• 2003 - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 5th class (Ukraine)
• 2005 - Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 1st class
• 2005 - International Energy Prize "Global Energy"
• 2008 - Title and medal of Honorary Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
• 2009 - Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus)
• 2010 - Order of Merit for the Fatherland, IV degree
• 2010 - Medal "For contribution to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology" from UNESCO
• 2011 - Title "Honorary Doctor of the Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University"
• 2013 - Carl Boer International Prize
• 2015 - Order of Alexander Nevsky
• 2015 - Gold medal named after Nizami Ganjavi (Azerbaijan)
• 2015 - Title "Honorary Professor of MIET"

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has published the names of scientists who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. The prizes were awarded to Zh.I. Alferov (Russia) and G. Kremer (USA) for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. In the published brief biographical information about the laureates, the higher educational institution from which the laureate graduated is indicated. Thus, the whole world learned that the Nobel laureate Zhores Ivanovich Alferov graduated from the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).

Zh.I. ALFEROV: STUDENT, PROFESSOR - NOBEL LAUREAT

On October 10, 2000, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences published the names of scientists who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. The prizes were awarded to Zh.I. Alferov (Russia) and G. Kremer (USA) for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. In the published brief biographical information about the laureates, the higher educational institution from which the laureate graduated is indicated. Thus, the whole world learned that the Nobel laureate Zhores Ivanovich Alferov graduated from the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).

Student Zhores Alferov studied at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering and graduated in 1952 with a diploma with honors. Years of study Zh.I. Alferov at LETI coincided with the beginning of the student construction movement. In 1949, as part of a student team, he participated in the construction of the Krasnoborskaya hydroelectric power station, one of the first rural power plants in the Leningrad Region.

Even in his student years, Zh.I. Alferov began his career in science. Under the guidance of Natalia Nikolaevna Sozina, Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamentals of Electrovacuum Technology, he was engaged in research on semiconductor film photocells. His report at the institute conference of the student scientific society (SSS) in 1952 was recognized as the best, and for it he received the first scientific award in his life - a trip to the construction of the Volga-Don Canal. For several years he was the chairman of the SSS of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering.

After graduating from LETI Zh.I. Alferov was sent to work at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology and began working in the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich. Here, with the participation of Zh.I. Alferov developed the first Soviet transistors.

In the early 60s, Zh.I. Alferov began to study the problem of heterojunctions. Discovery of Zh.I. Alferov ideal heterojunctions and new physical phenomena - "overinjection", electronic and optical confinement in heterostructures - made it possible to radically improve the parameters of most known semiconductor devices and create fundamentally new ones, especially promising for applications in optical and quantum electronics.

With his discoveries, Zh.I. Alferov laid the foundations of modern information technology, mainly through the development of fast transistors and lasers. Created on the basis of Zh.I. Alferov devices and devices literally made a scientific and social revolution. These are lasers transmitting information flows via fiber optic networks of the Internet, these are the technologies underlying mobile phones, devices decorating product labels, recording and playing information from CDs, and much more.

Under the scientific guidance of Zh.I. Alferov, studies of solar cells based on heterostructures were carried out, which led to the creation of photoelectric converters of solar radiation into electrical energy, the efficiency of which approached the theoretical limit. They turned out to be indispensable for the energy supply of space stations, and are currently considered as one of the main alternative energy sources to replace the declining reserves of oil and gas.

Thanks to the fundamental works of Zh.I. Alferov, LEDs based on heterostructures were created. White light LEDs, due to their high reliability and efficiency, are considered as a new type of lighting source and will replace traditional incandescent lamps in the near future, which will be accompanied by huge energy savings.

Among the scientific areas that are actively developed by Zh.I. Alferov, refers to the development of lasers based on quantum dots. The use of arrays of such quantum dots makes it possible to reduce the power consumption of lasers, as well as to increase the stability of their characteristics with increasing temperature. The world's first quantum dot laser was created by a group of scientists working under the direction of Zh.I. Alferova. The characteristics of these devices are constantly improving, and today they surpass all types of semiconductor lasers in many respects.

Academician Zh.I. Alferov is well aware that science and education are inseparable. Therefore, it purposefully forms a system for training scientific personnel in the latest areas of science and technology, based on the broad involvement of academic institutions and leading scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the educational process.

In 1973, Academician Zh.I. Alferov, using the ongoing close relationship with LETI, creates and heads the country's first basic department at the FTI named after P.I. A.F. Ioffe, whose teachers are famous scientists. The system of training scientific personnel at the base department gave excellent results. When the thirtieth anniversary of the department was celebrated in 2003, the following data were given. For 30 years, the department has produced about six hundred highly qualified specialists, the vast majority of whom began to work at the FTI. A.F. Ioffe. More than four hundred people defended candidate dissertations, more than thirty - doctoral, and N.N. Ledentsov, V.M. Ustinov and A.E. Zhukov became corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The organization of the department of optoelectronics was the beginning of the activity of Zh.I. Alferov to create an integral educational structure. In 1987 he created a physics and technology lyceum, in 1988 he organized a physics and technology department at the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, of which he is the dean. In 2002, on the initiative of Zh.I. Alferov, by a decree of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academic Physics and Technology University was established, which in 2006 received the status of a state institution of higher professional education. Created educational and research structures in 2009 were merged and received the name St. Petersburg Academic University - Scientific and Educational Center for Nanotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The units included in it are located in beautiful buildings built thanks to the efforts of Zh.I. Alferov.

Academician Zh.I. Alferov is doing everything in his power to maintain the international authority of Russian science. At his suggestion, the President of the Russian Federation by his decree established the international Global Energy Prize, which is awarded annually to three Russian and foreign scientists who have made an outstanding contribution to the development of energy.

On the initiative and under the chairmanship of Zh.I. Alferov, the St. Petersburg Scientific Forum "Science and Society" is held. Within the framework of this forum, the first meeting of Nobel laureates "Science and the progress of mankind" took place in the year of the tercentenary of St. Petersburg. It was attended by 20 Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, economics. Since 2008, meetings of Nobel laureates have become annual. Forum 2008 was dedicated to nanotechnologies. Forum 2009 The theme of the forum was information technology. The theme of the 2010 forum is economics and sociology in the 21st century.

Academician Zh.I. Alferov is the largest Soviet Russian scientist, the author of more than 500 scientific papers, more than 50 inventions. His works have received worldwide recognition and have been included in textbooks. Proceedings of Zh.I. Alferov were awarded the Nobel Prize, the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR and Russia, the Prize to them. A.P. Karpinsky (Germany), the Demidov Prize, the Prize. A.F. Ioffe and the gold medal of A.S. Popov (RAS), the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, the Stuart Ballantyne Medal of the Franklin Institute (USA), the Kyoto Prize (Japan), many orders and medals of the USSR, Russia and foreign countries.

Zhores Ivanovich was elected a life member of the B. Franklin Institute and a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering of the USA, a foreign member of the academies of sciences of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria and many other countries. He is an honorary citizen of St. Petersburg, Minsk, Vitebsk and other cities in Russia and abroad. Academic councils of many universities in Russia, Japan, China, Sweden, Finland, France and other countries elected him an honorary doctor and professor.

All these awards and titles deservedly crowned the work of not only a researcher, but also an organizer of science. Fifteen years Zh.I. Alferov headed the renowned Physico-Technical Institute A.F. Ioffe RAN. For more than twenty years, Zhores Ivanovich has been the permanent chairman of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, whose main task is to coordinate the scientific activities of all St. Petersburg academic institutions. Zh.I. Alferov - Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Professor Bystrov Yu.A.

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Zhores Alferov is, without exaggeration, the greatest living Soviet and Russian physicist, the only surviving Nobel Prize winner in physics living in Russia, the patriarch of parliamentary politics.

Family

Zhores Alferov grew up in the family of Belarusian Ivan Karpovich Alferov and Jewish woman Anna Vladimirovna Rosenblum. The elder brother Marx Ivanovich Alferov died at the front.

Zhores Alferov is married for the second time to Tamara Darskaya. From this marriage, Alferov has a son, Ivan. It is also known that Alferov has a daughter from his first marriage, with whom he does not maintain relations, and an adopted daughter, Irina, is the daughter of his second wife from his first marriage.

Biography

The beginning of the war did not allow young Zhores Alferov to study at school, and he continued his studies immediately after the end of the war in the destroyed Minsk, in the only working Russian male secondary school No. 42.

After graduating from school with a gold medal, Zhores Alferov went to Leningrad and without entrance exams was enrolled in the Faculty of Electronic Engineering Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanova (LETI).

In 1950, student Zhores Alferov, who specialized in electrovacuum technology, began working in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyrev.

In December 1952, during the distribution of students to his department at LETI, Zhores Alferov chose the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (LFTI), which was led by the famous Abram Ioffe. At LPTI, Alferov became a junior researcher and took part in the development of the first domestic transistors.

In 1959, Zhores Alferov received his first government award, the Badge of Honor, for his work in the USSR Navy.

In 1961, Alferov defended a secret dissertation on the development and research of high-power germanium and silicon rectifiers, and received the degree of candidate of technical sciences.

In 1964, Zhores Alferov became a senior researcher Phystech.

In 1963, Alferov began studying semiconductor heterojunctions. In 1970, Alferov defended his doctoral dissertation, summarizing a new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors. In fact, he created a new direction - the physics of heterostructures.

In 1971, Zhores Alferov was awarded his first international award, the Ballantyne Medal, established by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. In 1972 Alferov became a laureate Lenin Prize.

In 1972, Alferov became a professor, and a year later - the head of the basic department of optoelectronics at LETI, opened at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Phystech. In 1987, Alferov headed the Phystech, and in 1988, in parallel, he became the dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (LPI), which he opened.

In 1990, Alferov became vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

On October 10, 2000, it became known that Zhores Alferov became the laureate Nobel Prize in Physics- for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. He shared the prize itself with two other physicists, Kremer and Jack Kilby.

In 2001, Alferov became a laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation.

In 2003, Alferov left the post of head of the Phystech, remaining the scientific director of the institute. In 2005, he became chairman of the St. Petersburg Physics and Technology Scientific and Educational Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Zhores Alferov is a world-renowned scientist who has created his own scientific school and trained hundreds of young scientists. Alferov is a member of a number of scientific organizations in the world.

Politics

Zhores Alferov since 1944 was a member Komsomol, and since 1965 - a member CPSU. Alferov entered politics in the late 1980s. From 1989 to 1992 Alferov was a People's Deputy of the USSR.

In 1995, Zhores Alferov was elected a deputy State Duma second convocation from the movement "Our home is Russia". In the State Duma, Alferov headed the subcommittee on science of the Committee on Science and Education of the State Duma.

Most of the time, Alferov was a member of the Our Home is Russia faction, but in April 1999 he joined the People's Power parliamentary group.

In 1999, Alferov was again elected to the State Duma of the third, and then in 2003 - and the fourth convocation, passing through party lists CPRF without being a party member. In the State Duma, Alferov continued to be a member of the parliamentary committee on education and science.

In 2001-2005, Alferov headed the presidential commission for the import of spent nuclear fuel.

In 2007, Alferov was elected to the State Duma of the fifth convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, becoming the oldest deputy of the lower house. Since 2011, Alferov has been a member of the State Duma of the sixth convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.

Run for president in 2013 RAS and, having received 345 votes, took second place.

In April 2015, Zhores Alferov returned to the Public Council under Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Alferov left the post of chairman of the public council under the Ministry of Defense in March 2013.

The scientist said that the reason for leaving was disagreements with the minister Livanov on the role of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He explained that the minister spoke in a completely different way about the role and significance of the RAS". Also, the Nobel laureate believed that Livanov either did not understand the traditions of effective cooperation between the Russian Academy of Sciences and universities, or " deliberately trying to break science and education".

Income

According to the declaration of Zhores Alferov, in 2012 he earned 17,144,258.05 rubles. He owns two land plots of 12,500.00 sq. m, two apartments with an area of ​​216.30 sq. m, a cottage with an area of ​​165.80 sq. m and a garage.

Gossip

After the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which began in 2013, Alferov was called its main opponent. At the same time, Alferov himself did not sign the statement of the scientists included in Club "July 1", his name is not under the Appeal of Russian scientists to the top leaders of the Russian Federation.

In July 2007, Zhores Alferov became one of the authors of the appeal of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, in which scientists opposed the "growing clericalization of Russian society": academicians opposed the introduction of the specialty "theology" and against the introduction of a compulsory school subject "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture".