The main temple of Tenochtitlan is an archaeological complex near the city. What is the complex? What types of complexes are there?
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DATA FOR 2017 (standard update)
Complex 9K79 "Tochka", missile 9M79 / OTR-21 / 9M79M - SS-21A SCARAB-A / FROG-9
Tochka-R complex, Tochka-R missile 9M79R / 9M79FR
Complex 9K79-1 "Tochka-U", missile 9M79-1 / 9M791 - SS-21B SCARAB-B
Complex 9K79M (?) "Tochka-M" - SS-21C SCARAB-C
Divisional (tactical) missile system. The development of the complex at the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (Kolomna) began in 1967 after the transfer of documentation of the preliminary design of the Tochka complex with the B-614 IKB Fakel missile to the KBM. Unlike the Tochka MKB Fakel, the Tochka KBM had modified wings, aerodynamic rudders, the destabilizer was removed, and other rocket systems were changed. Chief designer - S.P. Invincible. Full-scale development was specified by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 148-56 of March 4, 1968. 120 enterprises were involved in the development and production of the missile system. The missile control system was created by TsNIIAG, the main designers were B.S. Kolesov and A.S. Lipkin. Solid propellant rocket propellant charges were developed by NPO Soyuz (headed by Academician B.P. Zhukov). The creation of self-propelled launchers and TZM was carried out by the design bureau of the Barrikady plant (Volgograd, chief designer- G.I.Sergeev).
Factory tests of the rocket began in 1971 (the first two launches) at the Kapustin Yar test site (launches from the test site launcher developed by KBM, preparation for testing began at the test site in January 1970). The production of prototypes of the SPU and TZM complex was carried out by the Barrikady plant (Volgograd) on chassis produced by Bryansk automobile plant. Started in 1973 mass production missiles "Tochka" (later - "Tochka-U") at the Petropavlovsk Heavy Engineering Plant (Petropavlovsk,). Since 1989, the production of Tochka missiles has also been carried out by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (). State tests of the complex were carried out in 1973-1974. (Kapustin Yar, Transbaikalia, Turkestan Military District, Transcaucasian Military District). Serial production of the complex's vehicles began in 1973 at the Petropavlovsk Heavy Engineering Plant - the plant was the main enterprise for the production of the missile complex. The 9K79 "Tochka" complex was officially adopted by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 0011 in August 1975 with the 9M79 missile with two types of warheads - high-explosive fragmentation and special (nuclear) - and began to enter the missile divisions of motorized rifle and tank divisions USSR ground forces in 1975-1976
Modernization of the Tochka complex in order to increase the range and improve accuracy began in 1984. Tests of the Tochka-U complex were carried out at the Kapustin Yar training ground from August 1986 to September 1988. Climatic tests were carried out in 1989 in Transbaikal and Turkestan Military District. The 9K79-1 Tochka-U complex was put into service in 1989, and serial production of missiles was launched at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in the same year. The Tochka-U complex can use missiles of the Tochka complex. In the documentation for the negotiations on the INF Treaty, the Tochka family missiles were called OTR-21.
http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
Kapustin Yar training ground, a division of 9K79 "Tochka" complexes is operating ("60 years in service at the Kapustin Yar training ground. 1946-2006, GCMP "Kapustin Yar", 2006)
Reconstruction of the projections of the 9M79 "Tochka" and 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" SS-21 SCARAB missiles. From left to right: the first four are Tochka training missiles (white stripe in the tail section), the third missile is equipped with a high-explosive warhead and the window of the optical system for receiving the missile’s flight mission can be seen under the red plug, the fourth missile is in the transport position; the fifth and sixth (also training) - Tochka-U missiles, the fifth - the remains of a combat missile discovered in Georgia during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict in August 2008 (DIMMI (c) 2009)
The use of Tochka-U OTR against targets in Georgia from the territory of North Ossetia (Russia) during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict on August 12, 2008, 10-48 local time. On the left is a photo of the launch of the Tochka-U OTR for comparison (original photo of the Tochka-U launches in Ossetia - Musa Sadulayev, Associated Press)
Launcher- at the stage of the preliminary design of the complex, it was planned to use units on the chassis of the Kharkov Tractor Plant.
SPU 9P129 / 9P129M / 9P129M1 / 9P129-1 / 9P129-1M (the last two - the Tochka-U complex, 1989 at least) on the BAZ-5921 floating chassis with one missile developed by the design bureau of the Barrikady plant (chief designer G .I.Sergeev), production - Barrikady plant, chassis production - Bryansk Automobile Plant. The first two SPUs and one TZM were handed over by the plant for testing at the end of 1971. The production of SPUs and TZMs was carried out at the Petropavlovsk Heavy Engineering Plant.
Propulsion on water - water cannons. The launcher is equipped with a heat-protective container-casing to ensure the temperature regime of the missile head. The SPU is equipped with life support equipment for operations in contaminated territory; the launch can be carried out by the crew from the SPU. The SPU is air transportable by An-22, Il-76 aircraft and, with restrictions, by An-12B and An-12BP aircraft. Some sources call the chassis "ZIL-375".
SPU differences:
9P129 - use any missiles except "Tochka-R"
9P129M / 9P129M1 - can use any missiles
9P129-1 - use any missiles except "Tochka-R"
9P129-1M - can use any missiles
Wheel formula - 6 x 6
Engine (SPU and TZM) - diesel 5D20B-300 with a power of 300 hp at 2600 rpm with generators G-1 and G-2 (type - VG-7500) with a power of 9 kW each
Length - 9490 mm
Width - 2890 mm
March height - 2340 mm
Ground clearance - 357 mm
Track width - 2275 mm
Base - 2800+2600 mm
Front overhang - 2238 mm
Rear overhang - 1848 mm
Turning radius - 12 m
Angles of ascent and descent - 78 degrees.
The angle of entry into the water is up to 15 degrees.
The angle of exit from the water is up to 12 degrees.
Lateral roll - up to 20 degrees.
The elevation angles of the SPU guide at launch are 78 degrees. (at any range)
The horizontal guidance angles of the SPU guide are +-15 degrees.
The speed of lifting the guide with the rocket to the starting position is 15 s
Weight with rocket and crew - 18145-18200 kg (17945 kg - "Tochka")
Standard fuel capacity - 350 l
Cruising range on the highway - 650 km
Speed with a rocket on the highway - up to 60 km/h
Speed with a rocket on the ground - up to 40 km/h
Off-road speed with rocket - 5-15 km/h
Speed with a rocket on water - 6-8 km/h (10 km/h according to official data)
Calculation - 3-4 people
Technical resource - 15,000 km
Operating temperature - from -40 to +50 degrees C
Warranty period - 10 years (including at least 3 years in field conditions).
SPU 9P129M of the Tochka complex with a missile (photo from one of the exhibitions in the early 2000s).
TZM complex 9T128 / 9T218-1 / 9T218-1M (the last two modifications are “Tochka-U”) on a similar floating chassis BAZ-5922, equipped with a crane, carries 2 missiles. TZM is air transportable similar to SPU 9P129.
Length - 9485 mm
Width - 2782 mm
Height on the march - 2373 mm
Weight - approx. 18000 kg
Loading time of missiles on TZM - 22-30 minutes
Rocket reload time at SPU - 15-30 minutes
Crane lifting capacity - 2-2.7 tons
Calculation - 2 people
Transport-loading vehicle 9T218-1, tarpaulin removed,
missile warheads are covered with heat-protective casings.
Transportation and long-term storage of missiles, missile and missile warheads is carried out in transport metal containers 9YA234 (missiles) and 9YA236 (warheads). Storage in TZM 9T218 is allowed. Transportation of missiles and warheads is carried out by transport vehicles of the 9T222 or 9T238 complex (tractor tractor ZIL-137 or ZIL-137T, respectively, with a semi-trailer 99511) - 2 missiles or 4 warheads. The difference between transport vehicles is in the tractor and the method of transmitting torque from the tractor to the semi-trailer axles: 9T222 - hydraulic transmission, 9T238 - mechanical transmission. For storage and transportation of nuclear warheads, storage vehicles are used - a special on-board vehicle of the NG2V1 / NG22V1 type. For arsenal-warehouse work, airfield-warehouse trolleys 9T127 and 9T133 (for missiles, missile parts) and 9T114 (for warheads) are used. The guaranteed shelf life of missiles with conventional warheads and missile parts is 10 years (including 2 years in field conditions). missiles and warheads can be transported by VTA aircraft and Mi-6, Mi-8 and Mi-26 helicopters.
Transport vehicle 9T238 with containers 9YA234
Missiles 9M79, 9M79M and 9M79-1: number of stages - 1 (rocket body material - aluminum alloy). The warhead is inseparable.
The main differences between the missile parts:
9M79 - the first version of the Tochka missiles
9M79M - can be used with a warhead with a passive seeker; the missile part uses a new set of cables and a new DAVU 9B65M (9M79R Tochka-R missile). Since 1983, all missiles of the complex have been produced with a new set of cables.
9M79-1 - a missile with a modernized solid propellant rocket engine (fuel mass is 80 kg more), reconfigured instrument and tail sections and with an increased range ("Tochka-U").
Launches of 9M79 Tochka missiles, presumably 2009-2010. (photo from the Konst archive, http://www.militaryphotos.net).
9K79-1 Tochka-U missile systems with 9M79M Tochka missiles during exercises of missile and artillery units of the 5th combined arms army of the Eastern Military District, Sergeevsky combined arms training ground, March 2013. The launch of 9M79M Tochka missiles was conditional. (http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
9M79-1 Tochka-U missile, presumably 2009-2010. (photo from the Konst archive, http://www.militaryphotos.net).
Control system and guidance- rocket control system (developed at TsNIIAG, chief designers - B.S. Kolesov and A.S. Lipkin.) inertial using a command-gyroscopic device 9B64 (developed by NPO Electromechanics, Miass), discrete-analog computing device 9B65 ( DAVU), on-board automation unit 9B66, turbogenerator control unit 9B150 and angular velocity and acceleration sensor DUSU-1-30V. A 9B149 turbogenerator is used to power the power supply and operate the steering gears.
The 9B64 command-gyroscopic device is a gyro-stabilized platform (GSP) with two gyrointegrators installed on it (performing the function of an accelerometer) and two zero speed indicators (for bringing the GSP frame to the horizon at the start). A multifaceted prism is installed in the lower part of the GPS, which is used to align the GPS at the start using the optical system of the launcher. The GSP includes functional diagrams: three-channel power system
gyroscopic stabilization, two-channel system for bringing the GPS to the horizon (pitch and yaw), a system for azimuthal aiming of the GPS along the axis of rotation (Y), elements for measuring the angular and linear parameters of the rocket movement. DAVU 9B65 consists of a discrete (digital) computing device TLD and an analog computing device AVU. The flight task numbers (slant range) are entered into the TLD in digital form and all calculations are carried out similarly to a classical fixed-point computer. Parallel code is used to transmit numbers to the TLD. In terms of the number of addresses, the TLD is a 3-address machine, the speed is 5120 operations per second.
The rocket is controlled using aerodynamic lattice rudders (electric steering machines 9B69 - two upper and 9B68 - two lower) at the initial and final stages of flight; in the active part of the trajectory, tungsten gas-dynamic rudders are also used synchronously (on the same shaft) with the aerodynamic ones. At the final stage of the trajectory, the missile, at the command of the radio altitude sensor, dives towards the target at an angle of 80 degrees. A laser sensor is used to detonate a warhead above the ground.
The SPU is equipped with ground-based control and launch equipment with aiming and topographical reference systems. The 1T28 topographic reference equipment is installed on the SPU, the pre-launch check of the rocket is carried out by the 9V390 ground control and launch equipment built into the SPU (with the 1V57 Argon-1S digital computer, starting from the SPU 9P129M - 1V57M), the missile is guided and the flight data is entered with the doors of the transport vehicle closed. compartment with the missile in a horizontal position using the 9Sh129 aiming system (the missile command-gyroscopic device is adjusted through the optical system window). To calculate the flight mission and calculate the GSP turn angle, terrain maps are used, correlated with the results of aerial and space photography - the GRU Space Intelligence Center provides operating units with such materials. The production of the Argon computer, version 1B57M and later, was carried out by the Chisinau Radio Engineering Plant.
During the operation of the complex, different types of 1B57 computers were used:
1V57-16 - 1V57 with firmware for AKIM 9V819
1V57-15 - 1V57 with firmware for SPU 9P129
1V57M-15 - 1V57M with firmware for AKIM 9V819M
The missile control system uses a “single-axis” range control method (first tested on Onega missiles), control occurs in both the active and passive sections of the flight trajectory.
The Tochka-U missile - the missile control system is built on a new element base. Information about the possibility of retargeting a rocket after launch is a media fiction. Digital computer in SPU A15-12-12 (Argon series with ES computer command system).
Command-gyroscopic device - 9B64-1
Discrete-analog computing device - 9B638
Onboard automation unit - 9B66-1
Turbogenerator control unit - 9B150-1
Angular velocity and acceleration sensor - DUSU-1-30V
Turbogenerator power supply - 9B185
Steering gears - 9B89 (4 pcs)
For comparison, systems similar in purpose are installed on the control systems of the Oka (left) and Tochka-U (right) complexes.
Engine:
Missiles 9M79 / 9M79M "Tochka" - solid propellant rocket engine, single-mode, fuel charge - 9X151, fuel - DAP-15V - mixed solid fuel of the first and second generation (judging by the specific impulse). Composition: oxidizer - ammonium perchlorate, fuel - rubber with aluminum powder. The motor housing is made of high-alloy steel. The engine nozzle is made using siliconized graphite, silicon and tungsten. The ignition system includes two 15X226 squibs and a 9X249 igniter. Development of the engine charge - NPO "Soyuz" (headed by academician B.P. Zhukov).
Engine thrust - 9788 kg
Engine weight - 926 kg
Fuel weight - 790 kg
Engine operating time - 18.4-28 seconds.
Pressure in the combustion chamber - 69 kg/sq.cm
Specific impulse - 236 units
Rocket 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" - solid propellant rocket engine, single-mode, fuel - mixed solid, oxidizer - ammonium perchlorate, fuel - rubber with aluminum powder and additives. The engine nozzle has been redesigned. A new fuel charge developed by NPO Soyuz is used.
Specific impulse - up to 300 units
Solid propellant rocket design of the 9M79 "Tochka" rocket (Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79. Opis techniczny. Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
Design of the 9X151 fuel charge (1) Solid propellant rocket motor of the 9M79 "Tochka" missile armored with cotton fabric impregnated with a non-flammable composition (2). (Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79. Opis techniczny. Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
Performance characteristics of the missile
:
Range:
15-70 km ("Tochka" / "Tochka-R" according to the project and in reality)
20-120 km ("Tochka-U" / 9M79-1)
185 km (SS-21C)
Flight speed - 1036 m/s (9M79-1)
Maximum trajectory altitude - 26000 m (9M79-1)
Minimum height trajectories - 6000 m (9M79-1)
50-200-250 m ("Point")
45 m ("Tochka-R")
160-300 m ("Tochka-U")
From several to 50 m - on average 15 m (Tochka-U during the IDEX-93 exhibition, 5 launches)
10 m at a range of 56 km (Tochka-U)
165 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123F, range 35 km, standard*)
210 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123K, range 35 km, standard*)
200 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123F, range 70 km, standard*)
235 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123K, range 70 km, standard*)
* - standard = taking into account the error in target coordinates of no more than 100 m and the launch point no more than 80 m
Time for transmitting control commands and equipment settings to the rocket during launch (maximum) - 118 ms
Start time after pressing the "Start" button - 1-1.2 s
Start-up time from readiness No. 1 - 2 minutes
Time from the start of rocket ascent to launch - 15 s
Flight time to maximum range - 136 s
Rocket flight time - 43 - 163 s
Launch time from march - 16-20 minutes
The installation shutdown time after start-up is 1.5 min.
Reload time of SPU with TZM - 19 min
The storage time of missiles in equipped form is up to 10 years (as of 1975, later the guaranteed storage periods were repeatedly increased)
Storage time in field conditions - 2 years
Time to replace a warhead on a rocket in the field - 15 minutes
Probability of hitting a target with 2 9M79F missiles - 90%
Operating conditions for the 9K79 complex are temperature from -40 to +50 degrees C, terrain altitude up to 3000 m from sea level, wind speed up to 25 m/s. For a short period of time (up to 6 hours), the complex can be operated at temperatures down to -60 degrees. From and to +60 degrees. C. To use the complex, no meteorological data is required (except for temperature with an accuracy of 10 degrees C).
The cost of the telemetric version of the 9M79-1T missile of the 9K79-1 Tochka-U complex as of 2009, according to unconfirmed data, is 9,189,623 rubles ( ist. - www.linux.org.ru).
Missile consumption The Tochka complex is standard for hitting different types of targets:
Combat equipment: "Tochka"/"Tochka-U" (missiles 9M79 / 9M79-1, respectively), "Tochka-R":
- missile 9M79F / 9M79-1F- high-explosive fragmentation warhead of concentrated action 9N123F / 9N123F-1. The warhead was put into service as part of the first version of the 9K79 Tochka complex. The BC 9E118 non-contact fuse device contains a radio sensor, which at an altitude of 450 m (+-50 m) gives the command to turn the missile into a dive at an angle of 80 degrees. (+-5 degrees). To compensate for the angle of inclination of the dive trajectory, the charge of the high-explosive warhead is rotated relative to the axis of the warhead body at an angle of 10 degrees. The detonation of a high-explosive warhead is carried out at an altitude of 15 +-6 meters upon command from a laser sensor (optics - "Zenith"). The safety-actuating mechanism 9E117 is an electromagnetic device with 2 safety stages - the first stage is removed at the moment of missile launch (i.e. after pressing the “Start” button); the second stage is removed at a given height of the final segment of the trajectory (18 - 4 km depending on the launch range) upon command from the control system. Training cut-out mock-up of warhead - 9N123F-RM; overall weight model of the warhead - 9N123F-GVM.
Warhead diameter - 650 mm
Warhead weight - 482 kg
Mass of explosive (TG20 - TNT hexogen) - 162.5 kg
Number of fragments - 14500 pcs.
Types of fragments:
Group 1 - weighing 20.6 g. - 6000 pcs.
Group 2 - weighing 10 g - 4000 pcs.
Group 3 - weighing 5.47 g - 4500 pcs.
Damage area - 2-3 hectares
Warhead 9N123F (the numbers indicate - 1 - non-contact fuse device 9E118 with a radio sensor 9E326 and a laser fuse sensor; 2 - body 9N310; 3 - body of a high-explosive charge; 4 - charge; 5 - fiberglass; 6 - semi-finished combat elements; 7 - safety actuator 9E117 with two contact sensors 9E128 (Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79. Opis techniczny. Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
The warhead can use a 9E331 radar fuse - the warhead with the 9E331 differs from the warhead with the 9E118 in the absence of two special windows for optics. The laser fuse 9E118 and the fuse 9E331 were developed by the design bureau of the Impulse plant, chief designer V.E. Dubrovin, deputies for the radar fuse - V.V. Fisher and for the laser fuse - R.A. Vanetsian. ( ist. - http://www.impuls.ru).
- missile 9M79B / 9M79-1B- nuclear warhead 9N39 with a nuclear warhead AA-60, power 10 kt; training version - 9N39-UT; The warhead was put into service as part of the first version of the 9K79 Tochka complex. Developed by VNIIEF (Sarov / Arzamas-16).
TTX warhead:
Warhead length - 2325 mm
Warhead diameter - 650 mm
Warhead weight - 482 kg
Number of fragments - 15800 pcs.
The number of fragments in one fragmentation element is 316 pcs.
The mass of the fragment is 7 grams
Damage area - 3.5-7 hectares
The fragmentation element explodes at an angle of contact with an obstacle from 25 to 90 degrees or 32-60 seconds after the cluster warhead is detonated.
Warhead 9N123K. The numbers indicate: 1 - radio sensor 9E326, 2 - contact fuse 9E237 of the fragmentation element, 3 - fragmentation warhead 9N24, 4 - warhead body 9N311, 5 - central charge 9X34, 6 - safety-actuating mechanism 9E117, 7 - means of stabilizing the warhead ( Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79. Opis techniczny. Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
- 9M79B1 rocket- nuclear warhead of special importance 9N64 with an AA-86 warhead, power up to 200 kt according to some and 100 kt according to other data; training version - 9N64-UT (identification of the warhead name is tentative), the missile was put into service by 1981 (USSR State Prize). Developed by VNIIEF for the rocket of the Tochka-U complex (Sarov / Arzamas-16, ist. - Veselovsky).
- 9M79B2 missile- nuclear warhead of special importance AA-92, entered service probably after 1988 (not mentioned in the technical description of the complex in the 1988 edition, unlike the others). Developed by VNIIEF for the rocket of the Tochka-U complex (Sarov / Arzamas-16, ist. - Veselovsky).
- chemical warheads- monoblock and cassette - the development of chemical warheads for Tochka missiles began according to the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 788-257 of September 14, 1970. The production of ammunition was carried out according to the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 1974. The assembly of ammunition was carried out in the assembly shop No. 74 of the chemical plant in Novocheboksarsk (Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).
- chemical warhead 9N123G ("Geranium"?)- cassette combat unit for the 9M79 missile of the Tochka complex, equipped with V-gas (R-33). Warhead production - NPO "Khimprom" (Novocheboksarsk), gas production - plant No. 91 of the USSR chemical industry. The ammunition was not demonstrated at the presentation of domestic chemical munitions to international observers in Shikhany in 1987.
OB mass - 60.5 kg
The mass of the explosive with the combat element is 930 g.
The amount of ammunition in storage in the village of Shchuchye (1987) - 94 pieces
- chemical warhead 9N123G2-1- cluster warhead for the 9M79-1 missile of the Tochka-U complex, filled with soman gas (R-55). Warhead production - NPO "Khimprom" (Novocheboksarsk), gas production - plant No. 91 of the USSR chemical industry. The ammunition was not demonstrated at the presentation of domestic chemical ammunition to international observers in Shikhany in 1987.
The number of combat elements in the warhead is 65 pcs.
OM weight - 50.5 kg
The amount of ammunition in storage in the village of Shchuchye (1987) - 39 pieces
- warhead 9N123-UT / 9N123K-UT / 9N123F-UT / 9N123F-R2-UT / 9N123F-R3-UT- training warheads of the Tochka and Tochka-U missile complexes with different types Warhead
Composition of the complex"Dot":
SPU 9P129 / 9P129M
Transport vehicle 9T238 (ZIL-137T tractor with 99511 semi-trailer) or 9T222 (ZIL-137 tractor with 99511 semi-trailer), 9T222 - transmission of torque from the tractor to the semi-trailer axles is hydraulic, 9T238 - mechanical - carries 2 missiles or 4 warheads;
Automated control and testing vehicle (AKIM) 9V818, 9V819 and 9V819M (ZIL-131 chassis with K131 kung) or 9V820 - for inspections and routine maintenance of missiles, missile parts and warheads. The AKIM 9V819 equipment includes a digital computer 1V57 or A15-12-11 (on AKIM 9V819-1).
Length - 7490 mm
Width - 2070 mm
Height - 2300 mm
Ground clearance - 330 mm
Weight - 9330 kg
Maintenance vehicle 9V844 (ZIL-131 chassis) - for checking SPU and AKIM equipment.
Length - 7490 mm
Width - 2405 mm
Height - 3370 mm
Ground clearance - 330 mm
Weight - 9849 kg
Highway speed - up to 80 km/h
Command and staff vehicle R-145BM on the BTR-60 chassis (with radio stations R-130, R-111, R-123)
Arsenal equipment set 9F370
Teaching aids
Containers for 9YA234 missiles
Containers for warhead 9YA236
Airfield storage trolley 9T114 with extendable tray (for transporting container 2Y236)
Length - 4467 mm (with container 9YA236)
Width - 1330 mm
Height with container - 1217 mm
Weight with container with warhead - 1161 kg
Own weight - 300 kg
Airfield storage trolley 9T127
Airfield storage trolley 9T133 (for transporting container 2YA234)
Length with containers - 7855-7975 mm
Width with containers - 2520 mm
Height with containers - 1966-2016 mm
Weight with 2 containers with missiles - 6275 kg
Own weight - 1115 kg
Automated control and testing machine 9V819-1 with electric generator ESV-12
Composition of the Tochka-U complex:
- SPU 9P129-1 / 9P129-1M
- TZM 9T218-1 / 9T218-1M
- Transport vehicle 9T238 (tractor ZIL-137T or ZIL-4401 with semi-trailer 99511) - carries 2 missiles or 4 warheads;
- Automated control and testing vehicle (AKIM) 9V818-1, 9V819-1 (ZIL-131 chassis) or 9V820-1
- Maintenance vehicle 9V844 / 9V844M (chassis ZIL-131)
- Command and staff vehicle R-145BM on the BAZ-5921/5922 chassis (with radio stations R-130, R-111, R-123)
- Set of arsenal equipment 9F370-1
- Training facilities, containers for storing and transporting missiles, storage and other facilities are similar to the Tochka complex.
The Tochka-R complex is a combination of SPU 9P129M / 9P129M1 / 9P129-1M with 9M79R / 9M79FR / 9M79-1FR missiles.
In addition, to ensure the operation of the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes, the following units and technical means are used:
Exercise equipment
- 9F625 - a comprehensive simulator for training PU calculations.
- 2U43 - mechanical and water control panel simulator. PU.
- 2U420 - operator simulator.
- 2U41 - a simulator for training the correctness of taking readings from the 1G17 gyrocompass.
- 2U413 - 9M79F simulator-rocket, interaction of complex elements.
In technical departments:
- cranes 9Т31М1
- washing-neutralization machines 8T311M
- and other equipment.
Degrees of readiness complexes "Tochka" and "Tochka-U":
- Readiness 5 - missile units have been checked and are located on the 9T238 or TZM 9T218 transport vehicle or on the 9P129 SPU. Duration of readiness - 10 years indoors or 2 years in the field.
Time standard for alerting - 21 minutes (27 minutes when using nuclear warheads)
Readiness 4 - the warheads are attached to the missile pods, the missiles have been checked and are located on the TZM 9T218 or on the SPU 9P129. The period of readiness is 2 years.
Time standard for alerting - 23 minutes
Readiness 3 - missiles with warheads on SPU 9P129 located in stowed position at the location of the missile brigade. The coordinates of the target are unknown. The period of readiness is 2 years.
Time standard for alerting - 20-30 minutes
The time standard for launching a rocket from readiness is 17 minutes after arriving at the launch position
Readiness 2 - missiles with warhead on SPU 9P129 located at the launch position, SPU supports on the ground, topographical reference has been made, the missile has been checked by SPU means, target coordinates are unknown. The period of readiness is 6 months.
Time standard for alerting - 2-3 minutes
The time standard for launching a rocket from readiness is 4.5 minutes
Readiness 1 - missiles with warhead on SPU 9P129 located at the launch position, SPU supports on the ground, topographical reference has been made, the rocket has been checked by SPU means, autonomous power supplies of the SPU have been turned on, preparations for the launch of the rocket have begun. The period of readiness is 180 hours in cycles of 3 hours with pauses of 25 minutes or 6 hours without a break.
The time standard for launching a rocket from readiness is 2 min 20 s
Modifications:
Approximate projections of the V-611 (Volna air defense missile system), V-614 "Tochka", 9M79 "Tochka", 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" missiles and a cross-section of the 9M79 missile (the last three with high-explosive warheads). 01/17/2010, the drawing is based on projections by an unknown author with significant edits in size, proportions and modifications, http://military.tomsk.ru.
Complex 9K79 "Tochka", basic missile unit 9M79 or 9M79M (tested since 1971, put into service in 1975) - options for equipping the missile with warheads - by 1975 - 9M79F and 9M79B, later - 9M79B1 / 9M79F / 9M79K - the first serial modification complex.
9M79M "Tochka" missile during exercises of missile and artillery units of the 5th combined arms army of the Eastern Military District, Sergeevsky combined arms training ground, March 2013. The launch of 9M79M "Tochka" missiles was conditional. (http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
Complex 9K79 "Tochka", missile 9M79K- a missile with a 9N123K cassette warhead was developed and put into service by 1980 (USSR State Prize).
Complex 9K79 "Tochka", missile 9M79B1- a missile with a nuclear warhead of special importance 9N64 with an AA-86 warhead was put into service by 1981 (USSR State Prize).
Tochka-R complex, Tochka-R missile 9M79R / 9M79FR / 9M79-1FR, basic missile unit - 9M79M or 9M79-1 (1983) - development of a modification with a passive radar seeker for targeting radio-emitting targets began by decision of the Military-Industrial Commission under the USSR Council of Ministers dated April 1, 1971. Full-scale development was started by the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau not before 1975 Military trials complex and adoption - 1983. It differs from the Tochka complex missiles in the warhead with passive radar seeker 9N915 and is used with the 9M79M missile unit (Tochka-U - with the 9M79-1 missile unit) with a modified control system. Any standard combat units can also be used. Can be used with SPU 9P129M ("Tochka"), 9P129M1 and 9P129-1M ("Tochka-U"), missiles are checked by AKIM 9V819M and 9V819-1.
Complex 9K79-1 "Tochka-U", basic rocket unit 9M79-1 (tested in 1986, put into service in 1989) - an improved version of the Tochka complex (range and accuracy have been increased - the propellant composition of the solid propellant rocket engine has probably been changed and a more modern element base is used in electronic systems) . Tests of the complex were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site from August 1986 to September 1988. Missile variants by warhead type - 9M79-1B, 9M79-1F, 9M79-1K, 9M79-1FR, etc. (see above - Combat units).
Missile 9M79B-UT / 9M79F-UT / 9M79K-UT- training missiles of the Tochka complex; training missiles are produced using the body and mechanical parts of combat missiles, mock-ups are installed instead of fuel, simulators are installed instead of squibs, control devices and electrics are real working ones.
Rocket 9M79M-UT- training missile of the Tochka complex with a 9M79M base missile unit;
9M79-UR missile- training split rocket of the Tochka complex;
9M79-GVM / 9M79M-GVM missile- overall and weight mock-ups of the Tochka complex missiles (the second with a 9M79M missile unit); Dimensional and weight mock-ups of missiles are made using the body and mechanical parts of combat missiles, mock-ups are installed instead of fuel, mock-ups are installed instead of squibs and instruments, and electrical wiring is from combat missiles.
Rocket 9M79-1-UT- training missiles of the Tochka-U complex;
Rocket 9M79-1-UR- training split rocket of the Tochka-U complex;
9M79-1-GVM missile- overall weight model of the Tochka-U missile complex
Rocket 9M79-1T- telemetric version of the Tochka-U missile ( ist. - www.linux.org.ru, 2009).
Complex 9K79M (?) "Tochka-M"(1997) - according to Western data, since the 1990s, development of an even more long-range and accurate version of the complex has been underway. There are mentions in the press as of at least November 1997. There is no other data yet.
Self-propelled launcher 9P129M OTR "Tochka"
Transport-loading vehicle 9T218 OTR "Tochka"
Transport vehicle 9T238
Layout of the Tochka / Tochka-U rocket (diagram from the site http://rbase.new-factoria.ru)
Status: USSR (Russia):
1976 - the beginning of the delivery of Tochka complexes to individual missile divisions of motorized rifle and tank divisions. The division included two batteries, the battery included two Tochka SPUs.
1981 - located on the territory of the GDR (GSVG, later - ZGV), a total of 140 complexes in the USSR.
1985 - in the European part of the country, together with FROG-7, there are about 700 complexes.
1987 - 265 complexes.
1988 - missile divisions are withdrawn from motorized rifle and tank divisions and consolidated into separate missile brigades of district and army subordination. The brigade consisted of 3-4 divisions (12-16 SPU "Tochka"). In total, the USSR Armed Forces have formed at least 16 missile brigades with the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes. All are deployed in the European part of Russia:
123rd Missile Brigade (Konotop village) of the 1st Guards Separate Army of the Kyiv Military District, later disbanded;
152nd Missile Brigade (Chernyakhovsk) of the Baltic Military District;
189th Missile Brigade (Baltsy village) of the 14th Guards Separate Army, Odessa Military District, later disbanded;
199th Guards Missile Dresden Order of Alexander Nevsky Brigade (Novograd-Volynsky, Nesterov, Devichki) of the 8th Tank Army of the Carpathian Military District (re-equipped with the 9K72 complex) - later became part of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (see below);
The 233rd Svirskaya missile brigade of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Zaslonovo) of the 7th Tank Army of the Belarusian Military District (re-equipped with the 9K72 complex) was later disbanded; previously based in the village of Slobudka, Brest region, 02/25/1989, the brigade was transferred to the staff 8/421 complex 9K79 "Tochka"; in July 1989, 118, 199 and 256 ORDN were included in the brigade and the brigade was redeployed from Slobudka to the village of Zaslonovo, Lepelsky district of Belarus. Disbanded in 1994 already as part of the 65th Army Corps of the Belarusian Army.
432nd Missile Brigade (Wurzen) of the 1st Guards Tank Army of the Western Group, withdrawn to the Carpathian Military District (village of Nadvornaya) disbanded;
442nd Missile Brigade (Gvezdov) TsGV, withdrawn to the village of Shuya, Moscow Military District - disbanded;
449th Missile Brigade (Arnstadt) of the 8th Guards Separate Army of the Western Group, withdrawn to Olovyannaya, Transbaikal Military District, disbanded;
The 458th Missile Brigade (Neustrelitz) of the 2nd Guards Tank Army of the West Group was withdrawn to the Baltic Military District (Kamenka), disbanded;
459th Missile Brigade (Gyor) of the Southern Military District, withdrawn to the White Church of the Kyiv Military District, disbanded;
460th Missile Brigade (Tseli village) of the 5th Guards Tank Army of the Belarusian Military District, disbanded;
461st Missile Brigade (Slavuta) of the 13th Combined Arms Army of the Carpathian Military District, disbanded;
463rd Missile Brigade (Sovetsk) of the 11th Guards Separate Army of the Baltic Military District, disbanded;
The 464th Missile Brigade (Fürstenwalde) of the 20th Guards Separate Army of the West Group was withdrawn to Kapustin Yar, North Caucasus Military District, disbanded;
465th Missile Brigade (Tseli village) of the 28th Separate Army of the Belarusian Military District;
669th separate missile division of the State Naval Forces (Bialogard);
595th separate missile division SGV (Świętoszów);
There were also separate divisions in the Moscow, North Caucasus, Leningrad and Baltic Military Districts.
1989 - 289 complexes.
1991 - 300 complexes (310 nuclear charges for SS-21);
1991 - the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes were consolidated into 15 missile brigades with the following deployment:
ZGV - 5 rbr;
Belarusian Military District - 3 rbr;
Carpathian Military District - 2 rbr;
Kyiv Military District - 2 rbr;
Odessa Military District - 1 rbr;
Baltic Military District - 1 rbr;
Moscow Military District - 1 rbr;
1991 December 30 - on the basis of the 114th Missile Brigade, withdrawn from the Northern Group of Forces (Poland), the 1st Guards Orsha Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov, 2nd degree missile brigade was formed (North Caucasus Military District, Krasnodar, re-equipped with 9K79 "Dot").
1993 - during the IDEX-93 arms exhibition, 5 demonstration launches of Tochka-U missiles (CEP from several to 50 m) were carried out.
1995-1996 - the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes were used during the first Chechen war by the 464th and/or 114th RBR of the North Caucasus Military District.
1998 - 20th Guards Berlin Double Red Banner Missile Brigade of the 15th Combined Arms Army (Spassk-Dalniy as of 1985-1991), re-equipped with 9K79-1 Tochka-U complexes manufactured in 1990. release. In the Far Eastern Military District there is a training missile division with 9K79-1 Tochka-U complexes.
1999 September-October - the Tochka-U complex was used by the 464th RBR of the 58th Combined Arms Army against targets in Grozny and Bamut during the second Chechen war.
1999 October 21 - US intelligence notes the use of 5-6 Tochka-class missiles against targets in Grozny during the second Chechen war.
November 1999 - according to some Western data, about 130 Tochka missiles were used in total during the war in Chechnya.
June 2000 - according to Western data, the Tochka OTR connection is located in the Kaliningrad region.
2002 autumn - according to the testimony of Fedorov L.A. (see list of sources) 195 combat elements of Tochka type chemical warheads were secretly destroyed during experiments to destroy chemical weapons.
2006 December 1 - following the results of research tactical and special exercises, the staff of the 20th Guards Berlin Double Red Banner Missile Brigade was changed. The mobile repair and technical base (PRTB) was liquidated and a separate missile and technical division (RTD) was organized. The changes were most likely caused by the refusal to use nuclear warheads on tactical carriers, the storage and maintenance of which were carried out by the PTB. These changes also affected other missile formations in Russia.
September 2006 - during the Southern Shield-2006 exercise, the 92nd RBR of the 2nd Guards Army of the Volga-Ural Military District conducted firing of the Tochka-U OTR at the Donguz training ground in the Orenburg region.
2008 August 8-12 - the Tochka-U complex was used by the Russian Armed Forces during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict against targets in Georgia. In total, the 1st or 464th RBR of the North Caucasus Military District (15 SPU) probably took part in the hostilities. According to the US Department of Defense, a total of 15 SS-21 missile launches were carried out.
TZM 9T218 of the Tochka-U complex near the Roki tunnel (August 2008, Russian TV)
Original photo of Musa Sadulayev (10-48 local time, August 12, 2008, Associated Press)
Enlargement of the Tochka-U rocket
And a few more seconds later (Associated Press)
2009 - according to Western data, 140 Tochka and/or Tochka-U complexes are in service.
October 8, 2009 - training firing of the 152nd Guards Missile Brigade was conducted at the Pavlenkovo training ground in the Kaliningrad region. The firing was carried out with Tochka 9M79 or 9M79M missiles.
The Tochka-U installation with the Tochka missile of the 152nd RBR during firing at the Pavlenkovo training ground in the Kaliningrad region, 10/08/2009 (photo from the Konst archive, http://www.militaryphotos.net).
2009 October 29 - a standard Tochka-U missile exploded during training firing at the Lugi training ground (Leningrad region). The explosion occurred at an altitude of 1000 m a few seconds after launch. According to the representative of the Russian Defense Ministry, Colonel Alexey Kuznetsov (RIA Novosti), the missile had expired its service life. An investigation into the causes of the abnormal self-destruction is underway.
2009 - deployment of OTR 9K79 "Tochka" and 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" as part of the Russian Armed Forces (according to Internet sources):
| Military unit | Military district | Number of SPU | Note |
| 20th Guards Berlin Twice Red Banner Missile Brigade (Spassk-Dalniy settlement) 5th Combined Arms Army | Far Eastern | 12 | Since 1998, the brigade has been re-equipped with Tochka-U complexes. Composition - 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM. 2013 - full-time. |
| 107th Missile Brigade (Birobidzhan / Semistochny village) | Far Eastern | 12 | 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 26th Missile Brigade (Luga) | Leningradsky | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, as of 2009, possibly equipped with 9K720 "Iskander-M" complexes |
| 112th Guards Missile Brigade (Shuya) | Moscow | 12 | 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 448th Missile Brigade (Kursk) | Moscow | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, in the future it is planned to re-equip with 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 92nd Missile Brigade (Kamenka near Penza) | Privolzhsko-Uralsky | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, since 2007, re-equipment with 9K720 "Iskander-M" complexes has been announced |
| 119th Missile Brigade (Elansky village) | Privolzhsko-Uralsky | 12 | |
| 1st Guards Rocket Orsha Brigade of the Orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov (Krasnodar) | North Caucasian | 12 | from 1991-1992 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, in the future it is planned to re-equip with 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 464th Missile Brigade (Kapustin Yar, Znamensk, Astrakhan region, since 1992) | North Caucasian | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, in the future it is planned to re-equip with 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 103rd Missile Brigade (Drovyanaya village, Ulan-Ude) | Siberian | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, since 2005, re-equipment with 9K720 "Iskander-M" complexes has been announced |
| ORDN 60th Combat Use Center (Kapustin Yar, Znamensk-6, Astrakhan region) | North Caucasus, central subordination | 4 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" |
| ORDN of the Combat Use Center | Far Eastern | 4 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" |
| 152nd Guards Rocket Brest-Warsaw Horde. Lenin Red Banner horde. Kutuzov II degree brigade (Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad) | Baltic Fleet | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM |
| TOTAL in the Russian Armed Forces | 140 |
- 2010 - according to Western data at the beginning of the year, the Russian Armed Forces included 18 RBRs armed with Tochka complexes with 216 SPU complexes. We consider these data to be inaccurate and overestimated.
2010 May 09 - 152nd Guards Rocket Brest-Warsaw Horde. Lenin Red Banner horde. Kutuzov II degree brigade (Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad) with Tochka installations took part in the Victory Day parade in Kaliningrad.
Launchers of the Tochka complexes at the Victory Parade in Kaliningrad. May 9, 2010 (photo - Natalya Ambra, http://picasaweb.google.com).
- 2011 January 24 - Media report that the Russian military base in South Ossetia (Tskhinvali, Java) received 1 division missile systems"Tochka-U", probably from one of the missile brigades of the North Caucasus Military District.
September 22, 2011 - during the Center-2011 exercise at the Kapustin Yar training ground, group launches of the 9M79 OTR were carried out using the 9K79-1 Tochka-U complexes together with a battery of the 9K720 Iskander-M complexes.
Launch of the 9M79 rocket of the 9K79-1 Tochka-U complex, Kapustin Yar training ground, 09.22.2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).
9K79-1 Tochka-U missile systems with 9M79M Tochka missiles during exercises of missile and artillery units of the 5th combined arms army of the Eastern Military District, Sergeevsky combined arms training ground, March 2013. The launch of 9M79M Tochka missiles was conditional. (http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
- 2013 July 14 - The Ministry of Defense today reports that the 103rd Missile Brigade of the 36th Army of the Eastern Military District has been brought to the highest level of combat readiness during the inspection of units and formations of the Air Defense Forces. Currently, the brigade, armed with the Tochka-U complexes, has deployed its complexes at the starting position in the area of the Divizionny training ground near Ulan-Ude, completed a set of camouflage measures and is ready to carry out the assigned combat training tasks ().
2013 September 22 - the missile brigade of the Western Military District (probably the 26th Neman Red Banner Missile Brigade, Luga) carried out successful training firing of the Tochka-U missile system, probably with 9M79K Tochka missiles ().
Missile launches of the Tochka-U complexes of the Western Military District, test site in Luga, Leningrad region. 09/22/2013 (footage from the Zvezda TV channel,
Complex
Complex noun, m., used compare often
Morphology: (no) what? complex, what? complex, (see) what? complex, how? complex, about what? about the complex;
pl.
What? complexes, (no) what? complexes, what? complexes, (see) what? complexes, how? complexes, about what? about complexes
1.
Complex any objects, phenomena, qualities is their totality, set. A set of questions. | Complex of representations. | Complex of medical measures. | The company provides full complex services.
2. In industry complex name a few related friend with other industries or businesses.
Industrial complex. | Agro-industrial complex.
3. Complex- this is a series of buildings that make up a single architectural ensemble and serve one purpose.
Shopping complex. | Residential complex. | Hospital complex. | Concert and exhibition complex. | A complex of gray rectangular buildings appeared to the right.
4. In psychology complex refers to a feeling of fear, anxiety, or embarrassment about some issue, such as one's appearance, abilities, shortcomings, etc.
Over time, the child developed a guilt complex towards his mother. | He tried to overcome his inferiority complex. | He is a man without complexes.
5. If you take any action in complex, which means you perform them in conjunction with other actions.
The problem needs to be approached holistically. | We do everything in a comprehensive manner: massage, physical therapy, physiotherapy.
complex verb, nsv.
Having complexes about your appearance.
Dictionary Russian language Dmitriev. D. V. Dmitriev. 2003.
Synonyms:
See what a “complex” is in other dictionaries:
Complex- According to GOST 2.101 68* Source... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
complex- a, m. complexe m., adj. English complex lat. complexus. 1. A set of homogeneous elements that make up a certain whole. Pavlenkov 1911. Set, combination of objects, phenomena, properties. Complex gymnastic exercises. BAS 1.… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
complex- (from Lat. complexus connection, combination) connection of individual mental processes into a whole different from the sum of its elements (see systematic principle in psychology). In this sense, the concept of “K.” used by many psychologists (see... Great psychological encyclopedia
A collection of homogeneous objects that form a whole. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. COMPLEX is a homogeneous collection considered as one whole. A complete dictionary of foreign words included in... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (from Lat. complexns connection, combination) in psychology, in the most general sense defined. connection of individual mental processes into a whole. In a narrower sense, a group of heterogeneous mental elements connected by a single affect. The concept of K. in this... Philosophical Encyclopedia
COMPLEX, complex, man. (Latin complexus, lit. plexus). 1. A set, a combination of phenomena or properties. A complex set of social relationships. A complex of painful manifestations. Complex of representations. 2. (strike only complex). Method... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
complex- differs from a concept in the relationship that is established between an individual object and a group name ... in a complex the individual is preserved as such, and the complex itself unites various elements not on the basis of internal ... ... Dictionary L.S. Vygotsky
Complex- Complex ♦ Complexe A multi-component set of elements that complicates the holistic perception of an object. The term “complex” is widely used in psychology and psychoanalysis to designate a group of conscious or unconscious ideas... ... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary
- (from Latin complexus connection, combination) 1) a set, a combination of objects, items, actions, closely related and interacting with each other, forming a single integrity; 2) a group of interrelated industries, sub-sectors, enterprises,... ... Economic dictionary
Set, combination, association, ensemble; doubt, whim, passion, strangeness, weak point, Achilles heel Dictionary of Russian synonyms. complex see doubt Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language... Synonym dictionary
COMPLEX, ah, husband. 1. A set, a combination of something n. K. machines. K. representations. 2. A set of industries related to each other National economy or enterprises of various sectors of the economy. Agro-industrial complex. Territorially... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Male sexual complexes: Don Quixote, Griselda, Don Juanism, Leontes, Quasimodo, small penis, macho, Orestes, Knight and Libertine, Othello, Oedipus.
Female sexual complexes: Athens Pallas, Alice in Wonderland, Amazons, Diana the Huntress, Jocasta, Cinderella, Clytemnestra, Kopyushka, Xanthippe, Medea, Messalina, loneliness, Madonna and the Whore, Titania, Electra.
Common sexual complexes: childhood, victim, Western culture, Cain, inferiority, oral, onanistic, panic of closing doors, provoked betrayal, Romeo and Juliet, Tristan and Isolde (“forbidden fruit”), castration.
Exotic sexual complexes: Amok, Koro, Indian Dhat Syndrome, Latakh.
Sexual myths: O " femme fatale", about "erotic paradise".
Male sexual complexes
Don Quixote complex. Named after the title character of Miguel Cervantes’s novel “The Cunning Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha.” A man suffering from this complex imagines himself as a knight errant with the cult of a woman inherent in this image: the idealization of the image of his beloved, admiration for her. Characteristic of infantile individuals. The “insight” of such individuals, associated with the discovery of gross contradictions between the ideal image of a woman and her real personal characteristics, can lead to the commission of violent acts caused by frustration. An analogue of this complex in women is the Alice in Wonderland complex.
Griselda complex. Named after the heroine of one of the short stories “The Decameron” by Giovanni Boccaccio. It is expressed in the development of father's affection for his daughter into erotic attraction, which can lead to attempts to commit depraved acts or incest. In women, a version of this complex is called the Jocasta complex.
Don Juanism. Named after the character in many works of fiction by the legendary seducer Don Juan. A man with this complex strives to “conquer” as much as possible more women. At the same time, the main interest for him is the process of achieving a woman’s favor; after achieving her favor (as a rule, sexual intercourse), interest immediately disappears. Repeated connections are uncommon. It is noted that the background of this complex may be uncertainty about one’s own sexual viability, latent homosexuality, fear of women, and the main driving motive— strengthening the idea of one’s own masculinity. This complex is similar to the macho complex.
Leontes complex. Named after King Leontes, the character " Winter's Tale"Shakespeare, who groundlessly suspected his wife of cheating and on this basis renounced paternity. The essence of this complex lies in painful jealousy of the partner, including doubts about paternity. The consequence of this may be a refusal to exercise parental responsibilities, a requirement for a paternity examination, etc. As a rule, there are no real grounds for this. The complex may reflect the distrust of women characteristic of patriarchal cultures or be a manifestation of mental illness.
Quasimodo complex. Named after Quasimodo, a character in the novel Notre-Dame de Paris by Victor Hugo. It is one of the types of inferiority complex, which is associated with a chronic underestimation of one’s appearance, a strong opinion about one’s own unattractiveness to the opposite sex.
Small penis complex. It is also one of the options for the development of an inferiority complex. The roots of this complex lie in childhood. The child, seeing that his penis is smaller than that of his father and older children, is fixed on this circumstance, acquiring the conviction that as a result of the smaller size of his genitals, he will not be successful in contacts with women. There is a fear of being ridiculed; other violations are possible on this basis.
Macho complex. This is how masculinity is often portrayed in the press. Macho (Spanish macho - “male”) is an idealized image of a man existing in Latin American and modern Western society, including qualities usually attributed to males in the animal world: aggressiveness, rudeness, a pronounced masculine type of appearance and sexuality, physical strength, assertiveness , perseverance. A man with this complex feels a constant need to confirm his masculine qualities, including performing an active, often aggressive sexual role. For this purpose, the services of prostitutes and even homosexual violence can be used. The macho man is characterized by a dual attitude towards women: on the one hand, there is an idealized asexual image of a wife and mother, obedient to her husband and meekly leading the household; on the other hand, the image of a woman with whom a macho man realizes his sexual needs: accessible, skilled in many sexual techniques. In this sense, the macho complex is similar to the Madonna and Whore complex. The negative impact of this complex is associated with the desire for an ideal, which in many cases cannot be realized within the framework of lawful behavior. In addition, sexual failures are extremely painful for such a man, fear-inducing loss of status and ridicule.
Orestes complex. Orestes in ancient Greek mythology was the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. He killed his mother and her lover out of revenge for the father they killed. The complex is associated with the son’s hatred of his mother for her attitude towards his father, for not recognizing his leading role in the family.
Complex of the Knight and the Libertine. The female version of the Madonna and Whore complex. As in the male version, there is a conflict between the requirements for a spouse - a “knight”, whose purpose is to ensure a safe and comfortable existence for a woman, and a sexual partner - a “debaucher”: hypersexual, strong, passionate.
Othello complex. Named after the title character of Shakespeare's play "Othello, the Moor of Venice", who killed his wife, Desdemona, out of unreasonable jealousy. It manifests itself in pathological jealousy, even to the point of delirium, often occurring under the influence of alcohol. A man with this complex fears not only losing his partner’s favor, but also becoming an object of ridicule from rivals and acquaintances.
Oedipus complex. The name of the complex is based on Greek myth, in which Oedipus (unknowingly) kills his father Laius and marries his mother Jocasta. According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex is a stage of psychosexual development and perception associated with a boy's unconscious attraction to his mother. This attraction is accompanied by jealousy of the father, as well as an unconscious desire for his death.
Women's sexual complexes
Complex of Pallas Athena. Named after the Greek goddess Pallas Athena. It manifests itself in a violation of a woman’s social-gender identification: she strives to fulfill roles that are more characteristic of a man (father) than of a woman (mother). The ideal partner for such a woman is an infantile man with whom she could play a protective role. Women with this complex are also prone to boylove: they quite easily make friends with boys, find a common language with them, which can lead to relationships developing into sexual ones.
Alice in Wonderland complex. The name comes from Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Women with this complex are prone to daydreaming, building “castles in the air,” inventing imaginary partners for themselves, endowing them with certain qualities and behavior. In real life, such women strive to find a partner who will meet their imaginary expectations. At the same time, the success of the relationship depends on the partner’s ability to accept the role that is intended for him in the woman’s fantasies. The pathological nature of this complex is manifested in the fact that when there is a discrepancy between the real and imaginary world, a split in personality can occur: despite its existence in real world, the woman begins to pay more and more attention to the imaginary world.
Amazon complex. Amazons - in ancient Greek mythology, a people consisting exclusively of women who did not tolerate their husbands with them, and invited men from neighboring nations to bear children. They sent the male children born to their fathers, but kept the girls with them to accustom them to war. Women with this complex view men only as a necessary element in the process of conception, but otherwise they treat them and their inherent qualities with disdain. The complex is seen as a psychological relic of matriarchy. It can also be regarded as a manifestation of narcissism or homosexuality.
Diana the Huntress Complex. Diana is the Roman goddess of the hunt. Diana in Roman mythology was identified with Artemis, a goddess from Greek mythology. Classic Artemis is a virgin and protector of chastity. The complex consists of a “mania” for chastity, a cult of purity. The complex is based on a deep basis of sexual relations that is not acceptable for many (most often manifested in fantasies of an erotic nature), psychogenic retardation of sexual development, fear of being judged by people, fear of ruining one’s reputation in this way, most often manifests itself in adolescence, when the person is very under great influence loved ones.
Jocasta complex. Jocasta is the queen of Thebes in ancient Greek mythology. Not knowing about the fate of her son Oedipus, abandoned as a baby by order of his father on Mount Cithaeron, she married him. This is an analogue of the Griselda complex, manifested in a mother’s pathological attraction to her son, his excessive care, and the desire to satisfy any of his needs. The natural result of this may be the emergence of sexual attraction, leading to incest.
Cinderella complex. The complex manifests itself in the passivity of a woman, waiting for fate to give her a chance to meet an extraordinary man, a real fairy-tale prince, who will become her “ticket” to the world of happiness and adventure. At the same time, potential partners met in real life seem to be insufficiently suitable ideal image“a prince on a white horse”, and the surrounding reality is empty and boring. It should be noted that such fantasies are a common element of the process of puberty, but only in some women they persist into adulthood. mature age. Not to be confused with the so-called Cinderella effect.
Clytemnestra complex. Clytemnestra in Greek mythology, the daughter of Leda and Tyndareus, was forcibly married to King Agamemnon. In her husband's absence, Clytemnestra cheated on him with his cousin Aegisthus, and upon Agamemnon's return, she killed him. It is expressed in an unconscious protest against the leading role of men, male violence, leading to the suppression of sexuality and detachment from a sexual partner.
Kopyushka complex. Associated with the complete subordination and submission of a woman to a man, a lack of initiative in sexual relations while maintaining the intellectual and volitional sphere in other areas. Closely associated with an inferiority complex.
Xanthippe complex. Xanthippe is the wife of the Greek philosopher Socrates, famous for her bad character. In women with this complex, sexual and other drives are absorbed by the desire for order, correctness, and cleanliness. Characteristic is the lack of a sense of humor, a puritanical attitude towards love relationships. As a rule, it occurs in adulthood and old age in women who have not developed relationships with the male sex, which results in rejection of the sexual sphere of life and the sublimation of attraction into moral and everyday principles.
Medea complex. Named after Medea, the Colchis princess from the ancient Greek myths of the Golden Fleece, who was in love with the leader of the Argonauts, Jason. When Jason was about to marry another woman, she killed her rival and the children she had with him. The complex is associated with pathological jealousy and the vindictiveness of a woman, which can even go as far as committing crimes.
Messalina complex. Messalina was the wife of the Roman Emperor Claudius, famous for her debauchery. Women with this complex believe that in order to be attractive to men, they need to fit the stereotype of a depraved woman who is easy to seduce but difficult to satisfy sexually. The complex manifests itself as a tendency towards promiscuity and may be a manifestation of nymphomania or be a female version of Don Juanism.
Loneliness complex. Occurs in childless women during menopause. Associated with the emergence of a need for motherhood that can no longer be satisfied. Emotionally, this complex is characterized by a feeling of loss of happiness, pleasure from life, and lack of meaning in existence. It can lead to neuroses associated with fixation on negative emotions and depression.
Complex of the Madonna and the Whore. Associated with conflicting traditions of approaches to assessing female and male sexuality in Western culture. On the one hand, as a partner for family relations a man seeks to choose a woman who has such qualities as fidelity, devotion, virtue. On the other hand, a man’s sexual desire pushes him to search for an available woman who is ready to satisfy all his sexual needs. As a result, there is a separation of the image of a woman as an object of love and care and a woman as a sexual partner, often leading to adultery. The female analogue of this complex is the complex of the Knight and the Libertine.
Titania complex. Named after Titania, the fairy queen from Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream. Women with this complex form in their imagination an image of an ideal partner (filled with details borrowed from films and other works of fiction), whom they try to find throughout their lives. If the partner or husband of such a woman does not correspond to the given image, rejection may occur. Over time, as she realizes that she has not been able to find an ideal partner and is unlikely to be able to in the future, the woman begins to feel a sense of lost chance, and she tends to blame her husband for the fact that she never found her happiness. Her past is mythologized, she invents legends about herself, often talks about acquaintances (real or fictitious) whom she could have ever married, but did not due to some accidents.
Electra complex. The female version of the Oedipus complex is associated with attraction to the father and associated jealousy and negative attitude towards the mother.
General sexual complexes
Childhood complex. It manifests itself in infantility, a desire for freedom from the worries characteristic of an adult, and the need to make decisions about one’s own life. Such a person is afraid of independence and real life, which leads to socialization disorders and sexual failures. Often such people become dependent on their mothers, who control all aspects of their lives.
Victim complex. It appears in victims of sexual violence and is a type of inferiority complex. A person develops the feeling that he himself is to blame for being a victim of violence or that he is destined to be a victim by fate. Such mental deformations can increase victimization, indeed increasing the likelihood of being subjected to violence in the future.
"Complex" of Western culture. Some Russian and Ukrainian experts propose to consider a mechanistic attitude towards sex as a complex, which becomes one of the elements of a person’s hedonistic aspirations, not related to romantic relationships or childbirth. According to G. B. Deryagin, this complex is widespread in urban society Western civilization. This complex is characterized by fixation on the technique of sexual intercourse and the sexual practices used. Personality of the partner and his inner world does not matter much, attention is paid only to external attractiveness and sexual preparedness. As G. B. Deryagin notes, in its external manifestations this complex is similar to libertineism.
Cain complex. It occurs in a person who has committed infidelity to his spouse or long-term partner and is associated with the assessment of his act as vile, requiring atonement. The resulting excessive feeling of guilt leads to depression and detachment from the partner. Named after the biblical character Cain, the son of Adam and Eve, who killed his brother Abel, but later repented of his crime and was doomed to eternal wanderings for murder.
Inferiority complex. A person suffering from this complex has a negative attitude towards his appearance or personal characteristics, is confident in the inadequacy of his capabilities and skills, including in the sexual sphere. Manifestations of the complex may be associated with the constant demonstration of one’s “success”, the incessant desire for external symbols of success in life (wealth, power, sexual “victories”), including the use of immoral and illegal means. Envy, vindictiveness, and neuroses arising from a constant feeling of dissatisfaction with what has been achieved are also characteristic.
Oral complex. A manifestation of this complex is the persistence of the desire to suck various objects (fingers, pencils) in children and adolescents. Psychoanalysis considers such a desire to be a subconscious echo of the infant’s sucking reflex, associated with psychoerotic pleasure from caressing the mother’s breast.
Onanistic complex. Associated with the emergence of a feeling of guilt in a teenager who masturbates. The reason for this may be a negative attitude towards masturbation instilled by parents, ideas about its harm to health, which are a relic of Puritan morality and religious and philosophical views that consider the loss of sperm to be harmful to the body. The conflict between unrealized sexual desire, on the one hand, and the idea of the dangers of masturbation, on the other, leads to the emergence of neurotic states, the appearance of an ongoing feeling of guilt, and the sinfulness of one’s actions.
Panic complex of closing doors. It consists of a fear that arises in adulthood (40 years and older) of losing attractiveness to a potential or actual partner and manifests itself in attaching excessive importance to appearance and external manifestations of sexuality, the desire for rejuvenation, contacts with younger partners. It is predominantly characteristic of women and men of homosexual orientation, but can also occur in heterosexuals.
Complex of provoked betrayal. A person with this complex experiences a desire for his partner to establish temporary sexual relationships with other people. He himself often participates in establishing such contacts or demands from his partner a detailed story about his “betrayal.” This complex is close to manifestations of deviant sexuality, including sadomasochistic ones (see candaulism).
Complex of Romeo and Juliet. It is found in societies that condemn extramarital sexual relations and is associated with the desire of partners to enter into a marriage as quickly as possible after meeting each other and the emergence of a sensual attraction, despite the protests of parents and the opinions of others.
Complex of Tristan and Isolde (“forbidden fruit”). It is common in the cultures of Western civilization, where there is still moral condemnation of premarital sexual relations, but at the same time such relations are quite common. A person who has sexual intercourse before marriage experiences both guilt and pleasure; after marriage, the feeling of guilt no longer manifests itself, resulting in a decrease in sexual desire as a consequence of a decrease in the emotional background associated with it.
Castration complex. This complex involves a boy’s fear of losing his penis as a punishment for displaying sexuality, as well as the experiences of girls and women associated with their lack of a penis. In women, this complex is associated with an unconscious attitude towards a subordinate position in comparison with a man. This attitude sets in motion compensatory mechanisms, as a result of which the behavior of a woman with this complex has many characteristics characteristic of men: a tendency towards power, dominance, a masculine style of sexual behavior (frequent changes of partners, inflated demands on the partner’s sexual activity).
Exotic sexual complexes
Amok complex. Amok - mental condition, observed among residents of the Malay Islands, characterized by an unmotivated attack of blind aggressive excitement, uncontrolled rabies. The cause of amok is the unbearable shame associated with a partner’s betrayal. A person feels his sexual inadequacy and is afraid of being ridiculed by others. This feeling is replaced by hatred of others, a compensatory mechanism appears aggressive behavior. The accumulation of aggression leads to its explosive manifestation, which can be associated with causing harm to a large number of people.
Koro complex. Distributed in Southeast Asia among the Chinese, Malays, and Indonesians, more often than men. People exposed to it experience panic fear retraction of the genitals or mammary glands into the body, which is considered fatal. In view of this, attacks of fear are accompanied by attempts to counteract such retraction using improvised objects or through masturbation. This complex can be a manifestation of mental disorders, but sometimes it manifests itself independently.
Indian Dhat Syndrome. It is widespread in Hindu culture and is associated with a pathological fear of ejaculation, based on the idea of sperm as a source of vital force. Sex life becomes impossible, involuntary emissions cause panic with loss of control over one’s own behavior.
Latah. It is described in Malay women who, as a rule, are not sexually active or are not sexually satisfied. Manifested by coprolalia, obscene public statements that serve as substitutes for sexual gratification. Other manifestations of a similar nature are also known, including in Russia: hiccups (prolonged intense hiccups in public places), klikushestvo (public blasphemy in places of religious rites), etc.
Sexual myths
Similar to complexes are sexual myths, which are an idealized expression of certain expectations and attitudes regarding sexual relations or the image of a partner.
The myth of the “femme fatale”. Characteristic of cultures in which men play the dominant role in sex. There are many variants of it, in which a man becomes involved in a passionate relationship with a woman, which turns out to be disastrous for him in every sense.
The myth of the “erotic paradise”. Represents a hedonistic dream of an afterlife or earthly paradise as a place where unlimited sexual pleasure is available. The idea of an erotic paradise plays important role, for example, in the culture of the Adamite religious society.