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M Butovskaya. © Butovskaya M. L. Main scientific interests

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head. sector of cross-cultural psychology and human ethology of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professor of the department. Ethnology, Faculty of History, Moscow State University, Professor, Educational and Scientific Center of the Russian State University for the Humanities

Questionnaire “Marriage and quality of family relationships” by Russell and Wells (Russian version translated by M.L. Butovskaya)

In 1982, she graduated from the Department of Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University.

In 1985, she defended her PhD thesis at the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the topic “Ethological mechanisms of some forms of group behavior of primates as a prerequisite for anthroposociogenesis.”

In 1994, she defended her doctoral dissertation at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the topic “Universal principles of the organization of social systems in primates, including humans.”

In 2004 she received the title of professor in the department. theory and history of culture.

Main scientific interests

Evolution of human social behavior; traditional societies of East Africa. Including: nonverbal communication and human spatial behavior: the interaction of biology and culture; universal models of human social behavior; factors for the development and maintenance of social connections at the intragroup and intergroup level; aggression and post-conflict interactions; evolutionary basis of sex and gender differences in the choice of a sexual partner in humans in traditional and industrial societies; distribution of resources and marriage partners among hunter-gatherers, pastoralists and farmers of Northern Tanzania; socio-psychological adaptation of a person in a new cultural environment; psycho-social adaptation of Russians and immigrants from the CIS countries in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa; behavioral genetics.

He is among the top 100 most published and cited scientific historians in our country according to the RSCI - 2016. To date, 96 publications have been published in journals included in the Web of Science database, 310 in the RSCI. The total number of links to publications is 2402.

Teaching activities

Professor of the department ethnology of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University and the educational and scientific center of social anthropology of the Russian State University for the Humanities.

Worked as a guest lecturer in Russia: at the Faculty of Political Science High school economics (2010), at Tomsk State University (laboratory of social anthropology) (2015-2016).

She worked abroad as a visiting researcher and lecturer: at the University of Kassel (Germany (1999), the University of Strasbourg (Strasbourg, France) (2000 - 2001), the Institute of Human Ethology of the Max Planck Society (Andex, Germany) (2003 ), Charles University (Prague, Czech Republic) (2007), University of Vienna (Vienna, Austria) (2009), University of Chronengen (Netherlands) (2011 - 2012), University of Wroclaw (Wroclaw, Poland (2013), Yerevan University (Yerevan, Armenia) (2014 – 2016), University of Göttingen (Göttingen, Germany) (2016).

7 candidate's dissertations were defended under his supervision. Currently supervising 3 graduate students and 1 doctoral student at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Butovskaya M. Anthropology // Text book: Evolutionary Science of human behavior: An interdisciplinary approach/ P. LaFreniere and G. Weisfeld eds. N.L.: LINUS Learning. 2014. pp. 89 – 114.
Morozov I.A., Butovskaya M.L. Social space and spatial behavior: methods of representation, universals and cultural differences // Subject and problems of ethnology and anthropology. Lectures for graduate students. M. 2016. P. 304 – 334.
Anthropology. Ethnology: textbook and workshop for undergraduate and graduate courses / V. A. Tishkov [et al.]; resp. ed. V. A. Tishkov. - M. Yurayt Publishing House, 2017: under the authorship of 5.5 a.l.
Organizer of two international summer schools on human ethology (Zvenigorod, June 19-26, 2001 and Pushchino, June 30-July 7, 2002).
Member of the dissertation council for the defense of doctoral and master's theses at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in specialties 07.00.07, 03.00.03, the Scientific Council of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Scientific activity

Membership in scientific societies :

International Society for Human Ethology, International Society for Research on Aggression, European Anthropological Association.

Member of the editorial boards of domestic and foreign scientific journals:

“Ethnographic Review”, “Social Evolution and History”, “Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace”.

Grants :

Research grant from the German Academy of Sciences (1992-1993) (R);
Research grant from Soros "cultural initiative" (1993-1994) (R);
Research grant from the French Academy of Sciences (1999-2000) (R);
Research grant from Open Society, Research Support Scheme, (1999-2001, No. 138/99) (R);
RFBR grant, 1996, No. 96-06-80405 “Lifestyle and social strategies of early hominins according to primatology” R;
RGNF grant, 1996, No. 96-01-00032 “Culture and gender: the formation of gender stereotypes among children in various regions of Russia” R;
RFBR grant, 1999, No. 99-06-80346 “Models for maintaining social balance in hominin communities: aggression and post-conflict behavior in humans and primates” R; RSS grant, 1999, No. 138/1999 “Beggars of Eastern Europe: ethological aspects” R;
RFBR grant, 2004, No. 04-06-80166a “Mechanisms for controlling social tension and social status in children and adolescents in an evolutionary perspective” R;
grant of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Ethnocultural interaction in Eurasia” “Behavioral ecology: universal ethological mechanisms of human adaptation to the environment”, “Behavioural ecology: universal ethological mechanisms of human adaptation to the environment” 2003 R;
RGNF grant, 2004, “Choice of a permanent sexual partner in modern Russia: gender differences in an evolutionary perspective" R;
grant of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and technogenic transformations”, 2006, “Sociality as a factor of anthropological changes in the past and present” R;
RGNF grant 2006 “Russian complex expedition to the Arusha region, United Republic of Tanzania” R;
RFBR grant 04-06-80166a “Mechanisms for controlling social tension and social status in children and adolescents in an evolutionary perspective” 2004-2006 R;
Medium-term target program "Multinational Moscow: the formation of civil solidarity, a culture of peace and harmony (2005-2007)" I;
RGNF grant 04-01-00244a “Choice of a permanent sexual partner in modern Russia: gender differences in an evolutionary perspective” 2004-2006 R;
RGNF grant 07-01-18009e “Choice of a partner in monogamous and polygamous societies: Russian complex expedition to Northern Tanzania” 2007 R;
Federal target program “Multinational capital of Russia (2008-2010)”, “Multinational Moscow: the formation of civil solidarity, a culture of peace and harmony (2005-2007)” And;
Program basic research Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and technogenic transformations” Adaptation as a factor in the formation of the anthropological uniqueness of the ancient and modern population of Eurasia. Social factors of anthropological changes. 2006-2008 R;
RFBR grant 070600078a “Aggression: biology and culture (genetic factors of aggressive behavior and cultural models of control of social tension in humans)” 2007-2009 R;
RGNF grant 08-01-00015a “Partner choice and marital satisfaction in modern and pre-industrial societies: a biosocial perspective” 2008-2010 R;
Fundamental research program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Historical and cultural heritage and spiritual values of Russia”, project “Cross-cultural analysis of social space and mechanisms for regulating social tension: from tradition to modernity” 2009-2011 I;
Program of fundamental research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Basic sciences for medicine”, project “Development of molecular markers for the study and diagnosis of predisposition to deviant forms of aggressive behavior” 2009 R;
grant from the Russkiy Mir Foundation “Russian language and Russian culture as factors of socio-psychological adaptation of Russian migrants and their descendants in Africa” 2009-2010 R;
RFBR grant 10-06-00010a “Behavioural, morpho-physiological and genetic components of aggressive human behavior (taking into account the cultural and environmental context)” 2010-2012 R;
RFBR grant 11-04-96565-r_yug_ts “Anthropogenetic study of athletes in various sports: establishing complex characteristics that determine the body’s adaptation to high sports loads (morphological, physiological, psychological and genetic characteristics”) 2011-2013 (I);
RGNF grant 12-01-00032 “Man and woman in traditional society: acceptable forms of aggression in conditions of monogamy and polygamy on the example of the Hadza and Datoga of Tanzania”, 2012-2014 (R);
RFBR grant 13-06-00393 A “Identification of adaptive morpho-psychological complexes in modern human populations as a reflection of evolutionarily stable strategies”, 2013 – 2015 (R);
RGNF grant 15-01-18077e “Interaction of models of conflict and altruistic behavior in children and adolescents in a traditional society (using the example of Tanzania)”, 2015 (R);
RGNF grant 15-36-01027 “Comprehensive study of morphological, genetic and psychological markers of aggression in humans”, 2015 – 2017 (R);
RFBR grant 16-06-00223 A “Reproductive success in men and women in traditional and industrial societies: anthropometric and molecular genetic markers”, 2016 – 2018 (R).

International scientific projects currently

Currently, joint scientific projects with prof. G. Weisfeld (University of Detroit, USA), prof. P. Sorokovsky (University of Wroclaw, Poland) in the field of cross-cultural anthropology and psychology; in the field of evolutionary psychology together with Dr. B. Fink (University of Göttingen, Germany); in the field of biological anthropology and human evolution together with prof. L. Schafer (University of Vienna, Austria), prof. J. Manning (Swansey University, UK) and prof. A. Mabulloy (University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania).

Field studies

Expedition trips: to Kalmykia “studying gender stereotypes in Kalmykia” (1993 – 1995); Adler, Russian Primatological Center (1994 – 1999); Study of the ethological and hormonal basis of the regulation of aggression in children and adolescents (Moscow, Elista, Yerevan) (1997 – 2007); studying the problems of urban beggars in Eastern Europe– Czech Republic, Genmania, Romania (1998 – 2005); ethological studies of pedestrian behavior in urban environments and the perception of movement as an indicator of personality traits - Austria, Germany, Armenia (1999 - present); study of morpho-psychotypes in modern urban and rural society – central Russia, Moscow, Yerevan, Armenia (2014 – 2016); study on aggression and reconciliation in children and adolescents - Ussuriysk (2015); expedition trips to Tanzania study social organization and behavioral characteristics traditional societies hunter-gatherers, pastoralists and farmers (2004–present); studies of marriage preferences among modern students - Tanzania, Zambia (2004 - 2005); studying the socio-psychological adaptation of Russians and their descendants in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa - Tanzania, Zambia (2010), Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia (2015).

Awards

Grant award from the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the program “Outstanding Scientists, Young Doctors and Candidates” 2000-2001.

Main publications

More than 380 publications. Including:

Monographs:

1. At the origins of human society. M. Science. 1993. 255 p. (together with L.A. Fainberg).

2. Body language: nature and culture. M. Scientific World. 2004a. 437 p.

3. Secrets of gender: man and woman in the mirror of evolution. Fryazino: Century-2. 2004b. 367 pp.

4. Systematics and behavior of primates. M.: Encyclopedia of Russian villages. 2004. 272 p. (together with M.A. Deryagina).

5. Homosexuality and evolution. Fryazino: Vek-2 2005, 62 p.

6. Butovskaya M.L. Power, gender and reproductive success. Fryazino: Vek-2 2005, 62 p.

7. Aggression and peaceful coexistence: universal mechanisms for controlling social tension in humans. M.: Scientific World. 2006. 275 p. (together with V.N. Burkova, V.M. Timenchik, E.Yu. Boyko and others).

8. Wandering among us: Beggars in Russia and European countries, history and modernity. M. Scientific World. 2007. 275 p. (together with I.Yu. Dyakonov and M.A. Vanchatova).

9. Baring language: a cross-cultural study of the semantics of an ancient gesture. M. Languages of Slavic Culture. 2008, 318 p. (together with I.A. Morozov, A.E. Makhov).

10. Anthropology of gender. Fryazino. Dynasty. 2013. 254 p.

Articles in journals and collective monographs:

Butovskaya, M. L., & Kozintsev, A. G. (1996). A neglected form of quasi-aggression in apes: Possible relevance for the origins of humor. Current Anthropology, 37(4), 716-717.
Butovskaya, M. L., & Kozintsev, A. G. (1996). Gender‐related factors affecting primate social behavior: Grooming, rank, age, and kinship in heterosexual and all‐male groups of stumptail macaques. American journal of physical anthropology, 101(1), 39-54.
Butovskaya, M. and Kozintsev, A., 1999. Aggression, friendship, and reconciliation in Russian primary schoolchildren. Aggressive Behavior, 25(2), pp.125-139.
Butovskaya, M. L. (2000). Biosocial preconditions for socio-political alternativity. Civilizational Models of Politogenesis, 35-54.
Butovskaya, M., Ljungberg, T., Lunardini, A. and Verbeek, P., 2000. A cross-cultural view of peacemaking in the school yard. Aureli F, de Waal, editors. Natural Conflict Resolution. Berkley, California: University of California Press. p, pp.243-258.
Butovskaya, M., Salter, F., Diakonov, I., & Smirnov, A. (2000). Urban begging and ethnic nepotism in Russia. Human Nature, 11(2), 157-182.
LaFreniere, P., Masataka, N., Butovskaya, M., Chen, Q., Auxiliadora Dessen, M., Atwanger, K., ... & Frigerio, A. (2002). Cross-cultural analysis of social competence and behavior problems in preschoolers. Early Education and Development, 13(2), 201-220.
Rohde, P. A., Atzwanger, K., Butovskaya, M., Lampert, A., Mysterud, I., Sanchez-Andres, A., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Perceived parental favoritism, closeness to kin, and the rebel of the family: The effects of birth order and sex. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24(4), 261-276.
Butovskaya, M. L., Boyko, E. Y., Selverova, N. B., & Ermakova, I. V. (2005). The hormonal basis of reconciliation in humans. Journal of physiological anthropology and applied human science, 24(4), 333-337.
Butovskaya, M. L. (2008). Reconciliation, dominance and cortisol levels in children and adolescents (7–15-year-old boys). Behavior, 145(11), 1557-1576.
M.L. Butovskaya, D.A. Dronova, E. Mikhanjo Modern trends in the choice of marriage partners among African students and attitudes towards traditional attitudes towards procreation and large families Interracial and interethnic relations in modern Tanzania (works of the Russian complex expedition to the United Republic Tanzania (2005) M.: LEND, 2008 pp. 168-195
M.L. Butovskaya, A. Mabulla Hadza and Iraq in conditions of intercultural interaction: features of social behavior of children and adolescents studying at a school in the village of Endomaga. Interracial and interethnic relations in modern Tanzania (works of the Russian complex expedition in the United Republic of Tanzania (2005) M.: LENAND, 2008 p.138-168
Safonov G.A., Butovskaya M.L. Perception of reproductive strategies of characters in British romantic literature based on materials from a Russian sample / Man in the past and present: behavior and morphology. Based on materials from the IV summer school at the Russian State University for the Humanities (June 19-20, 2007) “Human Behavior in the Present and Future” in Moscow. Rep. ed. M.L. Butovskaya - M.: IEA RAS, 2008, pp. 131-148.
Vishnevskaya V.I., Butovskaya M.L. School bullying in the memories of Moscow university students / Young Muscovites: cross-cultural research. Editor's note M.Yu. Martynova. N.M. Lebedeva. M. RUDN.2008, p. 491-519
Fedenok Yu.N., Butovskaya M.L. Spatial behavior of children and adolescents in multiethnic groups / Man in the past and present: behavior and morphology. Materials of the IV Summer School “Human Behavior in the Past and Present”. M., 2008. pp. 166-180.
Butovskaya M., Mabulla A. Processes of social transformation among the Hadza of northern Tanzania (based on materials from a comprehensive anthropological study) / Opus, Issue 6 2008, p. 121 – 140
Butovskaya M., Burkova V., Mabulla A. Sex Differences in 2D:4D Ratio, Aggression and Conflict Resolution in African children and adolescents: A Cross-Cultural Study // Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, Vol.1, issue 1, 2010, pp.17-31.
Vishnevskaya V.I., Butovskaya M.L.. The phenomenon of school bullying: aggressors and victims in Russian school // Ethnographic Review, 2010, No. 2. pp. 55-68.
Butovska M., Burkova V. Pislyapogolovo manipulations with the umbilical cord and afterbirth, ceremonies of drinking and scarring of mantles among the Datogi - livestock of Pivnichnoi Tanzania // Folk creativity and ethnography. Russian ethnology - Russian ethnology. 2010, 2. Pp. 69-73.
Butovskaya M.L., I.A. Martirosyan, V.N. Burkova, A.M. Kulikov, O.E. Lazebny, N.B. Selverova, E.V. Ermakova, A.P. Ryskov Polymorphism of androgen receptor gene repeats and its relationship with behavioral and morphological characteristics in Hadza men – hunter-gatherers of Tanzania // Man: his biological and social history. T.1. 2010. pp. 106 – 113. Moscow-Odintsovo. Publishing house of ANOO VPO “Odintsovo Humanitarian Institute.
Veselovskaya E.V., Butovskaya M.L. Study of the connection between fluctuating asymmetry and biological and personal parameters // Man: his biological and social history. T.2. 2010. pp. 155 – 160. Moscow-Odintsovo. Publishing house of ANOO VPO “Odintsovo Humanitarian Institute.
Burkova V.N., Butovskaya M.L. Finger index and its relationship with aggressive behavior in adolescents // Man: his biological and social history. T.2. 2010. pp. 161 – 168. Moscow-Odintsovo. Publishing house of ANOO VPO “Odintsovo Humanitarian Institute.
Fedenok Yu.N., Burkova V.N., Butovskaya M.L. Individual distance and its connection with some morphological indicators in Moscow teenagers // Man: his biological and social history. T.2. 2010. pp. 169 – 176. Moscow-Odintsovo. Publishing house of ANOO VPO “Odintsovo Humanitarian Institute.
Dronova D.A., Butovskaya M.L. Gender differences in assessment physical characteristics when choosing a partner in Indian society // Man: his biological and social history. T.2. 2010. pp. 200 – 208. Moscow-Odintsovo. Publishing house of ANOO VPO “Odintsovo Humanitarian Institute.
Burkova V.N., Fedenok Yu.N., Butovskaya M.L. Spatial behavior in children and adolescents (on the example of Russians and Ossetians) // Ethnographic Review, 2010, No. 3. pp. 77-91.
Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V., Prudnikova A.S. Models of human bio-social adaptation and their implementation in the conditions of industrial society // Archeology, ethnography and anthropology of EURASIA. – Novosibirsk, 2010. - No. 4. P. 143-154.
Vasiliev V.A., Martirosyan I.A., Shibalev D.V., Kulikov A.M., Lazebny O.E., Burkova V.N., Ryskov A.P., Butovskaya M.L.. Molecular genetic polymorphism of the promoter regions of the dopamine receptor 4 (DRD4P) and serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genes in the African Hadza and Datoga populations. // Genetics, 2011, volume 47, no. 2, pp. 1-5. VAK, 05, p.l.
Butovskaya M.L. Reproductive success and economic status among the Datoga - semi-sedentary pastoralists of Northern Tanzania // Ethnographic Review, No. 4, 2011. pp. 85-99.
Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V., Godina E.Z., Tretyak A.V., Silaeva L.V. Morpho-functional and personal characteristics of male athletes as a model of adaptive complexes in paleo-reconstructions // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series XXIII. Anthropology. 2011. No. 2: 4–17.
Butovskaya M.L., Burkova V.N. Anthropology of social change. Editor's note Guchinova E.B., Komarova G.A. Social status and reproductive success in the Hadza hunter-gatherer society of Tanzania. M.: ROSSPEN. 2011. pp. 365 -386.
Weisfeld C., Dillon L., Nowak N., Mims K., Weisfeld G., Imamog˘lu O., Butovskaya M., Shen J.. Sex Differences and Similarities in Married Couples: Patterns Across and Within Cultures // Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2011, Vol. 40, p.1165–1172.
Weisfeld G., Nowak N., Lucas T., Weisfeld C., Butovskaya M., Imamo’glu O., Shen J., Parkhill M.. Do women seek humorousness in men because it signals intelligence? A cross-cultural test // Humor, 2011, Vol.24, N.4, p. 435–462.
Prudnikov A.S., Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V. Godina E.Z. Study of fluctuating asymmetry in athletes of different specializations based on morphological characteristics. // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series XXIII. Anthropology, 2011. No. 4. pp. 69-80.
Dronova D.A., Butovskaya M.L. The choice of a marriage partner in modern Indian society and sexual selection / East (Oriens) 2011 No. 6, p. 46 – 66.
Butovskaya M.L., Chalyan V.G., Meishvili N.V. Reconciliation in hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas): testing the relationship quality hypothesis // Russian Physiological Journal named after. THEM. Sechenov, 2012, Issue. 97, no. 8, p. 870 – 877.
Butovskaya M.L. , Karelin D.V. , Burkova V.N. Datoga of Northern Tanzania today: ecology and cultural attitudes, Asia and Africa Today, 2012, 11 (664), p. 51 – 55.
Butovskaya M.L. Wife-battering and traditional methods of its control in contemporary Datoga Pastoralists of Tanzania // Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 2012, Vol.4, N.1, p. 28 -44.
Prudnikov A.S., Butovskaya M.L., Godina E.Z., Silaeva L.V. Characteristics of developmental homeostasis according to the severity of fluctuating asymmetry of dermatoglyphic signs in athletes of different specialties // Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, 2012. No. 1. P. 29-35.
Butovskaya M., Vasilyev V., Lazebny O., Burkova V., Kulikov A., Mabulla A., Shibalev D., Ryskov A.. Aggression, Digit Ratio, and Variation in the Androgen Receptor, Serotonin Transporter, and Dopamine D4 Receptor Genes in African Foragers: The Hadza// Behavior Genetics, 2012, Vol.42, p. 647 – 662, DOI 10.1007/s10519-012-9533-2.
Burkova V.N., Butovskaya M.L. Violent computer games and problems of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents // Questions of psychology. – 2012. – No. 1. – pp. 132-140. - Bibliography: p. 138-140.
Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V., Rostovtseva V.V., Selverova N.B., Ermakova I.V. Mechanisms of human reproductive behavior: olfactory markers of male attractiveness // Journal of General Biology, 2012, Volume 73, No. 4, 299 – 314.
Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V., Prosikova E.A., Kondratyeva A.V. Morpho-psychological complexes as an indicator of success in sports: women // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series XXIII. Anthropology. M., 2012. No. 2. P.29-41.
Butovskaya M.L. Lutsenok E.L., Tkachuk K.E. Bullying as a sociocultural phenomenon and its connection with personality traits in younger schoolchildren // Ethnographic Review, 2012, No. 5, p. 139 – 150.
Sorokowski P., Butovskaya M. Height preferences may not be universal: Evidence from the Datoga people of Tanzania // Body Image, 2012, Vol. 9, N.4, p. 510 – 516. (Impact factor: 1,900)
Balasubramaniam K., Dittmar K., Berman C.M., Butovskaya M., Cooper M.A., Majolo B., Ogawa H., Shino G., Thierry B., Waal de F.B.M. Hierarchical steepness and phylogenetic models: phylogenetic signals in Macaca // Animal Behavior, 2012, Vol, 83, N.5, p.1207 -1218.
Balasubramaniam K., Dittmar K., Berman C.M., Butovskaya M., Cooper M.A., Majolo B., Ogawa H., Shino G., Thierry B., Waal de F.B.M. Hierarchical Steepness, Counter-Aggression, and Macaque Social Style Scale // American Journal of Primatology, 2012, Volume 74, Issue 10, pages 915–925.
Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V., Rostovtseva V.V., Selverova N.B., Ermakova I.V. Mechanisms of human reproductive behavior: Olfactory markers of male attractiveness // Biology Bulletin Reviews May 2013, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp 196-208
Butovskaya P., Butovskaya M., Vasiliev V., Lazebny O., Shibalev D., Veselovskaya E., Udina I., Ryskov A. Molecular-genetic polymorphisms of dopamine, serotonin and androgenic systems as molecular markers of success in judo wrestling sportsmen // J Bioanalysis & Biomedicine, 2013, S 3: 005. Doi: 10.4172/1948-593X. S3-005.
Butovskaya M.L. Chapter 14 Aggression and Conflict Resolution among the Nomadic Hadza of Tanzania as Compared with their Pastoralist Neighbors. In: War, Peace, and Human Nature The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views. Edited by Douglas P. Fry. Oxford University Press. 2013. Pp. 278 – 296.
Butovskaya M., Vasilyev V., Lazebny O., Suchodolskaya E., Shibalev D., Kulikov A., Karelin D., Burkova V., Mabulla A., Ryskov A. Aggression and polymorphisms in AR, DAT1, DRD2, and COMT genes in Datoga pastoralists of Tanzania // SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2013, 3: 3148. DOI: 10.1038/srep03148
Butovskaya M.L., Meishvili N.V., Chalyan V.G. Redirected aggression and consolation in hamadryas baboons // Russian Physiological Journal named after I.M. Sechenov, 2013, 6: 697-706.
Butovskaya M.L., Meishvili N.V., Chalyan V.G. Reconciliation in Hamadryas baboons: Testing Relationship Quality Hypothesis //Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 2013, 43(4): 492-496.
Dillon L., Nowak N., Shattuck K., Weisfeld G., Weisfeld C., Imamoglu O., Butovskaya M., Shen J. When the cat's away, the spoice will play: a cross-cultural examination of mate guarding in married couples//Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 2014, pp. 1789–2082.
Butovskaya M.L., Postnikova E.A., Veselovskaya E.V., Maurer A.M., Savinetsky A.B., Syroezhkin G.V. Finger index, facial masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry as markers of sexual selection in traditional African populations of Hadza and Datoga // Bulletin of Moscow University, 2014, 2, p. 18 – 28.
Nowak N., Weisfeld G., Imamoğlu O., Weisfeld C., Butovskaya M., Shen J. Attraction and spousal infidelity as predictors of sexual fulfillment without the marriage partner in couples from five cultures.// Human Ethology Bulletin, 2014, 29 (1), pp. 18-38.
Puga-Gonzalez I., Butovskaya M., Thierry B., Hemelrijk C. Empathy versus parsimony in understanding post-conflict affiliation in monkeys: model and empirical data // PloS one., 2014, 9(3): e91262. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091262.
Butovskaya M.L. Butovsky R.O., Veselovskaya E.V. Russians and immigrants from the CIS countries in Kenya today // Asia and Africa today, 2014, 12, p. 49 -61.
Butovskaya M.L., Postnikova E.A., Veselovskaya E.V., Maurer A.M., Savinetsky A.B., Syroezhkin G.V. Finger index, facial masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry as markers of sexual selection in traditional African populations of Hadza and Datoga // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 23. Anthropology, 2014, 2, p. 18 – 28.
Sukhodolskaya E.M., Vasiliev V.A., Shibalev D.V. , Shcherbakova O. I., Kulikov A. M., Lazebny O. E., Dronova D. A., Butovskaya M. L., Ryskov A. P. Polymorphism of the 3'-non-coding region of the dopamine transporter gene in men from African populations Hadza and Datoga. // Molecular biology. 2014. T. 48. No. 2. pp. 295 – 299.
Vasiliev V.A., Sukhodolskaya E.M., Kulidzhanov P.V., Kulikov A.M., Lazebny O.E., Dronova D.A., Butovskaya M.L., Shibalev D.V., Ryskov A. .P. Polymorphism of the 5-HTTLPR and Stin2 loci of the serotonin transporter gene in men of the African Hadza and Datoga ethnopopulations. // Genetics. 2014. T.50. No. 9. pp. 1098 – 1103.
Butovskaya M., Postnikova E., Veselovskaya E., Maurer A., Savinjetsky A., Surojedjkin G. 2D:4D, facial masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry as a marker of sexual selection in African populations of Hadza and Datoga // Vestnik Moscovskogo Universiteta, Series 23 Anthropologiya, 2014, no. 2, p.18 – 28.
Dronova D.A. , Butovskaya M.L. Indians of Dar Es Salaam // Ethnographic Review, Moscow, 2014, 5, 175 – 185.
Butovskaya M., Burkova V., Karelin D., Fink B. Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania // American Journal of Human Biology, 2015, 27: 620 – 627, first published online: 30 MAR 2015, DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22718.
Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V., Postnikova E.A. Facial symmetry and the severity of sexual dimorphism in its proportions among the Isanzu, traditional farmers of East Africa // Experimental psychology. 2015. Vol. 8. No. 4. pp. 77–90. doi:10.17759/exppsy.2015080406
Prosikova E.A., Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V. Facial proportions and behavioral features. Facial indices of masculinity // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series XXIII. Anthropology. 2015. No. 3. P. 59–70.
Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Butovskaya, M., Stulp, G., Huanca, T., & Fink, B. Body height preferences and actual dimorphism in stature between partners in two non-Western societies (Hadza and Tsimane "). Evolutionary psychology, 2015, 13(2), 455-469.
Sorokowska, A., Butovskaya, M., & Veselovskaya, E. (2015). Partner's body odor vs. relatives’ body odor: a comparison of female associations. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 209-213.
Nowak, N., Weisfeld, G. E., Shattuck, K. S., Imamoğlu, O. E., Butovskaya, M., & Shen, J. Sources of Marital Conflict in Five Cultures // Evolutionary Psychology, 2015, 13 (1), 1 – 15.
Butovskaya, M. L., Meishvili, N. V., & Chalyan, V. G. Redirection of Aggression and Consolation in Hamadryas Baboons. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 2015, 45(4), 417-422.
Butovskaya, M. L., Lazebny, O. E., Vasilyev, V. A., Dronova, D. A., Karelin, D. V., Mabulla, A. Z., ... & Ryskov, A. P. Androgen Receptor Gene Polymorphism, Aggression, and Reproduction in Tanzanian Foragers and Pastoralists. PloS one, 2015, 10(8), e0136208.
Butovskaya M.L., Burkova V.N., Mabulla A. Manipulations of the Corpus in the Context of Life Cycle Rites among the Datoga Cattle Breeders of Northern Tanzania // Social Evolution and History, 2015, 14 (1), 87 – 104.
Butovskaya, P. R., Lazebnij, O. E., Fekhretdinova, D. I., Vasil'ev, V. A., Prosikova, E. A., Lysenko, V. V., ... & Butovskaya, M. L. The relationship between polymorphism of four serotonic genes (5-HTTL, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and MAOA) and personality traits in wrestlers and control group. Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology, 2015, 30(4), 165-172.
Butovskaya, P. R., Lazebny, O. E., Sukhodolskaya, E. M., Vasiliev, V. A., Dronova, D. A., Fedenok, J. N., ... & Butovskaya, M. L. Polymorphisms of two loci at the oxytocin receptor gene in populations of Africa, Asia and South Europe. BMC genetics, 2016, 17:17. DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0323-8
Sukhodolskaya, E.M., Vasilyev, V.A., Shibalev, D.V., Shcherbakova, O.I., Kulikov, A.M., Lazebny, O.E., Karelin, D.V., Butovskaya, M.L. and Ryskov, A.P. Comparative analysis of polymorphisms of the serotonin receptor genes HTR1A, HTR2A, and HTR1B in Hadza and Datoga males. Russian Journal of Genetics, 2015, 51(11), pp.1129-1134.
Butovskaya M.L., Burkova V.N., Fedenok Yu.N. Finger index as an indicator of prenatal androgenization and its relationship with morphological and behavioral characteristics in humans // Ethnographic Review, 2015, No. 2: 99 – 116.
Butovskaya M., Burkova V., Butovsky R. “I am proud to be a Russian”: socio-psychological adaptation in the countries of Eastern and Southern Africa // Bulletin of the Russian Nation, 2015, 2, p. 139 – 159.
Butovskaya M.L., Buzhilova A.P. Morpho-psychological complexes as evolutionarily stable human strategies in the past and present // Proceedings of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences 2015. Ed. V.A. Tishkova. M. Science. 2016 p. 94 – 117.
Butovskaya M.L., Mkrtchan R.A. Finger index and personality traits in Armenian students: gender differences. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 23. Anthropology, 2016, 1, 76 – 85.
Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V., Levina K.V., Rostovtseva V.V. Mechanisms of human reproductive behavior: visual markers of male attractiveness, their connection with olfactory markers, sexual experience and the phase of the monthly cycle among female experts/ / Journal of General Biology, 2016, 1, p. 63 -77.
Butovskaya M.L., Rusakova G.S. Bullying and bullies in modern Russian school // Ethnographic Review, 2016, 2, pp. 99-115.
Fink, B., André, S., Mines, J.S., Weege, B., Shackelford, T.K. and Butovskaya, M.L. Sex difference in attractiveness perceptions of strong and weak male walkers. American Journal of Human Biology. First published July 7, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22891.
Ribeiro, E., Neave, N., Morais, R.N., Kilduff, L., Taylor, S.R., Butovskaya, M., Fink, B. and Manning, J.T. Digit ratio (2D: 4D), testosterone, cortisol, aggression, personality and hand-grip strength: Evidence for prenatal effects on strength. Early human development. 2016, 100, pp.21-25.
Hilpert, P., Randall, A. K., Sorokowski, P., ... Butovskaya M. L et al. (2016). The Associations of Dyadic Coping and Relationship Satisfaction Vary between and within Nations: A 35-Nation Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 2016, 7, 1106. Published online 2016 Aug 8. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01106
Butovskaya M. L., Burkova V. N., Karelin D. V. Vameru of Tanzania: Historical origin and their role in the process of national integration // Social Evolution & History. - 2016. - Vol. 15, no. 2. - P. 160–180.
Znazen, H., Slimani, M., Miarka, B., Butovskaya, M., Siala, H., Messaoud, T., Chamari, K. and Souissi, N., 2016. Mental skills comparison between elite sprint and endurance track and field runners according to their genetic polymorphism: A pilot Study. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2016, 56 (6), p. 724 – 730.
Znazen, H., Chtara, M., Butovskaya, M., Siala, H., Messaoud, T. and Souissi, N., Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and competitive anxiety in Tunisian athlete. Sport Sciences for Health, 2016, Volume 12, Issue 2, pp. 233–238.
Znazen H., Mejri A., Chatara M., Briki W., Nassib S., Butovskaya M., Lazebny O. The relative contributions of ACE genotypes on personality traits in Tunisian athletes // Medicina dello Sport, 2016, 69 (1 ), p. 1-12.
Fink, B., André, S., Mines, J.S., Weege, B., Shackelford, T.K. and Butovskaya, M.L., 2016. Sex difference in attractiveness perceptions of strong and weak male walkers. American Journal of Human Biology, 28(6), pp.913-917
Butovskaya M.L. Universal human morpho-psychotypes: adaptation to environmental conditions and optimization of reproductive success // Bulletin of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, 2016, 3 (91), p. 92 – 99.
Hilpert, P., Randall, A. K., Sorokowski, P., Atkins, D. C., Sorokowska, A., Ahmadi, K., Butovskaya M., & Błażejewska, M. (2016). The associations of dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction vary between and within nations: A 35-nation study. Frontiers in psychology, 7.
Butovskaya, M., Sorokowska, A., Karwowski, M., Sabiniewicz, A., Fedenok, J., Dronova, D., ... & Sorokowski, P. (2017). Waist-to-hip ratio, body-mass index, age and number of children in seven traditional societies. Scientific Reports, 7. (published online 9 May 2017): 1622 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-01916-9.
Sorokowska A., Pellegrino R., Butovskaya M., Marczak M., Niemczyk A., Huanca T., Sorokowski P. Dietary customs and food availability shape the preferences for basic tastes: A cross-cultural study among Polish, Tsimane" and Hadza societies // Appetite, 2017, 116, 291-296.
Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Hilpert, P., Cantarero, K., Frackowiak, T., Ahmadi, K., Butovskaya M. & Blumen, S. (2017). Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(4), 577-592.

Participation in conferences:

Visit Grants scientific conferences with reports from Soros (1994, 1996, 1997, 1998), from the International Society for the Study of Aggression (2000), from the Colloquium on the Study of the Brain and Problems of Aggression (2000), from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (2000), from the Russian Humanitarian Foundation (2002, 2003).

Burkova M., Butovskaya M. Individual distance and aggressive displays in Russian adolescents. /Human Ethology Summer School, July 17 – 21, 2007, p.10. Max-Planck-Institute, Andechs, Bavaria, Germany.
Burkova V.N., Butovskaya M.L. Spatial behavior of a person and its connection with manifestations of aggression (using the example of Russian and Ossetian adolescents). / IV All-Russian Conference on Animal Behavior. Moscow, October 29-November 1, 2007. Collection of abstracts. M.: Partnership of scientific publications KMK.2007, p. 349-350.
Butovskaya M.L. Sociality as a leading human adaptation / VII Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia. Saransk, July 9-14, 2007. 2007, pp. 14-19.
Dronova D., Butovskaya M. Permanent partner choice in modern Russia / Human Ethology Summer School, July 17 – 21, 2007, p. 45. Max-Planck-Institute, Andechs, Bavaria, Germany.
Prudnikova A., Butovskaya M. Models of different morpho-psychological adaptations in males and their representations in modern sport / Human Ethology Summer School, July 17 – 21, 2007, p. . Max-Planck-Institute, Andechs, Bavaria, Germany.
Burkova V., Butovskaya M. 2D:4D ratio, aggression and personality in Russian adolescents / XIX Biennial Conference of the International Society for Human Ethology, July 13-18, 2008. Bologna, Italy. P. 130
Butovskaya M., Burkova V. 2D:4D ratio, aggression and conflict resolution in Hadza children: school and bush compared / XIX Biennial Conference of the International Society for Human Ethology, July 13-18, 2008. Bologna, Italy. P.86-87.
Safonov G., Butovskaya M. Cads and dads in Russia // XIX Biennial Conference of the International Society for Human Ethology, July 13-18, 2008. Bologna, Italy. P.
Butovskaya M. Coping conflicts in egalitarian and non-egalitarian societies: the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania / XVIII World Meeting International Society for Research on Aggression, July 8-13, 2008. Budapest, Hungary. P.34.
Butovskaya M., Burkova V. 2D:4D ratio, aggression, leadership, and reproductive success in Hadza men / 21st Annual Conference of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, May 27-31, 2009. Fullerton, California, USA. P.39.
Burkova V., Butovskaya M. Gender and age differences in aggression, 2D:4D ratio, and body measurements in Datoga / 21st Annual Conference of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, May 27-31, 2009. Fullerton, California, USA. P.39.
Butovskaya M., Burkova V. The psycho-physiological portrait of the leader in an egalitarian society of hunter-gatherers: the Hadza of Tanzania / Fifth international conference "Hierarchy and power in the history of civilizations". Moscow, June 23-26, 2009. Moscow, Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009, pp. 5-6.
Butovskaya M.L., Burkova V.N. Social status and psychophysiological characteristics of men among the egalitarian Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania / Abstracts of the VIII Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia, Orenburg (July 1-5, 2009). Orenburg, Publishing center of OSAU, 2009, p.450.
Butovskaya M.L. The body in children's and adolescent rituals of the life cycle of the Datoga of Tanzania / International scientific and practical conference "Corporality as a sociocultural phenomenon: experience of interdisciplinary analysis." April 28-29, 2009 Abstracts of reports. M.: Parallels, 2009.
Dronova D., Butovskaya M. Choosing a partner in modern India as a reflection of the caste system / Fifth international conference "Hierarchy and power in the history of civilizations." Moscow, June 23-26, 2009. Moscow, Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009.
Vishnevskaya V.I., Butovskaya M.L. The problem of school bullying in modern Russian society: sociocultural and anthropological aspects / Abstracts of the VIII Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia, Orenburg (July 1-5, 2009). Orenburg, Publishing center of OSAU, 2009.
Dronova D.A., Butovskaya M.L. Choosing a marriage partner in India using the example of the press / Abstracts of the VIII Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia, Orenburg (July 1-5, 2009). Orenburg, Publishing center of OSAU, 2009.
Fedenok I.A., Butovskaya M.L. Spatial behavior and body orientation during the interaction of partners: the influence of culture and environmental conditions / Abstracts of the VIII Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia, Orenburg (July 1-5, 2009). Orenburg, Publishing center of OSAU, 2009.
Dronova D, Butovskaya M. Partner choice preferences in Indian diaspora in Tanzania (Dar-es-Salam) / Summer Institute in Human Ethology. Prague, Czech Republic, 5-9 July 2011. P. 80.
Postnikova E., Veselovskaya E., Butovskaya M. The study of asymmetry and sexual dimorphism on Hadza teens facial images / Summer Institute in Human Ethology. Prague, Czech Republic, 5-9 July 2011. P. 64.
Fedenok J, Burkova V, Butovskaya M. Individual distance and some morphological parameters among Russian adolescents / Summer Institute in Human Ethology. Prague, Czech Republic, 5-9 July 2011. P. 37.
Butovskaya M.L., Burkova V.N. Ceremonies for cleansing the “boma” from damage among the Datoga - pastoralists of Northern Tanzania / IX Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia. Abstracts of the report. Petrozavodsk, July 4-8, 2011 Petrozavodsk, 2011. P. 288
Veselovskaya E.V., Butovskaya M.L., Kondratyeva A.V., Prosikova E.A. Sport as a social niche for women with a masculine style of behavior in modern culture: biological and personal indicators of success using the example of girls from the Russian sambo team / IX Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia. Abstracts of the report. Petrozavodsk, July 4-8, 2011. Petrazavodsk, 2011. P. 289.
Dronova D.A., Butovskaya M.L. Marriage preferences among representatives of the Indian diaspora (Tanzania, Dar es Salaam) / IX Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia. Abstracts of the report. Petrozavodsk, July 4-8, 2011. Petrazavodsk, 2011. P. 290.
Vasilyev V.A., Sukhodolskaya E.M., Kulidzhanov P.V., Burkova V.N., Mabulla A., Butovskaya M.L., Ryskov A.P. Genomic variation of Dopamine transporter (DAT1) and Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) genes in two traditional East African groups: the Hadza and the Datoga. / 23rd Annual Conference of Human Behavior and Evolution Society (June 29 – July 3, 2011) Montpellier, France. P. 152.
Vasilyev V.A., Sukhodolskaya E.M., Kulidzhanov P.V., Shibalev D.V., Burkova V.N., Mabulla A., Butovskaya M.L. Genomic variation of Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and Monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) genes in Hadza and Datoga males. / The 4th International IMBG Conference for young Scientists “Molecular Biology: Advancts and Perspectives” (September 14-17, 2011) Kyiv, Ukraine. P. 104.
Fedenok Yu.N., Burkova V.N., Butovskaya M.L. Spatial behavior and its connection with some morphological parameters among Russian schoolchildren / International scientific conference "Modern problems of human ecology", dedicated to the memory of O.M. Pavlovsky and V.P. Volkova-Dubrovina. December 7-9, 2011 Abstracts of reports. M. 2011. p. 65-66, 0.1 a.l.
Burkova V.N., Butovskaya M.L. Finger index and its relationship with aggressive behavior in children and adolescents (on the example of Russians and Ossetians) / International scientific conference "Modern problems of human ecology", dedicated to the memory of O.M. Pavlovsky and V.P. Volkova-Dubrovina. December 7-9, 2011 Abstracts of reports. M. 2011. p. 101-102. 0.1 a.l.
Butovskaya M.L., Vasiliev V.A., Lazebny O.E., Burkova V.N., Kulikov A.M., Mabulla A., Shebalev D.V., Ryskov A.P. Finger index, aggression and genetic polymorphism in the androgen receptor, serotonin transporter and dopamine D4 receptor in African hunter-gatherers / International scientific conference "Modern problems of human ecology", dedicated to the memory of O.M. Pavlovsky and V.P. Volkova-Dubrovina. December 7-9, 2011 Abstracts of reports. M. 2011. p. 27. 0.1 a.l.
Postnikova E.A., Veselovskaya E.V., Butovskaya M.L. Environmental factors and the severity of sexual dimorphism and facial symmetry in Hadza children and adolescents of Tanzania / International scientific conference "Modern problems of human ecology", dedicated to the memory of O.M. Pavlovsky and V.P. Volkova-Dubrovina. December 7-9, 2011 Abstracts of reports. M. 2011. p. 92 0.1 a.l.
Butovskaya M.L., Fedenok Yu.N. Communicative behavior of migrants in school groups: the path to adaptation / Third All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Practical ethnopsychology: current problems and development prospects” “Worlds of cultures and culture of the world” March 11–12, 2011 M. 2001. p. 23-26. 0.2 a.l.
Butovskaya M.L., Burkova V.N. On the conservatism of magical rituals in the everyday life of the Datoga - pastoralists of Northern Tanzania (using the example of the ceremony of cleansing the boma from damage) / XII All-Russian International Conference of Africanists “Africa in the context of a paradigm shift in world development.” Abstracts of the report. Moscow, May 24-26, 2011. Moscow, 2011. pp. 225-226.
Butovskaya M., Burkova V., Mabulla A. Aggression, digital ratio and reproduction in African foragers: the Hadza men//XXI conference on human ethology. International society for human ethology. Vienna. 13 - 17 August, 2012. p.197-198.
Butovskaya M.L., Vasiliev V., Suchodolskaya E., Burkova V., Shibalev D., Lazebny O., Kulikov A., Mabulla A. Ryskov A. The relationships of aggression and polymorphisms in AR, DAT1, DRD2 and COMT genes in Datoga men // XX Meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Luxemburg, July 17 - 21, 2012.
Butovskaya M.L. Aggression and conflict management in Hadza today: age and gender differences // Conference of Hunters and Gatherers Society, Liverpool 2013, p.12.
Butovskaya M.L. Cross-cultural research in the urban environment // X Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia. Abstracts of reports. M. July 2-5, 2013. p. XXXV - XLI
Butovskaya M.L. From tool skills to culture in chimpanzees and the problem of human evolution // Fundamental and applied aspects of medical primatology. Materials of the Sochi third international scientific conference. T-2. Sochi-Adler. August 8 – 10, 2016. p. 244 -249.
Butovskaya M.L. Maasai Ngorongoro: the paradox of legal restrictions on economic activity and better preservation traditional culture in a protected area // Anthropology in search of a new language of description (abstracts of an international scientific conference). September 15-17, 2016. Tomsk. pp. 93 – 94.
Butovskaya M., Fink B. How universal are age, health and attractiveness perception of skin images // Seventh International Conference on Cognitive Science. Svetlogorsk June 20 – 24, 2016. P. 670.
Butovskaya M.L. Spatial and bodily interactions in Russian culture // Collogue “Sentio, ergo sum”, INALCO, Paris, 7-8 Novembre 2016, p. 2-3.
Butovskaya M.L. Finger index as an indicator successful competition in men: new data // Evolutionary continuum of the genus Homo (VIII Bunakov Readings. October 17 – 20, 2016. M.
Burkova V.N., Butovskaya M.L., Fedenok Yu.N. Anthropometric indicators as indicators of reproductive success in Ob Ugric women. // Evolutionary continuum of the genus Homo (VIII Bunakov Readings). October 17 – 20, 2016. M.
Butovskaya M.L., Fedenok Yu.N., Mkrtchyan R.A. Cross-cultural analysis of aggressiveness and personality traits in students // Fourth International Scientific Conference "Theoretical Problems of Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Psychology". Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Conference on May 27-28, 2016. Smolensk, 2016. pp. 215-218.

Marina Lvovna Butovskaya

In 1982 she graduated from the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University them. M.V. Lomonosov (Department of Anthropology).

From 1982 to 1984 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA) of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Researcher (1985-1992); senior researcher (1992-1995); leading researcher (1995-2002) IEA RAS.

From 2002 to present Head. Center for Evolutionary Anthropology, senior researcher Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS.

From 1998 to the present – Professor at the Center for Social Anthropology of the Russian State University for the Humanities.

Doctor of Historical Sciences, dissertation defended at the IEA RAS (1994).

Member of international organizations - European Anthropological Association, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Society for the Study of Human Behavior and Evolution, International Society for the Study of Aggression, International Society for Human Ethology, International Primatological Society.

Scientific interests: human evolution; ethology of humans and primates (study of the structure of social relations in different species of primates, social relations in children's groups, reconstruction of the early stages of the development of human society, the evolution of laughter and smiling in humans) urban anthropology (study of the behavior of citizens in conditions of anonymous interaction on city streets, structuring of spatial behavior in different cultures, study of the structure of the urban population of beggars and the relationships of beggars with city residents), gender studies (studies of criteria for choosing a permanent partner in modern conditions, marital satisfaction in men and women, processes of formation of gender stereotypes in children and adolescents) conflictology and methods of peaceful conflict resolution (study of the ethological and physiological mechanisms of aggression and its resolution in children and adolescents, aggression and reconciliation in various types primates, theoretical research in the field of the evolution of mechanisms of aggression and reconciliation in humans, studying the role of stress in post-conflict behavior) cross-cultural research in the field of problems of altruism (analysis of the formation of friendly relations in children in different cultures).

Gives courses of lectures: Human ethology and Methods of collecting ethological material; Fundamentals of Physical Anthropology; Specialist. course in evolutionary anthropology; Theory and practice of intercultural communication.

Scientific research experience: Field observations on the study of social behavior of primates at the Sukhumi Primatological Center (1979-1991) and at the Russian Primatological Center, Adler (1992 - present), research at the Primatological Center of the University of Kassel, Germany (1992-1993) and at the primatological center of the University of Strasbourg (1999-2001); expeditionary work to study gender stereotypes in Kalmykia (1993-1995). Study of the ethological and hormonal basis of the regulation of aggression in children and adolescents (Moscow Elista, Yerevan) (1997 - present); studying the problems of urban beggars in Eastern Europe (1998–present); ethological studies of pedestrian behavior in urban environments (1999 – present).

Organization and conduct of two international summer schools on human ethology (Zvenigorod, June 19-26, 2001 and Pushchino, June 30-July 7, 2002).

Grants and awards: research grant from the German Academy of Sciences (1992-1993); research grant from Soros "cultural initiative" (1993-1994); research grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (1996-1998, No. 96-06-80405; 1997-1999, No. 97-06-80272; 1999-2001, No. 99-06-80346) and the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (1996-1998, No. 96-01- 00032; 1998, No. 98-01-00176); research grant from the French Academy of Sciences (1999-2000); research grant from the Open Society Research Support Scheme, (1999-2001, no. 138/99). Grants for attending scientific conferences with reports from Soros (1994, 1996, 1997, 1998), from the International Society for the Study of Aggression (2000), from the Colloquium on the Study of the Brain and Problems of Aggression (2000), from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (2000), from the Russian Humanitarian Foundation ( 2002, 2003). Grant award from the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the program “Outstanding Scientists, Young Doctors and Candidates” 2001.

Interview

Evolution continues
What is needed for a truly objective study of a person? Unbiased view. It is possible if we consider human behavior in the context of the behavior of other living beings. And then it will be discovered that the similarity of images of predators on Aztec bas-reliefs, in the facial expressions of Polynesian masks, in the games of primary school children and baby chimpanzees is not just a coincidence. That love was not invented by man, but inherited from animals. That man is still in many ways a monkey - and thank God
M.L. Butovskaya

List of works by the author available on the site

To shave or not to shave?
Excerpt from the book “Secrets of Sex. Man and woman in the mirror of evolution,” which explains how women perceive facial hair on men.
M.L. Butovskaya

The human ancestry now dates back 4.4 million years, although the candidate for its founder has not been firmly identified. This does not interfere, however, with attempts to understand when and why our distant ancestors “got on their feet,” learned to make and use tools, acquired the “gift of speech,” what the communities of ancestral people were like and on what they were built.

FEW scientific problems have been discussed as long and emotionally as the problem of human origins. Among those discussing this issue, there are those who argue that man and his ancestry have nothing in common with other forms of life on Earth, others believe in an act of divine creation. But every year anthropology, and mainly paleoanthropology, provides more and more scientific evidence of the consistent evolution of the human race, lasting millions of years. For more than a century, researchers have been searching for the "lost link" - a form that directly branched off from a common ancestor with African apes. Anthropologists argue about which of these monkeys - chimpanzees, bonobos (in Russian literature it is called the pygmy chimpanzee) or gorillas - is closer to humans, and about what served as the impetus for unique morphological and behavioral transformations: the development of bipedality, the evolution of the hand, enlargement brain, the formation of instrumental activity, speech, consciousness. There is no final clarity in understanding the path of human social evolution.

OUR AFRICAN ANCESTORS: WHO ARE THEY?

Science is slowly but consistently looking further into the depths of time. Discovered in 1925 by R. Dart, the leading anthropologist from South Africa, the child from Taung - Australopithecus africanus - was dated 2.5 million years ago and caused a real shock. Moreover, the find was received with hostility by many experts, since it radically changed ideas about the geographical location of the human ancestral home (until the beginning of this century, most anthropologists considered it to be Southeast Asia) and about the antiquity of man. At the same time, the appearance of the “baby from Taung” confirmed Charles Darwin’s brilliant guess about the African roots of the human race.

Since the late 50s, the human family tree has continued to inexorably lengthen and branch. Anthropologists were faced with the fact that in Eastern and Southern Africa 2.6 - 1.2 million years ago several species of australopithecines simultaneously existed: gracile forms, such as Australopithecus africanus, and massive - A.boisei, A.robustus. The appearance of the first representatives of the genus dates back to approximately the same time. Homo, i.e. H. habilis(2.6 - 1.6 million years ago) and H.rudolfensis(2.5 - 1.9 million years).

The remains of a more primitive hominid, Australopithecus afarensis, discovered in 1974 by D. Johanson ( A.afarensis; it was the skeleton of a female, since then widely known as Lucy) - they ancientized human history to 3 million years4. Later it was found that creatures of this species lived in the territory of present-day Hadar (Ethiopia) much earlier: 4 - 3 million years ago.

To date, the remains of about 250 individuals have been discovered there. True, of these, only a few finds turned out to be complete to such an extent that from them it was possible to estimate the body proportions of these creatures and the structural features of the skull, and Johanson also established the fact of bipedal locomotion. By the way, the discovery made by Johanson eight years later, in 1992, remains to this day the most complete for early australopithecines. In 1993, D. Johanson and B. Bel managed to restore the male skull from 200 fragments, which included the occipital bone, parts of the palate (with several teeth) and the cranial vault, a canine and a significant proportion of the bones of the facial skeleton.

The remains of australopithecines from Hadar, found in geological layers of different antiquity, turned out to be extremely similar morphologically. Thus, it became obvious that A.afarensis existed almost unchanged for 900 thousand years (between 4 and 3 million years ago). Australopithecus afarensis apparently competed successfully with other species of primates, and possibly with carnivores.

What is known now about these possible human ancestors - one of the most ancient? There is no doubt that these creatures walked on two legs and could spend a lot of time on the ground. The hind limbs of early australopithecines were somewhat longer than those of modern chimpanzees or bonobos, and the forelimbs were the same as those of these monkeys, the pelvis was wider and shorter.

Regarding the movement of Australopithecus afarensis, experts have not yet come to a common opinion. Some, including American anthropologists O. Lovejoy, D. Johanson and B. Latimer, believe that Lucy had already perfectly mastered bipedal locomotion, and the structure of her pelvis and thigh muscles even made it difficult to move through the trees. Other, no less famous American experts, for example R. Sussman and J. Stern, prove that Lucy and her relatives still moved with their legs slightly bent at the knees. Swiss P. Schmidt is sure that Australopithecus afarensis could not run long distances, as evidenced by the shape of Lucy's chest - long and cylindrical. In his opinion, when moving on two legs, Lucy rotated her body strongly, as gorillas do. The structural features of the fingers and big toe, the elongated proportions of the arms, seem to indicate that these creatures spent quite a long time in the trees, which they apparently used as the safest place to sleep and rest.

Whatever the differences in views among paleoanthropologists, they are all united in one thing: early australopithecines could move on two legs and spent a lot of time on the ground. Footprints of at least two individuals A.afarensis almost 3.5 million years ago, preserved on volcanic ash in Letoli (Tanzania), clearly indicate that the main emphasis of the foot was on the heel bone, like in humans.

However, bipedal walking probably has a much longer history. Kenyan researcher M. Leakey recently reported a discovery in Kanapoi and Aliyah Bay near the lake. Turkana (Kenya) remains of a bipedal creature that lived about 4.2 - 3.9 million years ago and named by her A.anamensis. This species, according to the American anthropologist J. Tatersel, is only slightly different from A.afarensis and closely related to him. The dimensions of the epiphyses of the tibia and the angle of its articulation with the femur in the knee joint indicate that A.anamensis was already moving on two legs.

In the mid-90s, the American paleoanthropologist T. White announced that he had found in Ethiopia (Aramis) the very “missing link” that scientists have been dreaming about for more than a century. The new form, whose age is estimated at 4.4 million years, was allocated to a new genus Aridipithecus and named A.ramidus- a terrestrial ape. According to White, it claims to be the ancestor of the australopithecines. This form has more characteristics inherent in chimpanzees than in the already known species of australopithecus. In Aramis, remains were discovered belonging to approximately 50 individuals and including skeletal fragments, including foot bones, seven of the eight wrist bones, etc. Based on the structure of the dental system A.ramidus resembles a bonobo, which, according to A. Zilman, retained the maximum number of features of a common ancestor with hominids. However, unlike bonobos, A.ramidus, apparently, has already begun to master bipedal walking.

There is also an undeniable similarity between A.anamensis And A.ramidus. Anthropologists, however, have not yet decided whether the latter is a sister taxon to the former, or should be considered the original ancestral form.

In recent years, molecular taxonomists have come to extremely interesting conclusions regarding the time of separation of the hominid lineage from the common ancestral trunk with the African apes. It is assumed that first the gorilla line branched off (between 10 and 7 million years ago) and only then (also in the Miocene, i.e. 7 - 6 million years ago) the hominoid line split into the hominid line (Australopithecus, and then the genus Homo) and panid (chimpanzee and bonobo) branches. If these data are correct, then humans, chimpanzees and bonobos are more closely related to each other than each of them is to the gorilla.

Nowadays, the opinion is firmly established that the classification of hominids should be based not on morphological characteristics, but on the degree of genetic relatedness. Data from molecular biology have led to a radical revision of taxonomy: the genera gorilla, chimpanzee and human form a closely related group Hominini within a single family of hominids. It also includes orangutans and gibbons - more distant relatives of humans.

The dispute about the number of Australopithecus species that coexisted in Afar has not yet been resolved. Some researchers, based on body size, insist on a high level of sexual dimorphism in Afar hominids. According to Johanson's calculations, the mass of the male Australopithecus afarensis was approximately 45 kg with a height of 152.5 cm, while the female was significantly smaller: approximately 120 cm high and weighing about 27 kg. It is striking, however, that with strong sexual dimorphism in body size, the size of the canines of males and females differed little.

Socioecological studies of primates reveal extremely complex relationships between the degree of sexual dimorphism, competition between males, the nature of relationships between individuals of different sexes, the ratio of males to females in a group, the selection of protective males who reduce the risk of killing of young by intruder males, and features of ecology, e.g. type of food and presence of predators.

However, sexual dimorphism cannot yet serve as an unambiguous indication of more rigid hierarchical relationships in groups or an orientation toward harem forms of social organization. The reason for dimorphism may lie in different food specializations of the sexes or be associated with the need for protection from enemies.

Lovejoy associates sexual differences in body size with the transition of australopithecines to monogamy and builds on this basis his model of the social organization of early hominids. According to Lovejoy, their community consisted of several paired families with offspring. It is quite possible that these creatures lived in close-knit groups of 25 - 30 individuals, which ensured collective protection from predators. Powerful, large males were undoubtedly already capable of using stones or sticks for this purpose (like modern chimpanzees), and the straightened position of the body and a change in the technique of throwing an object made the defense more effective.

True, some experts believe that in Afar there were two types of australopithecines - large and small, and within each of them sexual dimorphism could be insignificant. With this view, the arguments in favor of the fact that Lucy was a female individual, and the creature whose remains were found in 1992 was male, have little evidence, since Johanson’s main argument is precisely the different body sizes. Note that the sex of chimpanzees and bonobos cannot be determined by body size and pelvic shape. Consequently, this indicator is hardly suitable for diagnosing sex in early hominids.

UPREAMING, DEVELOPMENT OF HAND AND SPEECH

Until the early 90s, not a single serious specialist doubted that the direct ancestral home of man was East Africa. Most of the discoveries of australopithecines and early representatives of the genus Homo were indeed made in its wide expanses (from Ethiopia to Tanzania), as well as in the southern part of the continent. This gave reason to assume that the early stages of human evolution were somewhat confined to the Great African Rift zone (East African Rift Zone). But in 1993, in Chad (Bahr el-Ghazal province), i.e., 2500 km west of this zone, almost in the center of the continent, the remains of a certain creature called Chadanthropus were found, which in morphological characteristics resembles Australopithecus afarensis. This suggests a wider distribution of australopithecines in Africa at least during the period 3.5 - 3 million years ago. Consequently, the hypothesis that Australopithecus displaced less adapted chimpanzees from open areas to the tropical forest zone west of the African Rift is not confirmed. The Bahr el-Ghazal area, according to paleoecologists, resembled Hadar of the same era: it was replete with lakes and small streams, tropical rainforests interspersed with forested savannas and open areas covered with dense grass.

Since our school years, we have become accustomed to hearing that bipedal locomotion arose among our ancestors during the transition to life in the savannah. However, paleoecological data cast doubt on this fact. The climate in East Africa 6 - 4.3 million years ago was moderately humid, and in the period from 4.4 to 2.8 million years the humidity even increased slightly. Paleoecological materials from Aramis indicate that A.ramidus lived in the tropical forest. Taking into account other information, it should apparently be recognized that bipedal walking arose out of connection with global climate changes and aridization of the habitat of human ancestors, and therefore was not an adaptation to life in open spaces. The aridization of East Africa began much later - about 2.5 million years ago, i.e. more than 2 million years after the transition of hominids to upright walking.

Early australopithecines appear to have been closely associated with forest ecosystems, while later representatives of the genus probably lived in mosaic landscapes. Bipedal locomotion undoubtedly played a big role in the exploration of open places by hominids, since thanks to it the area of insolation of the body decreased, the overview of the territory increased, it became possible to use objects for protection from predators, etc. However, upright walking is most likely not due to the transition to life in the savannah.

What, then, was the impetus for the change in the method of movement among human ancestors? Unfortunately, there is no clear answer to this question yet. As White suggests, in an upright position A.ramidus could begin to move along thick branches to collect fruits from low trees, and subsequently switched to bipedal walking from tree to tree. This method was energetically more beneficial than every time going down on all fours and getting back up on two legs. From the point of view of A. Cortland, the transition to upright walking and the elongation of the hind limbs could finally be an adaptation to life in a swampy tropical forest.

The anthropological literature has repeatedly mentioned the uneconomical nature of bipedal locomotion, but then it generally became a completely non-adaptive behavioral quality. This idea, however, had to be abandoned as soon as experts compared the types of movement. It is known that there are three of them: with support on four limbs (on the palms and feet, the heel bone does not touch the ground); on the feet and backs of the hands (finger bones); to the full foot in a straightened position. It turned out that the least profitable method is the second, typical for great apes, and not at all the third, hominid. In other words, the way chimpanzees or gorillas move on the ground is much less adaptive than walking upright. From an energetic point of view, the transition from ape-like walking with support on the bones of the fingers to bipedality should be considered as adaptive.

From our student days, we firmly grasped Engels’s triad, which supposedly ensured the development of man: upright walking, development of the hand and speech, closely related to each other. A progressive increase in brain size is a universal direction of evolution of all hominid lineages in the Pliocene and Pliopleistocene. However, trends in the development of body size and limb proportions in Australopithecines and representatives of the genus Homo are different.

Bipedal locomotion arose repeatedly in different lines of hominids, much earlier - several million years before the formation of the human hand. To date, no evidence has been found that early australopithecines, like their later forms (gracile or massive), made and regularly used stone tools. After all, the oldest of them, found in Oldovaya (Tanzania), date back 2.5 million years and are associated only with the appearance H. habilis. True, tool culture is rooted in the very depths of hominid evolution, and it is quite possible that australopithecines (especially later ones) could make tools from less hard natural materials - wood, bone. This assumption will not seem so fantastic if we remember that modern chimpanzees in nature actively and constantly use a variety of devices. To fish out termites and ants, they sharpen a stick or straw with their teeth; To collect water, they make a sponge from chewed leaves, and crack nuts with stones.

It is noteworthy that each chimpanzee in the national parks of Tai (Côte d'Ivoire) and Bossou (Guinea) has his own favorite stone tools - a “hammer and anvil”, carries them with him or hides them in certain places, which he clearly remembers. Moreover, some individuals also use a third stone as a wedge to support the surface of the “anvil" in a horizontal position and give it stability. A stone that serves as a wedge is essentially a meta-tool, because it is used to improve the primary weapon.

The use of specific materials as tools is passed down as a tradition in populations of this species. Female chimpanzees from Thailand, for example, not only crack nuts in the presence of their young, but also explicitly stimulate them (through punishment or reward) to develop optimal cracking skills.

The reasons for the emergence of bipedal locomotion in one or more hominin populations remains a mystery. It is quite possible that such a restructuring was a neutral consequence of some complex mutation, a pre-adaptation. One thing is important: the transformations did not occur because the hands of these creatures were constantly busy with something. But the transition to walking on two legs certainly led to the release of the hands, which created favorable opportunities for the subsequent development of manipulative abilities.

Human speech, on the contrary, began to develop earlier than anthropologists expected. It can be considered established that the Broca's and Wernicke's brain centers already existed in H. habilis. According to the leading expert on early hominids, F. Tabias, the rudiments of the speech center can be traced in late australopithecines - gracile and massive, i.e. A.africanus And A.robustus. It seems obvious that in creatures that switched to upright walking, the brain had not yet reached the required size for them to be able to express themselves articulately. The brain volume of Australopithecus afarensis (find in 1992) only slightly exceeded 500 cm 3, and in H. habilis- one of the first of its kind Homo- on average it was already equal to 630 cm 3, but in modern humans it is about 1300 cm 3.

Meanwhile, our distant ancestors undoubtedly already had the basis for the formation of human language - the rudimentary ability to operate with symbols. Judging by modern data, the closest relatives of humans - chimpanzees, bonobos and gorilla - understand symbols, operate with them, combine signs, creating new meanings. Pygmy chimpanzees are especially successful in this. For example, a bonobo named Kenzi has learned to communicate using symbols, perceives words by ear without special training, quickly establishes a connection between a drawn symbol and its verbal expression, and understands the meaning of simple sentences. Perhaps, under natural conditions, bonobos are capable of transmitting information using symbols. A group of American and Japanese primatologists working in Lomaco National Park recently discovered that members of one community, breaking into groups, leave real messages to each other in the form of symbols: sticks stuck in the ground, branches laid on a path, plant leaves oriented in the right direction. Thanks to such marks, relatives can determine the direction of movement of the group ahead. These marks are more often found at forks or in places where it is impossible to leave marks on the ground - when crossing a stream, in a wetland, etc. This is what people would do in similar situations.

Apes also possess the rudiments of abstract thinking - they can reproduce the image of an object. It is noteworthy that they draw in accordance with a number of rules characteristic of the creative activity of 1.5 - 4 year olds, and sometimes older children. Gorilla Koko, who can speak the language of the deaf and dumb, undoubtedly puts a certain meaning into her drawings. So, she gave the name “Bird” to one of them, made in red, yellow and blue colors, explaining to the experimenters that she depicted her favorite - a blue jay - of a similar color. Coco's partner, the male Michael, drew a dinosaur, a brown toy with green spikes, accurately reproduced the colors and even depicted the teeth.

Data from the field of primatology, accumulated to date, significantly undermine traditional ideas about the qualitative uniqueness of humans and make the search for the notorious line between him and great apes unpromising. Of course, there are differences, but they are mostly of a quantitative order.

BEHAVIOR OF EARLY HOMINIDS

Will we ever know the truth about this - after all, social behavior cannot be documented from fossil remains. However, a growing number of researchers are trying to reconstruct it using data from the fields of primate socioecology, human ethology, social anthropology and paleoecology. Now we can only talk about the most general model of social relations in hominid groups, or more precisely, about the principles, because even within the same animal species, social structure and relationships can vary greatly. In the harem species, gorillas, many groups have more than one male participating in reproduction. The social structure of chimpanzees depends on the habitat: populations inhabiting the border of the savanna, unlike their forest relatives, form close-knit and numerous communities, and are less likely to split into small groups in search of prey.

The variability of social structures is due to many things: environmental conditions, time of year and actual weather conditions (for example, unprecedented drought or abundance of rain), the presence of neighboring communities (i.e. population density) or a second closely related group laying claim to similar food resources. Thus, during periods of severe drought, herds of Anubis baboons form unusual groups for themselves, which resemble the harems of hamadryas baboons.

The history of a particular group and intra-group traditions can play a significant role in social evolution. It is known that chimpanzees in nature differ greatly in the nature of their use of tools, their food-getting techniques, and the individual attachments of adults. The role of the “personality” of individual group members, primarily the leader, is extremely important.

As we can see, social structures and relationships in monkey communities are truly diverse. Therefore, it is hardly appropriate to build unilinear, rigid models of human social evolution or to base them on the analysis of the behavior of any one species of primates or only societies of modern hunter-gatherers.

Specialists in the field of socioecology tend to explain differences in social behavior between species (or populations) based on the nature of the distribution of food resources and reproductive partners in space. It is known, for example, that terrestrial omnivorous (unspecialized or predominantly frugivorous) species of primates can form large groups, in which there is a competitive relationship between females for food and between males for access to a female.

Humans' closest relatives - chimpanzees and bonobos - are patrilocal: males spend their entire lives in the group in which they were born, and adult females usually move to other groups. However, with the general predominance of such a system of exchange of individuals, some female monkeys spend their entire lives in their native group. If we turn to ethnography, it turns out that some traditional human cultures are not patrilocal, but matrilocal, and the roots of this social organization are very ancient. Does this mean that matrilocality appeared a second time, and all hominid populations were patrilocal?

According to Foley, patrilocality is due to a developed system of cooperation between males and its low level between females. This means that in the life of communities of early hominids, the social connections of females did not play a significant role, but the tendency to unite males increased over time, because this contributed to success in hunting and protection from predators (and possibly from neighboring communities).

From our point of view, the stability of social groups of early hominids largely depended on females. Judging by the results of many years of observations by F. de Waal of a colony of common chimpanzees in Arnhem (Holland) and by C. Besch in the Tai National Park, females are able to form stable groups based on kinship and friendly attachments. This form of social behavior is also characteristic of the pygmy chimpanzee. Bonobos differ from the common chimpanzee by a higher level of sociality, both in relationships between females and between females and males. On average, bonobo groups are larger, the composition of the groups is more constant, and the likelihood of intragroup aggression is less. Bonobos are also notable for the highest level of development of the mechanisms by which social tension is controlled. The latter is important for modeling the social relations of hominids, because with the development of tool culture, conflicts within the group became more dangerous. To resolve them, bonobos use not only elements of friendly behavior - kisses, hugs and touches, also inherent in ordinary chimpanzees, but also sexual elements, both in relationships between individuals of the opposite sex and their own.

With patrilocality, bonobos are characterized by intense, close and stable connections between unrelated females, which arise due to many years of personal attachment. This could be facilitated either by the risk of infanticide (infanticide) by males, or by the need to unite to search for and obtain food. When early hominids got on their feet and lost their fangs, if there were predators in the neighborhood, the tendency for females to cooperate could increase. The development of friendly ties between them could also be due to the joint raising of offspring.

Modern women seem to follow the same pattern of behavior in their relationships. In many traditional patrilocal societies, the wife, having moved into her husband's house, establishes close ties with his relatives, runs the household with them and raises children. And in general, girls from an early age are prone to friendly relationships, while boys more often form groups to improve their own status.

From the above it follows that the large role of females in social relations is quite compatible with patrilocality and is confirmed by both primatological and ethnographic data.

The average community sizes of chimpanzees, bonobos and modern hunter-gatherers are similar (25 - 35 individuals including children), and there is no reason to believe that the group sizes of our ancestors were different. It is also possible that communities either broke up into small groups, going in search of food, or united for the night or to collect a bountiful harvest of fruits or nuts (later the food source could be the carcasses of animals killed or captured from predators).

It has been noted that group cohesion is greatest among those representatives of the same species (chimpanzees, anubis baboons, rhesus macaques and lapunders) that live in open areas with a dry climate. In such conditions, unlike forest ecosystems, chimpanzees, for example, most often form groups that include adult males, while individuals or groups without males are extremely rare. The reason for this transformation is the presence of predators: the higher the danger of their attack, the more males in each group.

There is no doubt that the Pleistocene fauna of East Africa was rich in predators. Early hominids lived in close proximity to saber-toothed tigers, hyenas, cheetahs and leopards and could not match them in strength or speed. It was cohesion and large group sizes that primarily helped australopithecines adapt to these conditions.

An extremely heated debate among domestic specialists in the history of primitive society is taking place regarding reproductive (marriage) relations among our ancestors. It is unlikely that one should adhere to any one model in this regard; evolution could be multivariate. Modern data, it seems to us, confirms the idea of the existence of serial monogamy (successive paired marriages) in the early stages of hominization. But other species cannot be ruled out. marital relations. The likelihood of harem structures is small, but acceptable in a small number of populations: when hominids began to consume meat, a more talented hunter could provide food for several partners. (Note that among modern hunter-gatherers, harem relationships are not prohibited, but they are still rare, and the number of wives in a harem is small: two or three, rarely four.) Promiscuity is also possible - fairly free sexual relations.

According to sociobiology, the reproductive strategies of males and females in primates are different (in humans too). On average, males are more promiscuous and focused on sexual contacts with many partners. The strategy of females is twofold: they either choose a helper male (i.e. a good father), or a “carrier of good genes” - physically healthy, strong, attractive, occupying a high place in the hierarchy. In the latter case, the offspring has a chance to inherit obvious advantages from the father, but the mother loses her assistant. Which strategy—male or female—prevails depends on its adaptability under given conditions. For females of early hominids, pair bonds with a specific male turned out to be vital and adaptive, since the reproductive capacity of females was low, and children needed parental care for a long time. An alternative to the paired family could only be an emphasis on family ties and help from female friends and relatives.

Ethological analysis provides insight into sexual choice preferences in primates and humans. It turns out that the most attractive partners are those who have traits similar to those in whose environment they were in early childhood (i.e., first-order relatives). Next in attractiveness are distant relatives - second cousins, uncles and nephews. So consanguineous marriages have very ancient roots.

HUNTERS OR CARRION GATHERERS?

The most important event in the evolution of hominids is considered to be the transition to the consumption of meat. How did they get it? Archaeological data from the Pliopleistocene time seem to confirm that in the early stages our ancestors were carrion gatherers. However, it cannot be ruled out that they also hunted. According to G. Isaac, early hominids combined hunting with carrion collection, and in different seasons, one of these methods of obtaining meat food, then the other, predominated. Archaeologists have not found bones that could indicate hominids hunting animals. But observations of chimpanzees and ethnographic materials from the Hadza people (a group of hunter-gatherers from Tanzania) confirm this. Common chimpanzees, for example, hunt regularly, and in the national parks of Tai, Mahale, and Gombe they simply prey on other monkeys - the red herring monkeys.

According to estimates by R. Renham and E. Bergman-Riess, a group of 45 chimpanzees can consume up to 600 kg of meat per year. Everything is eaten, including bones. If early hominids caught small and medium-sized game and consumed it without a trace, then no bones could be preserved. True, modern Hadza sometimes leave the remains of hunting trophies at the hunting site, but they are quickly consumed by birds and ground scavengers. For both chimpanzees and the Hadza, the peak of hunting and carrion collection occurs during the dry season, when plant food is clearly in short supply.

According to K. Stanford, hunting in chimpanzee communities is stimulated by receptive females. There appears to be an evolutionary connection between a male's access to a reproductive female and his concern for providing her with food. With the disappearance of external signs of receptivity (swelling of the genital skin), sexual relations ceased to be confined to the period of probable conception, sexual relations between a particular male and female became constant, and were not limited to a few hours or days, as in chimpanzees.

The development of hunting stimulated cooperation between males, since already in chimpanzees there is a positive relationship between the number of hunters and success in catching game. Such cooperation helped males control and control power in the group, which in turn increased their reproductive chances. Maximum individual success depended both on the male’s social intelligence (the ability to manipulate other members of the group) and “instrumental” intelligence - successful planning of the hunt and knowledge of the behavior of the prey.

* * *

So, the human ancestry has become ancient to 4.4 million years, but the candidate for its founder has not been definitively determined. Like modern primates, our distant ancestors lived in communities in which social relationships could be very diverse.

Primatological research in recent years shows that social organization and social relationships, even among species of the same genus, can vary greatly. Therefore, a model that is based on data about a specific species of modern primates, be it chimpanzees, bonobos or baboons, cannot be considered justified. On the contrary, analysis of the general nature of behavior in the phylogenetic series of primates, identification of universal patterns and strategies in intragroup relations can bring us closer to understanding events at the dawn of human history.

M. L. Butovskaya

Anthropology of gender

Fryazino, 2013

UDC 572 BBK 28.7 B 93

The work was carried out at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy Sci.

The publication was carried out with the support of Dmitry Zimin’s Dynasty Foundation for Non-Commercial Programs.

Butovskaya M.L.

Anthropology of gender. Fryazino: Century2. 2013. - 256 pp., color. ill.

ISBN 978-5-85099-191-3

Photo by M.L. Butovskoy: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8, 3.1, 3.2, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 7.2,

7.3, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.7, 11.12

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