The set of chromosomes in a blue whale. These amazing whales and dolphins. Indonesian fishermen claim

Latest genetic research dolphins suggest that the ancestors of animals are ungulates. These are their closest relatives. The answer to the question about how many chromosomes do dolphins have, suggests a hypothesis about the primary habitation of these mammals on land.

How many chromosomes do dolphins have?

Chromosomes are a special structure that makes up DNA. It is located in the nucleus of the body's cell. The task of the chromosome is to store information about the structure of the body, its individual characteristics and gender. The dolphin has 44 chromosomes. Since they are located in double numbers in the cells, there are 22 pairs in total. A certain set of chromosomes establishes the karyotype of any representative of the animal or plant world.

Number of chromosomes in other sea inhabitants:

1. Penguin - 46.
2. Blue whale – 44.
3. Sea urchin – 42.
4. Shark – 36.
5. Seal – 34.

Dolphins belong to the species of cetaceans, the subspecies being toothed whales (dolphins, sperm whales, killer whales). There are about 50 species of dolphins in total. They primarily live in seawater, but there are a few species that live in large rivers. Dolphins, like land animals, are warm-blooded, viviparous, and feed their young with their milk. They breathe through their lungs; to do this, they emerge from the water several times during the day. A dolphin is completely different from a shark. The sea predator belongs to the class of fish, since it has gills, and its offspring do not feed on milk. The shark simply does not have milk.

Genetic research

Dolphins communicate with us

The existing theory about the origin of man from apes has become less convincing after recent studies of dolphin chromosomes. As it turns out, humans and dolphins have striking similarities in their chromosomal structures. Among other organisms living on earth, the dolphin turned out to be closest to artiodactyls and hippopotamus. Many similarities were found with elephants. Humans, dolphins and elephants are distinguished by the proportional volume of their brain relative to their body. Special structure nervous system determines a significant number of synapses (nerve connections) and brain convolutions. These properties allow dolphins to learn quickly.

Dolphins have higher intelligence than monkeys. Marine life They recognize themselves in the mirror, understand the intonation of human speech, know how to imitate and strictly follow the rules that have developed in the pack. Cetaceans communicate using low-frequency sounds. Sea water contains magnesium sulfate, which absorbs noise from high frequency. Therefore, the inhabitants of the sea have learned to use sounds that can travel long distances in water.

The human genes responsible for sleep are simply modified in dolphins. Therefore, these mammals sleep in a special way. During the research, scientists discovered DNA that is responsible for keeping one half of the brain awake while the other is asleep. This happened during the process of mutation. Scientists have concluded that after humans, dolphins have the highest intelligence on the planet.

Order: Cetacea Brisson, 1762 = Cetaceans

The hearing organs are greatly modified. The auricle is reduced. The external auditory canal opens behind the eye with a small opening. An interesting opinion is that the rudimentary auditory canal can serve as an independent sensory organ that perceives changes in pressure. The eardrum is curved outward ( baleen whales) or inside (toothed whales). On the outside, the eardrum of baleen whales is covered with a kind of ear plug, consisting of keratinized epithelium and earwax. Cetaceans are capable of capturing a wide range of sound waves from 150 to 120-140 thousand Hz (Slijper, 1962), i.e. even ultrasonic vibrations. The high degree of development of the auditory parts of the brain of toothed whales indicates a special acuity of their hearing, almost unique among mammals; Baleen whales have poorer hearing compared to land mammals. Cetaceans are capable of echolocation, like the bats. Due to the fact that cetaceans lack vocal cords, they cannot produce sounds in the usual way for mammals. It is possible that the sounds are produced by vibration of the lower part of the septum between the nasal sacs or vibration of the fold of the external valve as a result of the passage of air from the dorsal nasal sacs. Dolphins are capable of emitting a series of short sound pulses, the duration of which is 1 ms, and the repetition rate varies from 1-2 to several hundred hertz.

The body temperature of cetaceans is similar to that of terrestrial mammals and ranges from 35 to 40°C (the upper limit was observed in wounded whales or dolphins caught after being chased). Preservation high temperature the body in water, which conducts heat many times better than air, is carried out by a thick layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue in the skin.

In female baleen whales, the genital and anal openings are separated from each other by a significant space, while in toothed whales they are located in a single recess and surrounded by a common sphincter. Males are constantly or for a very long time during the year capable of fertilization. It has been suggested that ovulation in cetaceans is triggered by sexual intercourse. In females, at the beginning of pregnancy, there may be two or three embryos in the uterus, of which soon only one remains. Placenta of diffuse type.

Childbirth takes place underwater. The cub is born fully developed, capable of independent movement. The proportions of its body are very similar to the body proportions of adult whales, and its dimensions reach 1/2-1/4 of the length of the mother’s body. The females of some cetaceans can be fertilized shortly after giving birth during the lactation period. The cubs are fed underwater, each meal lasting a few seconds. Milk is sprayed into the baby's mouth by contraction of the female's special muscles. The female's mammary glands are located on the sides of the genital opening. Two nipples (one on each side) lie in slit-like folds and protrude outward only during lactation. Female whales produce different quantity milk per day: from 200-1200 g for dolphins to 90-150 l for the fin whale and 200 l for the blue whale (Sleptsov, 1955). The milk is thick and usually cream-colored. It is characteristic that he surface tension 30 times more than water, which is especially important since the stream of milk does not spread in water. The nutritional value of whale milk is very high.

The growth of cubs while feeding them with milk occurs quickly. For example, a blue whale calf grows from 7 to 16 m in 7 months of life, i.e., the average daily increase in length is 4.5 cm.

Sexual dimorphism is manifested mainly in the different body lengths of males and females. Female baleen whales are larger than males, while most toothed whales, on the contrary, are smaller. The diploid number of chromosomes in tweed toothed whales and 4 species of baleen whales (sei whale, minke whale, fin whale and gray whale) is 44, and in sperm whales it is 42.

Distributed in all oceans and most seas Globe. Factors that determine the distribution of cetaceans are food availability and water temperature. Some species are widespread and are found in both warm and cold seas (some species from the dolphin family), others have a smaller range (gray whales live in subtropical, temperate and cold waters northern half Pacific Ocean and in the Chukchi Sea), the range of the third is even more limited (the narwhal does not leave the waters of the Arctic), and finally, the range of river, lake and estuarine forms is completely insignificant.

Most species are herd animals; keep in groups from several heads to hundreds and thousands of individuals. They are found both near the coasts and in the open sea. Representatives of some species are able to climb up large rivers, flowing into the sea, and individual species They constantly live in rivers. Most whales have a specialized diet, and among them there are planktivores, teutophages, ichthyophages and sacrophages. They feed on mass or piece prey. Among cetaceans there are fast swimmers(killer whales, many dolphins) and relatively slow moving ones (gray whales). Most whales constantly stay in surface waters. Some, such as the sperm whale, can dive to considerable depths. Number various types cetaceans are not the same. Many of them are very numerous and can be found in herds of thousands (the white-sided dolphin), others, on the contrary, are very rare and sightings of them have been recorded only a few times (some representatives of the genus of the white-sided dolphin, the dwarf sperm whale).

Excessively intensive fishing has a detrimental effect on the number of whales, significantly reducing it, and in some cases can threaten the complete destruction of these animals. Thus, the currently insignificant number of bowhead whales is a consequence of the predatory slaughter of these once numerous animals.

Most species are characterized by periodic migrations. In some species, the length of migration routes is relatively small (Azov-Black Sea porpoise - from Sea of ​​Azov to Chernoye and back); for others it is huge (some large whales- from tropical waters to high latitudes).

Cetaceans are predominantly monogamous. Mating periods and puppies are usually extended over time. They give birth to one, rarely two cubs. The maternal instinct is highly developed.

They have practically no enemies other than humans and killer whales. Dolphin remains have been found in the stomachs of tiger and Greenland sharks.

Practical significance in the recent past it was quite large. Some of the cetaceans are still caught annually in large quantities(sperm whales), others are hunted only by chance. Almost all of the whale's organs are used to produce valuable food and technical products. Cetacean fishing can only be carried out with strict adherence to the measures necessary to maintain their numbers. Currently, in order to preserve cetaceans, it is advisable to stop their fishing for a number of years.

Secondary water

The world's oceans are home to about fifty different types dolphins. All of them, together with the whales, form a detachment cetaceans (Cetacea). Dolphins and whales are secondary aquatic animals (their ancestors once lived on land). Only external form bodies and in that they live in water, cetaceans resemble fish. In all other respects, these are real mammals. They are warm-blooded, breathe through lungs, give birth to live young and feed them with milk.

At least 70 million years ago, the land-based ancestors of cetaceans moved to live in the water and eventually completely lost contact with land. Blood tests, remains of the pelvis, hind limbs and single hairs on the snout confirmed that cetaceans and ungulates are related. But what made the dolphin ancestor change his earthly existence to an aquatic one 65 million years ago and who, in fact, was he? It can be assumed that the whole point is some kind of cosmic cataclysm that touched the Earth and forced animals to seek salvation in the water. After all, it was at this time that dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the Earth.

No sense of smell

The only studied group of animals that have no (or almost no) sense of smell are toothed whales (dolphins, killer whales and sperm whales). They have neither olfactory bulbs nor olfactory nerves. And most of their olfactory receptors (about 80%) do not work. This is not surprising - after all, their ancestors lived on land and lost their “water” receptors. And when the whales fully adapted to life in the water, they stopped being interested in “airy” smells, just like the fish.

Primitive whales

Fossils of primitive whales, zeuglodonts ("jugular-toothed"), have been found in marine sediments of Africa, Europe, New Zealand, Antarctica and North America. Some of them were giants more than 20 m long.

Freshwater whale

In the Indus River basin, paleontologists discovered the skull of a fossil whale that lived 50 million years ago. Research has established that the animal’s hearing organs were not adapted for life in water and, therefore, such individuals are the land ancestors of modern whales.

Cetaceans are homogeneous

Cytogenetically, in terms of chromosomal composition, including 42-44 chromosomes, cetaceans are more homogeneous than other orders of mammals associated with aquatic environment. This gives reason to believe that the living suborders of cetaceans are genetically close and descended from the same root.

The cetacean order is divided into two suborders: toothed whales (Odontoceti) And baleen whales (Mysticeti). The former are considered less specialized; These include, in particular, beaked whales, sperm whales, killer whales, as well as smaller forms - dolphins and porpoises. Sperm whales reach a length of 18 m and weigh 60 tons; the length of their lower jaw reaches 5–6 m.

Whale fountain doesn't shoot straight up

The sperm whale has only one opening for breathing – the “nostril”, “blowhole”. The fountain of water from it does not shoot straight up, like other species of whales, but at an angle. The humpback whale releases 3-8 fountains at intervals of 4-15 seconds.

Narwhal horn

Male narwhals (Monodon monoceros) have a very long, up to three meters long, straight, thin “horn” sticking out in front of their heads! In fact, this is not a horn, but a tooth, just greatly enlarged. It grows on the left side of the jaw and, surprisingly, is twisted, and always counterclockwise. There is also a tooth on the right side of the jaw, which also points forward, but it is hidden in the soft tissue of the gums, although sometimes it grows into a second tusk... comes from his head and is nothing more than an overgrown tooth. Ancient sailors identified the narwhal with a unicorn.

Surprisingly, the purpose of this tooth still remains unclear. What is known is that it is very strong due to its helical twist. Some believe that this tooth serves as a tournament weapon for males during the mating season. Others claim that it helps animals break through ice. But all these speculations are apparently far from the truth.

Teeth and throat

On the lower jaw sperm whale (Physetser catodon)– 36-60 teeth, and on the top there are none at all.

Mouth length bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)– 6.5 m, width – 4 m.

Fangs wrap around jaw

An adult male Layard's whale (Mesoplodon layardii) has boar-like tusks that grow from the lower jaw and can reach one and a half meters in length. They curl around the upper jaw and prevent the whale from opening its throat, so the whale has to strain out the krill that comes in with the water.

Whale with movable neck

Beluga whale, (Delphinapterus leucas), white color the whale, 5-6 m long, has no dorsal fin. He has a movable neck, allowing him to move his head freely, independently of his body.

Distribution of most cetacean species
...very wide, facilitated by the absence of clearly defined barriers. Nevertheless, whales live in local herds and, even during very long migrations, as a rule, do not cross the equator. There are cold-loving species living in polar and subpolar waters (beluga whales, narwhals, bowhead whales), thermophilic (Bryde's minke), tropical and subtropical (many small dolphins, dwarf sperm whales).

Growth of an adult whale

About 30 meters. If you put such a whale on its head near multi-storey building, then the tail will be located about the 10th floor.

Longest fin

...y humpback whale a fin can grow 7.7 m long. This is longer than that of other whale species. Latin name this whale Megaptera, means "long-winged".

Dolphins are also whales
Toothed whales (Odontoceti). have one breathing hole. Their food is fish and krill. These include killer whales, pilot whales, and sperm whales. Dolphins are also small toothed whales.

Whale bones are soft and liquid
Whales are capable of reaching huge size because their weight is supported by water. Unlike land mammals, which have strong bones, whale bones are soft and porous, storing a supply of oily fat.

Migrate in groups

As a result of adaptation to seasonal feeding and reproduction conditions, several biological groups of cetaceans were formed. Species of one group perform strictly regular migrations within the Northern or Southern Hemisphere; In the winter, baleen whales, some beaked whales and sperm whales go to low latitudes to give birth, and in the summer they go to temperate and cold waters. It is easier to gain fat in the Arctic and Antarctic, since there are 10-20 times more planktonic organisms here than in the tropics. Species of another group also move over considerable distances, but less regularly and in violation of seasonal timing (killer whales, pilot whales, partly sei whales, narwhals, etc.). The species of the third group are considered comparatively sedentary image life; their migrations take place within a small water area (bottlenose dolphins, river dolphins, gray dolphins, etc.).

Echolocation in whales evolved 39 million years ago

Over the past 47 million years, there have been two qualitative leaps in the evolution of cetaceans, accompanied by an increase in brain volume. The first such leap occurred 39 million years ago (the appearance of echolocation “in service” with whales is identified with it), the second - about 15 million.

Communicate on low frequencies
Whales, like elephants, primarily communicate using low-frequency noises inaudible to the human ear to communicate with each other over distances of several kilometers.

Fin whale brain

The brain of the northern fin whale (herring whale) Balaenoptera physalus weighs 7 kg, elephant - 5 kg, human - 1,400 g, horse - 500 g, cow - 350 g, pig - 150 g, dog - 100 g, gibbon - 89 g, cat – 32 U common hedgehog brain weight – 3.2 g.

Dolphins are overtaking humans in brain volume

If we compare the volume of the brain and its changes during evolution, then dolphins are very close to humans. The brain of a 300-pound (about 135 kilogram) dolphin weighs 1,700 grams, while that of a human weighs 65 to 70 kg. - 1400 gr. The human brain is approximately 7 times larger than that of other animals of similar size - in dolphins this figure is 5. A dolphin has twice as many convolutions in the cerebral cortex, although there are relatively few neurons per cubic millimeter of its substance, in any case fewer than in primate brain. In general, the brains of primates (which includes humans) and cetaceans are at approximately the same stage of development, although this development followed completely different paths. However, who knows, maybe dolphins will be able to catch up and surpass primates in intelligence.

Half of the brain rests during sleep

The cerebral hemispheres are highly developed, in the cortex of which structures that perform the most important psychological functions are concentrated. During sleep, one half of the brain is awake in dolphins and whales, while the other half is resting.

Cetaceans have very short necks
The neck is very short, since the seven cervical vertebrae common to mammals are greatly shortened and fused into one or more plates, the total length of which does not exceed 15 cm.

Whalebone
Baleen whales are the largest animals in the world. They obtain their food using a filtering apparatus - a whalebone, which fits in the mouth. Therefore, the head of baleen whales is very large, occupies 1/3-1/5 of the animal’s body, and has no teeth. The teeth of baleen whales are replaced by long, fringed horny plates (baleen) that hang from the upper jaw and form a filter for straining small crustaceans and fish from the water. This suborder includes minke whales, as well as blue, humpback, dwarf, smooth, bowhead and other whales.

The most baleen whale in the world
- Greenland (Balaena mysticetus) - can grow mustaches up to 5.8 meters long.

The largest mammal

Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus– the most large mammal not only of modern times, but also of those who have ever lived on Earth. He's bigger than even himself big dinosaur. Most big whale, a female, measured 34 m in length. The heaviest known whale weighed over 190 tons, the weight being estimated hypothetically from the weighing of its remains. This corresponds to the mass of 30 elephants or 150 bulls. This animal is larger than even giant dinosaurs. A whale can reach enormous sizes, since its limbs do not have to support its body weight: in the water it is as if weightless.

The loudest mammal
- This blue whale. It can produce sounds with a volume of 188dB, which can be heard at a distance of 850 km.

When females are larger than males

Males are usually slightly larger than females and have a stronger build. But in baleen whales, on the contrary, females are noticeably larger than males.

Heart of the Northern Blue Whale

(Balaenoptera musculus) weighs 600-700 kg, a hundred times more than its brain.

Sea singers

The beluga whale produces a variety of sound signals: whistles, squeals, dull groans, chirping, squealing, grinding, piercing screams, roars (hence the proverb “roars like a beluga”). Beluga whales were nicknamed “singers of the sea” for their “melodic singing,” and the mournful cries of humpback whales became a symbolic plea for the preservation of their species. Noteworthy are the long (up to half an hour!) and melodic songs of humpback whales in warm waters, to one degree or another, characteristic of other species of baleen whales. Although the exact meaning of whale songs has not yet been revealed, humpback whales associate them with mating season when males call females. Songs can be performed either alone or in chorus.

Dolphins love to "talk"
- Their chirping and whistling can be heard underwater.

When will dolphins talk to people?
The dolphin brain provides dolphins verbal communication with each other and in the future will allow you to meaningfully talk with a person. The difficulty of verbal communication between a person and a dolphin is explained by the fact that a person hears only a small part of the signals of the second: after all, the range of perception of frequencies in dolphins is 10 times higher than in people.

Sperm whale with sonar gun

Sperm whales have sonars, which they use to search for clusters. deep sea squid. The sperm whale's sonar is a kind of long-range cannon, up to 5 m long and occupying almost a third of the animal's body.

70 teeth

Dolphins have more than 70 teeth.

Sperm whale teeth
Just like by the annual layers of wood on a tree, by the number of alternating transparent and opaque stripes on the cut of a tooth, you can find out the age of the animal. The teeth of 12 adult sperm whales were examined. The dentin (this is the substance that makes up the bulk of the tooth) of a whale has one or more bright stripes. It turned out that in male sperm whales it is rare and looks transparent and uniform, but in females it has a complex structure. Along the bright stripe there are stripes of different thicknesses, darker and denser than its main part. Having compared all these facts, the researchers came to the conclusion that the complex structure of the bright stripe in the tooth of a female sperm whale is a kind of “mark”, it is associated with the birth of a calf and the period when the female feeds it with her milk (for sperm whales this lasts 18 months) .

Able to control blood pressure

Whales are able to control the volume of blood flowing to the heart and brain, which helps them avoid oxygen starvation during deep dives.

Blue whale tongue
At the bottom of the mouth between lower jaws there is a huge pouch-shaped tongue; it weighs up to 3 tons (in blue whales) and is half fat. This is the weight of an adult African elephant.

Whales have hands and fingers
Whale embryos have limbs and even fingers, which change before birth.

Dolphins love physical contact

Dolphins love physical contact - they caress each other with their fins.

The best diver

- sperm whale (Physeter catodon)- can dive three kilometers and hold his breath for 2 hours 18 minutes. This is the largest toothed whale: males reach 20 m, and females - 15 m.

When females are in the south and males are in the north
Male sperm whales are distributed over a larger area than females, migrate further than females and reach the north in summer. Davis Strait, Barents and Bering Seas, and in the south - Antarctica. Females live in harems, breed in the tropics and rarely venture outside subtropical zone. North of the equator, most harems spend their summer between 25 and 40 degrees N. latitude, and in winter - between 0 and 25 degrees N. w. Bachelor migrating groups of male sperm whales do not take part in reproduction. They are formed after females expel extra males from schools, leaving marks of their teeth on the skin of the exiles. The remaining males fiercely fight among themselves for the position of head of the harem and strike each other with their massive heads, sometimes breaking their teeth and damaging their jaws. The harem usually contains 10-15 females, sucklings and a large male. If harems unite into a herd, then several males are kept with it.

Cetaceans have a sense of smell

It was previously believed that cetaceans lacked a sense of smell. However, anatomical studies of toothed whales have revealed special depressions in the oral cavity, located at the root of the tongue, that perceive odors in the water.

U dolphins (Delphininae) there is practically no sense of smell.

Poor vision

Whales who spend their lives underwater can't boast good eyesight. This is compensated by excellent hearing and the ability to echolocation, which helps whales with orientation and in search of food.

Hears well at low frequencies below 1 kHz

Behavioral evidence suggests that baleen whales (Mysticeti), including western gray whales, hear very well at low frequencies below 1 kHz. Baleen whales have responded to sonar and other sounds at frequencies between 3 and 4 kHz. Some baleen whales respond to ultrasound frequencies up to 28 kHz, but do not respond to sounds above 36 kHz. In addition, baleen whales produce sounds with frequencies up to 8 kHz. They can hear low-frequency sounds (perhaps around 10 Hz) from sources many hundreds of kilometers away. Therefore, the auditory range of baleen whales, including western gray whales, is likely to range from<1 до 8 кГц. Нарушение слуха может произойти в случае, когда кит подвергается воздействию звуков силой более 180 дБ относительно 1 мкПа.

Ears, eyes and nose

There are no external ears, but there is an auditory canal, which opens through a small hole in the skin and leads to the eardrum. The eyes are very small, adapted to life in the sea. They are able to withstand high pressure when the animal is immersed to great depths; large, fatty tears are released from the tear ducts, which help to see more clearly in the water and protect the eyes from the effects of salt. Nostrils - one (in toothed whales) or two (in baleen whales)– located in the upper part of the head and form the so-called. blowhole. In cetaceans, unlike other mammals, the lungs are not connected to the oral cavity.

Dolphin vision and hearing
Spending its entire life in the water, the dolphin is forced to constantly come to the surface to breathe. Therefore, his vision must be quite good both under water and in the air, and this is not easy, since the optical properties of air and water are completely different. On the other hand, no matter how good a dolphin’s vision is, its capabilities are limited due to the low transparency of the water. Therefore, the dolphin receives basic information about its surroundings through hearing. At the same time, he uses active location: he listens to the echo that occurs when the sounds he makes are reflected from surrounding objects. The echo gives him accurate information not only about the position of objects, but also about their size, shape, and material.

What can a dolphin see?

Dolphins see well both underwater and in the air. It is possible that such universal vision of dolphins is associated with the presence of two zones in their eyes: in one of them, the optics of the eye provide a good image in the water, and in the other - mainly in the air. When a dolphin wants to look at something underwater, it usually turns sideways (with one eye) towards the object, i.e. uses the posterolateral zone. And in order to see an object in the air, the dolphin positions its nose towards it (looks with both eyes), i.e. uses the front zone. The visual acuity of dolphins is 8-14". This is worse than that of many terrestrial animals: for example, in humans and primates the visual acuity is about 1", and in a cat 5-6". But for underwater conditions, where the transparency of the environment is low, this is quite enough This is also proven by observations of animals kept in aquariums: they know their trainers very well, can make precise, targeted jumps and reach objects placed at high altitudes without a single miss.

Amazonian dolphin

The Amazon dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) is an amazing animal that lives not in the seas, but in the rivers of South America. The water there is very turbid, almost opaque, and the eyes of the Amazonian dolphin have adapted to vision at a very short distance (nothing further is visible anyway) and in low light (turbid water strongly absorbs light). This dolphin has only one zone, but not in the center of the retina, like in terrestrial animals, but in its lower part - the one that looks up. Only there, in the upper layer of water, is there enough light to see anything. Accordingly, the visual acuity of the Amazonian dolphin is very low: 45". But greater visual acuity is not needed if you look at objects that are only tens of centimeters away.

Dolphin hearing is almost a hundred times higher than that of humans

The fact that dolphins have unusually developed hearing has been known for decades. The volumes of those parts of the brain that manage auditory functions are tens (!) times greater than in humans (despite the fact that the total volume of the brain is approximately the same). A dolphin is capable of perceiving frequencies of sound vibrations 10 times higher (up to 150 kHz) than humans (up to 15-18 kHz), and hears sounds whose power is 10-30 times lower than that of sounds accessible to human hearing. The dolphin's hearing turned out to be not two or three or even ten times higher than that of a human, but tens (almost a hundred) times. Human hearing can distinguish time intervals of approximately one hundredth of a second (10 ms). Dolphins distinguish intervals of ten thousandths of a second (0.1-0.3 ms).

Accurate dolphin echolocator

Dolphins have the ability to create and perceive ultrasounds. An accurate sonar makes it possible for them to detect objects the size of an acorn in water at a distance of up to 15 m. Thanks to echolocation, dolphins find food and avoid collisions with obstacles even in completely muddy water.

What can dolphins do?
Dolphins possess some skills that were previously attributed only to humans and great apes. Among them are identification of oneself with the reflection in the mirror, a developed system of signal communication, abstract thinking, learning abilities (not to be confused with training!) and the transfer of learned skills between generations.

Hears a drop

A dolphin, enclosed in a large tank, will be able to hear and determine the location of the splash of water poured out of a teaspoon.

Smart dolphin

Professor from Switzerland A. Portman conducted research on the mental abilities of animals and found out that according to the test results, a person came in first place - 215 points, a dolphin came in second - 190 points, and the third prize-winner was an elephant. The monkey only took fourth place. The dolphin's cerebral cortex has twice as many convolutions. Does this explain the amazing intelligence and incredible speed of thinking of the dolphin? He is able to absorb a volume of knowledge 1.5 times greater than the people with you.

Sexual fantasies

Dolphins have nothing to justify their perverted behavior: sometimes they try to take possession of sea turtles.

Dolphins play with children

In Tsemes Bay, on the Black Sea, a dolphin appeared near the shore. He swam up to a group of children swimming and began to play with them. He allowed himself to be stroked and even to sit astride him. Having had enough fun, the dolphin retreated back to the sea.

Dolphins rescue shipwrecked people One day, a passenger ship crashed. Several people survived. None of them believed that they could survive. And when they saw a school of sharks approaching them, they said goodbye to each other. But suddenly a miracle happened. A school of dolphins quickly rushed from the open sea, fearlessly dispersing a school of sharks. And she helped people stay on the water until help arrived.

Dolphins help their own
An even more striking incident occurred with fishermen in the Black Sea. A school of dolphins surrounded the longboat and swam nearby, making sounds and clearly trying to attract the attention of people. The dolphins circled around the ship until people realized that the animals were worried about something. Following them, they discovered a captured dolphin. Having lost his way from the flock, he became entangled in a fishing net. The cub was rescued and released.

Member of an underwater expedition

The fate of the famous dolphin Taffy, an honorary member of the American underwater expedition, is interesting. The dolphin worked as a postman and guide, bringing instruments and tools. If one of the aquanauts swam too far into the sea and lost his bearings, Tuffy always came to the rescue and led the lost person to the house on a nylon leash. After such a brilliant debut, Taffy was recruited to serve at one of the US missile sites. He searched the sea for electronic devices of spent rocket stages. All the equipment was stuffed with miniature ultrasonic transmitters. It was their “call signs” that the dolphin hurried to.

Dolphin pilot
The dolphin Polorus Jack, so nicknamed by English sailors, guided ships through a dangerous strait in New Zealand for 25 years as a seasoned pilot.

Dolphins teach each other
Not long ago, a completely amazing incident occurred at a marine aquarium near Miami. Several dolphins caught in the ocean were brought here for training. Not far from the recruits were already trained dolphins. They didn't see each other. And yet, a conversation immediately began between them. All night long strange sounds and noises were coming from the pool. This morning the incredible happened. The new dolphins immediately began to perform all the tricks that people intended to teach them. It seems that their brothers who had been living in the pool for a long time told them about this.

Speed ​​over 50 km/h

At the age of 3 years, the dolphin becomes an adult. Their shiny bodies amaze with their perfectly streamlined shape, reminiscent of a drop or a torpedo. Dolphins move easily and quickly in the water. An adult dolphin can reach speeds of over 50 km/h.

Large whale, sailing at a speed of 20 knots (37 km/h), “generates” energy of 520 hp. With.

Increase movement speed
Dolphins jump out of the water in order to increase their speed. It turns out that at a speed of 5 meters per second, a dolphin, jumping out of the water, increases it by another 3 meters. And this is important when hunting fish.

Rowing with the tail

Whales do not row with their fins; their swift movements are provided by their tail. In water, the tail is the rudder and propeller. Whales drive their huge body forward with their tail, but the tail does not move from side to side, like fish, but from bottom to top and back. This makes it possible to quickly dive and quickly rise to the surface.

Whales are excellent swimmers

The tail serves as a propeller and propels them forward, and the side fins impart rotation to the body and provide turns.

Swimming champions
Tamed killer whales can reach a speed of 38 km/h, striped dolphin (Stenella attenuata), common dolphin Stenella frontalis- 43 km/h, and pilot whales, or ball-headed dolphins (Globicephala)- 49 km/h. The fastest whales can swim at a speed of 56 km/h. The usual speed of whales is not so high - the speed of movement of grazing belugas is only 1.5-2 km/h, and for frightened ones it increases to 22 km/h. In speed humpback whales inferior to real minke whales, making 13-15, and when wounded, 25 km/h. Grazing blue whale moves at a speed of 11-15 km/h, and a frightened one reaches a speed of 33-40 km/h. But he can only move so quickly for a few minutes, because at such a speed his huge body must develop power of up to 368 kW.

Farthest swimmer

The gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus) swims up to 20 thousand kilometers per year.

How often do whales breathe?

At an average speed, whales emerge every 1-1.5 minutes, but are able to remain under water for a maximum of a quarter of an hour. In the enclosures, respiratory pauses varied from 5 to 140 seconds. Humpback whales Usually they are immersed for 3-6 minutes, up to a maximum of half an hour. They stay less underwater in shallow places than in deep ones.

Hold your breath for the longest time
...among animals capable bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon). He may not breathe for 120 minutes, that is, 2 hours. For example, on average, a person holds his breath for only 1 minute, and a trained diver (pearl fisherman) - for 2.5 minutes.

Physics of dolphin skin

The surface of dolphins' skin reduces friction and helps them glide quickly and without obstacles through the water. Dolphins' streamlined bodies help them reduce water pressure on their bodies and reduce friction. The top layer of dolphin skin, which renews itself every two hours on average, also plays an important role in increasing the speed of their movements. The "softness" and "waviness" of the skin helps reduce friction. Constant skin renewal reduces friction by breaking up the tiny eddies of water that form around the dolphin and can slow its progress.

Special properties of leather
The outer layer is approximately 1.5 mm and is extremely elastic. The inner layer is about 4 mm thick and consists of dense fabric. Interestingly, the inside of the outer layer is penetrated by many passages and tubes filled with a soft, fatty substance. By the way, artificial lining for submarines is similar in quality to dolphin skin.

Thick layer of fat
The body of cetaceans is covered with smooth, shiny skin that facilitates gliding in the water. Under the skin there is a layer of adipose tissue (blubum) ranging from 2.5 to 30 cm thick. Fat protects the body from hypothermia and helps retain water in the body that would otherwise diffuse into the environment; body temperature is maintained at approximately 35° C. Animals do not need fur, since the fat provides sufficient thermal insulation, however, in the embryonic stages and in adults, sparse hair can be found on the snout.

Have a thick layer of fat under the skin

A powerful layer of fat has developed under the skin as protection against cooling and as a reserve of energy in case of hunger strikes. The thickest layer of subcutaneous fat lies on the most passive areas of the body - on the belly and between the pectoral fins. Under the layer of fat in the posterior third of the body, there are two mammary glands with one nipple each. The nipples are hidden in two longitudinal skin pockets located below on the sides of the urogenital fissure, and only in nursing females do they protrude outward.

Skin covered with shells

Freshwater dolphin

In 1918, an unknown species of freshwater dolphin was discovered in Tongting Lake, located in central China and 1000 kilometers from the mouth of the Yangtze. It was a cetacean, completely white, its body length was two and a half meters, it had an elongated snout that resembled both a crane’s beak and a flagpole. That is why the locals called it “peishi,” which means “poor flag.” And the American zoologist Gerrit S. Miller dubbed it the Chinese lake dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer).

Oral knowledge is passed down from generation to generation

Dolphins, according to the American neurophysiologist John Lilly, have knowledge and collective memory. But since they were unable to develop writing, since they were deprived of hands, their life experience is transmitted to their younger relatives and descendants orally.

Hairless mammals
The elastic and smooth skin of cetaceans is devoid of hair, sweat and sebaceous glands. Only individual hairs remain on the face and chin of newborn dolphins for several days and then fall out, while in baleen whales they remain throughout their lives, serving as tactile bristles.

Cetacean coloring

Body coloring in some species acquires a camouflage value, while in others it acquires a signaling and identification value. Eye-catching, bright white spots on the body are important for relatives so as not to jump on them during the rut, games, and rapid swimming in schools. In many cetaceans, color changes with age: some, like the beluga whale, are born dark, then become gray, blue and finally white: others, like the spotted dolphin, are born uniformly gray or dark, and then become covered with spots; Still others, like bottlenose whales and beaked whales, “turn grey” from the head to old age.
Albinism and melanism occur as rare phenomena in cetaceans. In the first case, parents with normal non-white coloring give birth to an albino - pure white with red eyes. Subsequently, this descendant gives birth to a normally colored calf, as evidenced by the exhibits - an albino porpoise and its mature dark embryo, exhibited in the museum of the Novorossiysk Biological Station. In the second case, a completely black baby is born to non-black parents - a melanist, who subsequently gives birth to a melanist as well.

Nostrils

They open on the crown with one hole (in toothed whales) or two (in baleen whales). This hole is called a blowhole. The blowhole is opened by the muscles only for the moment of a short respiratory act - a continuous exhalation and inhalation, and the rest of the time, called the respiratory pause, is tightly closed. The respiratory act is regulated by diving reflexes. The locking device can be roughly likened to a rubber stopper, which, stretching only for a moment, allows air to pass through when exhaling and inhaling and is immediately retracted, automatically closing the nostril. That's why it's water, unless it's an animal. does not absorb it at will, cannot enter the respiratory tract through the blowhole. This is also excluded from the mouth, since the larynx is designed in such a way that the airway is separated from the food tract: neither water nor food from the mouth enters the windpipe even at the moment of breathing. However, dolphins can be trained to suck water into the nasal canal through the blowhole and throw it out 1-2 m in a strong stream or in the form of a spray fountain.

Dolphins breathe
With a sudden jump, he throws his body out of the water in order to take a breath. The dolphin's muzzle is elongated into a narrow beak, the nostrils are fused into one "blowhole", from which the animal can release a fountain of spray 1-1.5 m high. 4

Whale Fountain

- this is a column of condensed steam. Before immersion in water, the lungs are filled with air, which, while the whale remains under water, is heated and saturated with moisture. When the animal floats to the surface, the air it exhales forcefully, in contact with the cold outside, forms a column of condensed steam - the so-called. fountain. Thus, whale fountains are not columns of water at all. In different species they are not the same in shape and height; for example, the fountain at the top of the southern right whale bifurcates. The exhaled air is forced through the blowhole under such strong pressure that it produces a loud trumpeting sound, which in calm weather can be heard from a great distance. The blowhole is equipped with valves that close tightly when the animal is immersed in water and open when it ascends to the surface.

In one breath, a dolphin renews up to 90% of the air in its lungs
The lungs are very resilient and elastic; Lung tissue is adapted to rapid compression and expansion. This ensures a very short respiratory act and allows air to be renewed by 80-90% in one breath (in humans only by 15%). In the lungs, cartilaginous rings are highly developed, even in the small bronchi, and in dolphins, in the bronchioles, which are closed by ring sphincter muscles. Cetaceans can stay under water for a long time and dive deep, using oxygen sparingly.

Grabbers and filterers

Cetaceans swallow prey whole, without chewing, usually only alive. Their feeding method is sharply different, and depending on this, the order is divided into two suborders: toothed whales (grabbers) and baleen whales (filter feeders). Dolphins belong to the suborder of toothed whales. They grab prey one by one, holding it with their teeth, or use their tongue to suck in several fish at a time when their mouth opens.

Plank eaters, bentho eaters and fish eaters
Cetaceans require large accumulations of food, which determine the size of their herds. In connection with the main food, different species of the order prefer certain zones of the ocean. Some (plankton-eaters - right whales) feed mainly in the open sea near the surface of the water on mass accumulations of small crustaceans. Others (benthic eaters - gray whales) love shallow waters, where they use benthic and benthic crustaceans; Still others (fish eaters - most dolphins) hunt for schooling fish both far and close to the coast, and occasionally visit rivers. There are also permanent inhabitants of rivers, feeding on freshwater fish and various invertebrates (river dolphins).

Whales swallow food whole
and consume up to a ton of food per day. The sperm whale's pharynx is very wide, so that it can easily swallow a person, but in baleen whales it is much narrower and only allows small fish to pass through. The sperm whale feeds mainly on squid and often feeds at depths of more than 1.5 km, where pressure exceeds 100 kg/cm2. The killer whale is the only representative of the order that regularly eats not only fish and invertebrates, but also warm-blooded animals - birds, seals and whales. Cetaceans have a very long intestine and a complex multi-chambered stomach, consisting, for example, of 14 sections in beaked whales, and 4 in right whales.

They live in families
Dolphins live in families, which include descendants of several generations. Such families probably represent the groups observed in areas of food concentration. Groups unite into temporary, sometimes very numerous herds, which disintegrate as food accumulations disperse. Sometimes (among pilot whales) families gather in resting groups of several dozen heads and lie on the surface with their muzzles and dorsal fins out of the water. At times, families of dolphins led by a male leader unite for joint actions against large sharks and break up when the danger has passed.

Throat like a ladder

U Blainville's tarsus (Mesoplodon densirostris) the lower jaw is very high, but in front of the tooth it decreases sharply, forming a protrusion for the articulation of the left jaw with the right. The jaw is like a ladder; the belt tooth has only one tooth above and below.

The hardest bone
found in the upper jaw of a whale Mesoplodon densirostris. It can withstand a pressure of 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. The bone is also notable for its chemical composition—it contains 13 percent more calcium per unit weight than any previously known bone. However, its very structure is such that it splits very well along microchannels located inside the bone. The University of York scientists who discovered the bone suggest that it serves to reflect and propagate the whale's sonar signals.

The most "voracious" whale

- blue- can eat up to 8 tons of food per day.

In the stomach of a whale
In the stomach sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus 28,000 crustaceans were discovered. Shoes, wire, buckets, plastic bags and sand were also found in the stomachs of these whales.

Killer whales don't attack people

Orca killer whales, which are not whales but dolphins, do not harm humans. The size of these marine mammals is impressive - they reach 13 m.

A short, curved dorsal fin is found only in females and young killer whales. In adult males, the dorsal fin is high and straight.

Longest pregnancy of any whale

In killer whales, it lasts from 15 to 16 months.

whale sperm

does not sink for two hours and can spread on the surface of the water within a mile of the male. The sperm of a blue whale is equal in weight to the weight of four elephants.

Dolphins

There are more than 450 species of animals in which homosexual couples have been observed to form, including grizzly bears, flamingos, salmon and penguins.

They breed after two years

Most cetaceans breed after two years, but some dolphins mate before they finish nursing their young and reproduce annually. Pregnancy in different species lasts from 10 to 16 months. During the rut, fights between males are observed, after which toothed whales leave teeth marks on their bodies. Childbirth is in water, but the first sip is in the air. A female gives birth to a baby once every 2 years.

Dolphins give birth to their babies in the water
At the moment of birth, the female raises her tail high above the water, the baby dolphin is born in the air and manages to breathe before it falls into the water. For the first hours, the baby dolphin swims like a float, in an upright position, slightly moving its front flippers: it has accumulated a sufficient supply of fat in the womb, and its density is less than the density of water. There is always a mother and one or two other females nearby.

Two hundred liters of milk per day

The baby whale Eubalaena australis from the southern seas of Australia drinks up to 200 liters of milk per day.

Three samples of humpback whale milk revealed: fat 45-49%, protein 8.6-9.7%, sugar 0.35-1.03% and the rest water.

The daily portion of blue whale milk is 200-300 liters.

When sucking, the lips are replaced by a tongue rolled into a tube.

A single, well-developed cub is born very large - from 1/4 to 1/2 the length of the mother's body. Occasionally, several embryos are found in one female. The fetus comes out tail first. The umbilical cord breaks near the belly, where it is less strong. The calf is fed with very fatty (up to 54%; milk for from four (small dolphins) to 13 months (sperm whales), and in captivity even up to two years (bottlenose dolphins). When the baby sucks, the lips are replaced by a tongue rolled into a tube: it covers them mother's nipple, and she splashes milk into his mouth. All this happens under water: the respiratory canal is separated from the esophagus, and the dolphin can swallow food under water without fear of choking. The cubs consume milk in small portions, but very often: in dolphins, after 15- 30 minutes. From the first day, the suckling swims next to the female: it turns out that this allows him to save energy and swim passively, using the pressure of the hydrodynamic field around the parent, who, as it were, “tows” his baby. With age, this habit weakens and disappears.

Newborn baby whale

Annually gray whales (Mysticeti) migrate to warm waters to breed, where females give birth to offspring. The baby whale emerges from the mother, tail first, and the newborn takes its first breath of air on the surface of the water, otherwise it will drown. Whale milk is very fatty, so the baby whale quickly gains weight and grows, soon he learns to swim, look for food and communicate with other whales.

Injured baby humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae are pushed to the surface, which causes them to breathe.

Newborns

Newborn sperm whale has a length of 3.5 to 4.5 m. The weight of a newborn whale beluga whales- 80 kg, and its length is 1.5-1.6 m. Newborn weight blue whale- 2-3 tons, length - 6-8 m.

A newborn goes through the whole gamut of blue
Beluga whales breed from spring to autumn, but the culmination of mating and birth occurs in the middle or end of summer. The baby is born after 11-12 months of pregnancy. In sucklings, the body color is slate-blue, in young ones (who have finished milk feeding and have reached puberty) it is gray and blue.

Overpopulation is regulated

A number of mammals (reindeer, arctic foxes, whales, bats, etc.) are characterized by regular seasonal migrations. Some species (squirrels, lemmings) in some years due to overpopulation as a result of intensive reproduction, lack of food, etc. they are evicted en masse outside their range and die.

Whales, seals, penguins and many species of fish may disappear from Antarctic waters
Many species of fish, as well as whales, seals and penguins, living in the Antarctic region may be on the verge of extinction due to the sharp decline in food supply in these waters. The amount of krill - small crustaceans that are found near the surface of the sea and serve as food for a huge number of its inhabitants - is decreasing.

Krill numbers have fallen by 80 percent across the ice continent since 1976. The decline of krill has no clear explanation yet. However, it may be associated with a noticeable decrease in the amount of coastal ice, in the zone of which small crustaceans feed and escape from enemies. Its melting, in turn, is explained by the authors of the report as a result of the greenhouse effect, which has caused an increase in temperature in Antarctica by 2.5 degrees Celsius over the past 50 years.

When does physical maturity occur?

Puberty occurs between the ages of 3 and 6 years, but slow body growth continues for a long time. When the skeleton completely ossifies and all the epiphyses (ends of the bones) of the spine are fused with the vertebral bodies, then physical maturity occurs.

Lifespan of cetaceans
Whales live up to 50 years, and dolphins live up to 30 years. The age of whales is determined in several ways: by counting the scars remaining from the reduction of the corpus luteum on the surface of the ovaries, or the layers in the chitin-like ear plugs.

Whale suicide
Herds of whales can commit something akin to mass suicide. Sometimes a hundred or more of their individuals wash ashore at the same time. Even if the suffocating animals are towed back to sea, they return to land. The reasons for this behavior have not yet been determined.

Ambergris
Ambergris is extracted from the intestines of sperm whales; this grayish substance is secreted there as a result of irritation of the mucous membrane caused by the horny jaws of swallowed squids. Pieces of ambergris weigh up to 13 kg, and the mass of its largest “nugget” is 122 kg. It contains sodium chloride, calcium phosphate, alkaloids, acids and the so-called ambrine; this substance is lighter than fresh and salt water, softens in the hands, melts at temperatures below 100°, and evaporates when heated more strongly. Ambergris was once highly valued as a perfume fixative.

Dying in nylon nets

Many whales and dolphins die when caught in nylon fishing nets. They cannot escape from these networks.

Delkitha gave birth to a baby delkitha

At a Hawaiian water park, female Kekaimalu, a cross between a black killer whale and an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, gave birth to a calf. The young delta whale is one-quarter killer whale and three-quarters bottlenose dolphin. Its shiny skin is a uniform combination of the light gray color of a dolphin and the black color of a killer whale. The cub still feeds on mother's milk, but sometimes quickly snatches frozen capelin from the hands of trainers, and then plays with the fish. Compared to purebred baby dolphins, she is a giantess - already twice the size of a one-year-old bottlenose dolphin.

Whale maturity and lifespan

Sexual maturity of humpback whales occurs at 5-6 years, when 10-11 layers are formed in the ear plugs, and the body length of females reaches an average of 12 m and males 11.7 m. Full growth occurs at 15-17 years, at 30-35 layers in ear plugs and the length of females is 14.8 m and males are 13.6 m. The oldest males reached 48 years, and the oldest females 38 years.

Humans set the record for longevity among mammals. Another long-liver can be considered the whale Balaenoptera physalis, which lives up to 90–100 years.

Indonesian fishermen claim

Indonesian fishermen claim that just before the 2004 tsunami, a pod of dolphins pushed their boat into deeper, safer waters.

From school biology textbooks, everyone has become familiar with the term chromosome. The concept was proposed by Waldeyer in 1888. It literally translates as painted body. The first object of research was the fruit fly.

General information about animal chromosomes

A chromosome is a structure in the cell nucleus that stores hereditary information. They are formed from a DNA molecule that contains many genes. In other words, a chromosome is a DNA molecule. Its amount varies among different animals. So, for example, a cat has 38, and a cow has 120. Interestingly, earthworms and ants have the smallest numbers. Their number is two chromosomes, and the male of the latter has one.

In higher animals, as well as in humans, the last pair is represented by XY sex chromosomes in males and XX in females. It should be noted that the number of these molecules is constant for all animals, but their number differs in each species. For example, we can consider the content of chromosomes in some organisms: chimpanzees - 48, crayfish - 196, wolves - 78, hare - 48. This is due to the different level of organization of a particular animal.

On a note! Chromosomes are always arranged in pairs. Geneticists claim that these molecules are the elusive and invisible carriers of heredity. Each chromosome contains many genes. Some believe that the more of these molecules, the more developed the animal, and the more complex its body is. In this case, a person should have not 46 chromosomes, but more than any other animal.

How many chromosomes do different animals have?

You need to pay attention! In monkeys, the number of chromosomes is close to that of humans. But the results are different for each species. So, different monkeys have the following number of chromosomes:

• Lemurs have 44-46 DNA molecules in their arsenal;
• Chimpanzees – 48;
• Baboons – 42,
• Monkeys – 54;
• Gibbons – 44;
• Gorillas – 48;
• Orangutan – 48;
• Macaques - 42.

The canine family (carnivorous mammals) has more chromosomes than monkeys.

• So, the wolf has 78,
• the coyote has 78,
• the small fox has 76,
• but the ordinary one has 34.
• The predatory animals lion and tiger have 38 chromosomes.
• The cat's pet has 38, while his dog opponent has almost twice as many - 78.

In mammals that are of economic importance, the number of these molecules is as follows:

• rabbit – 44,
• cow – 60,
• horse – 64,
• pig – 38.

Informative! Hamsters have the largest chromosome sets among animals. They have 92 in their arsenal. Also in this row are hedgehogs. They have 88-90 chromosomes. And kangaroos have the smallest amount of these molecules. Their number is 12. A very interesting fact is that the mammoth has 58 chromosomes. Samples were taken from frozen tissue.

For greater clarity and convenience, data from other animals will be presented in the summary.

Name of animal and number of chromosomes:

Number of chromosomes in different animal species

As you can see, each animal has a different number of chromosomes. Even among representatives of the same family, indicators differ. We can look at the example of primates:

• the gorilla has 48,
• the macaque has 42, and the marmoset has 54 chromosomes.

Why this is so remains a mystery.

How many chromosomes do plants have?

Plant name and number of chromosomes:

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