Processing equipment. How to effectively recycle old household appliances. Samara region Recycling of office equipment

Environmental problems are associated with the production of various wastes by humanity, which worsen the environmental situation. IN various countries the world has different attitudes towards this problem. According to statistics for 2011, for example, in the Russian Federation only 2% of waste was recycled, and 98% of waste was buried.

For comparison, in the USA 59% of waste was landfilled, in the EU - 39%, and in Sweden - no more than 2%. 25% of waste was recycled in the USA, 22% in the EU, and 32% in Sweden. The rest of the waste in foreign countries composted and used to generate electricity.

As a result, in the Russian Federation there are big losses associated with the low use of waste as secondary resources, and the accumulation of this unused waste continues.

One of the components of waste is faulty and outdated machinery and equipment.

During operation, wear and tear of the machines occurs. Failed machines often take up space where new equipment could be installed. The country's legislation does not allow simply taking machines to a landfill; moreover, non-working equipment will worsen the environment.

Therefore, after removing the machines from the balance sheet, it is best to hand them over to specialized organizations involved in equipment recycling. In such organizations, precious and non-ferrous metals are separated from the structure of machine tools. Then all attached parts are removed and sorted, and the body is crushed and pressed. The scrap is subsequently melted down.

Currently, institutions, companies and ordinary citizens have accumulated a large amount of unnecessary computer equipment. This is due to the fact that computer technology is developing at an enormous pace and becomes obsolete literally within a year. In addition, repairing broken equipment is often not justified from an economic point of view. It is often cheaper to buy new equipment than to repair old equipment. Therefore, often old computers, as well as various outdated peripherals, take up extra space. To avoid this, you need to carry out proper maintenance on your laptops.

The laws of the Russian Federation do not allow simply taking this equipment to a landfill, since individual components, parts and microcircuits contain precious metals, which by law must be extracted for reuse. Equipment also often contains harmful metals, such as arsenic or lead, that must be separated from general recyclables.

Therefore, specialized companies deal with the recycling of computer and office equipment.

Processing of each type household appliances has its own characteristics. For example, when it is necessary to pump out freon gas, which causes great damage to our atmosphere. One kilogram of freon has the same effect on the atmosphere as 10 tons carbon dioxide.

Non-ferrous metals and electronics are removed from large appliances, and metal boxes of refrigerators, stoves or microwave ovens are compressed in a special press. Subsequently, the metal is sent to a metallurgical plant.

The Russian car park is quite old. Thus, in 2012, passenger cars were more than 10 years old, more than 50%, and trucks – more than 65%.

It is expected that 3 million cars will be scrapped in the Russian Federation in the near future.

At the end of 2014, the capacity of all points in the country to accept passenger cars for recycling amounted to more than 200 thousand cars, and trucks - more than 30 thousand cars per year.

After exhausting their service life, cars become unsuitable for use. As a result, they litter the territory of the automobile enterprise, and you also have to pay taxes for them.

A recycling fee was introduced in 2012. Since the beginning of 2014, under pressure from the WTO, this fee began to be collected from all car manufacturers and importers.

In addition, a document is being developed that takes into account issues of safe disposal, for which the use of safe materials that do not contain harmful components is regulated when developing cars.

IN agriculture Currently, more than 650 thousand tractors, combines and other technological machines are used. Moreover, in accordance with the State Development Program Agribusiness, their number continues to increase. According to world statistics, every year almost 4% of agricultural machines break down and require disposal.

The problems of recycling agricultural machinery are part of the program for the use of secondary resources. As statistics show, the agricultural machinery fleet is rapidly aging. The right measures can help renew this park and get additional a large number of raw materials.

Experts propose creating special technological areas for recycling equipment at agricultural enterprises, which will make it possible to obtain a large amount of secondary resources.

For example, the estimate of ferrous metals obtained during recycling can reach 370,000 tons, non-ferrous metals - 9320 tons, plastics - 7630 tons, and so on.

conclusions

1. Environmental problems of the earth require correct attitude to the processing of human waste, including the recycling of machinery and equipment.
2. Disposal various items technology requires special equipment and financial costs.
3. For certain industries, such as automotive or agricultural machinery, it is required Government program recycling.

IN modern world each large organization has a lot of equipment on its balance sheet. These are both computers and office Cell phones, and photocopiers, and much more. Electronic devices facilitate the work process and are an integral part of it. However, the constant development of technology leads to the fact that equipment becomes obsolete much earlier than its service life. For example, a personal computer or laptop purchased five years ago is considered obsolete. Simply throwing it into a landfill will not work; special measures are needed. Such devices must be disposed of in order to preserve the environment and, if possible, reuse their materials. Therefore, there is a demand for this service, and it will only grow over time: technology moves forward, the lifespan of computers and office equipment is decreasing, and the need for recycling will arise more and more often. Is it possible to make money from this?

Business organization

To become a recycler, you need to complete a number of documents. First of all, the disposal procedure is prescribed in OKPD 38.21 and OKVED 38 and 10.37.22 codes as the processing of materials belonging to hazard classes I-IV. This means that in order to obtain a license, the company must have specialists who have access to these types of work. If there are none, you will have to undergo training according to the programs “ Professional training persons for the right to work with waste I-IV hazard class" and "Ensuring environmental safety by managers and specialists of general economic management systems."

A certificate of registration with the tax authority and a document on registration of an individual entrepreneur or legal entity are also required. By order of the company, a specialist must be appointed responsible for working with hazardous waste. The remaining documents are waste acceptance and rental agreements land plot and passport technological equipment. Due to the fact that many devices contain precious metals, a certificate from the Assay Office (the so-called “jewelry license”) has yet to be issued. It won't be possible to work without it.

Thus, the minimum starting capital of a “recycler” includes the following items:

• State duty – 7.5 thousand rubles.
• Registration with the Assay Office – 10 thousand rubles.
• Training of specialists (2 people) – 80 thousand rubles.
• Legal assistance – 30 thousand rubles.
• Shredder for destroying rubber and plastic waste (used) – 150 thousand rubles.
• Workshop rent – ​​50 thousand rubles. per month.
• The minimum set of tools for dismantling and sorting is from 100 thousand rubles.

With such a budget, your company plays the role of an intermediary and does not carry out the recycling itself. You dismantle the equipment “for spare parts” and sell it to larger processing companies that have their own production facilities. About 95% of recycled devices go to such recycling plants, and 5% that are unsuitable for recycling are thrown into landfills.

They look for counterparties, as a rule, on recycling exchanges. Typically, companies work this way, since organizing their own landfill for processing such waste requires investments of more than a billion rubles. At the same time, the profitability of such a business, according to the owners, is no more than 10-15%, and the invested money can be returned only after one and a half to two years.

Development prospects

The main direction for the future is the expansion of recycled products: plastic bottles, aluminum cans, chemical wastes. New licenses and additional courses may be required. Also, along with office equipment, waste paper often accumulates in offices - you can offer services for its removal and further processing. If you have your own factory (for example, a rented one), it’s worth taking on processing household waste. Possible areas of activity are the production of concrete and bricks.

Eventually

When considering the features of organizing such production, it is clear that the business is very specific and, with such colossal investments to start a full cycle of work, is completely unattractive for beginning businessmen. Due to the peculiarities of the Russian mentality, company owners worry little about protection environment and by all means they try to send used equipment to a landfill with minimal costs.

Probably, the demand for “recyclers” will not disappear, but only because the state is “crushing” violating companies with fines. If, after the adoption of the next law, the authorities loosen their grip or completely lose interest in the problem of environmental protection, then the need for recyclers will disappear. If you can attract investment and build a plant for processing a wide range of waste, you will be able to find an approach to the market and satisfy its requirements. In the case of a “intermediary-sorter”, you will have to look for a new niche.

According to the UN, 1.6 million tons of electronics and equipment are thrown away in Russia every year. Only 5 percent of this amount is sent for recycling. A Recycle correspondent visited the RETEKO enterprise and saw how office equipment and equipment are recycled.

– The company’s activities began with the provision of services for processing scrap and waste of precious metals. Subsequently, in order to expand the types of services provided, we began to offer a service for the recycling of computer and office equipment, - says the director of the enterprise, Alexander Suvorov.

The company has been operating in the office equipment recycling market for 10 years. The company is located in the suburbs of Novosibirsk, the city of Ob.

This is where decommissioned office equipment comes from enterprises in the city and region, more than 10,000 units per month.

Almost all types of office equipment, from computer mouse to the system unit, are made using precious metals.

According to Federal law“On Precious Metals and Precious Stones”, organizations are required to keep records of precious metals and precious stones in all types and conditions, including precious metals and gems included in fixed and working capital, purchased components. Violation of this norm leads to fines for entrepreneurs.

In this regard, the disposal of office equipment is carried out only by specialized enterprises registered with the state Assay Chamber. The process of recycling office equipment takes place in several stages. First, the batch is evaluated, then manual disassembly begins.

Incoming equipment is disassembled into components: capacitors, connectors, transistors, microcircuits, resistors, switches, relays, etc.

By recycling office equipment you get useful recycled materials, which can be divided into several types of plastic, namely: ABS plastic, PS - polyesterol, RK - polycarbonate.

Plastic parts are sorted according to markings and sent to the crusher.

Shredded plastic is valuable secondary raw materials and goes to Novosibirsk polymer production.

Then aluminum, copper, iron, lead, glass, magnesium, cobalt, and nichrome are collected separately.

The boards are also sorted. For example, foreign-made boards are considered “poor” in terms of the content of valuable metals.

All small parts are disassembled manually or mechanically.

Manual disassembly is a painstaking and time-consuming process.

During a shift, workers dismantle about 300–500 kg of various devices.

Currently, the company employs about 70 employees. - says the director.

All components of parts and wires are sorted according to the type of metal they contain.

Non-ferrous and precious metals are immediately extracted in their pure form or sent for additional processing.

This is a EUREKA 15 installation, in the photo - the process of pure copper exiting through a magnetic separator.

This is what unrefined gold looks like.

The recovered secondary metals are sent to metallurgical plants.

Photo: Vitaly Kotan, specially for Recycle.

Household appliance recycling business – enough profitable business and has a quick return on investment. The main advantage is that you can start it in any city, in any region of the country, because refrigerators, washing machines, slabs, etc. used everywhere.



Any household appliance is metal, both ferrous and non-ferrous. Metal, as you know, is a raw material, and where there are raw materials, there is always money!

It doesn't take much to start a business like this. Firstly, you need a car, at least one for the first time, not necessarily a new one (Gazelle, Ford Transit truck or similar), secondly, a room (garage, box), thirdly, a tool (a set of keys, a pair of grinders). In terms of money, it won’t be very expensive, especially since they exist now different programs support for business and young entrepreneurs.

Next, you need to advertise in local newspapers, on bulletin boards on the Internet (for example, “Avito”, if you have the funds, you can invest in leaflets. The text of the ad is something like this: “We will remove household appliances from your home for free.” You can write “we will buy”, give a symbolic amount, and applications will increase, for example, due to people who do not have enough vodka. There are shops everywhere that give a discount on new technology, to replace the old one, you definitely need to go through them, try to convince them to rent this equipment to you.

When the calls start coming in, you need to look for people. To start one, better friend, or a friend with whom you will collect this equipment at the addresses. If you have the means, you can immediately hire a couple of people. Next you need to find people who will disassemble and cut. There shouldn’t be any problems with this either, since a huge number of people are now technically savvy and can distinguish non-ferrous metal from ferrous metal, and know how to extract the latter.

Once you have the metal in its pure form, you need to find a sale. Acceptance of ferrous and non-ferrous scrap is everywhere, you just need to find higher prices. It is possible that you will have to transport metal to different places because thin iron (tin or 12A) is cheaper than thick iron (3A, 5A, etc.). But these subtleties (types of scrap, prices for them, etc.) will have to be learned by yourself.

Plastic, which you will accumulate in excess, will also bring you considerable profit. Finding a sale for it now won’t be difficult either, you just need to monitor (study) the market. If it doesn’t work out, then you’ll have to throw it away, or negotiate at the reception to take away the equipment with plastic, but with a lot of blockage. In the future it will be necessary to expand. Take a second car, you can buy a machine for processing plastic, look for large suppliers. There are many options and directions for expansion.

Yes, there are many pitfalls here; it will not be easy, especially at the beginning, but there is no business in which there are no problems. Iron business for iron people. This must be taken into account, and if there is no desire to go to the end, to overcome difficulties, then you need to choose something else. In any case, good luck to you!

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