Geography of animal husbandry in Russia. The main branches of animal husbandry and the features of their placement. Agriculture. Branches of agriculture in Russia

crop production produces about 55% of all agricultural products in the country. This industry can be considered the basis Agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.

Grain farming is of paramount importance in the structure of crop production. More than half of the sown area in Russia is occupied by grain crops, but grain crops are declining, yields are rather low, and gross grain harvests in last years decreased. In 1986-1990. 104.3 million tons of grain were harvested (on average per year), in 1991-1995. - 98.3 million tons (average per year).

The main grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is a more productive crop compared to spring wheat, but it is also more demanding on soils, it is a heat-loving crop. The main areas of its production - North Caucasus and the Central Black Earth economic regions. Spring wheat crops are concentrated in the Volga region, on Southern Urals, in Siberia, in the Non-Black Earth region.

A less capricious crop is rye, so its crops are located mainly in the regions of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The sown areas of rye are constantly decreasing.

Barley can be grown almost everywhere, it withstands temperature changes during the growing season, and is drought-resistant. The main regions of production: the North Caucasian, Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions, it is also grown in the Urals and Siberia.

Oats are a moisture-loving, but not demanding crop; it is grown in the forest zone: in the Volga-Vyatka economic region, in the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia. Barley and oats are used for feed purposes and in the food industry.

Corn is a thermophilic plant; for grain, it is grown in the southern regions of the country: in the North Caucasian and Central Black Earth economic regions, in the Lower Volga region.

The main cereal crops: millet, buckwheat, rice. Millet is grown mainly in the steppe zone: in the Central Black Earth, Volga, North Caucasian economic regions, in the Urals. Buckwheat makes high demands on the conditions of moisture, does not tolerate high air temperatures. The main areas of its production are TsChER, the Volga region, the Urals. Rice is grown in Russia in the North Caucasus, in the lower reaches of the Volga and in the Primorsky Territory (Far East) on irrigated lands.

Legumes (peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, etc.) have great importance and as food crops, and for fodder purposes, covering the needs of animals in protein.

Oilseeds in Russia are the main source of edible and technical vegetable oils. The main oilseed crop is sunflower. It is cultivated for grain in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth economic region. From other oilseeds highest value have soy, flax-curly, mustard, castor oil. Hemp is an important spinning and oilseed crop at the same time. The main part of hemp is produced in the North Caucasus and the Non-Black Earth region.

The leading industrial crop in Russia is fiber flax. It is cultivated in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Northern and North-Western economic regions.

Sugar beet is used in Russia for the production of sugar, the tops and waste from its processing are valuable feed for livestock. The main beet-growing regions are the Central Black Earth and the North Caucasus.

Potatoes are grown almost everywhere in the country, but potato growing is a commodity industry in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and West Siberian economic regions.

The main crops of vegetables are in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth and some other economic regions. Fruits and berries are grown in the southern regions.

animal husbandry is one of the main branches of agricultural production: it provides 45% of gross output, accumulates 75% of fixed production assets and 70% of labor resources in agriculture, the importance of animal husbandry is also determined by the fact that it produces the most necessary and biologically valuable products in the human diet.

Efficient production livestock production is impossible without the creation of a solid fodder base. Feed base is the production, storage and consumption of feed for all kinds of animals and birds. It depends on natural conditions and as a result, it influences the specialization of animal husbandry (the cultivation of one or another type of livestock), the location of its individual branches. For example, breeding a large cattle Meat production and sheep breeding are developed and located where there are significant hay and pasture lands, while pig breeding and poultry farming are oriented towards the agricultural fodder base. The duration and possibility of grazing and stall keeping of animals, the choice of a rational structure of the herd, its livestock, the technology of growing and fattening livestock, which ultimately affects the efficiency of production and its expediency, also depend on natural conditions and on the forage base. The importance of the food base is also determined by the fact that specific gravity feed in the cost of livestock products in Russia is 60-80%, depending on the type and area of ​​production.

The problem of feed in Russian agriculture is one of the most acute. Low productivity animal husbandry is directly related to low level animal feeding (for example, in terms of calories per year, it is only 57-61% of the level in the US) Most of the feed comes from field forage production. 38% of arable land is occupied by forage crops and 3/4 of the forage collection from all forage areas is provided by this source. Also, 2/3 of the gross grain harvest is used for fodder purposes. Hayfields and pastures are an important source of fodder, the areas under fodder crops are constantly growing, however, their structure needs to be improved, since the share of grain and leguminous crops is insufficient. The productivity of natural hayfields and pastures, which provide cheap and necessary rough and green fodder, is very low in Russia, which is associated with an unsatisfactory cultural and technical condition. natural areas, an extensive grassland management system in the country. Large areas are in need of land reclamation.

The situation with fodder is complicated by the fact that up to 30% of harvested fodder lose their nutritional value due to violations in the technology of harvesting and storage, not to mention physical losses. Insufficient quantity and incorrect feeding technology lead to the fact that a significant part of the feed is spent not on obtaining products, but on maintaining the life of animals. This negatively affects the efficiency of production and increases the feed intensity of products. According to this indicator, we have no analogues among developed countries, although we constantly experience a large shortage of feed.

The main direction in solving the problem of fodder is the intensification of fodder production, which includes measures to improve the structure of forage areas, increase the yield of fodder crops, the productivity of hayfields and pastures, melioration and chemicalization of the fodder base, improve seed production of fodder crops, strengthen the material and technical base of fodder production, and introduce new forms of organization. labor and others.

Agriculture consists of two interrelated branches: agriculture (plant growing) and animal husbandry. They give respectively 55 and 45% of the value of all agricultural products produced in the country. This ratio already testifies to the backwardness of domestic agriculture. In developed countries, livestock products, as more valuable, sharply prevail.

as it uses the moisture of autumn and winter precipitation. But it does not tolerate frost well, so it is grown in the south of Central Chernozemny region and the Volga region.

Agriculture (plant growing)

Due to the great variety cultivated plants The sectoral composition of agriculture is very complex. Most of the production comes from agriculture. Its key industry is grain farming. The share of Russia in world grain production is about 5%. Grain crops occupy more than half of all sown areas. For 1992-1999 grain harvest and crop yields in Russia have declined sharply and amount to 48 million tons and 9 centners per hectare. The most important grain crop in Russia is wheat (50% of the harvest). It is quite thermophilic and does not tolerate acidic soils. Therefore, its crops are mainly concentrated in the southern regions of the country. Due to the harsh climate of Russia most of of crops of this crop falls on spring wheat, sown in spring. It is sown in the steppes of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, in Non-chernozem zone Russia.

The second grain crop in Russia is barley. It is used for livestock feed, and is also used as a food product and for the production of beer. Barley tolerates both high and low temperatures, not very demanding on soils. Its crops are practically ubiquitous, but they are most extensive in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region and in the North Caucasus.

The third place in the collection is rye. Rye is more resistant to cold, grows well on acidic soils. Therefore, it is grown in middle lane and in the north of the European part of the country.

Technical crops include crops used as raw materials for individual industries. Unlike cereals, they are labor-intensive and are placed in compact foci. Fiber flax provides a fiber used to make fabrics. To get a good fiber, you need a cool and humid climate. Therefore, flax is grown in the north-west of the European part of Russia. Sunflowers and sugar beets, on the other hand, need dry and hot summers to promote the accumulation of oil and sugar in the fruits. In addition, they do not grow well on acidic soddy-podzolic soils. The main areas of their growth: the Central Black Earth and the North Caucasus.

Potato crops (90%) are concentrated in the center of the European part of Russia. Potato farms have been established near major cities and enterprises processing potatoes. Most of the vegetables are also grown here.

Horticulture and viticulture, as major branches of agriculture, are represented only in the southern regions of the country.

animal husbandry

There are several branches of animal husbandry. Cattle breeding (breeding of cattle) has the largest number of livestock and provides the largest volume of production. The main livestock products are milk and meat. According to their ratio in cattle breeding, two main directions are distinguished. For 1993-1997 the number of cattle in Russia decreased by almost 2 times (29 million heads).

The number of pigs has also halved (17 million heads). The pig is practically an omnivore. She does not need pastures. Therefore, pigs can be bred everywhere. But still, pig breeding is most developed in areas where grain and potatoes are grown, as well as near large cities and centers of the food industry. Here it is focused on the use of waste.

big economic importance has a sheep farm. It gives meat, wool, sheepskin. Sheep are very unpretentious. They eat low and dry plants, tolerate long transitions, year-round maintenance on pastures, and grazing on mountain slopes. Therefore, for their cultivation, lands unsuitable for other branches of agriculture are used. The main direction of Russian sheep breeding is fine-fleece (south of the European part and Siberia). In the central regions and in the north of the European part, sheepskin and fur coat sheep breeding dominates. In recent years, the number of sheep has decreased by 3 times (16 million heads).

Poultry is bred mainly in grain areas, near large cities.

Horse breeding is developed in the south of the European part and the Urals. The main areas of reindeer breeding Far North of Siberia and Far East. In more southern regions, fur-bearing stars are bred

Like grain crops, livestock farming is widespread almost everywhere, with meadows and pastures occupying three times more land than arable land in the land structure. The main part of livestock production is provided by the countries temperate zone.

The geography of world animal husbandry is primarily determined by the distribution of livestock. At the same time, the leading role is played by three industries: cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding.

The contrasts in the development of animal husbandry in developing and developed countries are even greater than in .

Most developing countries animal husbandry is a secondary industry. In developed countries, however, animal husbandry prevails over agriculture and is characterized by an intensive type of farming. Industrialization, improvement of the fodder base and successes in breeding work have allowed developed countries to achieve tremendous success in increasing the productivity of animal husbandry. Due to the fact that animal husbandry in them faces the same problems as agriculture - overproduction, a policy of curbing and reducing production is being pursued.

Livestock industries

The livestock industry includes several sub-sectors:

• animal husbandry (breeding of cattle);
• pig breeding;
• sheep breeding;
• poultry farming;
• horse breeding;
• reindeer herding;
• fur farming;
• beekeeping.

The main ones are: cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding and poultry farming.

Cattle breeding

Meaning cattle breeding(1.3 billion heads) is that this sub-sector provides almost all milk and more than 1/3 of meat.

In general, we can say that the dairy direction is most typical for densely populated areas of Europe and North America(in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the temperate zone).

Meat and dairy cattle breeding is common both in temperate regions with intensive agriculture and in drier regions with poorer labor resources. Beef cattle are bred mainly in the more arid regions of the temperate and subtropical zones.

Pig breeding

One of the most dynamic sectors of animal husbandry is pig breeding(more than 0.8 billion heads). The advances in pig production have been so tangible that pork is now cheaper than beef. Pig farming is possible everywhere. IN Muslim countries pig breeding is practically non-existent for religious reasons. Typically, this industry is located near densely populated areas, as well as areas of intensive potato and beet growing. Almost half of the world's pig population is in Asia, primarily in China.

Sheep breeding

Sheep breeding(1.2 billion heads) prevails in countries and areas with extensive pastures. At the same time, fine-wool sheep breeding is most often found in areas with a more arid climate and is carried out in steppe and semi-desert pastures. Semi-fine-fleece, meat-and-wool sheep breeding prevails in areas that are better provided with moisture and have a milder climate. The largest sheep breeding area in the world is the steppe regions of Australia.

Trade and production in the livestock industry

Economically the developed countries are significantly ahead of those developing in terms of absolute indicators of livestock production. This is due to lower livestock productivity in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Suffice it to say that they account for only 25% of world beef production and 14% of milk production.

International trade in livestock products

Per capita production of livestock products in economically developed countries, as a rule, is many times higher. Particularly stand out small countries with high-intensity animal husbandry (New Zealand, the Netherlands). But high per capita rates can also be found in countries with more extensive livestock production and smaller populations (for example, Australia).

The table clearly characterizes international trade livestock products. It shows that the leading positions in trade are occupied by economically developed countries, they act as the main exporters of meat products and wool.

The share of developing countries is somewhat higher in the trade in live animals.

Agriculture is called special kind activities aimed at the cultivation, processing and production of products, as well as the provision of related services. Its main branches are animal husbandry and crop production. The well-being of its people largely depends on how developed agriculture will be as a branch of production of a particular country.

Characteristic features of crop production in Russia

There are a lot of lands in our country and, it would seem, all the prerequisites for successful development this direction of agriculture are available. However, unfortunately, Russia is territorially located in such a way that climatic conditions and various kinds natural factors opportunities in this regard are severely limited. Crop production as a branch of agriculture in our country is quite a promising area, but only if new technologies are used and

Only 35% of Russian lands are located in temperate climate, well suited for growing crops such as rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, etc. The vast areas beyond the Arctic Circle are completely unsuitable for crop production. Besides large territories our country is occupied by the taiga, where the cultivation of the land is a process that is also associated with a huge number of difficulties.

Plant growing as a branch of agriculture: main directions

At the moment, the main areas of agriculture in Russia include:

• The grain direction is of great importance for the population of any country in the world, including our country. Bread can be considered the staple food of man. The most valuable feed for farm animals is also produced from
• Feed production. This is the name of the system of various activities aimed at the manufacture, procurement and processing of animal feed. In this case, the land is used for growing mainly meadow crops, root crops, tubers, melons, etc.
• Cultivation of industrial crops. These include cotton, flax, sunflower, sugar beet, tobacco, etc.
• Vegetable and potato growing.
• Viticulture and horticulture.

Geography of crop production in Russia

So, the main agriculture in our country is animal husbandry and agriculture. Geographically, Russia is located in several climatic zones. On crop production, and in particular on the variety of compositions of cultivated crops, given reason influences in the first place.

So, wheat, demanding to thermal regime, which prefers nutritious loamy soils, a fairly drought-resistant crop, is grown mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. The area of ​​growth of less fastidious rye has wider boundaries. Barley, on the other hand, is distributed throughout almost the entire agricultural territory of the country - from the cold northern regions to the arid southern ones.

Various types of industrial crops are also common in different zones. Sunflower, for example, grows very well in arid regions. The only thing is that in order to obtain good yields, this crop should be planted only on sufficiently fertile soils. Sunflower is grown mainly in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the country. Sugar beet, on the contrary, is very demanding on the humidity regime. Therefore, it has become widespread mainly only in the central and western regions forest-steppe zone.

Vegetable growing includes a huge number of crops related to different species. Therefore, it is well developed in almost the entire agricultural territory of Russia. The most common open crops are cabbages, tomatoes, cucurbits, onions, beets and carrots. They are grown in industrial scale most often in those places where there is access to water - along the banks of lakes, rivers and reservoirs. The largest centers of vegetable growing have developed in the lower reaches of the Volga and Don and in the North Caucasus.

Gardening is also an important area in such an area as agriculture. The branches of agriculture associated with the cultivation of fruit and berry crops have also become very widespread in Russia, especially in its European part (Volga region, Krasnodar Territory). The largest variety of fruit crops is observed in the North Caucasus. A lot of gardens are also bred in Bashkiria and Altai.

Characteristic features of animal husbandry

This industry is also promising for our country. Suffice it to recall that before the beginning of the crisis at the end of the last century, it was one of the leading ones. The characterization of the agricultural sector in this case will be incomplete without a little digression into history. In the Soviet Union, animal husbandry, and cattle breeding in particular, was very well developed. However, the economic crisis of subsequent years had more than Negative influence. Only from 1991 to 2005, the number of cattle decreased from 54.7 to 21.4 million tons. According to the results of the same 2005, animal husbandry in our country was considered unprofitable. Therefore, there was an increase in imports of this product.

However, at the moment, agriculture (including animal husbandry) in our country can be considered more or less profitable. To some extent, this is due to the development of private farms.

Main Industries

So, what are the main areas represented in this case, agriculture? The branches of agriculture in animal husbandry are as follows:

• Cattle breeding. Breeding of cattle, along with the cultivation of cereals, is one of the main areas of agricultural production.
• Pig breeding. This is the second most important branch. Its value is also difficult to overestimate. This direction is classified into meat, semi-lard and bacon.
• Goat and sheep breeding. Most widespread directions received in steppe zones as well as in mountainous regions.
• Horse breeding. This industry is designed to provide the national economy with thoroughbred breeding animals, athletic and productive.
• Camel breeding. This direction has received the broadest development in the desert and semi-desert regions of Russia. Also, very high quality wool and milk are obtained from these animals.
• Reindeer breeding. This industry is a specialization of the regions located in the tundra (Magadan, Arkhangelsk regions, etc.).
• Poultry farming. Another important branch of animal husbandry.
• Fur farming. Main task this direction is to ensure National economy skins of small fur animals.
• Beekeeping. This industry is responsible for the production of a range of the most valuable products- honey, wax, royal jelly, bee venom, etc.

And agriculture is directly related to each other. This also applies, of course, to animal husbandry. Without a well-developed pig and cattle breeding, for example, it is unlikely to be particularly profitable food industry. If the state does not pay attention to such industries as fur farming and sheep breeding, the population of Russia will be left without their own warm clothes.

Geography of animal husbandry in Russia

The location and specialization of this area are determined mainly by the availability of a food base for a particular group of animals. That is, animal husbandry as a branch of agriculture, although to a lesser extent than crop production, is also dependent on natural and climatic factors.

Intensive in our country is developed for the most part in the European part - in the upper reaches of the Volga and Dnieper. Basically it is Moscow and Yaroslavl region. The same direction is typical for the south of the St. Petersburg region. They are engaged in cattle breeding in other regions of the European part of the country, as well as in southern regions Siberia in the Urals. However, in this case, we are talking mainly about the meat and dairy direction of cattle breeding. It is also distributed to the north - in most of Siberia, but in these areas it is mostly extensive in nature. In the polar regions great development received reindeer husbandry. Most cattle are bred in the Urals, in the Volga and Central regions, as well as in the North Caucasus.

Cultivation in our country has become very widespread in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in the Urals and in Eastern Siberia. Sheepskin coat production is also well developed in the central regions of the European part of Russia. Pig farming is practiced almost throughout the country. To a somewhat lesser extent, this direction is developed in the Far East.

What influences the development of agriculture

In addition to climate and weather conditions, the following factors can influence the development of livestock and crop production in any state:

• Degree of support from the state. How more money will be invested in new technologies, the more profitable agriculture will be. The branches of agriculture of any direction are very dependent on the amount of subsidies. These funds are mainly used to develop innovative industries, purchase of equipment, development of new technologies.
• Carrying out activities to restore depleted soils in areas of intensive crop production. In order for a country to compete with other states in the global agricultural market, its territory should contain as much fertile land as possible.
• Another very important factor in the development of the economy of a particular country in a market environment is the presence of a healthy competitive environment. The main branches of agriculture are no exception in this regard.
• The state of science and technology. The more innovations are introduced, the more profitable livestock and crop production. Scientific progress is one of the main factors in reducing the cost of food.

Problems of nature management

All branches of agriculture in Russia, in addition to the above factors, are directly dependent on the environmental situation. Unfortunately, in our country, the predatory attitude towards the riches of nature and mismanagement have led to a significant deterioration in the situation in this regard.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, it is strongly disturbed mainly due to wind and water erosion. Meanwhile, the experience of creating ecologically sustainable landscapes was laid down at the end of the 19th century by V. V. Dokuchaev in the Voronezh region, in the tract stone steppe. Now here is the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. This experience is definitely worth using today.

Violation of the ecological balance in the deciduous-forest and forest-taiga zones is usually associated with the drainage of swamps and uncontrolled deforestation.

How environmental problems can be solved in modern Russia

Fortunately, on this moment the situation in our country in this regard is beginning to change dramatically. The most important task of the recently created science - environmental economics - is not only the assessment of the state environment in the light of the possibility of its use, but also forecasting the development ecological systems, attempts to foresee the future and the ability to manage them today. Of course, such an approach will have a more than beneficial effect on the main branches of agriculture.

The main methods of greening modern land use at the moment are the preservation of biological organisms and the creation of natural environmentally friendly fertilizers based on fungi, bacteria and algae. The science of humus biology is the future of agriculture.

The latest developments in this area are being introduced into all branches of agriculture in Russia today. For example, in Krasnodar Territory herbicide-free technologies for the production of rice and corn are used. In some farms in the Omsk region, the abandonment of the use of pesticides and the use of new farming technologies have led to a significant increase in yields.

New methods include, for example:

• Drip irrigation, adopted not only by large farms, but also by many owners of household plots.
• Reckless plowing.
• Natural biological seasonal turnover of crops.

The plans awaiting implementation in the near future include the introduction of integrated and comprehensive monitoring natural environment. That is, observing her reaction to economic activity person and taking appropriate action in advance. Of course, this will positive influence for agriculture. The branches of agriculture - animal husbandry and crop production - will become profitable and cost-effective.

Agriculture in Germany

Reviving livestock and crop production in Russia, of course, one should pay attention to the experience of those countries where these industries are very well developed. Germany is often cited as an example. At the moment, a lot of attention is paid to the development of agriculture in this country. The profitability of all its structures is largely influenced by the perfect and most thoughtful organization, as well as the rational and careful use of natural resources.

In the central regions of Germany and in the south of this country, the production of agricultural products is mainly carried out by owners of small farms. This situation becomes the reason for the emergence of healthy competition, a powerful incentive for the introduction of the latest techniques. The branches of agriculture in Germany - animal husbandry and crop production - bring huge profits to this country.

In our country, the possibility of implementing most projects and developing new technologies in animal husbandry and agriculture will largely depend on perfection legislative framework soon. Reasonable housekeeping and conservation of natural resources should become priorities states. Perhaps in the future the structure of the Russian agricultural sector will resemble the German one. However, at the moment, the main share of food products in our country is produced by rather large agricultural organizations.