Lecture: The natural factor in the aspect of the theory of history. Society Development Factors
The basis of the development of human society is a system that combines three groups of factors: natural, industrial, social.Functions natural environment must ensure the sustainable prosperity of human society. This goal is specified by three groups of sub-goals: environmental, social, economic.
Environmental - ensuring the health and sustainable continuation of the human race as species.
Social - security spiritual development, which ultimately includes the cognitive, artistic and moral development of man.
Economic - production wealth and services sufficient to meet environmental and social goals.
Achievement of environmental and social goals is largely achieved at the expense of economic goals.
The basic factor in solving the problems of providing material benefits to a person, improving biological health
and spiritual development of a person is the natural environment, the functions of which are shown in the figure (Fig. 1.5).
The ecological function of the natural environment is the oldest and most important. It existed long before the appearance of the other two functions. In the early stages of his development, man used the gifts of nature, without mediating them through labor. This period of use of "wild" ecological systems is characterized by gathering and hunting. Flaw natural resources was compensated by human migration to places of abundance of water and food, favorable climate.
Human development
Social factors
Maintaining human life as a biological species: habitat, breathing air, food resources, water resources, metabolic resources
Biological factors
Cognitive development: information resource, means of information exchange
Artistic development: development creativity, aesthetic satisfaction, development of a sense of beauty and harmony
Moral development: fostering a sense of humanism, developing a sense of optimism and stability
Environmental factors
Reproduction of means of production: source of objects of labor, means of labor, spatial environment, energy resource, information resource
Reproduction of consumer goods Reproduction of labor power
Rice. 1.5. Functions of the natural environment 32
The impact of the natural environment on the socio-economic system is direct, but at the same time necessary. Professor Ya.Ya. Roginsky identifies five main ways in which the natural environment affects people: the first is a direct impact on people's health, their physical endurance, performance, fertility and mortality; the second - through the dependence of a person on natural means of subsistence, on the abundance or lack of food, that is, game, fish, plant resources; the third is the influence of the presence or absence of the necessary means of labor; fourth - the creation by nature itself of motives that encourage people to act, incentives to act in accordance with the requirements of changing environmental conditions; fifth - the presence or absence of natural barriers that prevent meetings and contacts between groups (oceans, deserts, mountains, swamps). The absence of barriers, on the one hand, could be extremely useful for mutual enrichment of experience, and on the other hand, detrimental in the event of a collision with superior forces of hostile groups. (Roginsky Ya.Ya. Social essence and biological nature... - M.: Knowledge, 1983).
Analysis of the use of natural resources and indicators of social economic development makes it possible to trace a clear relationship between the state of the natural environment (provision of natural resources, environmental quality) and the level of development of the socio-economic system (Fig.
1.6). Forward and backward links can be specified as follows.Abundance of natural resources and favorable natural conditions stimulate economic growth and promote prosperity social system. However, these same favorable opportunities for the existence of the socio-economic system gradually turn into a kind of brake on the emergence of revolutionary shifts in the system and lead to a certain stagnation.
b) stimulates the involvement of new natural resources
1. Excess, flowering
2. Natural resources. Environment
3. Lack, degradation
1. Heyday
2. Socio-economic system
3. Degradation
Stimulates growth rates of development
a) reduces labor intensity and load on the environment
Leads to the depletion of natural resources, degradation of the natural environment
a) causes a crisis in the system
6) stimulates the search for ways out of the crisis
Slows down revolutionary shifts
The deterioration of the state of the natural environment forces us to look for ways out of the crisis, stimulates the emergence of basic technical ideas and principles, and revolutionary changes in society.
The impact of the socio-economic system on the natural environment.
When analyzing feedback positive and negative impacts can also be distinguished. The development of the productive forces of society makes it possible to involve new natural resources in production or use poorer sources and secondary resources, as well as to reduce the specific need for natural resources per unit of production and reduce the technogenic load on the natural environment.
The increased use of natural resources in the absence of a qualitative development of the productive forces leads to the depletion of natural resources and degradation of the natural environment.
Topic 8. Natural factors in the development of society
The life of society takes place in a certain natural environment and therefore the latter undoubtedly affects the development of society. In this topic, specific natural factors and conditions affecting society are considered. Natural factors of the same kind directly affect the life and health of people and therefore they are classified as environmental determinants. The natural conditions and factors on which the development of the productive forces of society depends include geographical conditions its existence (climate, soil, availability of minerals, forests, rivers, lakes, etc.).
Impact geographical factors society was noted by many historians, geographers, politicians and statesmen. Sometimes this impact was so greatly exaggerated that the geographical environment acted as the main determinant of the development of society; such views are rightly characterized as geographical determinism. Population also has an impact on the development of society and its productive forces, but if before early XIX century, population growth was assessed positively, then later some economists and sociologists began to see in it negative factor. The most prominent exponents of such negative views were T. Malthus and his followers, the Malthusians. Criticizing their views, it should be shown that demographic processes are determined not so much by biological as by socio-economic factors.
Key points for discussion. What is meant by geographic environment? What is the essence of geographical determinism? Describe the views of C. Montesquieu on the role of the geographical environment. What is G. Bockl's contribution to the understanding of the geographical environment? What role does L.I. Mechnikov assign to the natural environment and riverine civilizations? What is environmental determinism? What effect does population have on the development of society? What is the doctrine of T. Malthus about population? How is the population factor estimated in materialistic understanding stories?
Society is a dynamic, constantly evolving system. The development of society is influenced by many factors, among them it is customary to single out the objective factors of the development of society, those that do not directly depend on the will and conscious activity of people and social groups, and the subjective factors of the development of society, depending on the will, interest and conscious activity of a person and various social groups.
The most important objective factor in the development of society is nature. So, the most ancient civilizations arose on the banks of the great rivers (they are called “river civilizations”). However, the natural factor can contribute to death. A prime example The influence of the natural factor on the development and death of civilizations is the Minoan civilization, the flourishing of which was facilitated by more favorable natural conditions, and the death was accelerated by a volcanic eruption.
natural factor gives impetus to the technological factor - in favorable conditions of the tropics, hunting and gathering satisfy basic human needs, but changing conditions lead to the need to search for new technologies - ways to ensure human needs. Agriculture, cattle breeding, handicraft, trade appear. New forms of life support require the complication of the organization of society, the improvement of culture. Some scholars attribute the emergence of states to the need for massive irrigation works, for example, in the Nile Valley.
technological factor can contribute rapid development society, demographic growth, due to which there are more opportunities for subjective factors to manifest themselves.
The main subjective factors in the development of society are the masses, social groups and historical figures.
All factors can contribute both progress and regression of society.
If we look back and remember what society was like 200, 500, 1000 years ago, then we will definitely come to the conclusion that social development is moving forward from simpler and more primitive forms to more complex and perfect ones, i.e. society is progressing. Progress is the direction of development, which is characterized by forward movement society from lower and simple shapes public organization to higher and more complex ones. The concept of progress is opposed to the concept of regress, which is characterized by reverse movement- from higher to lower, degradation, return to obsolete forms.
The idea of the development of society as a progressive process finally took shape in the works of the French enlighteners (Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Marie Jean Antoine de Condorcet, and others). As a criterion of progress, they singled out the development of the human mind, the spread of enlightenment. A number of thinkers of the 19th century (for example, Henri Saint-Simon, Francois Marie Charles Fourier) singled out the development of public morality as a criterion for progress. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel associated progress with the degree of consciousness of freedom. Marxism singled out the development of productive forces as the main criterion of progress.
In modern sociology, historical progress is associated with the process of modernization, i.e., the transition from traditional society to the industrial, and then to the post-industrial.
Based on the foregoing, we can say that the main criterion for progress is the degree of freedom that society provides to the individual for the maximum development of its capabilities.
However, moving forward does not exclude return movements, regression. Thus, the development of labor tools, high labor productivity are obvious evidence of progress, but they have given rise to global environmental and raw material problems. The conveniences of city life are accompanied by numerous "diseases of urbanization". Progress is inconsistent. The inconsistency of progress lies in the fact that progress in one area of public life may be accompanied by, or even be the cause of, regression in another area of public life.
(Additional reference) The development of society, its sources and driving forces:
Progress (forward movement, success) is the idea that society develops from simple to complex, from lower to higher, from less ordered to more organized and fair.
Regression is the idea of such a development of society, when it becomes less complex, developed, cultural than it was.
Stagnation is a temporary halt in development.
Progress criteria:
1) Condorcet (XVIII century) considered the development of the mind as the criterion of progress.
2) Saint-Simon: the criterion of progress is morality. Society should be such where all people in relation to each other are brothers.
3) Schelling: progress is a gradual approach to the legal system.
4) Hegel (19th century): sees progress in the consciousness of freedom.
5) Marx: progress is the development of material production, which allows you to master the elemental forces of nature and achieve social harmony and progress in the spiritual sphere.
6) In modern conditions, progress is:
- life expectancy of society;
- Lifestyle;
- spiritual life.
Reform (change) - a change in any area of \u200b\u200blife, carried out by the authorities peacefully ( social change public life).
Types of reforms: – economic,
– political (changes in the Constitution, electoral system, legal sphere).
Revolution (turn, upheaval) - a radical, qualitative change in any basic phenomena.
Modernization is adaptation to new conditions.
What drives human history (?):
1) Providentialists: everything in the world comes from God, according to divine providence.
2) History is made by great people.
3) Society develops according to objective laws.
a) Some scientists adhere to the position that this is the theory of social evolutionism: society, as part of nature, develops progressively and goes unilinear.
b) Others adhere to the theory of historical materialism: driving force development of society is the recognition of the primacy of the material needs of people.
From Weber's point of view, the source and driving force of the development of society is the Protestant ethic: a person must work to become God's chosen one for salvation.
1. "Broad" and "narrow" definitions of nature: nature as the material world and as the biosphere.
2. Meaning of "starting" natural conditions for the development of culture and civilization.
3. The main stages of interaction between nature and society:
a) the emergence of a reasonable man and "appropriating" economy;
b) the transition to a "producing" economy, active human intervention in the natural environment, the emergence of technogenic societies;
c) the industrial revolution, the formation of the idea of a progressive community development;
d) the growth of the global ecological conflict, attempts to harmonize the "strategy of nature" and the "strategy of man".
Beyond the definition nature in the broad and narrow sense of the word, first question, one should trace the evolution of ideas about nature in the mythological, philosophical, religious and scientific pictures of the world.
When answering second question consider the impact geographical location, territory, climate, landscape, flora and fauna, water arteries, minerals, population on the development of society. Follow how the formation of new factors of social development mediated by nature took place.
revealing the third question, show the impact on the nature of the interaction between society and nature, both industrial revolutions and religious and philosophical ideas. Stages (b, c, d) can also be considered as the Neolithic, industrial and scientific and technological revolutions.
Topic 53. PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
1. Society as a developing system:
a) the concept of "society" in the materialistic concept;
b) idealistic theories of social development;
c) organicist and naturalistic approaches to the historical process.
2. The theory of socio-economic formations of K. Marx.
3. Civilization concept historical development.
4. Progress and regression in social development.
Responding to first question, emphasize that depending on their worldview position, different philosophers understood society in different ways, so there were different concepts of social development. Reveal the main essence, name the authors, indicate the characteristic features of these concepts.
Consideration second question, start with the fact that, from the point of view of K. Marx, the development of a social organism determines the mode of production of material goods. Proceeding from this, he developed the doctrine of the socio-economic formation, which was understood as the inseparable unity of the material and spiritual aspects of the life of society on this stage its development.
revealing the third question, point out that the idea of civilizations as a dominant historical process was nominated by N.Ya. Danilevsky. He proceeded from the fact that the development of society is carried out in parallel by several socio-historical organisms (civilizations) on the basis of a common culture. Also indicate the authors of other theories (O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, W. Rostow, and others), identify the features that are most characteristic of this approach to the development of history.
Analysis fourth question, begin by presenting two options for resolving the question of the direction of human history: pessimistic (human history moves along the path of regression) and optimistic (progress dominates history). Name the authors of these views, distinctive features these theories and their predictions for the future.
Topic 54. PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIETY
1. The concept of society in philosophy and sociology.
2. Society as a self-developing system.
3. Social actions and their meaning.
Expanding this topic, show that philosophy forms a holistic view of history and the historical process, which the private sciences of society cannot offer.
Answer to first the question involves the distinction between the concepts of "people", "nation", "state" from the concept of "society". In addition, it is necessary to identify the specifics of the consideration of this concept in philosophy and sociology. In the first question, it is necessary to consider the genesis of society and its development from various philosophical positions: materialism (historical materialism of K. Marx), idealism (absolute idealism of G. Hegel), theology (Augustine Aurelius). It is also necessary to highlight the opposite approaches to understanding the criteria of social development - formational (K. Marx) and civilizational (N. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, etc.). Emphasize that depending on what aspect of society or history is being studied, one or another philosophical concept can be chosen, but do not forget that people's lives are always richer than any theoretical constructions that explain it. Give a philosophical definition of society and reveal its essence.
When presenting second question, pay attention to the following sources of self-development of society: the contradictions of natural and cultural organization the individual and his communities; contradictions associated with social relations arising in the process of human labor activity.
revealing the third question, proceed from the following proposition: the meaning of people's social actions is determined by their values. People interact in the name of something. Choose the most interesting and fruitful, in your opinion, philosophical concepts of society from antiquity to our time.
Topic 55. PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
1. Historiosophy as a field of philosophical knowledge: subject and categories.
2. Review of historiosophical concepts from ancient to classical models.
3. The meaning of history and approaches to its interpretation in postclassical historiosophical concepts.
4. The problem of culture and civilization.
5. The essence, direction and criteria of the historical development of mankind.
Guidelines
History has always attracted the attention of philosophers. However, only in the XVIII century. philosophy of history stands out as an independent branch of philosophy. The term "philosophy of history" was introduced by Voltaire, and in the works of I. Herder the philosophy of history took shape in a special direction of research. C. Montesquieu, G. Hegel, K. Marx, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler, K. Jaspers, M. Weber, O. Comte, N. Danilevsky, P. Sorokin addressed various problems of the philosophy of history. First of all, it is necessary to find out what the philosophy of history studies. Despite the fact that the problems of the philosophy of history have changed over time, the main feature that distinguishes it from the historical sciences proper is the approach to history from the point of view of philosophical principles and categories. Next, you should understand what are the driving forces of the historical process, what factors give direction to historical changes, determine historical development, as this issue was resolved in the history of philosophy. Try to be critical of one-sidedness various kinds determination of the historical process. How did philosophers solve the question of the meaning and purpose of the historical process? How do you imagine the solution of these issues? The problem of the meaning of history is associated with another important question for the philosophy of history - about historical progress. It is also important to answer the question: is there any progress in history and what are its criteria? In conclusion, find out how historical development is presented in modern theories industrial, post-industrial and information society?
IN first question, it is necessary to show the specifics of historiosophy as a philosophical discipline, identify the range of its problems and determine the main categories with which it operates (historical process, functioning, change, development, progress, etc.).
In second trace the main stages of the formation of philosophical ideas about the historical process. Start with mythological ideas about the "world year", then move on to ancient, Christian and Islamic medieval historiosophy, from them to the principle of substantiating historiosophical concepts in modern times and in the period of classical rationality.
The variety of postclassical historiosophical paradigms that have replaced the classical interpretations of history (the third question ) can be distributed in directions in accordance with any criterion: linear and cyclic; upholding the "principle world history"and interpreting the world process as a set of original histories of individual civilizations; recognizing the rationality of history and asserting the leading role of some irrational element. In accordance with the choice of the criterion, some concepts can be "involved" in different nominations. Special attention on the analysis of the concepts of history developed in the "philosophy of life", existentialism, Marxism, the teachings of N.Ya. Danilevsky, K.N. Leontiev, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, K. Jaspers.
IN fourth The main issue is the choice of criteria for distinguishing between these concepts. It is necessary to touch on the history of the problem, to present the most significant concepts. The concept of "civilization" appeared in close connection with the concept of "culture", therefore, in its analysis, their comparison as paired categories is inevitable.
Fifth the question involves revealing the essence of the concept of "historical development of mankind", its directions (progress, regression, one-level development), criteria by which we can judge this.
To begin with, let us turn to the analysis of the initial concepts - "nature" and "society".
The term "nature" is used in two senses. Nature in a broad sense- everything that exists, the whole world, the Universe, i.e. everything around, including man and society. Nature in the narrow sense- the natural environment in which the life of a person and society takes place (the surface of the Earth with its special qualitative characteristics: climate, minerals, etc.).
Society is a detached part of nature, which has emerged as an independent, socio-cultural reality as a result of joint activities of people. The phenomena of culture and civilization are artificially created, second nature. Nature is much older than society, but since the existence of mankind, the history of people and the history of nature have been inextricably linked with each other: society is not isolated from nature, not protected from the influence of natural forces, both positive and negative.
The relationship of nature, society and man has always attracted the attention of philosophy.
ancient philosophy gave priority to nature, to the Cosmos as a living ordered whole. The ideal for a person, understood as a part of the Cosmos, was considered to live in harmony with nature.
IN Middle Ages nature was placed lower than man, for the latter was conceived as the image and likeness of God, as the crown of creation and the king of earthly nature. It was believed that God's plan was embodied in nature.
IN renaissance man discovered beauty in nature. The unity of man and nature was affirmed, but man is already striving to subjugate nature.
This aspiration becomes the leading one in new time when nature becomes an object scientific knowledge and active transformational activity of man.
Over time, such a utilitarian-pragmatic attitude to nature began to dominate in all technogenic civilizations up to the present day. As an opposition to this approach, the awareness of the need for cooperation between man and nature, an equal dialogue with it, is maturing.
Given the fact of the interaction of nature and society, we will focus on this issue on the role of nature in the life and development of society. It is clear that nature, forming natural environment human habitat is necessary condition existence and development of society.
The most important component nature is geographical environment- a part of nature involved in the sphere of human practical activity. In more specific expression it is understood as the totality of geographical location, surface structure, soil cover, fossil resources, climate, water resources, flora and fauna on the territory of the Earth on which a certain human society lives and develops. In other words, the geographical environment is represented by such components of nature as: lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
It plays a particularly important role biosphere- the living shell of our planet, the area of interaction between living and non-living, which, according to Vernadsky, with the advent of people, passes into a qualitatively new state - the noosphere.
The society also has its constituent parts:
▪ anthroposphere- the sphere of life of people as biological organisms;
▪ sociosphere– area public relations between people;
▪ biotechnosphere- the area of distribution of the technical influence of mankind.
Allocate three aspects of the impact of nature on society:
▪ ecological- "nature around us" (geographical environment, as well as part of the near space, which is mastered by man);
▪ anthropological– “nature is within us” (= the natural-biological principle in the person himself: heredity, racial characteristics, temperament, inclinations);
▪ demographic characterizing the biological characteristics of the entire human race.
These features are expressed in terms of population» (= continuously reproducing the totality of people living on certain territory), his " sex and age structure», « growth», « density". The laws of population (birth, death, increase or decrease) are of a historical, biosocial nature. It is recorded that the population of the Earth is noticeably increasing from epoch to epoch.
There is a concept that states that population growth is a factor that determines the development of society. Within its framework, there were two options: 1) population growth is good for society, because stimulates the development of production ( V. Petty in 17th century England M.M. Kovalevsky in Russia, 19th century) 2) population growth is evil, the source of social disasters. Thus, the English economist and priest T.R.Malthus(1766-1834) in his work "An Essay on the Law of Population" argued that population growth, if it does not meet with resistance, occurs exponentially (doubling every 25 years), and the growth of livelihood - in arithmetic. Hence Malthus concludes that the main evil that leads to the poverty of the population is its growth.
Despite the inaccuracies in calculations and forecasts, for the first time in Malthus the question of population becomes an object of strict scientific research. Moreover, the current demographic situation is characterized as “ population explosion» - a rapid increase in population growth due to the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America: if in 2000 the population of the Earth was 6 billion people, now it is already about 7 billion, in 2025 it is expected to be 8 billion, and in 2050 - 9.3 billion.
The reverse side of the problem is a decrease in population growth in a number of developed countries: in Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, etc. Negative dynamics is also observed in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. In general, maintaining the current rate of population growth on the Earth can lead to the destruction of the natural environment, economic decline, deterioration in the quality of life of people, problems of migrants... ways to feed humanity, incl. due to the achievements of science, but this should be consistent with the solution of environmental problems.
The impact of nature on society (in its environmental aspect) received insight within geographical determinism- directions in social philosophy, according to which the factors of the geographical environment play a decisive role in the life and development of society. The foundations of this approach were outlined in antiquity ( Hippocrates), but it has been especially widespread since the beginning of the 16th century. - the time of the beginning of the great geographical discoveries.
One of the major representatives of geographical determinism in modern times C. Montesquieu In his book "On the Spirit of Laws" he held the idea that climate, soil, terrain determine the moral and psychological appearance of the people, and through this - the laws, the social system.
So, if the southern peoples are relaxed and lazy, then the peoples of the North, where the climate is harsh and the soil is scarce, are brave and inclined to defend their freedom. As a result, despotisms are more likely to take shape in the south than in the north. Montesquieu's conclusion: "The power of climate is stronger than all powers!"
The geographical direction was also represented in our country. K.I.Ber(17921876) argued that the fate of peoples is determined "in advance and inevitably by the nature of the area they occupy." L.I. Mechnikov(1838-1888) also sought to prove that the geographical environment is a decisive force in historical progress, while emphasizing the role of waterways. The development of society, according to him, goes from the most ancient, isolated from each other, river civilizations, to sea, and then oceanic, which begin with the discovery of America. This process, according to Mechnikov, leads to an acceleration of the development of society, to an increase in its dynamics.
Some domestic thinkers posed the question more broadly - about the influence of cosmic factors on the development of society ( Chizhevsky, L. Gumilyov, Vernadsky and etc.).
Geographical determinism as a whole is criticized for a certain metaphysical thinking, for not taking into account the evolution of society and its reverse impact on nature. However, despite the one-sidedness of the considered theories, they reflect some important points influence of natural factors on social life.
End of work -
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Cognition as a subject of philosophical analysis
Man differs from other living beings in that he is able to realize and cognize being. Such a section of philosophical knowledge as
The structure of the process of cognition. Forms of knowledge
The question of the structure of the process of cognition is connected with the idea of cognitive abilities person. Already in ancient philosophy, there has been a division of these abilities into three groups:
The problem of truth in epistemology
The problem of truth is fundamental for epistemology, since the question of what is truth, whether it is achievable and what are its criteria is the question of the cognizability of the world, of the possibilities of
The subject, sides and functions of social philosophy
Social philosophy is a relatively independent section of philosophical knowledge (the name comes from the Latin verb "socio" - to unite, start joint work). Its subject
The main approaches to the study of society in the history of social philosophy
Since the 19th century to the present time in social philosophy there are different theories that give a different explanation of social life, which is associated with differences in historical conditions, m
The impact of society on nature
The impact of society on nature intensified in the course of historical development, with the growth of productive forces, technology, and science. In the process of production, humanity consumes
Society as a system, structure of society
Being in interaction with nature, society, at the same time, is a special systemic formation that has its own dynamics, the ability to self-develop.
The dynamics of society and its development
From the point of view of social dynamics, society is never in a static state, it is always changing in one way or another. However, he needs a certain ur
Factors in the development of social production
Having considered the economic subsystem of society in a meaningful aspect, let us turn to the question of the causes, sources, factors of its development, because the fa
Political norms
Let us briefly consider the main structural elements political life society. political activity can be defined as a form of social activity of various social
The role of the state in the political life of society
The most important instrument of the political system of society is the state, since it is it that concentrates power and resources in its hands to the maximum extent, which allows
The political existence of society and political consciousness
A philosophical analysis of the political life of society cannot be complete without referring to such a component as political consciousness. In general terms, political consciousness
Law and legal consciousness
The great role of the legal subsystem of society is that no sphere of human effort can function normally without an appropriate legal framework. About Us
Legal status of society
What we talked about in paragraph 1 of this topic characterizes law more from the outside, showing its connection with the economic and political phenomena of public life. To understand his quality
The spiritual life of society and its structure
The spiritual sphere of the life of society is a subsystem in which the production, storage and distribution of the spiritual values of society (works of literature, painting, music, etc.)
The main types of spiritual development of the world
but). Moral Morality (from Latin - relating to temper, customs, habits) is a set of rules and norms of behavior of people in society, I express
Philosophical concepts of the historical process
The philosophy of history (the term was introduced by Voltaire in the 18th century) considers the historical process in its very general view, at the level of its highest abstract
Direction and meaning of history
In understanding the question of the direction of the historical process, different approaches are also found: 1) theories of regression, which interpret the historical dynamics of
The problem of man in the history of socio-philosophical thought
The problem of man is the main one for philosophy and is the subject of study of philosophical anthropology - philosophy about a human. Unlike other gum
person, individual, personality
In philosophy to denote sentient being the concept of "man", "individual", "personality", "individuality" is used. How do they compare? The concept of man
The concept and nature of values
It has already been noted earlier that a person is characterized not only by a cognitive, but also by a value attitude to the phenomena of reality. In other words, he is interested not only in the truth, which
Personality in the value dimension
Each person with his value ideas is "inscribed" in a certain society with its sociocultural and historical features, i.e. is under the influence of the supraindividual