In the modern world, large and even global. Global problems of the modern world. Energy and raw materials problem

Problems that do not concern any particular continent or state, but the entire planet, are called global. As civilization develops, it accumulates more and more of them. Today there are eight main problems. Consider the global problems of mankind and ways to solve them.

Ecological problem

Today it is considered the main one. For a long time, people used the resources given to them by nature irrationally, polluted the environment around them, poisoned the Earth with a variety of wastes - from solid to radioactive. The result was not long in coming - according to most competent researchers, environmental problems in the next hundred years will lead to irreversible consequences for the planet, and therefore for humanity.

Already now there are countries where this issue has reached a very high level, giving rise to the concept of a crisis ecological region. But the threat looms over the whole world: the ozone layer that protects the planet from radiation is being destroyed, the earth's climate is changing - and man is unable to control these changes.

Even the most developed country cannot solve the problem alone, so the states unite to solve important environmental problems together. The main solution is considered to be the rational use of natural resources and the reorganization of everyday life and industrial production so that the ecosystem develops naturally.

Rice. 1. Threatening scale of the environmental problem.

demographic problem

In the 20th century, when the world's population passed the six billion mark, everyone heard about it. However, in the 21st century, the vector has shifted. In short, now the essence of the problem is this: there are fewer and fewer people. A competent family planning policy and improvement of the living conditions of each individual will help to solve this issue.

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food problem

This problem is closely related to demographic and consists in the fact that more than half of humanity is experiencing acute food shortages. To solve it, it is necessary to use the available resources for food production more rationally. Experts see two ways of development - intensive, when the biological productivity of existing fields and other lands increases, and extensive - when their number increases.

All global problems of mankind must be solved together, and this one is no exception. The issue of food arose due to the fact that most of the people live in areas unsuitable for this. Combining the efforts of scientists from different countries will significantly speed up the solution process.

Energy and raw materials problem

The uncontrolled use of raw materials has led to the depletion of mineral reserves that have accumulated for hundreds of millions of years. Very soon, fuel and other resources may disappear altogether, so scientific and technical progress is being introduced at all stages of production.

The issue of peace and disarmament

Some scientists believe that in the very near future it may happen that it will not be necessary to look for possible ways to solve the global problems of mankind: people produce such an amount of offensive weapons (including nuclear) that at some point they can destroy themselves. To prevent this from happening, world treaties on the reduction of armaments and the demilitarization of economies are being developed.

The problem of people's health

Humanity continues to suffer from deadly diseases. The advances of science are great, but untreatable diseases still exist. The only solution is to continue scientific research in search of drugs.

The problem of using the oceans

The depletion of land resources has led to an increase in interest in the World Ocean - all countries that have access to it use it not only as a biological resource. Both the mining and chemical sectors are actively developing. This gives rise to two problems at once: pollution and uneven development. But how are these issues resolved? At the moment, scientists from all over the world are engaged in them, who are developing the principles of rational oceanic nature management.

Rice. 2. Industrial station in the ocean.

The problem of space exploration

To master outer space, it is important to unite efforts on a global scale. Recent studies are the result of the consolidation of the work of many countries. This is the basis for solving the problem.

Scientists have already developed a mock-up of the first station for settlers on the moon, and Elon Musk says that the day is not far off when people will go to explore Mars.

Rice. 3. Model of the lunar base.

What have we learned?

Humanity has many global problems that can ultimately lead to its death. These problems can be solved only if efforts are consolidated, otherwise the efforts of one or several countries will be reduced to zero. Thus, civilizational development and the solution of problems of a universal scale are possible only if the survival of man as a species becomes higher than economic and state interests.

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The word "creative" used to be synonymous with "disorganized." Today we want to see a person creative and free-thinking, we admire when a non-standard approach is found to a task.

There are two methods for solving problems:

• Analytical- you select solutions, and then determine which one is correct.
• Intuitive (Insight method)- the solution comes to your mind ready-made.

It's hard to go beyond when trying to solve a problem analytically, but insight is the best way to do it.

Scientists have checked Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions both methods and found that the insight method gave more correct answers than analysis. Brain scan showed The Origins of Insight in Resting-State Brain Activity: in people who solve problems in this way, the anterior cingulate gyrus is activated. This area monitors conflicts between brain regions and allows you to identify opposing strategies. With its help, a person can see non-obvious ways to solve a problem and direct attention to them.

In addition, during epiphanies, people noted more scattered attention. It allows you to see the whole without focusing on the specific.

Scattered attention is typical for a person in a relaxed state and high spirits. You are not fully focused on the task, but you are not in the clouds either. Perhaps that is why most insights come to people in, for example, in the bathroom. If you have such an insight, with it will come the confidence that the decision is correct. And, judging by the scientific data, he should be trusted.

No matter what method of problem solving you use, you do it better than your not-so-distant ancestors.

We are smarter than people who lived 100 years ago

Since 1930, IQ test scores have been on the rise. The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis by three points every decade. This trend is called the Flynn effect, after the professor who discovered it, James Flynn.

This pattern has several reasons:

• The quality of life has increased. The nutrition of pregnant women and babies has improved, the number of children in the family has decreased. Now people are investing in the development and education of their children until they graduate from the university.
• Education has improved.
• The nature of work has changed. Mental labor, as a rule, is valued and paid more than physical labor.
• The cultural environment has changed. In today's world, people get much more incentives for brain development: books, the Internet, a variety of communication, not limited to where they live.
• People are used to questions from IQ tests. Since childhood, we have been able to solve such problems and use abstract thinking, so we do it better.

We are much more fortunate than our grandparents, but our children will not necessarily be smarter. Already now, in developed European countries, an anti-effect has been discovered The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review Flynn: after the 2000s, the growth of intelligence stopped and even began to decline.

Scientists suggest that the impact of the environment has reached its peak: there is simply nowhere better. People already eat well, have one or two children, and go to school until the age of 16-23. They cannot have fewer children or study longer, so it is not surprising that intelligence has stopped growing.

We have become better at solving problems on paper, but does this affect real life? After all, a person is not a machine, and mistakes often come from an incorrect assessment of information and the characteristics of our perception.

We lack critical thinking

People tend to make mistakes and see only one side of the problem. One example of this kind of thinking is the availability heuristic, where a person evaluates the frequency and possibility of an event by the ease with which examples come to mind.

Using this method, we rely on our memory and do not take into account real statistics. For example, a person is afraid to die from a terrorist attack or a tornado, but does not even think about a heart attack or. Just because TV shows more high-profile cases.

Anchor effect can be attributed to such errors. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases when people's decisions are influenced by arbitrary data obtained from the environment. This effect is well demonstrated by the experiment of psychologist Daniel Kahneman. The subjects were asked to spin a wheel of fortune, which randomly dropped the number 10 or 65. After that, the participants had to estimate the percentage of African countries in the UN. People who saw 10 on the wheel always said a lower number than those who got 65, even though they knew it was completely unrelated.

The likes follow us everywhere. Learning to notice them is very important, especially in today's world, where fake news and myths are pouring in from all sides.

To avoid falling victim to illusions, learn to question all information, choose reliable sources, and evaluate your beliefs from time to time, even if they seem to be the only true ones.

Also, for the development of critical thinking it is useful to communicate with a wide range of people. Usually we are drawn to those who share our views. But to develop the habit of critical thinking, we need people we know who disagree with us. They will throw up a lot of topics for reflection and, perhaps, make us reconsider our beliefs.

To collate the findings for Homo sapiens communities, Dunbar returned to anthropology. The researcher found out that the number of people in rural traditional settlements fluctuates within the limits he suggested - up to two hundred people. In his work, the scientist suggested that the number of neurocortical neurons - electrically excitable brain cells that process, store and transmit information using electrical and chemical signals- limits the body's ability to process information, which in turn limits the number of relationships a person can maintain at the same time. When the group size exceeds this number, it becomes difficult for an individual to maintain the number of contacts.

Modern communication looks like this

And indeed - if you ask the representatives of the older generation how they met and learned any news, they will answer that they met at the holidays with friends, went for walks together, said goodbye to each other, meaning the next meeting, and when the hostess I wanted to cook an unusual dish, then I asked my friends for the recipe. And the number of these acquaintances on average did not exceed 150 people. All of the above examples suggest that in the past people interacted with each other much more often. They had to personally communicate both with a familiar circle of people and get to know new people, which undoubtedly developed their social skills perfectly. It is possible that it was this experience of our parents and grandmothers that affected the mutual understanding of generations - today young people communicate more and more online, and this applies to both friendships and love relationships.

Today, the ability to get all the necessary information at any time, just by google it, has significantly reduced the need for live communication between people. Why call people you know or meet a friend who has the information you need when you have the internet? Gradually, this led to the fact that people began to communicate less live and more and more online. So, modern teenagers find it more difficult to meet strangers and generally socialize than representatives of previous generations.

Dopamine networks and true friends

A huge role in the modern world is played by social networks and the profiles that we create in them. Some psychologists call social networking pages creating an improved version of themselves, since each person strives to make a good impression on others and often provides false information about himself. It turns out that communication itself has changed today, it has become more superficial. A certain disunity of interests also appeared - if in the past the whole country watched “The meeting place cannot be changed” and common topics for conversation could be found with almost everyone, today the picture is completely different. The emergence of the Internet and such streaming services as, on the one hand, gave us an imaginary freedom of choice, and on the other hand, made it more difficult to meet a person with similar interests in real life.

Instagram has begun testing “unlikes” in some regions of the United States. According to the company's new policy, likes will be available only to the author of publications, and not to his subscribers.

Moreover, based on the work of Dunbar, one can make a false conclusion that the number of social networks should not exceed 150 people. But in fact, we add a large number of people as friends, half of whom have never met or will not see each other at all. The numbers in the friends tab today are a source of dopamine, but not real happiness.

According to a recent study, a person is able to maintain only five truly close contacts throughout his life. That is why the first five people are separately highlighted in your social media feed. But with the rest of the 145 conditional friends, communication is a bit strange - about once a year or six months we congratulate each other with messages, for example, “happy birthday”, as if letting the other person know that we remember about his existence. But such “zombing” in social networks cannot be called full-fledged communication. It turns out that our ancestors communicated with each other much more, more often and more productively than we do, and this communication was often a key factor in their well-being.

Zombing is a like or holiday greeting from a person with whom you do not communicate both online and in real life.

I note that the Internet and the information age not only enriched the Russian language with the latest borrowings, but also changed etiquette. So, in the modern world, the ability to put down the smartphone in time and not take too many photos in the presence of others is very much appreciated.

Black Mirror is no longer a TV series

Fans of social science fiction have probably watched at least one episode of Charlie Brooker's series Black Mirror. The first episode of the third season talked about how likes on social networks affect social status and determine the position in. And if the relationship between people in the world shown in this episode looks like an exaggeration, then the reality has actually gone not so far - a taxi driver today can really lose his job if a client gives him only one star out of five a couple of times. And the way almost all interactions between people in modern China take place seems to make you think: “Isn’t this the world of a“ black mirror ””?

Shot from the series “Black Mirror” (season 3, episode 1)

Of course, the advent of the Internet and modern technology has changed more than just friendships and relationships. Today, the Internet influences almost every aspect of our lifestyle - from basic needs to the most luxurious things. And as we step into the future, it is logical to assume that dependence on the Internet and its role in our lives will only increase. The modern world blurs the boundaries, resembling a global city that exists thanks to the Internet. After all, despite the fact that communication today is more and more superficial, we can now communicate with anyone, anytime, anywhere. has become a kind of guide to all information and queries about beauty, health, fashion, lifestyle, personal hygiene and more. Moreover, we can not only work from home, but also get an education while sitting in our comfortable chair. The Internet has become a huge platform for the free exchange of knowledge. Yes, we rarely see each other's faces, but we have Wikipedia.

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At the end of this article, I can’t help but note that along with the endless opportunities that have appeared thanks to the Internet, there are no less reasons for concern. Our society is rapidly transforming, and the “ok boomer” meme, which has recently swept the world’s social networks, is a clear example of this. The Baby Boomer generation - people who were born between 1943 and 1963 - don't really understand millennials, and even less Generation Z. The fact is that the social environment in which boomers grew up was completely different from the environment that surrounds modern children and teenagers - and they, among other things, are surrounded by the screens of smartphones, tablets, TVs and limitless flows of information.

The cast of the series “Friends” is almost at full strength. The inscription at the top - "boomers"

The changes relate to worldviews and even jokes. What was considered funny 20 years ago and what was joked about in the TV series “Friends” today causes indignation among young people. The values ​​that the boomer generation broadcast are becoming obsolete at an incredible rate, which only fuels misunderstanding between people. But no less dangerous, I see the inability, and sometimes the unwillingness of network users. It's no secret that pseudoscientific and dangerous ideas, for example, about the dangers of vaccination, are spreading with incredible speed and success in.

No matter how our society changes with the development of technology and the advent of the Internet, we still remain people with our inherent errors of thinking, the need for communication and closeness with others. Perhaps the best thing each of us can do today is to stop for a moment and think about where and where we are going.

CONFLICT OF CIVILIZATIONS - NO! DIALOGUE AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN CIVILIZATIONS - YES!

MODERN RUSSIA: IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, CULTURE AND RELIGION

A. Gromyko, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences ABOUT THE NEW WORLD ORDER, OR THE BIG DISORDER

Everyone has always been concerned about the preservation of peace on the decaying planet Earth. They talk about it as “our house”, that it must be protected from destruction and, moreover, from fire. People will never have a second such “home”. In order to avoid a catastrophe, one must know what dangers threaten humanity, a separate country, people, family. How to find the right way to get out of the labyrinth of complex contradictions that entangle the world of people? This can be done, including with the help of science, international scientists, the Russian Academy of Sciences and its centers such as the Department of Global Issues and International Relations.

Today Russia, entering 2015 (the article was written in 2014 - Ed.), like many other countries, is at the epicenter of a foreign policy cataclysm. Thanks to the skillful use of not just "soft", but even "wise" power, flexible diplomacy, Moscow maintains stability and dynamism in world affairs.

However, there are also threats, they undermine global European security. The main threat to the world community comes from the desire of the Atlanticists to put the right of force over the force of law. Spirals of violence that undermine stability in world affairs appear as if by order. One gets the impression that a backstage has become more active in world affairs, relying on the creation of socio-political chaos in different regions of the world, directed against the existing orders and legitimate authorities. The purpose of such a policy is to create a big mess

is to oppose the consolidation of new centers of power in world affairs instead of the unipolar world that has not yet established itself.

A new cold war seems to have begun. This is clearly seen in the example of the information war, when the Atlanticists, in essence, established in Europe by mutual agreement a regime of de facto censorship of reports on the events of the civil war in Ukraine. Everything that does not fit into the scheme of the struggle between "democracy" and "Moscow's expansion" is hushed up and distorted. The official West today pretends not to notice the state genocide that is being carried out by the Kyiv regime against the Russian-speaking population of Donbass. But this genocide gives the right to use force, including military force, to save people.

In conditions of chaos, when the threat of neo-Nazism is growing in Europe, and Islamic terrorism is on the rise in the Greater Middle East, the world community is simply obliged to mobilize so that it is not bombs and missiles that create the history of people, otherwise it will be bloody, but this is rightfully taken up United Nations, first of all, all permanent members of the Security Council, all members of the UN General Assembly.

Further successes of globalization and global governance are possible only in conditions of peace, not war. You can't drive a car if all its passengers are fighting. It should be remembered that the right does not disappear from the fact that it is maliciously violated, retribution for this will surely come.

Principles sealed with the blood of millions

ma fascist Germany and its allies. This world order is laid down in the UN Charter by Soviet politicians, diplomats and scientists, American and British leaders. From the very beginning it was attacked by the supporters of the cold war. There were constant attempts to destroy the UN, but it survived largely thanks to the efforts of Soviet and Russian foreign policy and diplomacy. Studies of international relations are unproductive, in which the historical experience of previous generations is forgotten. The world order established in 1945 is still preserved. The principles of the UN Charter are correct and cannot be eroded. These principles are an alloy of law and morality, and this makes them durable. Often, however, there are scientists who, under the pressure of politics from a position of strength, bend in their views on world affairs and draw strange conclusions that the decisions of the meeting in 1945 of the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition in the Livadia Palace near Yalta on issues of the post-war order are allegedly outdated. This, of course, is not true. The Yalta Conference was the highest level of peaceful cooperation between the Soviet Union, the US and Great Britain. Today, of course, much is changing, but even more in the world order remains unshakable. What remains is the UN, its Security Council, the borders of Poland, the Kaliningrad region and much more. The UN Charter, this "bible" of international relations and world politics, is incorruptible, since its text and principles are sealed with the blood of millions of soldiers and civilians who died in a global military fire. These statements may seem unconvincing, because so many years have passed since then. Such a defeatist approach is a big mistake. The UN was hard to build, hard to destroy, and impossible to rebuild. Those who violate the principles and norms of international law remain outside the field of legitimacy, and in the end, no matter how they puff out their cheeks today, they disappear from world politics. Crimes, as you know, do not cross out the criminal code, just as they cannot negate international law. No matter how "grand" the plans of the masterminds of the new "cold war" in the end, they are likely to earn a view from the window of a prison cell. The main role in international relations, which includes world politics, is played by states, they are also significantly influenced by other international institutions, including transnational corporations. The field of their activity is also the international environment in which

The swarm is manifested both by the cooperation of people with each other, and their rivalry. The latter often develops into power martial arts, wars of small and medium scale and intensity, and even world wars. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. A. Kokoshin notes the decisive role in world politics of states, especially strong and influential ones. It is between states that today there is mainly a struggle for influence in the world with the help of economic, military and “soft power”2. In this conflicting international environment, Russia also has to act, and quite successfully. Not only in politics and diplomacy, but also in the economy, states also play a leading role, in their activities they seek to rely on “soft power”, including ideological attitudes that are being introduced into public and individual consciousness. Can a person in this conflicted international environment, where violence plays a big role, poverty and hunger are widespread, survive? Are political elites, including scientists, science in general, able to find the right way to create such an international environment in which people, using the historical experience of previous generations, will save themselves? These issues are of great importance for developing countries, especially for those where living conditions are particularly harsh. For them, the risks of degradation and destruction of the modest income they have have ceased to be a theory, but have become everyday practice. Hundreds of millions of people are losing their chances of a prosperous life, they are waiting for changes for the better, but they are not there. This leads to socio-economic and political explosions. In the context of natural disasters and countless wars, the creation of a world of planetary cooperation and joint international projects has come even more so. The international community is able to curb the militaristic thinking of politicians, who often seek to reshape the geopolitical space and adjust global governance to suit themselves. Today, all states operate in a turbulent international environment, this ocean of human emotions and passions, where there is a desire of some people to dominate others, to make a profit for themselves, to force everyone to live according to the rules of an individual, not a plurality, one or more oligarchs, not a people. . Liberal ideology is called upon to establish such an order in the world community. It is supported by the strength of the leading capitalist states. Their policy is aimed at infringing on social, economic and political freedoms. Liberalism is becoming

an obstacle to the free development of the individual and a democratic society. The "art" of information warfare has reached the level of mass zombification of millions. Challenges of the 21st century thus numerous. I will single out those that, in my opinion, play a paramount role in the fate of mankind. This is, first of all, the fate of the person himself. People seem to know more about the universe than they do about themselves. Even less do they understand how civilizations develop, with difficulty they seek and sometimes find ways and means of resolving international conflicts. New elites tend to forget the experience and lessons learned by their ancestors, they have a short historical memory. Vanity and incompetence, arrogance and vindictiveness, the worship of "hard power" ruin the opportunity to reach the right decisions. The world on Earth often appears before us as terra incognita - an unknown land. The unknown paralyzes the human mind and accustoms to the idea that good is less and less victorious over evil. In the service of the latter there is brute force, murderous weapons and obedient robotic men in uniform, who answer the question: “Why do civilians, children, women, old people die from your actions?”, stupidly answer: “This is my job.” What is a person, his spiritual life? The answer to this question does not explain the origin of a person, as you know, there are big disputes over it, it rather explains the behavior of a person, including in politics.

Man is a heavenly and earthly being

International relations and world politics are manifestations of people's activity. Without man, there is no civilization. There is neither peace nor war. Silence will reign before the end of the world, as man himself will disappear. Man is the only creature on Earth endowed with reason. Man is a spiritual creature and therefore amazing. He lives both in the earthly world and in the heavenly, divine. The great Venetian Renaissance artist Titian in 1514 painted the painting “Heavenly Love and Earthly Love”, it is exhibited in Rome, in the Borghese Gallery museum. Before this masterpiece, you involuntarily reflect on the mortal and sublime in the world of people. Between the two poles of earthly and heavenly consciousness of people is the Sphere of Life. Both poles affect it simultaneously and contradictorily, a world that is far from ideal arises in our minds. Christianity calls to follow the commandments of the Old and New Testaments. earthly world

must live in harmony with heavenly love. Many Orthodox theologians wrote about this, for example, in his time, Gregory the Theologian. He defined man as a being that "ends the enmity" of the spiritual and the corporeal. The theologian wrote: “I am composed of a soul and a body. And the soul is a stream of the infinite light of the Divine; and you produce the body from the dark beginning. If I constitute one common nature, then the enmity is terminated by me. For not hostile, but friendly principles give a common product.

The attitude towards man as a product of the "dark beginning" is typical for most religious thinkers of the Middle Ages. They saw the correct structure of human life in absolute submission and faith in God. Man was conceived as a creation of God (a recreational view). Only with the accumulation of knowledge about the world around us, about man himself, did it become possible to recognize the evolutionary path of his development, when the emergence of intelligent life on Earth and its inevitable decay and death are thought on a scale of hundreds of thousands and millions of years. A correct vision of the world cannot be without spiritual principles, no matter how unusual they may seem. It is more difficult to comprehend the spiritual than to cognize the corporeal, the Earth and the Cosmos on the basis of experience. The spiritual and the divine elude us even when they are obvious. With the help of intelligence, for example, you can move yourself into the past and even rush into the future. For many, such fabulous pictures wake up the mind, often suggest the right decisions.

People have visions of the dead, scenes from their lives, pictures of heaven or hell. In the minds of scientists, writers and poets, solutions to complex problems, interesting plots and talented verses appear in the most unexpected way. In critical situations, the rulers at the pinnacle of power, it happens, enlightenment comes, they solve the issues of the world. Isn't it all a miracle? The science of international relations, including globalization and global governance, will not give a real picture of the world, relying only on a range of data from the field of economics and politics. This requires creativity. The idea of ​​the untimely deceased academician N.P. is applicable to modern political science. Shmelev. He rightly remarked: “... world economic thought seems to be completely confused about where to turn to the right or to the left, but also for the future, if world theory and practice are still destined to find a way to live that will finally provide the world with a crisis-free , effective and socially fair

development”4. In this conclusion, the idea of ​​social justice is especially valuable, because it is often forgotten. This also applies to political science, if it aims to change our lives for the better, to preserve human civilization. This is achievable in the conditions of cooperation between the spiritual and material principles of the universe. They are two sides of human existence. You cannot explain the world of people with numbers and graphs, with bizarre formulations.

Globalization and global governance

Globalization and global governance have become an important phenomenon in international life. A detailed analysis of foreign policy in the era of globalization is given, for example, in the work of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences I. S. Ivanov “Foreign Policy in the Age of Globalization”. It explores the possible configurations of the world order, talks about the need to build a flexible polycentric system of global governance. World politics is assessed taking into account security threats, a conclusion is made about the fundamental role of international law in the formation of a new world order, the United Nations becomes its central element5.

Globalization as a natural historical process is analyzed in the fundamental work of A.N. Chumakov, Globalization. Contours of a holistic world”, where its general theory and the sphere of confrontation of various forces and interests are considered6. It is rightly emphasized that globalization is the most complex phenomenon, it should be studied not fragmentarily, but holistically. Against this background, a global outlook is formed, it helps to understand globalization as a state, process and phenomenon7.

I will say from myself. Globalization is a multifaceted integration process of the formation in international relations of a modern life order and architecture of world politics. This process involves states, their coalitions, social, political and economic institutions, as well as military blocs. In the context of globalization, global management (regulation) of the planetary network structure is carried out, where unipolarity is weakening. The United States is making persistent attempts to restore it, but they are futile, moreover, they are harmful, as they undermine the stability of world politics. The impact of globalization on world affairs in the face of repeated

Xia economic and financial crises falls. Great risks are posed to it and to global governance by forceful conflict. In the context of acute international conflicts, global governance, including at the regional level, becomes difficult to implement. This is shown, in particular, by the events in Ukraine, where the civil war threw the country into the abyss of crisis and the collapse of morality. There was a need for a moral code for humanity. Scientists are sounding the alarm. For example, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. A. Guseinov recalls that observance of moral prohibitions depends on the will and determination of the individual to follow them: “. if a person is convinced of the moral essence of the prohibition, if he knows that it must be unconditionally observed, then nothing, no external circumstances, just like any of his own emotions, can prevent him from following them. This applies to all morally sanctioned prohibitions, including such fundamental ones as "Thou shalt not kill." A person, especially marked by power, cannot violate this sacred truth, this truth of truths9. Many politicians, and even diplomats, do not think about all this and do not fight against international crimes, and sometimes they themselves commit them. And yet, in world affairs, not everything goes badly. Positive things are making their way, trends that are sustainable: international law is developing, a single world economy is emerging, universal environmental dependence and global communications are being established; there is a spiritual and civilizational rapprochement of nations. This is possible under the rule of the force of law; A revolution in computer science and telecommunications is gaining momentum. It dramatically increases the mobilization effect of communication. Globalization declared itself in full voice in the last third of the twentieth century, when there was a revolution in information technology. In its development, it conceals many surprises and scenarios for the development of the world. Globalization also brings many risks to people. There are, for example, ecological limits to industrial growth; it is dangerous to overload the natural possibilities of the environment. There is a threat of moral degeneration, dangerous mass behavior. Mankind needs a stable moral code. In many respects it is laid down in the UN Charter, in its principles. Globalization can humanize international relations, politicians and business people. Globalization gives rise to many important tasks, for example, to prevent unemployment. In the world, including because of it, a broad protest movement is growing, the social fabric of the

societies, the historical heritage is forgotten, the historical memory is erased. Globalization still does not have a stable ideological concept that would unite humanity in the face of the challenges of the 21st century, and not divide it. People are looking for a way to a conflict-free world, but so far they have not found it. This requires sound judgment and even wisdom. With the reorganization of the world it is better not to rush. In a quick way, the history of mankind is made by wars and revolutions. When evaluating globalization and global governance, one should first of all evaluate the role of such an institution as the state in the world order, its sovereignty and participation in global governance. Indeed, will this role be preserved, or is it destined to weaken and disappear?

Global Governance and the State

The scientific community, as a rule, assesses the state of the international environment from the standpoint of optimism, and believes that humanity has entered a planetary era in its development. There are good reasons for this. And the main one was globalization, which is often assessed not as a process, constant development, but as a kind of liberal model that successfully regulates the global financial and economic market. There is also a point of view that the market should not be opposed to public policy and regulation. In domestic and foreign policy, one can successfully use the capabilities of the state, its institutions and mechanisms. In Russia, however, the withdrawal of the state from the economy "went too far"10. Academician N.P. Shmelev came to the important conclusion that one of the components of the success of the economic strategy of developing countries, including Russia, is the financing of the investment process both through private and public channels. He stressed that social policy is an important condition for successful economic growth, without it "economic miracles do not happen." Shmelev concluded: “... the main modernization task of any modern government, whether democratic, semi-democratic or even authoritarian, is to choose a combination of these factors that, not in words, not in propaganda, but in deed, would provide these conditions for an economic breakthrough” eleven. In the old centers of power in the United States and Europe, a kind of de-industrialization has been observed for a number of years. The West as the main industrial base of the world is gradually weakening. Its financial centers are active, but

they, as a rule, operate in conditions of financial and economic stagnation and crisis.

There is a lack of transparency in many financial institutions and difficulties in assessing their risks. Against this negative background, the US and Europe are losing their positions. In the global financial system, the United States still holds the palm. When the next economic collapse and dollar devaluation occurs, the US will reduce its foreign policy activity.

Another trend in international relations is the slowdown in the development of international law and political globalization. The creation of an international legal order will, however, be difficult. Numerous social and international conflicts will manifest themselves on this thorny path. New supranational unions will appear in the world community, temporary and permanent coalitions will be established, meetings of leaders of leading states will become more frequent. In the international arena, despite all the changes taking place in the world, nation-states will remain the main players for many years to come, their sovereignty may even increase. There will be a turn to statism. National selfishness, when "every man for himself", will manifest itself regularly. Foreign policy ideologies will receive a "new registration", their goals, if necessary, will be masked.

The ideological and political aspects of globalization are a little-studied area. There is something to hide here. Globalization, as it is happening today, does not contribute to overcoming the social and economic gap between rich and poor countries, worsens the living conditions of different societies and countries. The fruits of the global economy are distributed unfairly. This is evident in most countries in Africa12.

In Europe, one of the main consequences of globalization is rising unemployment and stagnation. The policy of neoliberal globalism worsens the conditions of life on the planet, it hits the least developed countries especially painfully. A new big mess is gathering momentum. When evaluating the prospects for globalization and global governance, a contradictory situation is revealed. It turns out that globalization serves different purposes. “Humanist interventionism” often turns into unceremonious interference and, as even Z. Brzezinski admits, gives rise to “. moral deafness and indifference to manifestations of social injustice”13.

Another point of view is also known, it is actively promoted by the liberals. The world arena is assessed as a "field of common interests", it has rules of conduct that are beneficial to all. The United States remains the most active sovereign on this planetary field; it is striving to introduce new rules, procedures and standards beneficial to all into international relations.

There are sharp contradictions between these "modern standards" and the norms of classical international law. For example, "humanitarian intervention" and the established norm of non-interference in the internal affairs of the state.

Nowadays, world leaders justify their actions in every way, strive to legitimize them. New norms of international law are emerging. The role of the UN and its specialized agencies is still great. Countries that do not take an active part in creating the legitimate field of the 21st century will lose greatly and will be forced to dance to someone else's music. They risk being left out of new coalitions and international organizations.

The leaders of African countries already at the beginning of the XXI century. realized the need to increase the level of cooperation among themselves, they decided to create the African Union (AU). The European Union seems to be an example for them. It was a step in the right direction. Political and economic integration, the defense of one's sovereignty, and the defense of Africa's common interests in the face of new neo-colonialism will be more effective within the framework of such a coalition. Conferences, symposiums and seminars, organized with the help of modern means of communication, will become an important means of creating the Architecture of International Relations of the 21st century. The mobilization of scientific intelligence and political knowledge, in some ways even intuitions, will become one of the most important tasks.

Few states and societies are prepared for this today, including Russia. Her impressive intellectual potential, however, is not eternal and, if not valued, can "evaporate". It will be remembered as a time of unfulfilled hopes. In the ocean of ferocious waves of globalization, Russia, if its society is not shaken up, is threatened by the fate of the socio-political "Titanic".

Globalization is a new system in development, it can replace the cold war, the latter, however, is very tenacious. WHO-

The tough world global economy is gone, the levers of control in it are still in the money safes of the Atlanticists.

Globalization sometimes leads to the strengthening of supranational institutions (UN, NATO, G20, BRICS) in politics. Such structures have, of course, different destinies. The UN is one thing - the most democratic planetary structure in the world. Another NATO: a closed military bloc, it was created in 1949 as a defensive one, and today it has become a springboard for offensive actions, often taken bypassing the UN Security Council. Such a policy of his introduces aggressiveness, tension and elements of great disorder into world affairs.

The ideology of globalization still does not have an influential concept that would unite humanity in the face of the challenges of the 21st century, and not divide it. People can, if they wish, find their way to international cooperation. To do this, in their development, they must carefully treat the historical heritage of their ancestors, using everything positive from it, especially from morality. Neglect of the latter leads to "arrogance of power" - "arrogance of power." The stronger it is, the weaker humanity.

Civilizations exist within the framework of their social and international legal institutions: laws and treaties, moral values ​​and traditions. Together they make up a fairly stable international environment. In the matter of reorganizing the world, therefore, it is better not to rush.

In a quick way, I repeat, the history of mankind is made by wars and revolutions. Caution and wisdom are needed. One thing is clear: socio-economic inequality generates political chaos in the minds as well. The double standards of behavior of states on the world stage, they are like a train trailing the Atlanticists, destroying international stability, do not allow the rule of law to establish itself.

The main features of the world order are embodied in transnational interactions, an increasingly interdependent global market, a process of regional integration and global cooperation. As part of this development, new tasks arise, they become common concerns for humanity.

Among them are: the development of the global economy as a financial and economic facet of globalization; global management of the world economy and politics, their finances; creation of a structure of global security, security for all, and not for separate privileged regions or groups of countries;

strengthening international organizations, including the UN, capable of managing global problems in all their manifestations; the use in world affairs of human capital (human capital) with the help of higher and secondary education; improving rather than worsening people's lives with the help of new technologies in both industry and agriculture; adaptation to climate change, environmental degradation; the fight against hunger, diseases and infections plaguing people; preservation of the cultural heritage of mankind (cultural heritage), including international law, as a means of managing and regulating international relations, primarily between states; creating favorable conditions for providing people, primarily in poor countries, with basic food and drinking water, qualified medical care. Without solving these problems, it is impossible to maintain positive principles in world politics, it will degenerate into a struggle for destruction, and this will lead human civilization to death. Is it possible to prevent such an Apocalypse?

Almost every person will answer this question in the affirmative, including high-ranking politicians. But, and this is the whole tragedy, they will simultaneously say: “everything is done correctly, predictions of the end of the world are invented.” And further: "the use of military force is just a continuation of politics." Such a steady militaristic spasm in the minds of the political elites destroys the sprouts of new thinking, and it is absolutely necessary to create a stable and peaceful international environment where reason and law flourish.

There is another reason for the steady commitment of a number of politicians and diplomats to politics from a position of strength. This is a desire to preserve in international affairs, as far as possible, the state of a unipolar world, to achieve a humble recognition that the world is ruled by one US force and, when necessary, by the NATO military-political bloc.

The events in and around Ukraine have made the trend of force in world politics even more dangerous. The national interests and security of Russia are not recognized, a cumbersome geopolitical adventure is being started that has nothing to do with the security of Europe. Instead of strengthening partnership with Russia, a hopeless course has been taken to isolate and discredit it

Russian leaders, especially their strongest figure, the president.

Under such conditions, effective global governance is unlikely. The big mess in a number of regions - this is the Greater Middle East, and Afghanistan, and Southeast Europe - will increase. Meanwhile, the charges of at least three environmental bombs, the arms race and the poverty of poverty are ticking loudly. To think that they will not blow up anyone is naive. Each of them can be neutralized only by joint planetary efforts.

Notes

1 On this subject, see my article in International Affairs, March 2012.

2 Kokoshin A. A. Some macrostructural changes in the system of world politics. Trends for 2020-2030s // Polis. Political studies. - 2014. - No. 4. - P. 38, 41. (Kokoshin A.A. 2014. Some macrostructure changes in the World politics. Trends for 2020-2030s // "Polis" journal. Political Studies. N 4) (in Russian)/

3 Globalistics. Encyclopedia. - M.: Raduga, 2003. - S. 1157.

4 Shmelev N.P. In defense of common sense // Modern Europe. - 2011. - No. 2 (October-December). - S. 139.

5 Ivanov I.S. Foreign policy in the era of globalization. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2011.

6 Chumakov A.N. Globalization. Outlines of the whole world. - M.: Prospekt, 2014.

7 Ibid. - S. 406-407.

8 Huseynov Abdusalam. Philosophy thought and action. - St. Petersburg. GUP, 2012. -S. 306-307.

10 Popov V.V. Economic development strategy. - M.: Higher School of Economics, 2011. - P. 25.

11 Shmelev N.P. Decree. op. - S. 142. See: Gromyko An.A. Poverty and hunger - facets of globalization // Asia and Africa today. 2014, No. 10. (Gromyko An.A. 2014 Nischeta i golod grani globalizatsii // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. N 10) (in Russian).

Cit. Quoted from: Russia in the Diversity of Civilizations. - M., 2011. - S. 53.

"Asia and Africa Today", M., 2014, No. 12, p. 2-8.