Mineral resources of Khmao - Yugra. Solid minerals List of common minerals of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
Ponomareva E.A.
State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Mining University"
Studying the topic " Mineral resources", I became very interested in gas, coal, oil industry world and began to study fossil fuels in more depth. The collected material grew into my work, part of which you hold in your hands. One of the main reasons that made me delve into this topic was V.V. Putin’s speech in the city. New Urengoy, as well as the Iraq crisis, caused by the US desire to redistribute oil economic markets.
November 20, 2001 in Novy Urengoy, President Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin said that the country's leadership had decided to carry out serious structural reforms in the development of the gas, oil and coal industries.
“Oil and gas have been and will remain one of the main components of national wealth Russia. And given the problems that are going through modern world, the Russian oil and gas complex can play a role in strengthening global economic stability. Today we must develop the oil and gas industry taking into account all factors, including foreign economic ones. In the near future we will have to work under the conditions of liberalization of the oil and gas market in Europe. This will require changing the forms of state regulation of the gas, oil and coal industries, introducing new pricing principles along the entire technological chain - from production to final consumption. And, along with this, it will require the creation of conditions for the development of independent producers in the production, processing and sale of oil, gas, and coal.
It is difficult to give an unambiguous assessment of the current state of affairs in the gas complex. The position of enterprises in the industry is better than the industry average. Their positions on world markets are still stable. But there are still huge untapped opportunities. The industry can work much more efficiently and can bring greater profits to the country. In this regard, we need an unbiased analysis of the systemic problems of the industry: technological, managerial, financial and foreign economic. Including those related to gas transit, using Russian infrastructure.
The most obvious and painful symptoms today are a decline in the production of raw materials and their supplies to consumers, an increase in production costs, and a decrease in its profitability. Old deposits are being depleted, and the problem of renewing the resource base is becoming more acute. Until unacceptable low level Geological exploration has also dropped.”
My goal is to analyze mineral reserves and show how rich our country is in combustible minerals, the use of which should not only contribute to the development of the country’s economy, but also minimize damage to the environment.
My task is to find out the leading importance of combustible minerals: peat, coal, oil shale, tar sands, oil, gas and other combustible minerals; talk about world and Russian deposits, the formation of minerals and methods of extraction; consider ecological problems and security environment. The topic is examined in more detail using the example of the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, as the richest in oil and gas deposits and the closest to Yekaterinburg, which is part of the Volga Ural Okrug.
The work gives general characteristics world deposits with detailed development of mineral fuels of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region, thanks to its rich natural and mineral resources, occupies one of the leading places among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exerting an ever-increasing role on the economy of the region and the country as a whole.
Oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug (KhMAO). As of January 1, 2002, more than 500 oil and oil and gas fields have been discovered on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug. Total proven oil reserves are estimated at 39.6 billion tons. Industrial development is underway at 178 oil and gas fields. There are 119 deposits at the exploration stage. Average oil production per day is 500 thousand tons. Most of the fields are oil fields, the rest are gas and oil and gas fields. Total deposits - 2228, of which 2035 are oil, 87 gas, 106 oil and gas.
On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug there are large gas fields: Berezovskoye, Verkhnee-Kolik-Eganskoye, Kolik-Eganskoye, Varieganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Van-Eganskoye, Samotlorsoke, Bystrinskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, etc.
These fields contain 85.5% of the district's free gas reserves.
The discovery of oil and gas deposits, as well as other natural resources, and their exploitation radically changed the appearance of the district. In the once dense taiga and tundra, new cities have risen (Uray, Nefteyugansk, Gornopravdinsk, Megion, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, etc.), mines, oil fields and mines are being built, factories and factories are being built, railways and oil pipelines.
As of January 1, 1999, more than 320 licenses for oil production and exploration work were issued in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The total area of the licensed areas is 115,787 km 2 .
Industrial development of oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is carried out by 44 oil and gas producing enterprises. Among them are: large companies of world importance, such as OJSC "Surgutneftegas", NK "Lukoil", OJSC "Nizhnevartovskneftegaz", NK "Amoko", JSC "Rosneft" and others.
While researching this topic, the significance of two findings became clear to me. The first of them is the extremely short time during which the development of the fuel industry took place. Coal, for example, has been mined for 800 years, but half of it has been produced in the last 30-40 years, and half of the world's total oil production has fallen in the 12-year period since 1956. The second obvious conclusion is that growth rates sustained over several decades cannot be sustained for too long.
No one can predict how a society's technological and economic capabilities will change, so changes in the use of natural resources cannot be predicted.
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Text content of presentation slides: Useful fossils of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug- Yugra. Natural resources Ugra. Along with oil and gas, the territory of the district is rich in other natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable. Some of them relate to resources of global importance (forest, water), others are all-Russian (solid minerals, flora and fauna, peat) and regional. Hydrocarbon reserves. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug occupies a leading place in the world in terms of hydrocarbon reserves (about 5% of world oil reserves). Due to the fact that this raw material will be the main source of energy over the next 15-20 years, the role of the district as a territory supplying such raw materials should be maintained throughout this period. Now the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug supplies hydrocarbon raw materials to various regions Russian Federation and outside Russia, mainly in European countries and CIS states. Reserves of solid minerals. Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has large potential reserves iron ores, hard and brown coals, bauxite, copper, zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, barite, manganese, rare metals, phosphorites. All deposits of solid minerals are suitable for open development. The presence of such minerals makes it possible for the Autonomous Okrug to develop new sectors of the economy, which are so necessary for the industrial potential of the Ural region. Minerals by origin Igneous (ore) Sedimentary Igneous rocks Formed directly from magma (molten mass of predominantly silicate composition), as a result of its cooling and solidification. Depending on the solidification conditions, intrusive (deep) and effusive (outpoured) rocks are distinguished. They are found in the western part of the district in the foothills of the Urals. They include non-ferrous metals, rare metals, polymetallic ores (from "poly..." and "metals" - complex ores in which the main valuable components are lead and zinc, associated - copper, gold, silver, cadmium, sometimes bismuth, tin, indium and gallium.) Rhinestone Gold Copper Zinc Lead Stone gems Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks The formation of sedimentary material occurs due to the action various factors- the influence of temperature fluctuations, the influence of the atmosphere, water and organisms on rocks characteristic of the surface part earth's crust and formed as a result of redeposition of weathering products and destruction of various rocks, chemical and mechanical precipitation from water, the vital activity of organisms, or all three processes simultaneously. Found throughout the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (oil, gas, peat, adsorption clays, limestone, sand and gravel) Limestone oil adsorption clay Gas peat Sand and gravel Sedimentary rocks Oil and natural gas. The district contains the main oil and gas bearing areas and the largest oil fields. Between the Urals and the Ob-Yenisei watershed there are 294 oil fields with total reserves of over 16 billion tons. To date, more than 9 billion tons have been extracted from the subsoil of the district. Oil fields are unevenly distributed. There are about 61 in the district large deposit oil and gas. So, the resource potential of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is extremely rich, and broad prospects open up for it socially - economic development. This presentation is not intended for any commercial use. Graphic and text materials used to create this presentation were obtained from Internet resources using search engine http://www.yandex.ru/ and the textbook “Geography of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, grades 8-9” by Orlova T.K. et al.
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is part of the Ural Federal District(Ural Federal District) of the Russian Federation (RF)
Territory: 534.8 thousand sq. km
Population: 1350.3 thousand people
Administrative center -Khanty-Mansiysk
Director of the Oil and Gas Department -Panov Veniamin Fedorovich
Head of the territorial department for subsoil use of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Rudin Valery Pavlovich
STATE AND USE OF MINERAL RESOURCE BASE OF KHMAO.
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug
Z annoys central part The West Siberian platform with a pre-Jurassic folded foundation and a Jurassic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover. In the far west, folded structures of the Urals are developed, composed of Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic formations. The subsoil of the district is rich in many types of combustible, metallic, non-metallic minerals, and groundwater.
Hydrocarbon raw materials.
The district is a strategic base for oil production in the Russian Federation. Prospective resources make up about 18% of the all-Russian total, forecast resources make up 47.0%. In terms of explored reserves, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is far superior to all other regions of the Russian Federation. The exploration of the initial total resources is 46.1%.
In total, 504 hydrocarbon fields have been explored in the district, including 429 oil, 18 oil and gas condensate, 20 gas, 33 gas and oil, 4 gas condensate. The largest of them are Samotlorskoye, Krasnoleninskoye, Priobskoye, Salymskoye, Vatyeganskoye, Fedorovskoye, Tyanskoye fields.
In the structure of initial potential oil resources, current proven reserves (categories A+B+C1) and accumulated production account for 45.1%, preliminary estimated reserves (C2) - 10%, promising resources (C3+D1L) - 6.1%, forecast resources (D1+D2) – 37.8%. Operating fields account for 91% of current explored reserves and 62% of preliminarily estimated reserves. 237 hydrocarbon fields have been put into operation. The distributed fund contains 487 licensed areas.
In the sedimentary cover of the WSP, 7 oil and gas complexes (OGC) are distinguished: Cenomanian, Aptian, Neocomian, Achimov, Bazhenov, Upper Jurassic and Lower-Middle Jurassic, separated by regional seals; Paleozoic formations are allocated to a separate oil and gas complex.
The initial total geological oil resources for the oil and gas complex are distributed as follows: Neocomian - 49%, Lower Middle Jurassic - 19%, Bazhenovsky - 8%, Upper Jurassic (Vasyugansky) - 8%, Achimovsky - 7%, Paleozoic - 5%, Aptian - 3%, Cenomanian - 1%. According to the phase state, the NSRs are distributed as follows: oil – 88%, gas – 6.5%, condensate – 5.5%.
In 2005-08 17 oil fields have been discovered in the distributed subsoil fund: Purumskoye, Zapadno-Nikolskoye, Ostapenkovskoye, Molodezhnoe, Yuzhno-Lykhminskoye (oil and gas), Zapadno-Novomostovskoye, Yuzhno-Valovoye, Podemnoye, Severo-Pokamasovskoye, Lugovoe, Vostochno-Golevoye, Ostrovnoye, Severo-Valovoye Molodeznoye, Bobrovskoye, North-Moimskoye, West Tukanskoye, Koimsapskoye.
Despite the fact that Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is the main oil production base in the Russian Federation, which accounts for 57%, the prepared resource base does not provide the required production levels. To date, giant hydrocarbon deposits (>3000 million tons) have been practically identified, large deposits (30-3000 million tons) have been identified by 45%, medium (10-30 million tons) by 37%, small (<10млн.т) на 15%.
In order to discover new hydrocarbon deposits, a prospecting program is being implemented in the district. As part of its implementation, the territory of the unallocated subsoil fund is divided into 8 exploration zones: Pre-Ural, Yuilskaya, Serginskaya, Berezovskaya, Karabashskaya, Yuganskaya, Koltogorskaya, Vostochnaya. Each of the zones is divided into areas where subsoil users carry out prospecting work in order to discover hydrocarbon deposits.
Solid minerals.
On the territory of the district, deposits of quartz, brown coal, ore and placer gold, zeolites, rare metals, glass sand, bentonite clays, building stone, siliceous raw materials, brick-expanded clay, building sand, sand and gravel material have been explored.
In total, the distributed subsoil fund contains 5 quartz deposits, 7 placer gold deposits and 1 zeolite deposit.
Coal.
Six deposits identified in the Trans-Ural part of the district are confined to the North Sosvinsky brown coal basin. The largest of them are Lyulinskoye and Otorinskoye. Maximum productivity is typical for Triassic deposits, and is significantly lower for Bajocian–Early Callovian deposits. Balance reserves (as of 01/01/2005)
Metal fossils
are represented by deposits of primary and placer gold, occurrences of iron, copper chromites, zinc, manganese, bauxite, titanium, and zirconium.Black metals.
Resources of iron ores in category P3 amount to 5845 million tons, chrome ores – 170 million tons, manganese ores – 29 million tons.
Non-ferrous metals.
Copper resources in category P2 are 250, P3 – 3550 thousand tons; zinc resources in category P2 – 620, P3 – 4550 thousand tons; lead resources – 230 thousand tons. Bauxite resources in category P3 – 152 million tons.
Noble metals.
On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug as of 01/01/2006. 12 deposits of alluvial gold of 3328 kg in categories C1+C2, 1 deposit of ore gold in the amount of 1.422 tons in categories C1+C2 were taken into account. The estimated and approved forecast resources of ore gold are 128t for category P1+P2+P3, placer gold - P1 - 2t, P2 - 5t, P3 - 13t.
Rare metals.
Despite the poor exploration of the territory, with regard to titanium-zirconium content, it is possible to identify objects for prospecting and assessment work in the western part of the district. According to the results of forecasting and mineragenic studies when compiling GGK-1000/3 according to sheet P-41, resources of categories P3 for the Verkhnekondinskaya area were: Ti - 367,764 thousand tons, Zr - 55,337 thousand tons, for the Khugot area 258,271 and 35,337 thousand tons respectively.
Non-metallic minerals.
On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug as of 01/01/2006. reserves of vein quartz are taken into account - 368 thousand tons, incl. suitable for obtaining high grades of “special pure” quartz. The reserves of vein quartz prepared for open-pit processing are about 200 thousand tons; forecast resources for category P1+P2+P3 – 705 thousand tons.
Zeolite reserves for two deposits with unique filtration and sorption properties, they amount to 64.4 thousand tons in categories C1+C2.
The license issued for additional exploration of the Ust-Maninsky bentonite deposit will remove the issue of this type of mineral raw material in the near future. When prospecting is carried out in areas to the south of the field, additional areas may appear that are of significant interest as licensed objects.
The western part of the district (left bank of the Ob) has unique resources of cristobalite-opal rocks (opoka, diatomites, diatomaceous clays). The resources of the Ob opalite-bearing zone allocated during GGK-1000/3 (sheet P-41), according to category P3, amount to 41,963.5 million tons.
An assessment of proven reserves and predicted resources of solid minerals suggests that many of the species can ensure not only the development of a number of industries in the Ural Federal District, but also the supply of raw materials to other regions of the country. This applies to brown coals, cristobalite-opal rocks, optical raw materials, etc., the resources of which are developed in negligible quantities or are not used at all.
Khanty-Mansiysk is surprisingly lucky with the natural basis of the urban environment: the Samarovsky Chugas natural park towering above the city, views of the Irtysh from the hills, city birch alleys and parks give the city a unique, distinctive face, this is a rarity among rapidly growing Siberian cities.
Khanty-Mansiysk belongs to the continental climate zone, equated to the regions of the Far North. Continental air of temperate latitudes dominates here throughout the year. The meridional circulation intensifies, as a result of which both arctic and tropical air enters the territory. With the western transport, Atlantic air enters here, significantly transformed.
Air temperature and precipitation rate
· Average annual temperature - −0.8 °C
Average annual wind speed - 2.4 m/s
Average annual air humidity - 77%
Khanty-Mansiysk is located within one natural zone - forest.
The water regime of the rivers is characterized by extended spring-summer floods. Spring waters, spilling over wide floodplains of rivers, form extensive litter. In winter, rivers freeze for a long period - up to 6 months.
The climate is characterized by rapid changes in weather conditions, especially during transition periods - from autumn to winter and from spring to summer, as well as during the day. Winters are harsh and long with stable snow cover, summers are short and relatively warm, transition seasons (spring, autumn) with late spring and early autumn frosts.
The period with negative air temperatures in the district lasts 7 months, from October to April. The period with stable snow cover lasts 180-200 days - from late October to early May. Frosts are not uncommon until mid-June. The warmest month is July, the average temperature is from +15.7 to +18.4 degrees Celsius.
The predominant wind direction in summer is north; in contrast to winter, when the south wind is more common. The annual rainfall in the district is from 400 to 550 mm. The height of the snow cover is from 50 to 80 cm. In July the maximum precipitation falls, about 15% of the annual amount. In winter, the atmospheric pressure in the district is much lower than within the Asian anticyclone. The invasion of air masses from the Atlantic is accompanied by warming, snowfalls and thaws. Average atmospheric pressure values in July (754-756 mm) are lower than in the Arctic, but higher than in Central Asia.
The city's land resources, with appropriate preparation, are used to expand the volume of housing construction, as well as to accommodate small industries.
Natural reserves of sand and clay create conditions for the development of the production of building materials, and in the future, ceramics.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Oil production in Ugra accounts for 57% of the volume of oil produced in Russia and 4.7% of gas. Associated petroleum gas is mainly produced on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug. The share of natural gas in total oil production is 0.15%.
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Two administrative districts of the Autonomous Okrug: Surgutsky and Nizhnevartovsky, account for about 70% of the volume of oil produced in the district. In 2007, out of the 23 largest fields, the main increase in oil production was provided by two fields: Priobskoye and Yukyaunskoye.
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The largest oil fields: Samotlor, oil and gas condensate (Nizhnevartovsk region); Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye oil field (Surgut region), Fedorovskoye oil and gas condensate field (Surgut region), Priobskoye oil field (Khanty-Mansi region), Lyantorskoye (Surgut region), Mamontovskoye (Nefteyugansk region), Tyansk oil field (Surgut district), Povkhovskoye (Surgut district), Malo-Balykskoye (Surgut district), Prirazlomnoye (Nizhnevartovsk district), Vatyeganskoye (Surgut district), etc.
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Ural The main deposits of solid minerals are concentrated within the zone of outcropping of crystalline rocks on the Eastern slope of the Urals, which has a latitude of 20-45 km and a length of up to 450 km.
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The Urals are rich in ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, noble and rare metals; non-metallic minerals: vein quartz, rock crystal, brown and hard coals, bentonite and kaolin clays, etc.
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In Ugra as of 01/01/2008. There are 815 mineral deposits: 577 deposits of sand and sand-gravel mixtures, 138 peat deposits, 51 brick clay deposits, 14 sapropel deposits, 9 opok deposits. sand and peat brick clay sand-gravel mixtures crushed stone. Chalcopyrite – copper ore Rolled copper
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Sapropels Sapropels are lake silts formed at the bottom of the lake due to the decay products of aquatic plant and animal organisms and clay particles. They have a unique organomineral composition. In the area explored near Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Uray.
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Technogenic impact on the environment during oil production The period of technogenic impact on the natural components of Ugra during oil production can be divided into five main stages: Seismological exploration and search for oil and gas fields, blasting in winter. 2. Geological exploration and exploratory drilling. 3. Field development. 4. Exploitation of the deposit.
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1. Seismological exploration - search for oil and gas fields, blasting in winter. Seismic exploration has minimal impact on the environment. It is accompanied by the cutting down of sites for seismic crew bases and clearings for drilling pits for explosives and pulling trailers with recording equipment. The main impact occurs on the forest fund as a result of felling and littering with logging residues, which leads to a deterioration in the sanitary condition and an increase in the flammability of forests. Blasting is a factor of concern for animals, and poaching causes serious harm to the hunting industry, soil and groundwater are polluted with petroleum products, and areas are littered with logging residues, household and industrial waste.
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2. Geological exploration and exploratory drilling. During geological exploration for both oil and gas, the main negative impact on the natural environment occurs during the construction of exploration wells. Contamination occurs when liquids leak from wellheads, oil from drilling pits, fuel spills at fuel storage sites, and vehicle parking areas.
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2. Geological exploration and exploratory drilling. The main pollutants during well construction include: drilling fluids, chemical materials used for their preparation; drilling waste, consisting of drill cuttings, spent drilling fluid, drilling wastewater and oil; fuels and lubricants; domestic wastewater and municipal solid waste. in most cases, natural restoration processes in the territories of exploration wells prevail over degradative ones. Restoration of woody vegetation occurs quickly.
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3. Field development The maximum impact on the environment occurs precisely during the construction of wells and technological oil and gas production facilities. Significant land resources are being confiscated. The main types of negative impact on the natural environment: degradation and destruction of soil cover; destruction of grass; shrub and tree vegetation; violation of the hydrological regime of territories; contamination of the territory with industrial and household waste; poaching. The greatest environmental hazard is posed by drill pits containing drilling waste. Many of them are located in water protection zones and pose a serious threat to river, lake and swamp ecosystems.
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4. Exploitation of the deposit The longest period of impact, estimated in decades. At this time, the environmental situation in the fields is worsening and a threat arises associated with the transport of extracted oil. The main reason is the aging of technological equipment and the accumulation of industrial and household waste in the industrial areas.
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4.Operation of the field The main type of negative impact on natural complexes during the operation of fields is chemical pollution of the environment with oil, various chemicals, gaseous emissions from flares, etc. The reasons for the release of oil into the environment are: ruptures in the collectors of the oil collection system; splashing when gushing from flares, etc. The largest number of recorded oil spills occurs as a result of ruptures in oil pipelines, which is caused by pipe corrosion.
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Today, the problem of technogenic impact on the natural environment is being solved through the creation of new energy-intensive industries.
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